Download pdf - Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation || Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation of Vulnerable Coastal Communities of India

Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation of Vulnerable CoastalCommunities of India

Chinmai Hemani*Climate Change Consultant, Ahmedabad, India

Abstract

In the context of developing countries, climate change and variability poses a serious threat to thecoastal rural communities due to their poor adaptive capacities, weak implementation of develop-mental activities, and lack of technological solutions needed to address this challenge. In order toaddress the current vulnerabilities of these coastal communities where development initiatives areitself lacking, adaptation measures will play a crucial role in streamlining and collaborating withdevelopment initiatives. Literature review in Indian context suggests that there are no estimatesavailable of impact of climate change on coastal agriculture and fisheries and therefore on agricul-tural, pastoral, and fishing communities. This research addresses the aforementioned research gapwith a case study from Western India focusing on livelihood security and human well-being whileintegrating development plans to climate change adaptation. Based on vulnerabilities identified forthe study areas, adaptation plan consisting of goals with several measures were created which werelinked to existing national development schemes along with their co-benefits and barriers toimplementation. Development choices made today will influence the adaptive capacity of peoplein the future. Thus, there is an urgent need to undertake development activities and decision makingwith climate lens, and this research will be the first step in the process.

Keywords

Mainstreaming climate change adaptation; Adaptation plan and options; National and state devel-opment plans; Millennium development goals

Introduction

First time in the human history, a record was set when global concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2)measured at Mauna Lao lab crossed 400 parts per million (ppm) in May 2013 (National Geographic2013). The rise in CO2 levels is a result of an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions(GHG) leading to increase in the global mean temperature. Climate change projections for 2100suggest a best estimate of global average surface temperature to rise by 4 ºC (IPCC 2007). A 4 �C risecould be potentially devastating leading to inundation of coastal areas, increased intensity of tropicalcyclones; unprecedented heat waves, exacerbated water scarcity; increasing risks for food produc-tion potentially leading to higher malnutrition rates; and irreversible loss of biodiversity (The WorldBank 2012). Even if efforts are made to cap and mitigate the GHGs today, air and sea temperatures

*Email: [email protected]

Handbook of Climate Change AdaptationDOI 10.1007/978-3-642-40455-9_100-1# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

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will continue to rise as a result of past emissions. Thus, mitigation efforts alone will not work;adaptation is also needed in order to tackle increasing impact of climate change.

Surrounded by Himalayas, with a coastline of 7,500 km and 70 million hectares of forest, India isone among 17 mega biodiverse countries in the world which is exposed to climate change onmultiple grounds. No country in the world is as vulnerable on so many dimensions to climate changeas India (INCCA 2010). Disasters caused due to increasing extreme events like the recentUttarakhand floods in June 2013 left thousands dead while severely damaging the infrastructureillustrate super imposing effect of an extreme weather event accompanied by poor mitigation,adaptation, and disaster management practices. Depending on the level of preparation by localand national institutions to manage the hazard, an extreme event can turn into a disaster; thus,socioeconomic systems play a vital role in regulating climate change impacts.

India has nine densely populated coastal states comprising of 20 % of the entire population(INCCA 2010) with livelihood dependence on agriculture, fisheries, mining, petrochemical andother industries, ports, and various tourism centers. Increasing population and subsequent land usechanges have led to environment degradation, biodiversity, and freshwater stresses which wouldincrease many folds due to climate change.

Literature review in Indian context suggests that there are no estimates available of impact ofclimate change on coastal agriculture and fisheries and therefore on agricultural, pastoral, and fishingcommunities which are expected to be significant (Revi 2008).

This study attempts to address research gap mentioned above by studying vulnerabilities ofcoastal rural communities while addressing following research question:

Table 1 Research area and support tools used

Type oftool used

Currentclimateanalysis

Information onfuture climatechange scenariosused for futurevulnerability

Climatechange sectorimpacts

Analysisofadaptationoptions

Linkingadaptation optionsto existingdevelopmentplans and policies

Stakeholderanalysis ofoptions

Economicanalysis ofoptions

Primarysurveys

✓ ✓ ✓ Partially ashere focus ison livelihoodand well-being

✓ ✓ x x

FocusedGroupDiscussion(FGD)

Keyinformantinterviews

Climatedataanalysis

Secondarystudies

Multi-criteriaanalysis(MCA)

Note: ✓ indicates task considered, x indicates task not considered for this research


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• What national and state development plans and policies are appropriate for more adaptationfriendly path in order to overcome the current vulnerabilities and whether they need to beleveraged to address future climate change?

In spite of planned development path, the development challenges in India are quite high with29.8 % of population still living below poverty line (BPL) (Planning Commission of India 2012).With weak implementation of planned development, India is yet to curb the inequitable share ofresources. Climate change is likely to exacerbate these inequalities in turn increasing their vulner-ability, but if development goals are systematically considered and implemented by linking themwith adaptation options, enormous cost reductions can be achieved while trying to address devel-opment and climate change challenges.

The complete research comprised of three stages: (1) identifying the problem (vulnerabilities),(2) exploring applicability of existing development policies and evolve inclusive adaptation options,and (3) reducing vulnerability by choosing adaptation options.

Support tools used for methodology to derive climate change adaptation options for this researchare depicted in Table 1.

The Need to Rethink Our Current Approach

Humans over their evolution have been coping and adapting ex post to climatic variations. A newapproach suggests adaptation measures ex ante by incorporating future climate risk into policymaking. Integrating adaptation into development projects is an iterative process of incorporatingconsiderations of climate change into policy making, budgeting, implementation, and monitoringprocesses at national, sectoral, and subnational levels which entails working with a range ofgovernment and nongovernmental actors (UNDP-UNEP 2011). Figure 1 depicts comparison ofbusiness as usual development approach to an integrated approach which addresses developmentand climate change adaptation issues.

