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Page 1: Influence of amber mining on the concentration and chemical composition of suspended sedimentary matter (Sambian Peninsula, Southeast Baltic)

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Influence of amber mining onthe concentration and chemicalcomposition of suspended sedimentarymatter (Sambian Peninsula, SoutheastBaltic)Vadim V. Sivkov a & Boris V. Chubarenko ba P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanog , Russian Academy ofSciences, Atlantic Branch , Prospect Mira 1, Kaliningrad, 236000,Russia E-mail:b P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology ,Atlantic Branch , RussianAcademy of Sciences , Kaliningrad, RussiaPublished online: 23 Dec 2008.

To cite this article: Vadim V. Sivkov & Boris V. Chubarenko (1997) Influence of amber miningon the concentration and chemical composition of suspended sedimentary matter (SambianPeninsula, Southeast Baltic), Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 15:2, 115-126, DOI:10.1080/10641199709379940

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Page 2: Influence of amber mining on the concentration and chemical composition of suspended sedimentary matter (Sambian Peninsula, Southeast Baltic)

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Influence of Amber Mining on theConcentration and Chemical Composition of

Suspended Sedimentary Matter (SambianPeninsula, Southeast Baltic)

VADIM V. SIVKOVBORIS V. CHUBARENKOP. P. Shirshov Institute of OceanologyAtlantic BranchRussian Academy of SciencesKaliningrad, Russia

The article is devoted to the problem of the dumping of suspended matter fromKaliningrad Amber Mining Plant to the Baltic Sea. Estimation of environmentallyharmful pulp discharge is based on the requirements of the Russian State Service forNature Protection (RSSNP) for maximum limited concentration of suspension insewage waters, using the formula Cmax = N(Ct — Cb) + Cb, but taking into consid-eration the separate fractions in both surface and subsurface waters, where Ct is theconcentration at the test site, Cb is the background concentration at the point ofdischarge, and N is the total dilution factor between the two sites. Field study resultswere the input data for maximum limited and actual discharges' calculations andwere based on 71 samples that showed wide variances of suspension concentrationsfor the internal background site of from 5.8 to 62.6 mg/L, and for the externalbackground site of from 2.9 to 27.2 mg/L. The fluctuations are explained byvariation in wind velocities which strongly influence the swell in the coastal area,causing sediment resuspension. On the basis of the experimental data, it is possibleto plot an analytical relationship between values of N and wind velocities. Sampleswere analyzed for grain size and content of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. It is concluded thatthe Kaliningrad Amber Mining Plant is the source of large amounts of dispersed fineterrigenous sediments and of occurrences of trace metals associated with them and,taking into account real conditions of wind velocities and flows in the coastal zoneof the sea, the study has resulted in a useful basis for more detailed investigations ofthe anthropogenic influence on the ecological system of the southeast Baltic.

Keywords The Baltic Sea, environmentally harmful, maximum limited dis-charge, mining discharge, suspended matter

Received 19 August 1996; accepted 17 January 1997.The authors are grateful to the Museum of the World Ocean (Kaliningrad), the Baltic

Institute of Hydrosphere Ecology (Kaliningrad), and Sea Venture Bureau Ltd (Kaliningrad)for financial support. We would like to thank E. M. Emelyanov and V. L. Stryuk for goodscientific cooperation, and A. Kuleshov, A. Pustovoy, Ju. Zhurov, and A. Krylov for help infulfilling the field program. We thank H. Kunzendorf for valuable help in preparing the finalEnglish version of this article.

Address correspondence to Vadim V. Sivkov, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanog ofRussian Academy of Sciences, Atlantic Branch, Prospect Mira 1, 236000 Kaliningrad,Russia. E-mail: [email protected]

115

Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 15: 115-126,1997Copyright © 1997 Taylor & Francis

1064-119X/97 $12.00 + .00

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116 V. V. SivkovandB. V. Chubarenko

Industrial amber mining began at the Sambian Peninsula coast, southeast BalticSea, in 1880. Stripping material and enclosing rocks were broken into the seaduring the last 100 years, and a wide beach was formed. During the period from1880 to 1973, the volume of material discharged by the Kaliningrad Amber MiningPlant into the Baltic Sea amounts to up to 100 million tons. The dumping ofmaterial into the beach zone is still going on. At present, the amber mining plant isone of the biggest sources in the world supplying anthropogenic suspended mate-rial. For instance, in 1993 about 2.5 millions tons of material were disposed of intothe sea.

