Industrialization & Industrialization & NationalismNationalism
1800-18701800-1870
Factors of ProductionFactors of Production
PeoplePeopleJames WattsStevensonEli WhitneyHenry FordKarl Marx
Proletariat Bourgeoisie Class
struggleMarxismGreat Famine
Essential QuestionsEssential QuestionsTrace patterns of industrialism in the world.Analyze how new innovations made
industrialism more successful.Contrast the circumstances of labor
[workers] before and after the Industrial Revolution.
Discuss the emergence of industrial capitalism and its implications.
Discuss the impact of industrialism on society.
Cottage Industry Cottage Industry / Factory SystemFactory System
Cottage IndustryPiecework
Earnings directly tied to how much produced.
Made in homeFamily enterprise
Whole families helped
Factory System Centralized work
place> outside home Paid by how much
time you worked Women & children
paid less $ than men Machines set pace Direct control of
workforce Limited breaks to
maximize production
Cottage IndustryCottage Industry
A Diagram of The Factory System
Factory SystemFactory System
Patterns of Patterns of IndustrializationIndustrialization
Great Britain First emerged there Favorable conditions & demand for textiles
Mechanization of Industry Kay [1733]> flying shuttle
increased production 100 X previous production Crompton’s mule [1779]> new spinning
machine Cartwright’s [1785]> power loom
Industrial InnovationIndustrial InnovationBritain source of many innovations James Watt’s [1765]> steam engine Iron & Steel
Use of coke to fuel furnacesBessemer Process > cheap steel making
TransportationRailroads & steam
ships lowered costsStevenson [1815]
Steam powered locomotive
New Social Classes New Social Classes EmergeEmerge
Owner class Wealthy entrepreneurs & investors Well educated High standard of living
Working class Labor force of poor / immigrants No education b/c child labor Exploited for their labor
Industrial Industrial CapitalismCapitalismEli Whitney
Machine tools Standardized interchangeable parts
Henry FordAssembly line production of
automobileLowered costsPaid workers more [$5 a day]Workers could afford cars [$200]
Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism
Big Businesses / corporationsWere promoted b/c
High cost of factoriesCapital investment
British & French Laid legal groundwork for
modern corporations
Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism
MONOPOLIESDirect domination of any industry
CAPITALISTS Either formed:Trusts
Many businesses run as oneCartels
Groups that set production & price
O.P.E.C.
Spread of IndustrialismSpread of Industrialism
Napoleonic Wars abolished guilds & trade barriersFacilitated industrialization in W. Europe
Belgium, Germany, & France Industrialized by 1900
SocialSocial Impact of Industrialism Impact of Industrialism
Population growthBetter diets & improved
sanitationUrbanization
Internal migrationrural to urban
Demographic transition Relative stability
Voluntary birth control low fertility rate
Urbanization & MigrationUrbanization & MigrationUrbanizationInternal
migration From farms to
factoriesGrowth in
number & size of cities
TRANSCONTINENTAL
External migrationMostly Europe to
America50M from early
19th to early 20th Cent.
Social Impact of Social Impact of IndustrializationIndustrialization
New Social ClassesCaptains of Industry
extreme wealthMiddle class
largest beneficiaryWorking class
poorly paid, unskilled
Social ImplicationsSocial Implications
INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES:Families lead separate livesMen gain stature
Workers resisted work disciplineWorking women [only lower class]
Child labor common because of low wages to family & child
http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/
Casualties: 148
Great FamineGreat Famine Ireland
A direct colony of BritainOppressed among Western nationsDispossessed of their land and vote
Tenants in their own landPotatoes
Crop failure lead to famineBritain exported food during the
famine1M died / 2M emigrate
Resistance to Industrial Resistance to Industrial DominationDomination
KARL MARXIntense competition lead to
exploitationPolitical & social institutions
served only the interests of the capitalists
Promoted “class struggle”Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat
Business owners / workersDid not believe capitalism could
reform itself
NationalismNationalism
Part 2
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
What influence did the Crimean War have on European nationalism?