- Projected development

Development

Bus

ines

sas

usu

alIn

tegr

ated

ap

proa

ch

Climate information Climate ChangeAdaptation (CCA)

- Use of Scientific information on climate variability and past disasters

- Mainly climate impact /Sectoral focus

- Mainly Technological solution implemented

- CCA mainstreamed with development- Future climate risks considered

- All stakeholders involved- Soft measures as well as technological solutions

- Local/community knowledge climate information considered

- Empowerment of vulnerable house holds

- Bottom up approach and community driven majorly

- Flexible planning- Strong institutional mechanism in place

- Long term focus

- Use of Scientific information on climate variability, past disasters and future regional climate projections

- Precedence of climate information over Local information

- Top down approach- Inflexible planning

- Short term focus

- Poor people participation

Fig. 1 Integrated approach for climate change adaptation (Source: Adapted from Faulkner ( 2012))


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For developing countries, where there is lack of basic infrastructure especially in the rural areas,increasing evidences of climate change impacts will increase the adaptation deficit unless adaptationprogram is incorporated into development initiatives. Such development projects would help buildreadiness in times of crises in context of proper shelter; food, water, and agriculture security; andlivestock protection to the target population so as to ensure increased adaptive capacity and reducedimpacts of climate hazards. Without focus on adaptation, climate change impacts would erodedevelopment gains and deepen the development divide between geographical regions (developedand developing) and sections of society which are marginalized, poor.

In order to reduce vulnerability, efforts need to be made in the direction of good policies atnational and state level to be relayed into local-level action facilitated by the local actor (CAREInternational, July 2010). Figure 2 suggests a joint effort of public – civic and private – institutionsfor implementation and governance of adaptation measures needed to facilitate adaptation efforts.

For India to achieve its National Development Goals and the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), development with climate change lens incorporating adaptation measures is a must.

Case Studies

Jamnagar district1 lies between 21� 470 and 22� 570 north latitude and 68� 570 and 70� 370 westlongitude in the state of Gujarat. It has a coastline of 355 km which accounts to 20 % of Gujarat’scoastline with 3 coastal talukas.2 Due to the presence of wetlands and bird sanctuary of Khijadiya,

State

Governingintegrated

adaptation anddevelpoment

projects

Local stakeholders

Private-Social Partnerships likepolluting industries asked for

payment for ecosystem services, orprojects like bio shields, tree

plantation etc. involving funding andmanagement from private players

while local stakeholders are involvedin the implementation

Private players(Companies,NGO etc)

Co-management ofNatural Resources;conservation ofwetlands, ponds,maintenance of roadsetc.

Public-Private Partnershipslike concessions to theprivate players to bring inlow carbon projects likebiogas, solar energyinitiatives etc.

Fig. 2 Institutional arrangement for integrated adaptation action (Source: Adapted from Wreford et al. (2010))

1District: administrative division within a state managed by local government2Taluka: a smaller administrative division within district


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Table 2 Village demographics

Parameter Criteria

Villages

Rasulnagar Khijadiya Khara Beraja Dhinchada

SocioDemographicdata : 2001Census*

Population 1364# 2,560� 537� 2,790�

Area inhectare�

Notavailable

1,076 846 1,235

Un-irrigatedarea inhectare�

Notapplicable

409 379 560

Physical Distance fromcoast (km)

1 5 3 3

Distance fromthe city (km)

20 12 9 6

Infrastructurepresence

Piped water No (only6 handpumps forwaterneeds)

Yes (but salt pan workerscolony does not havewater access)

Yes Yes

Irrigation andwater storage

No Yes (irrigation canal,water tank, check dams,farm ponds, ongoingconstruction of canal forsalinity ingress prevention)

Bore well as wellas hand pumps,water tank

Water tank and bore

Primaryschool

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Presence ofprimaryhealthcarecenter

No Yes No No

Private/publictransportation

Private Majorly private (onlyone public bus comesthroughout the day)

Private Private

Social Dominantclassa

Muslim Hindu – Patel Hindu – Harijanand Bharwad

Hindu – Satwara

Majoroccupation

Fishermen Agriculture, farm labor andcattle rearing, presence ofsalt pans

Majority – labor,some farming

Agriculture, cattlerearing, laborers andfarm laborer, brass partsworks

Environment Presence ofwetlands

No Yes No No

Remarks Declared bird sanctuary170 migratory birds15 globally rare andthreatened (CCF 2012).Existing salt pan workerscolony is in low-lying areaand lacks basicinfrastructure

Village is in proximity toJamnagar city; in futurethe village is likely to bemerged with theexpanding city

aDominant class: small group of people of particular caste, with most political power* Info. from data collected by Village head in 2011


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corals and Marine National Park (MNP) make Jamnagar taluka environmentally significant. Indus-trially, it has petrochemical special economic zones (SEZ) and many salt pan units; major brass partworks along with two ports and two fishing centers. Socially also due to the presence of highestmarginalized population with respect to other talukas in the district according to Census of India 2001,Jamnagar taluka was chosen for study. Four out of twelve coastal villages falling within 0–5 km fromcoast were chosen to understand the vulnerability of the coastal rural communities. They are unique inselection and are a representation of a class of such villages which have fishing/agriculture/mining orecosystem dominance. Village demographics is presented in Table 2 and Fig. 3.

In order to understand the current vulnerabilities of these villages’ to climate change, various questionswere sought under vulnerability assessment, viz., what were the major impacts of past disasters, whichgroup of population is most vulnerable to these disasters andwhy?What is the adaptive capacity of thesevillages and what measures needs to be developed such that adaptive capacity helps in reducingvulnerability and thus adapt to the changing climate, what barriers are there to the implementation ofthese measures? Reducing vulnerability thus becomes basis of adapting against climate change.

Next section briefly explains how vulnerability assessment was done for the study villages.

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Framework Used

Three factors, viz., extent of exposure to climate change, vulnerability of the region/community toclimate change, and adaptation measures carried out, will define how regions and sectors will beimpacted by future climate change (IPCC 2001).

Vulnerability assessment involves analysis of current exposure to climate shocks and stresses andmodel-based analysis of future climate impacts on basis of which adaptation strategies can be made.There are many conceptual frameworks to conduct vulnerability assessment, but many focus on anyone stressor like drought, earthquakes, or tsunamis; multi-stressor vulnerability assessments whilemore difficult are slowly emerging (Adger et al. 2007). A thorough vulnerability assessment can becomplex and intensively dependent on data.