The current state of the problem concerning the estimation of damage toecology inflicted by the industrial amber extraction at the Sambian Peninsulacannot be estimated properly. The existing methods are sketchy, formal, and do notconsider the influence of a number of natural phenomena. In the present articlewe try to quantify the problem. We focus on the characteristics of the suspendedsedimentary matter due to the amber mining operations. The study includes fieldinvestigations in 1992 and 1993. Finally, we discuss some trace elements occurringin the suspended matter of the mine waste-disposal area.

Estimation of Environmentally Harmful Pulp Discharge

The most vivid impact exerted by the Kaliningrad Amber Mining Plant results inthe increase of turbidity of the sea water, caused by the discharge of the pulp. Toestimate and quantify the pollution, it is suggested that we apply a method thatallows us to calculate values of maximum limited discharge and actual discharge ofsuspensions. The method should take into account the depositing of certainfractions to the surface and subsurface parts of the coastal waters.

Traditional Scheme for Maximum Limited Discharge

According to the requirements of the Russian State Service for Nature Protection(RSSNP), the maximum limited concentration of suspension in sewage waters,Cmax, is calculated by the following formula:

Cmix=N-(Cc-Cb) + Cb

where C, is the concentration of suspension at the test site, Cb is the backgroundconcentration at the point of discharge, and N is the multiplicity of the totaldilution during the transfer of sewage waters to the test site or to the nearestboundary of human water consumption. The test site should be set at a distance of250 m from the point of discharge or on the boundary of human water consump-tion if it is located nearer. According to the requirements of the RSSNP, the value(C, - Cb) is equal to 0.25 mg/L for such categories of reservoirs as reservoirs forhuman recreation or fisheries.

In the case of an underwater outlet, the value of N is usually calculated by arather complicated procedure (see Methods of calculation, 1990), but for thepresent situation, i.e., for direct dumping on the beach line, this approach gives nosatisfactory results.

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Influence of Amber Mining on Suspended Sediments 117

Modification of the Traditional Scheme

During the period of June-November 1993, we investigated the turbidity distribu-tions in the wave surf zone (up to 1.5 m depth and up to 2 km along the coastline)in the vicinity of the village of Yantarny (Figure 1). Seventy-one samples ofsuspensions were taken, processed, and analyzed. Eleven samples were also sub-jected to grain-size analysis.

The results of the experimental measurements show that suspension concen-trations vary considerably, ranging from 5.8 to 62.6 mg/L for the internal back-ground site and from 2.9 to 27.2 mg/L for the external background site. Thesefluctuations are explained by the differing weather conditions, i.e., by varying windvelocities. The force of the wind influences the swell in the coastal area. The swellprovides a natural way for suspensions to enter the water through their resuspen-sion at the bottom of the coastal slope.

Applying the method of group accounting of arguments (Ivachnenko & Yu-rachkovskiy, 1987) and using the acquired experimental data, we find the following:

1. For the background value of suspension concentrations at the internal site,

V < 2 m/sV 2 < V < 13 m/s

V > 13 m/s

2. For the background value of suspension concentrations at the external site,

V < 2 m/sV 2 < V < 13 m/s

V > 13 m/s

where V is the wind velocity in meters per second. The suggested approximationsmay be revised when new experimental data are available. When the sewage watersare spread in the longshore direction, the suspension concentration decreases dueto dilution as well as due to sedimentation of certain parts of the suspensionfractions.

A number of specialized experiments were carried out to study the changes insuspension concentrations during a longshore spreading of the plume of sewagewaters. The multiplicity of concentration changes (N) was calculated on the basisof the experimental data including the local background level of suspensionconcentrations,

N(l)=CO) - Cb

where N is the multiplicity of concentration changes in the plume of sewagewaters, Cs is the suspension concentration in sewage waters, Cb is the backgroundconcentration at the place and moment of discharge of sewage water, and C(/) isthe concentration at distance / from the point of discharge into the reservoir.

We will consider the quantity of multiplicity of changes in suspension contentsN at a distance of 250 m from the point of discharge, because the test site islocated at this distance. N was found to range from 158 to 2,500, its values

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00

O

o o ; o o

o

ûo

';.. Amber plant quartes

yYANTARNY

h1\

-501

1

0

YANTARNY

- 2

- 3

- 4

Figure 1. Area of investigations: 1, location of stations of R/V Shelf (1 October 1992); 2, depth line (m); 3, internal(inset) and external site; 4, villages.