How did the Principles of Legitimacy and of Intervention impact European relationships?
Compare the unification of Italy and the unification of Germany.
Identify the reform movements of the era.
People & ConceptsPeople & Concepts
Crimean War Florence
Nightingale Metternich Otto Von Bismarck Cavour & Girabaldi Czar Alexander II British North
America Act Queen Victoria
Nationalism Congress of
Vienna Principle of
Intervention Principle of
Legitimacy Emancipation of
Serfs Ausgleich Documents of
Liberalism Realpolitik
NationalismNationalismNationalism
IDEOLOGY OF A NATION STATEEmerged after the French Revolution
Revolutions in Central EuropeBased on universal male
suffrageAustrian Empire
Multinational stateFragmentation of interests of its
people
Impact of Crimean WarImpact of Crimean War
CRIMEAN WARDirect impetus for new
alliances in EuropeRussia & Austria now enemies
Promoted a new rise of nationalism in the BalkansSpread throughout Europe
Crimean Crimean WarWar1853-1853-18561856
Crimean WarCrimean War
Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale
Congress of ViennaCongress of ViennaPEACE SETTLEMENT AFTER
NAPOLEONIC WARSMetternich
[Austrian foreign minister] Conservative ideologist
PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACYGreat Powers
PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTIONRight to send armies to intervene
with revolutions
Opposition to Opposition to ConservatismConservatism
Liberalism & nationalismPowerful forces for change
Liberalism Enlightenment was the sourceSupported
Civil liberties, free speech, press, religion
Separation of church & stateWere not democrats
Only equality and power to white men of property
Documents of LiberalismDocuments of LiberalismAmerican Declaration of
IndependenceEquality Popular SovereigntyLife – liberty – pursuit of happiness
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenLiberty– equality - fraternity
Map Austria-Hungarian Map Austria-Hungarian EmpireEmpire
National Unification National Unification MovementsMovements
ITALY [1860]Mazzini’s Young
Italy spurred uprisings
Cavour Expelled Austria
from northern Italy
GaribaldiConsolidated
south Vittore Emmanuele
GERMANY [1871]Otto Von
BismarckPrime Minister
Provoked wars to swell German pride
Prussian Self-proclaimed Emperor of 2nd
Reich
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Unification of GermanyUnification of Germany
BismarckUnified by force
Autocratic ruleMilitarism
Power base
RealpolitikPractical politics not based in
ideology
Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War [1870][1870]
ReformsReforms
FranceKing Louis Napoleon
Created empireVery successful until war with Prussia
France returned to republic
Napoleon III (r.1852-1870
ReformReform
AustriaAusgleich 1867Split into two:
Austria-Hungarian Empire
Emperor Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)
Russia Czar Alexander II
Emancipation of serfs Opposition of conservatives
& demands of liberals forced his return to repressive rule
ReformReform
ReformsReformsReforms
Changes brought about indirectly by revolutions
BritainLiberal parliamentary reform
Queen Victoria’s sense of respectability
Promoted economic & political stability
Canadian NationCanadian NationUnited Provinces of Canada
United upper & lower CanadaBritish North American Act
Parliamentary move –feared American intentions
Dominion of CanadaDomestic self ruleNo control over foreign affairs
Reform in the U.S.Reform in the U.S.Divisive factor in U.S.
Industrial north / agricultural southLincoln – dedicated to free
territories Southern economy base – slavery
Democratic politics brought many into the fray
Abolition – source of division
Enduring QuestionsEnduring QuestionsWhat are the long and short-term What are the long and short-term
benefits of industrialism globally?benefits of industrialism globally?What are the long and short-term What are the long and short-term
problems that have emerged locally problems that have emerged locally and globally as a result of and globally as a result of industrialism?industrialism?
What past and present problems in the What past and present problems in the world can be traced to nationalism?world can be traced to nationalism?