Data and MethodsA vulnerability assessment framework as suggested by Hemani (2013) is a bottom-up approachwhich focuses on temporal reference as current, with vulnerable system as coastal villages, and thevalued attribute as livelihood security and human well-being. It suggests how regional downscaledclimate data can be integrated with the social vulnerability assessment and environment vulnerabil-ity to make overall vulnerability of the study region.

India Gujarat State Jamnagar District

JamnagarCity

Jamnagar Talukaand study villages

RasulnagarKhara BerajaDhinchadaKhijadiyaJamnagar City

Fig. 3 Maps showing location of case study villages


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Climate information is one of the several factors that are needed to be taken into account indecision making. It also requires understanding of how regional scale climate variability leads tolocal manifestations and sectoral consequences.

In this study physical vulnerability consisted of scientific analysis of climate data of temperatureand rainfall along with past trends of droughts, storms, and SLR based on secondary data.

10-year moving average analysis of 40 years temperature data from 1960 to 2009 of Jamnagarweather station reveals an increase in mean surface temperature by 0.72 ºC. Numbers of heat waveshave increased and the winter has shortened. While future temperature projections for 30-yearperiod between 2070 and 2100 were analyzed by Taru (2010), using downscaled regional model(PRECIS) (developed by Hadley Research Center in collaboration with Indian Institute of TropicalMeteorology) for Emission scenarios A2 and B2 suggests that average annual minimum temperaturemay increase by 3.7 ºC and 2.7 ºC as per the A2 and B2 scenario, respectively. Increasing trend oftemperature and future projections indicate a high level of vulnerability.

For rainfall, 30-year moving average analysis for Jamnagar weather station from 1901 to 2011 formonsoon months (June to August) suggests that there is a steady increase of 0.66 cm per year in therainfall over the 11 decades on an average. While future climate change projections for rainfall studydone by Taru (2010) suggest that there would bemoderate increase in rainfall, increase in number of dryspells with increase in extreme precipitation single-day events exceeding 100 mm reaching 14 each inA2 and B2 scenario between 2070 and 2100 for Jamnagar district. Decreasing number of wet days and

Table 3 Social vulnerability indicators

Major component Indicators

Sociodemographic Dependency ratio, sex ratio (inverse), % of household (HH) where head of theHH has not attended the school

Economic well-being % of HH that borrow money, % of HH that live in semipermanent house, % ofHH without vehicle, % of HH below poverty line, % of HH having at least onevehicle (inverse), access to information services (telephone connections –wireless,wireline, TV, radio) (inverse)

Livelihood % of HH with family member working in different community, % of HH intoagriculture/fishing, average agriculture/fishing livelihood diversification index

Health Average time to health facility, % of HH with family member with chronicillness, % of HH with no sanitation facility

Food % of HH dependent on family farm for food, average months the HH storefood, % of HH that do not save seeds from each harvest, average crop diversityindex

Water % of HH reporting water conflict, % of HH that utilize natural water source,average time to water source, % of HH that do not have consistent water supply,average number of liters of water storage

Natural resource dependence for fuelwood needs

% of HH dependent on natural resources for fuel wood

Institutional stability and strength ofpublic infrastructure

Presence of unmetaled road, % of HH that travel out for medical treatment

Biophysical Distance from coast/river/reclamation bund, distance from the major city,un-irrigated area, salinity intrusion, presence of wetland

Natural disasters and climaticvariability

Average no. of floods/droughts/cyclones events faced in the past, % of HH thatdid not receive warning about pending natural disaster, % of HH that reporteddeath or injury of family member of past natural disasters, mean maximum andminimum monthly average deviation temperature by year, and averagedeviation of monthly rainfall of rainy season

Source: Hemani (2013)


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increasing rainfall trends and future projections indicate high level of vulnerability. A detailed analysiscovered by Hemani (2013) categorizes level of physical vulnerability into high, medium, and low forvarious climate variables like temperature, rainfall, sea level rise, cyclones, and storm surges based onthe past trends and the future climate projections by Taru (2010).

Environment vulnerability of villages was made based on the presence of biodiversity, the charac-teristics of geology of that area, and availability and quality of water sources. A detailed analysiscovered by Hemani (2013) categorizes environment vulnerability into high, medium, and low leveldepending on the deviation of the indicator value from the designated standards which were obtainedfrom secondary data sources available at Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC), MNP, etc.

Social vulnerability assessment used primary data obtained through different tools like FGD,transect walks, personal interviews, and key informant interviews. LVI-IPCC (Livelihood Vulner-ability index) Indexing method as suggested by (Hahn et al. 2009) was found most appropriate andwas applied for the assessment. Indicators chosen were based on extensive literature review andwere categorized according to IPCC definition of vulnerability into those that define exposure,sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. While some indicators were based on Hahn et al. (2009), Mohanand Sinha (2011), and Vincent (2004), others were created due to necessity based on the fieldobservations. Most of the indicator values were derived from the field surveys while values for somewere derived from secondary sources. Table 3 suggests the list of indicators and major componentsused for the social vulnerability assessment.

The outcome of the assessment is depicted in Figs. 4 and 5. Figure 4 suggests villages performanceon each of the major components mentioned in Table 3. Vulnerability of each village ranged from�1to +1 where �1 indicated least vulnerable and +1 indicated most vulnerable. Figure 5 suggestsRasulnagar being the most vulnerable and Dhinchada being least vulnerable of the four study villages.

Social vulnerability assessment helped ascertain the dimensions of current vulnerability and theunderlying causes for the same. It also led to understanding as to how does community cope andadapt to it currently, who are the stakeholders.

An overall vulnerability profile for each village was made by combining physical, environment,and social vulnerability as depicted in Figs. 5 and 6 through, e.g., of Rasulnagar village (Fig. 7).