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Influence of Amber Mining on Suspended Sediments 119

decreasing in strong winds, and vice versa. This fact provides evidence that theintensive longshore stream developing in strong winds increases the dilutionprocess and also hampers sedimentation of suspensions in the longshore stream ofsewage waters. This in turn leads to the above-described result for the ratio N. Itmust be mentioned that a strong increase of the value N in calm weather, i.e.,when the suspension-bearing capacity of the stream is very low, points to aprevailing component of coarse (depositing) fractions in the composition of sewagewaters.

On the basis of the experimental data, it is possible to plot an analyticalrelationship between values of quantity N and wind velocities V. When calculating,it is necessary to use N for the test site, i.e., a distance of 250 m from the dischargepoint.

Based on correlation between N and the quantity of longshore wind velocity,the method of group accounting of arguments allowed us to plot the followingapproximation for iV250:

[2,500 F<2m/sJV250 = | 4,644.3 - 1,324.1 • V + 135.2 • V2 - 4.6 • V3 2 < V < 9 m/s

(8 F > 9 m / s

The obtained relationship is based on experimental data only and may have tobe revised when new data are available.

Actual Environmentally Harmful Pulp Discharge

During dam construction at the beach quarry, pulp is discharged directly onto thedam. Then the sewage waters run down the dam into the sea. Thus, part of thesuspensions (particularly the coarse fractions) deposit on the dam, and this leads toa change in the grain-size composition of the initial pulp compared to thesuspended matter entering the sea.

The results of the grain-size analysis are given in Table 1. They indicate that,depending on how fast the sewage waters move along the pipe, two oppositeprocesses occur:

1. In one case, there is a considerable reduction of the sand fraction (particleswith > 0.1 mm diameter) and subsequently, the portion of fine silt and clayfractions (less than 0.05 mm) increases; i.e., sedimentation of coarse parti-cles takes place.

2. In the other case, a higher velocity washes coarse particles away from thesurface waters of the dam and transports these particles into the sea.Occurrences of enhanced amounts of the sand fraction indicate this.

When the pulp enters the sea, the speed of the flow lessens considerably, andsome parts of the transported suspension matter are lost. The particles depositonto the bottom of the coastal slope in the immediate vicinity of the point wherethe pulp is discharged into the sea. Data on the critical speed of the flow (the topspeed of the flow, at which suspended matter of the given size begins to settledown) for particles of various diameters, together with the time necessary for theirdepositing at a depth of 1 m, make it possible to evaluate the remaining composi-tion of the suspension in the longshore stream.

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120 V. V. Sivkov andB. V. Chubarenko

Table 1Grain sizes of suspended matter in pulp stream from pipeline exit to

coastal water across the beach

Date Locality of water sampling

25.08.93 Beach, near pipeline exitBeach, sea boundary

15.10.93 Exit of pulp pipelineBeach, near pipeline exitBeach, sea boundarySea water, 25 m from pulp

inflow along beach17.11.93 Exit of pulp pipeline

Beach, near pipeline exitBeach, sea boundarySea water, 25 m from pulp

inflow along beach

>0.1mm

9.71.6

70.549.712.115.0

21.339.434.40.0

Content

0.1-0.05mm

18.720.717.821.721.919.0

30.621.929.2

1.0

(fractions), %

0.05-0.01mm

36.145.87.2

16.935.520.0

29.922.822.314.0

<0.01mm

35.531.94.5

11.730.546.0

18.215.914.185.0

The calculation of the typical length of sedimentation area for suspension of agiven diameter is estimated with the formula

L = U-t

where U is the stream velocity at which particles of a given diameter begin to settle(depositing) and t is the time of depositing at a certain depth—in the present case,at an average depth of 1 m. Considering the results of the calculations, it is possibleto conclude that the sand particles will settle out of the longshore stream at adistance of 25-200 m from the pulp discharge locality. Since all these rapidlydepositing sand fractions contribute to the dam formation and do not make watermore turbid in the nearest offshore zone, concentration of suspended mattershould be determined outside the sedimentation area when calculating the anthro-pogenic impact on the sea.