A full analysis and the corresponding charts of vulnerability are covered by Hemani (2013).

natural disasters andclimate variability

natural resourcedependence

Bio-physical

water

food

health

livelihood

institutional stability

economic well being

Socio demographic

1.201.00

0.600.400.200.00

0.80

Rasulnagar SVI

KharaBeraja SVI

Khijadiya SVI

Dhinchada SVI

Fig. 4 Highlighting major component issues of study villages (Source: Hemani (2013)


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Main Findings from Vulnerability AssessmentBased on the overall vulnerability of all the study villages, the concerns of the fishing and nonfishingvillages are consolidated and summarized in Table 4 below:

While the findings of the assessment suggests, it is the poor who are disproportionately affected,few crosscutting issues which add to the vulnerability across all strata and across all the studyvillages were categorized into following on basis of which adaptation goals were created:

Institutional barriers consisting of lack of:

– Institution setup like primary healthcare centers, banking facilities/credit societies– Infrastructure like metaled roads, piped and dependable water supply, drainage network, con-

veyance facilities, and sanitation facilities– Solid waste management– Communication facilities like that of weather forecast systems

Financial barriers:

– Lack of funding

Technical barriers consisting of lack of:

– Education level and hence lack of alternative livelihoods– Awareness on climate change and its impacts

Social and cultural barriers consisting of lack of:

– Women empowerment– People ownership– Villager’s willingness to learn, change bad fishing and agricultural practices– Alternate to dependence on biomass for fuel wood needs

Total Adaptive capacity(Inverse)

Khijadiya

DhinchadaKhara Beraja

Rasulnagar

Total Sensitivity

Total Exposure

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

Fig. 5 Vulnerability of study villages (Source: Hemani (2013))


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Current

vulnerability

(Source:Hem

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))


Page 10 of 33

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Fig.7

Futurevulnerability

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Such vulnerability assessment provides a base for identifying areas of concern and points ofintervention by estimating the likelihood of future climate change and its impacts along with thesocioeconomic and environment conditions in future. Current climate variability always becomesstarting point of adaptation at the local level.

To address each area of concern, adaptation plan consisting of goals with various adaptationoptions for each goal with time frames, barriers in achieving these measures, co-benefits, and keystakeholders were created.

Thus, six adaptation goals which would increase livelihood security and human well-being were:

1. Creating public awareness about climate change, disaster prevention response: helps in capacitybuilding

Table 4 Vulnerability assessment findings

Aspect ofvulnerability Impacts Agricultural/mining village concerns Fishing village concerns

Physical Loss of land Future climate event concerns leading to loss of land due to floods, SLR, etc.

Destruction ofhouse andpublic works

Lack of proper infrastructure, lack of adaptive capacity

Loss of fishingground

Climatic concerns, wrong fishingpractices, chemical industrypresence, leading to loss oflivelihood

Environmental Loss ofbiodiversity/wetland

Lack of awareness of the importance of biodiversity, climate change leading to loss ofbiodiversity

Change inwater quality

Over extraction practices leading to salinityingress, future climate change concern

Lack of proper infrastructure forfreshwater resources

Change inground waterbalance

Over extraction practices and minimal groundwater recharge, future climate change concern

Change ingeology

Future SLR, salinity intrusion in agriculturedriven villages, mining basalt trap rocks inmining villages will change the geology andmake them more vulnerable

SLR will lead to inundation

Social Increase insocial issues

Lack of education and women empowerment, inequality

Deteriorationof livelihoods

Loss of land due to salinity ingress leading todeterioration of livelihood, alternate source oflivelihood needed

Presence of chemical industry, portactivities affecting fishing, andhence deterioration of livelihood.Future climatic changes

Loss of humanlife and health

Lack of medical facilities, lack emergency warning systems

Loss of tourism Lack of awareness of value of wetlands, birds,and other important species at Khijadiyasanctuary

Lack of awareness of corals, seagrasses, dugongs, and otherimportant species at MNP

Source: Hemani (2013)


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2. Provide safe and consistent drinking water and water for other (domestic, agriculture) needs:helps in adapting against decreased water availability

3. Provide diversified livelihoods and aid in livelihood sustenance: helps in improvement oflivelihoods

4. Improvement of built environment: helps in strengthening and building infrastructure5. Human safety and enhanced human safety: helps in adapting against health impediments6. Functioning of healthy coastal ecosystem: helps cater to enhancing and conserving of coastal

ecosystem

Since current vulnerability is majorly due to lack of development, it would be implementation ofdevelopment plans which by default become the entry points for mainstreaming climate changeadaptation. Next section brings an understanding of the mechanisms of governmental, institutional,and political efforts which can be contextualized and leveraged to define pro-poor adaptationoutcomes while addressing developmental goals.

Lowering Vulnerability Through Linking of Development Initiatives toClimate Change Approach

In order to curb impacts of global climate change, effort needs to be made from global to local levelas shown in Fig. 8. It also shows link between global, national, and state development goals withglobal, National, and State Action Plans for Climate Change (NAPCC and SAPCC).

Climate change Policies,plans, frameworks and Mana-gement Global - Local

Climate change AspectsGlobal-Local

Global climate change-Sea level rise (SLR)

National level SLR,increasing extreme

events,

NAPCC, various Developmentplans, water shed

management, disastermanagement plans etc

SAPCC, various state leveldevelopment plans

Local level impacts of SLRand increasing extreme

events

UNFCCC, UNEP, otherinternational agencies

measures like Kyoto protocol,Montreal protocol, MDG etc

Fig. 8 Institutional arrangement for addressing climate change global to local


Page 13 of 33

To address the research question with the purpose of mainstreaming climate change, six adapta-tion goals identified for the study area were linked to four MDG and various development goals atnational and state level to address their current vulnerabilities (Table 5).

To execute this step, against each adaptation goal, relevant national and state development schemewere judged for its applicability to cater to current vulnerability, its relevance to adaptation efforts,and whether there is a need to enhance that scheme to cater to future climate vulnerability. Table 6shows link between existing development plans to climate change adaptation.

Table 5 Linking MDG to development goals

Millenniumdevelopment goals

Various development plansnational level

Various developmentplans state level

Linked to which adaptation goals ofthis study

MDG 1: Eradicateextreme poverty andhunger

• Mahatma Gandhi NationalRural EmploymentGuarantee Act(MGNREGA)

• National rural livelihoodmission

• Indira housing scheme

Sardar Patel housingscheme

Goal 3. Provide diversified livelihoodsand aid in livelihood sustenance

MDG 2: Achievinguniversal education

• Universal ElementaryEducation (UEE)

• Mid-day meal scheme

Goal 3: Provide diversified livelihoodsand aid in livelihood sustenance

MDG 3: Promotegender equality andempower women

• Targeted provision for girlsunder UEE

• Kasturba Gandhi BalikaVidyalaya (resident girlchild school) scheme

• Balika Samriddhi scheme(girl child developmentscheme)

Women self-help group(SHG) scheme

Goal 3: Provide diversified livelihoodsand aid in livelihood sustenance

MDG 7: Ensuringenvironmentsustainability

• National Rural DrinkingWater Program (NRDWP)

• Green India mission underNAPCC

• Total Sanitation Campaign(TSC)

• Nirmal Gram Puraskar toboost TSC (award forvillage leading TSC)

• IWMP (integrated watermanagement) program

• ICZMP (Integrated CoastalZone Management

Program)• National Solar Missionunder NAPCC• Social forestry• Prime minister village roadscheme• SIPC (salinity ingressprevention cell)•MGNREGA

• Gokul gram scheme(village developmentscheme)

• Nirmal Gujaratscheme (clean andhealthy villagescheme)

• Panchavati scheme(Village Greeningscheme)

• Jamin Sampadanischeme (villagedevelopment scheme)

• Gram Mitra scheme(friends of villagescheme)

• Goal 2: Provide safe and consistentdrinking water and water for other(domestic, agriculture) needs

• Goal 4: Improvement of builtenvironment

• Goal 5: Human safety and enhancedhuman safety

•Goal 6: Functioning of healthy coastalecosystem


Page 14 of 33

Adaptation StrategyOnce the current concerns were identified, the remaining part of the strategy involved creatingadaptation plan by leveraging development plans to cater to identified issues. The adaptation planwas based on identification and prioritizing of the adaptation options.

This stage involves contribution of the stakeholders, keeping in mind the needs of the mostvulnerable groups. Implementation of the identified adaptation measure should be based on theprioritization of the adaptation options. Stakeholder review and prioritization of the options was notdone in this case as this was a part of academic research work, but it is a must for live projects.

Identifying Adaptation OptionsIn this research emphasis was on identifying interventions from the existing development plans andpolicies. This step was author initiated, but in live projects, it involves finding feasibility ofimplementation of the measure, evaluation of estimated benefit, and cost from the measure alongwith stakeholder consultation involving government officials, local community groups, and expertsfrom the field. This would also create awareness about the views of different stakeholders, promotedialogue, and create collective interpretation and ownership of suggested modifications. It needs tobe documented.

Table 7 consists of list of adaptation options. Under each adaptation goals, various adaptationmeasures are listed.

Prioritizing and Selecting Adaptation OptionsFor prioritizing adaptation options, various tools like cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectivenessanalysis, expert judgment, multi-criteria analysis can be used. When quantification and valuationof adaptation options is not possible in monetary terms such as the benefits of preserving biodiver-sity, MCA is used for prioritizing options (OECD 2009).

This research uses MCA for prioritizing options. Here weightage is given to each of the parameterfrom 0 to 1 depending on flexibility, potential cost, and ease of execution. An overall score of eachaction is obtained through summation of the weightage to each parameter, and the options with thehighest scores are prioritized accordingly where there are multiple competing criteria (UNFCCC2011).

Some of the parameters used in this study helped determine the assessment of adaptation optionsfor prioritizing them including:

• Economy-wide impacts: Many impacts are influenced by global market events in response toclimate change.

• Hard as opposed to soft adaptation options: Hard including technical/engineering options and softoptions including those dealing with behavior change, policies, and instruments.

• Ancillary benefits: Along with the reduction of damages caused by current climate variability,they also bring in other ancillary benefits like job creation, net benefits to the economy throughenergy or water efficiency, etc.

• Public as opposed to private adaptation: It is important to recognize that individuals will respondto future climate variability, and their response will depend on the public actions that are taken.

• Adaptation-mitigation linkages: Adaptation actions that have consequences for mitigation. Forexample, improving green cover can bring in reduced CO2, reducing heat stress, improvinghealth, as well as improving ground water table.

Refer Table 7 for the MCA.


Page 15 of 33

Tab

le6

Linking

natio

naland

statedevelopm

entgoalsto

adaptatio

ngoals

Com

ponent:

Goal

Policy/

project

Policybrief

National/state

driven

Targetgroup

Relevance

and

applicability

w.r.tclim

ate

change

adaptatio

n(CCA)

Rationale

Policyupdatio

nneeded

w.r.tC

CA?

Creatingpublic

awareness

aboutclim

ate

change,d

isaster

preventio

nresponse

Friendof

village

scheme

Itappointsindividualsin

thevillage

who

educate

villagerson

various

developm

entschemes.

Eachappointeewould

deal

inthearea

ofagricultu

re,

education,

health,

developm

ent,andhuman

welfare,respectively

Statedriven

Rural

community

High

Awarenessisthefirststep

towards

change

Yes,k

eeping

inview

future

clim

atechanges,

appointedstaffcanbe

trainedto

trainthe

villagersto

increase

the

awarenessandneed

ofcommunity

and

individual-level

participationto

increase

theiradaptiv

ecapacity

Water:p

rovide

safe

and

consistent

drinking

water

andwater

for

other(dom

estic,

agricultu

re)