Taking into consideration the experimental data, it is possible to suggest abasic scheme for calculating the quantity of actual environmmentally harmful pulpdischarge from the Kaliningrad Amber Mining Plant, which includes:

Calculation of longshore current velocities on the basis of information on windspeed and its longshore component

Calculation of the possible suspended matter capacity of the longshore flowCalculation of the residual concentration of suspended matter after deposition

(actual environmentally harmful pulp discharge)

The suggested method of calculation requires the use of the following modelinput specifications:

1. Wind velocity and its component parallel to the shore

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Influence of Amber Mining on Suspended Sediments 121

2. Relation between speed of longshore streams and wind conditions in thearea of pulp discharge

3. Relation between grain size and critical speed of flow4. Volume of sewage waters at each discharge5. Averaged grain-size composition of suspended matter in sewage waters at

each discharge

Spreading of Suspended Matter from the Amber Mining Area into theOpen Sea

Beaches are formed mainly by sandy sediments. What is happening with the finefractions of the discharged material consisting of clay and fine silt? The answer tothis question would help to specify the balance of sediments in the offshore area,and also help to estimate the pulp discharge as a source of anthropogenic pollutionof the sea.

Field Measurements and Analysis

A detailed océanographie survey was carried out on board R/V Shelf (AtlanticBranch of P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology) during its 64th cruise. On 1October 1992, twenty-two stations were sampled along five sections opposite thevillage of Yantarny. The sampling included water temperature measurements aswell as water sampling for filtration studies and for subsequent measurements ofthe weight concentrations of suspended matter and its content of metals (Figure 1).The duration of the survey was about 7.5 h.

Concentrations of suspended Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were determined by atomicabsorption spectrophotometry (Khandros & Shaidurov, 1980) at the Atlantic Branchof P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Division of Geology (Stryuk, 1992).

Surface current fields were constructed from the ship's drift database andcorrelated with the trace element fields, i.e., using concentrations of suspendedmatter and the contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the suspended matter.

Hydrographie Conditions and Suspended-Matter Distributions

A few days prior to and on the day of the survey, a moderate northern andnorthwesterly wind (4-10 m/s, up to 12 m/s in squalls) was observed, i.e., windswere directed along the western coast of the Sambian Peninsula. This weathercondition was favorable for near-shore upwelling. The observed minimum of thesurface water temperature south of the village of Yantarny corresponds closely tothe upwelling center (Figure 2 a).

The distribution of suspended matter concentration in the upper 0.5-m surfacelayer of the seafloor showed features common to the distribution of water tempera-tures (Figure 2 b). At the same time, the center of upwelling was also the center ofincreased concentrations of suspended matter. The concentration of suspension atthe sea surface in this upwelling center reached a value of 4.6 mg/L, whilebackground values usually were found to be between 0.6 and 0.7 mg/L. Activehydrodynamic processes connected with upwelling and near-shore strong currents(jets) caused the resuspension of sediments, previously accumulated at the bottom.The basic pattern for the distribution of suspended matter concentration at the sea

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122 V. V. Sivkov and B. V. Chubarenko

19°45' 20°00'54°57'

-55'

-501

(a)

Figure 2. Hydrographie conditions and suspended matter distribution for R/V Shelf survey(Sivkov et al, 1995): (a) temperature (°C), isotherms with step 0.5°C, and scheme for surfacecurrents (arrows).

surface was its decrease from 2.6 mg/L down to background values, the maindirection for this decrease being from northwest to southeast. The near-shore areaof maximum suspended matter concentrations connected with upwelling broke thispattern. The stretch of the area along the above-mentioned one extended from theupwelling center northward from the near-shore jet, indicating the direction of themain distribution of suspension. Likewise, relatively turbid waters in the northwest-ern part of the research area are associated with southward drift currents.

Elemental Contents of Suspended Matter

The distributions of Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu contents in suspension showed a commonpattern in that maximum values were found in the northwestern part of the areaand in the near-shore zone, in the vicinity of the village of Yantarny, with atendency of stretching southwestward (Figure 3). The common character of thesedistributions is quite unexpected, because Fe and Mn in the offshore part of theBaltic are associated mainly with terrigenous sediments, while Cu and Zn are

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Influence of Amber Mining on Suspended Sediments

19-45' 501 551

Amber plant quarries

123

20° 00'-54° 571

55"

-501

(b)

Figure 2. Hydrographie conditions and suspended matter distribution for R/V Shelf survey(Sivkov et al., 1995): (Continued), (b) concentration of suspended matter on sea surface(mg/L).

usually with the biogenic (organic-type) part of the suspension (Emelyanov &Pustelnikov, 1976).