needs

National

ruraldrinking

water

program

Aim

sto

provideevery

ruralp

ersonwith

adequate

safe

water

fordrinking,

cooking,

andother

domestic

basicneedson

asustainablebasis

Centerdriven,

partialfunding,

stateinto

partial

fundingand

implem

entatio

n

Rural

community

High

Toensure

the40

l/capita/

daywater

forrural

populatio

nneedseven

intheface

ofclim

ate

variability

andmake

provisionforalternate

source

ofpotablewater

Yes,toensure

the

fulfillm

ento

fsustained

water

needsin

face

ofclim

atechange

and

variability

Integrated

watershed

managem

ent

program

Aim

sto

restoreecological

balanceby

harnessing,

conserving,and

developing

degraded

naturalresources

such

assoil,

vegetativ

ecover,and

water

Centerdriven

andfunded,state

implem

entatio

n

All

community

High

Clim

atevariability

isaffectingthedrought-

proneareaswith

reduced

forestcover,reducing

water

table,andashortage

ofdrinking

water,fuel,and

fodder

IWMPcatersto

theseneeds

Yes,toensure

soiland

water

conservatio

nin

case

offuture

clim

atechange


Page 16 of 33

MGNREGA

Aim

satenhancingthe

livelihoodsecurity

ofpeoplein

ruralareas

byguaranteeing

100days

ofwageem

ploymentin

afinancialy

earto

arural

householdwhose

adult

mem

bersvolunteerto

dounskilled

manualwork

Centerdriven,

partialfunding,

state:partial

fundingand

implem

entatio

n

Rural

community

High

Along

with

livelihood

security,italsoprovides

environm

entp

rotection,

henceenhancingadaptiv

ecapacity

andreducing

vulnerability

Yes,already

guidelines

are

thereto

converge

MGNREGAandIW

MP

program

andagricultu

reprogram

Salinity

ingress

preventio

nandcontrol

scheme

Due

tosalin

ityingressin

theundergroundwater,

suggestedconstructio

nof

tidalregulatorsandweirs

near

theoceanbank,

refilling

lakes,refilling

reservoirs,check

dams,

andspreadingchannel,

etc.,n

eartheinside

land

area

coastalG

ujaratstate

Centerfunded

Coastal

communities

High

Effortsaresuch

thatit

preventssalin

ityfrom

spreadingfurther

Yes,k

eeping

inview

the

consequences

offuture

clim

atechange

of(SLR

andcoastalinundation)

Livelihood:

provide

diversified

livelihoods

and

aidinliv

elihood

sustenance

Universal

educationfor

all

Freeprim

aryeducationfor

child

ren

Centerdriven,

state

implem

entatio

n

Allchild

ren

Medium

Increasing

theeducation

levelm

aybringother

opportunities

ofem

ploymentratherthan

justnaturalresource-

dependentemployments

–

MGNREGA

Asmentio

nedpreviously

(con

tinued)


Page 17 of 33

Tab

le6

(contin

ued)

Com

ponent:

Goal

Policy/

project

Policybrief

National/state

driven

Targetgroup

Relevance

and

applicability

w.r.tclim

ate

change

adaptatio

n(CCA)

Rationale

Policyupdatio

nneeded

w.r.tC

CA?

Wom

enSHG

scheme

Toenablethepoor

wom

en,

particularly

inruralareas

ofGujaratto

improvetheir

access

toresourcesand

strengthen

livelihoods

and

quality

oflife

Statedriven

Rural

community

Medium

Wom

enem

powermentcan

lead

tobetterdecision

makingandaltersource

ofincomeandhence

increasing

adaptiv

ecapacity

ofthehousehold

–

National

rural

livelihood

mission

Aim

sto

reduce

poverty

amongruralB

PLby

prom

otingdiversified

and

gainfulself-em

ployment

andwageem

ployment

opportunities

which

would

lead

toan

appreciable

increase

inincomeon

sustainablebasis

Centerdriven,

state

implem

entatio

n

Rural–BPL

High

May

bringother

opportunities

ofem

ploymentratherthan

justnaturalresource-

dependentemployments

–

Infrastructure

andinstitu

tional

setup:

improvem

ento

fbuilt

environm

ent

MGNREGA

Asmentio

nedpreviously

Jamin

Sam

padani

scheme

Inorderto

increase

standard

ofrurallife,

structuralfacilities,viz.,

drinking

water,sew

erage,

streetlig

htingelectricity

inhouseinternalroads,and

approach

roads,should

beincluded

underthescheme

Statedriven

Rural

community

Medium

Itprovides

basic

amenities,h

ence

increasing

adaptiv

ecapacity

Yes,can

enhancekeeping

inmindclim

atelens.

Sew

eragenetworkmustbe

developedkeepingin

mindtheextrem

erainfall

andrunoff


Page 18 of 33

Prime

minister

village

roads

scheme

Toprovideconnectiv

ity,

byway

ofan

all-weather

road,totheeligible

unconnectedhabitatio

nsin

theruralareas

with

apopulatio

nof

500personsandabovein

plainareas

Centerdriven,

partialfunding,

stateinto

partial

fundingand

implem

entatio

n

Rural

community

Medium

Internalvillage

roadsare

temporary,w

hilemain

road

isstill

tarroad

and

connectedto

highway

–

Total

sanitatio

ncampaign

Itisacomprehensive

program

toensure

sanitatio

nfacilitiesin

rural

areaswith

broadergoalto

eradicatethepracticeof

open

defecatio

n

Centerdriven,

partialfunding,

stateinto

partial

fundingand

implem

entatio

n

Rural

community

Medium

Increasing

frequencyof

floods

inthefuture

would

increase

water-borne

diseases,reach

topoor

communitytoiletsor

athouseholdremains

–

Gokul

Gram

Schem

eFor

overalld

evelopment

andfulfilling

basic

amenities

ofthevillages

Statedriven

Rural

community

Medium

Helps

build

ingthe

infrastructure,reduces

vulnerability

–

Clean

village,

healthy

village

scheme

Financialassistance

given

forcleanvillage

Statedriven

Rural

community

Medium

Floodingof

areas,

unpicked

anduntreated

solid

wasteincrease

diseases,affectshealth

–

Indira

Gandhi

housing

scheme/

(SardarPatel

Housing

Schem

e)�

Providesassistance

toBPL

who

areeitherhouselessor

have

inadequatehousing

facilitiesforconstructin

gasafe

anddurableshelter

forenvironm

entally

sound

habitatw

ithadequate

provisions

Centerpolicy

makingand

partialfunding,

stateinto

partial

fundingand

implem

entatio

n/(statefunded)�

Rural–BPL

High

Poorandmarginalized

households

aremore

vulnerableas

theirhouses

aremajorly

built

ontemporary

structures

asthey

lack

monetary

support

Yes,k

eeping

inmindthe

extrem

eevents,locationof

thehouses,and

constructio

nof

thehouses

should

berevisedwhich

will

depend

onthestate-

andvillage-specific

developm

entplans

Panchavati

scheme

Aim

satthewelfareof

rural

peopleto

developparksin

thevillage

with

necessary

facilities.Trees

canbe

suggestedby

villagersand

may

also

begrow

nin

wasteland

near

thevillage

Statedriven

Rural

community

High

Increase

ingreencovercan

lead

toco-benefito

fmitigatio

nalongwith

adaptatio

n.Horticulture

treescanreap

monetary

benefittothecommunity

alongwith

increase

inwater

table

–

(con

tinued)


Page 19 of 33

Tab

le6

(contin

ued)

Com

ponent:

Goal

Policy/

project

Policybrief

National/state

driven

Targetgroup

Relevance

and

applicability

w.r.tclim

ate

change

adaptatio

n(CCA)

Rationale

Policyupdatio

nneeded

w.r.tC

CA?

Natural

resource

dependence:

functio

ning

ofhealthycoastal

ecosystem

Social

forestry

Aim

sto

take

offpressure

from

existin

gforestsby

plantin

gtreeson

allunused

andfallo

wland,thus

helpingin

social,rural

developm

ent,and

environm

entp

rotection

CentralMinistry

driven

Allpopulatio

nHigh

-do-

–

NAPCC:

Solar

mission

Promotes

ecologically

sustainablegrow

thwhile

addressing

India’senergy

security

challengeby

introducingsolar

renewableenergy

CentralMinistry

driven

Allpopulatio

nHigh

Leads

toenergy-efficient

econom

icdevelopm

ent

having

co-benefito

fadaptatio

nandmitigatio

n

–

Integrated

CoastalZone

Managem

ent

Program

Promotes

(1)coastal

resource

conservatio

nand

managem

ent,

(2)monito

ring,

(3)socioeconomic

developm

ent,

(4)g

eo-spatialm

apping

for

scientificdatabase

CentralMinistry

driven

Initiated

for

states

ofGujarat,

Orissa,and

WestB

engal

laterforall

remaining

6coastalstates

High

Contributetowards

increasedunderstanding

andacceptance

oftheneed

toprotect,conserve,and

regeneratecoastaln

atural

resourcesby

localrural

communities

Yes,revisionof

thehazard

mapping

andshoreline

protectio

nmeasures

keepingin

view

thefuture

extrem

eevents


Page 20 of 33

Tab

le7

Adaptationoptio

nsandMCA

Major

component

Adaptationoptio

nsfornotedissues

Hard

(0.25)/

soft

optio

n(1)

Economywide

impact(changes

with

global(0.25)/

natio

nal(0.5)

and

localeconomy/none

(1)

Public

(hard

�0.25,

soft–0.5)/

private(0.5)/

Public

Private

Partnership

(1)

Adaptation–mitigatio

nlin

kages1/0ifnone)

Ancillary

benefits

(1/0

ifnone)

Total

score

(out

of5

Ranking

optio

ns

Sociodemographic

Trainingandraisingpublic

awarenesson

whatisclim

atechange

andforactiv

eadaptatio

nto

disasters

andclim

atechange

impacts

11

11

15

1

Makingaclim

atechange

committee

andmaintaining

aclim

atechange

register

andim

pactson

various

sectorslik

ehealth,agriculture,

biodiversity,etc.,foreach

village

11

11

15

1

Water

Trainingon

clim

atechange

and

water

variability

andtheneed

toconserve

water

especially

tofarm

ers

11

11

15

1

Trainingforoptim

umuseof

water,

water

conservatio

ntechniques

demonstratio

n,andim

proving

agricultu

ralpractices

underGram

Mitrascheme

11

11

15

1

Provision

oftapwater

in90:10

partnershipwith

villages

11

0.5

01

3.5

5

ExistingongoingSIPCworks

0.25

10.25

11

3.5

5

Buildingof

community

rain

water

harvestin

gtanksto

storerain

water

0.25

11

11

4.25

3

Buildingof

conservatio

npondsand

recharge

wellsunderMGNREGA

scheme

0.25

11

11

4.25

3 (con

tinued)


Page 21 of 33

Tab

le7

(contin

ued)

Major

component

Adaptationoptio

nsfornotedissues

Hard

(0.25)/

soft

optio

n(1)

Economywide

impact(changes

with

global(0.25)/

natio

nal(0.5)

and

localeconomy/none

(1)

Public

(hard

�0.25,

soft–0.5)/

private(0.5)/

Public

Private

Partnership

(1)

Adaptation–mitigatio

nlin

kages1/0ifnone)

Ancillary

benefits

(1/0

ifnone)

Total

score

(out

of5

Ranking

optio

ns

Livelihoods

Creationof

microfinancebanking

facilities

0.25

0.5

0.5

01

2.25

9

Awarenesscamps

forbenefitsof

education/teaching

underCSR

(corporatesocialresponsibility)