The offshore maximum of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn contents in suspension may beexplained by the influence of pulp outlets from the quarries of the amber miningplant. The content of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the initial pulp is considerably lowerthan that determined in the open sea suspension: 0.80-2.10% Fe; 0.01-0.03% Mn;< 0.0005-0.0034% Cu; < 0.0005-0.0060% Zn. During the process of pulp move-ment from its discharge point into the beach toward the water edge (several tens ofmeters), a mechanical differentiation of the suspension takes place. The differenti-ation sharply increases immediately after the suspension enters the sea. As a result,only clay fractions of the initial pulp remain in the suspension at a distance of sometens of meters off the shore. It is well known that grain-size composition deter-mines the content of chemical elements in terrigenous sediments. For example, inthe bottom sediments of the Gdansk Basin, the increase of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zncontent is vividly traced when the dispersity of sediments increases (Emelyanov,1987). Taking into consideration that the degree of suspension dispersion is higher

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124 V. V. Sivkov andB. V. Chubarenko

54-571

55'

50'

(o)

Amber plantquarries

ANTARNY

54-571

'55'

•Sff

(b)

Figure 3. Distributions of some metals in suspended matter in sea (Sivkov et al., 1995): (a)

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Influence of Amber Mining on Suspended Sediments 125

s fj Amber plantquarries

20°00'•54°57'

YANTARNY

•551

50'

(c)

19-451

ISO1

55.

>0.20 /

Amber plantquarries

YANTARNY

54"57'

-55'

•50'

(ft)

Figure 3. Distributions of some metals in suspended matter in sea (Sivkov et al., 1995):(Continued), (c) Zn (lQ-2%); (d) Cu (10~2%).

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126 V. V. SivkovandB. V. Chubarenko

than that of clayey sediments, it is reasonable to assume that the consideredelements are concentrated to a greater extent in the suspension.

The contents of the selected elements contained in the turbidity plume whichextends southwestward of the shore do decrease somewhat at the locality wherethe near-shore jet crosses the plume (Figure 3). This may be explained as being theresult of the washout of the bottom in the center of upwelling (the beginning of thejet). Not only clayey sediments pass into suspension, but also more coarse siltyparticles with lower contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn.

Summary and Conclusion

A calculation scheme of maximum limited and actual environmentally harmfulpulp discharge from the Kaliningrad Amber Mining Plant, Sambian Peninsula,southeast Baltic, has been considered in the present study. The method takes intoaccount real conditions of wind velocities and flows in the coastal zone of thepeninsula.

The results of a field survey (1 October 1992) in the offshore zone providereasonable evidence that the Kaliningrad Amber Mining Plant is the source oflarge amounts of dispersed fine terrigenous sediments and of occurrences of heavymetals associated with them.

In the area where the Kaliningrad Amber Mining Plant's discharge spreads,very fast currents may occur, which must be taken into consideration when solvingthe ecological problems connected with the mining operations.

In general, the results of our study may be a useful basis for more detailedinvestigations of the anthropogenic influence on the ecological system of thesoutheast Baltic.

References

Emelyanov, E. M. 1987. Distribution of chemical elements and components in the bottomsediments and some diagenesis charts. In: E. M. Emelyanov and K. Wypych (eds.),Processes of sedimentogenesis in the Gdansk Basin (The Baltic Sea), pp. 217-243. Moscow:IO RAS (in Russian).

Emelyanov, E. M., and O. S. Pustelnikov. 1976. Suspended matter, its composition andbalance of sedimentary matter in the water of The Baltic Sea. In: V. Gudelis and E. M.Emelyanov (eds.), Geology of the Baltic Sea, pp. 159-186. Vilnius: Mokslas (in Russian).

Ivachnenko, A. G., and Y. P. Yurachkovskiy. 1987. Modelling of complex systems usingexperimental data. In: Radio and Connection (Moscow), pp. 15-21 (in Russian).

Khandros, G. S., and Ju. O. Shajdurov. 1980. Atomic-absorption determination of Fe, Mn,Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, K, Rb in sea sediments. In: E. A. Ostroumov (ed.), Chemical analysis ofmarine sediments, pp. 50-55. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

Methods of calculation of maximum limited waste water discharges in the natural reservoirs.1990. Kharkov: VNIIVO (in Russian).

Sivkov, V. V., E. M. Emelyanov, V. L. Stryuk, and Ju. I. Zhurov. 1995. Suspended matter incoastal sea-waters in area of industrial amber mining. Report. In: Multidisciplinaryamber investigations in Kaliningrad Region, pp. 50-65. Kaliningrad: Museum of theWorld Ocean (in Russian).

Stryuk, V. L. 1992. Results of ecological expedition in the Baltic Sea near Yanratny village.Report of head of 64th Cruise R/V "Shelf." Kaliningrad: The Baltic Institute ofHydrosphere Ecology (in Russian).

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