11

11

15

1

Trainingforuseof

optim

umfertilizers,switching

toorganic

farm

ing,

andgrow

ingindigenous

grains

11

11

15

1

Shiftingto

droughtresistant

variety

ofgrains

0.25

0.5

0.5

11

3.25

6

Trainingandaw

arenessam

ong

villagerson

usageof

proper

netand

aboutfi

shcatchseason

11

11

15

1

Infrastructure

Build

puccaroadsunder

MGNREGA,Jam

inSam

padani

scheme,prim

eministervillage

road

scheme

0.25

11

01

3.25

6

Provision

ofbins

forwaste

segregation

11

0.5

01

3.5

5

Clean

village

competitionam

ong

villages

11

0.5

01

3.5

5

Provision

ofstorm

water

drain

network�

0.25

0.5

0.25

11

37

Channelizingstorm

water

toponds

forrecharging

�0.25

0.5

0.25

11

37

BuildingSanitatio

n0.25

11

01

3.25

6


Page 22 of 33

Health

and

communication

Health

camps

11

10

14

4

Privatevisitin

gdoctors

11

10

14

4

Infrastructure

setupforPHC(can

turn

outtobe

long

term

)0.25

11

01

3.25

6

Trainingandaw

arenessam

ong

villagerson

interpretatio

nandusage

ofweather

warning

system

s

11

11

15

1

Phase-w

iseim

plem

entation

ofweather

warning

system

s0.25

10.25

01

2.5

8

Revisionof

emergencyplan

with

floodmaps,em

ergencymeetp

oints,

evacuatio

nplansandmaps

11

0.5

01

3.5

5

Biophysical

Overwasteland:u

nder

Panchavati

scheme,developgardens

11

0.5

11

4.5

2

Com

munityforestundersocial

forestry

11

0.5

11

4.5

2

Treeplantatio

nas

apartof

CSR

driveby

industries

11

11

15

1

Harnessingsolarenergy

forcooking

purposes

11

0.5

11

4.5

2

Agriculture

base

villageshave

potentialto

usebiogas

plantfor

cookingneeds

11

0.5

11

4.5

2

Trainingandaw

arenessam

ong

villagersof

importance

ofbiodiversity

11

11

15

1

Vigilanceandrecordingof

species

loss

ifany

11

0.5

11

4.5

2

Plantationactiv

ityby

thegreen

committee

alreadyin

thevillage

form

edunderICZMP

11

11

15

1

Paymentin

term

sof

environm

ent

taxesforecosystem

services

bythe

industries

11

11

15

1

*Info.from

datacollected

byVillagehead

in2011


Page 23 of 33

Tab

le8

Adaptationplan

Major

component

Issues

Short-term

measure

(1to

5years)actio

nplan

(2013–

2017)

Tim

efram

eStakeholder

Medium-term

measure

(5to

10years)long

term

(10

to20

years)

Stakeholder

Existing

policy/

program

which

is/can

beused

Constraints

Additional/co-

benefits

Adaptionmeasure

category

(no

regret/lo

wregret/

clim

atejustified)

Adaptationgoal(1)creatin

gpublicaw

arenessaboutclim

atechange,d

isasterpreventio

nresponse

Sociodemographic

Lackof

awarenesson

clim

atechange

andits

impacts

1.Trainingandraisingpublic

awarenesson

whatisclim

ate

change

andforactiv

eadaptatio

nto

clim

atechange

impacts

2013

onwards

oncontinuous

basis

NGO,stateclim

ate

change

department,

Gram

Panchayata

1.Upkeepof

training

sharingscientific

inform

ationwrt

sectors,status

ofissues

NGO,state

clim

ate

change

department,

Gram

Panchayat

Can

betargeted

under

SAPCC

1.Lackof

fund

1.Public

support

during

the

executionof

other

actio

nsmentio

nedbelow

andhenceease

ofexecution

Noregret

2.Makingaclim

atechange

committee

andmaintaining

aclim

atechange

register

and

impactson

varioussectorslik

ehealth,agriculture,

biodiversity,etc.,foreach

village

2013

2.Discussionand

revision

ofactio

nplan

a

2.Lackof

willingness

andacceptance

tolearnfrom

villagersside

2.People

ownership

createdforworks

done

3.Lackof

quality

staff

andmaterialto

trainin

vernacular

language

Adaptationgoal(2)providesafe

andconsistent

drinking

water

andwater

forother(dom

estic,agriculture)needs

Water

Water

quality

and

availability

1.Trainingon

clim

atechange

andwater

variability,the

need

toconserve

water

especially

forfarm

ers

2013

onwards

NGO,stateclim

ate

change

department,

Gram

Panchayat

Upkeepof

training

sharingscientific

inform

ationw.r.t

sectors,status

ofissues

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers

Can

betargeted

under

SAPCC

1.Funding

Noregret

2.Willingness

totake

ownership

among

villagers

1.Trainingforwater

conservatio

ntechniques

demonstratio

nandim

proving

agricultu

ralp

ractices

under

Gram

Mitrascheme

2013

onwards

oncontinuous

basis

Stategovt.G

ram

Panchayat,N

GOlocal

people

1.Maintenance

and

upkeep

ofponds,

regulardesilting,

repairing,

etc.

Willingnessby

farm

ersto

change

practices

Noregret

2.Water

pricing

schemes

3.Com

pulsoryuseof

drip

irrigatio

nin

case

ofirrigatedland


Page 24 of 33

Provision

oftapwaterin90:10

partnershipwith

villages

2013

–2017

WASMO(W

ater

and

Sanitatio

nMonito

ring

Organization),N

GO,

villagers,p

rivate

company

owning

land

(in

case

ofKhijadiya

salt

panworkerscolony)

Upkeepand

maintenance

ofpiped

water

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers

operations

and

maintenance

committee

NRDWP

Noregret

ExistingongoingSIP

works

Ongoing

−2017

Narmadawater

resources,watersupply,

andKalpsar

department

Incorporatingclim

ate

resiliencyfeatures

intheSIPCfuture

and

pendingactiv

ities

High-level

committee

forsalin

ityingressstudy

SIPC

Cost,other

logistical

arrangem

ent

forSIP

works

Benefittofarm

ers

forirrigatio

nClim

atejustified

1.Buildingof

community

rain

waterharvestin

gtanksto

store

rain

water

2013

–2015

NGO,stateclim

ate

change

department,

Gram

Panchayat

Upkeepof

pondsand

recharge

wells

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers

operations

and

maintenance

(O&M)

committee

MGNREGA

1.Funding

Increasesthe

water

recharge

andavailabilityof

water

sources

Noregret

2.Buildingof

conservatio

npondsandrecharge

wells

underMGNREGAscheme

2.willingness

totake

ownership

among

villagers

3.Gram

Panchayat’s

willingnessto

take

activ

ities

under

MGNREGA

Adaptationgoal(3)providediversified

livelihoods

andaidin

livelihoodsustenance

Livelihoods

Lackof

credit

societies(high

levelo

finterestrateto

middlemen

esp.

for

Rasulnagar

village)

Creationof

microfinance

bankingfacilities

2013

–2015

Banks

Willingnessby

banksto

setu

psm

allu

nits

Low

regret

Lackof

education

leveland

lack

ofliv

elihood

1.Awarenesscamps

for

benefitsof

education

2013

onwards

Stategovernment,NGO

Introductio

nof

vocatio

nalclasses

NGO

UEE

1.Willingness

tolearnam

ong

villagers

Improved

adaptiv

ecapacity

with

increased

livelihood

optio

nson

being

educated

Noregret

2.TeachingunderCSR

activ

ity2014

onwards

2.Willingness

among

companies

tocomeand

teach

(con

tinued)


Page 25 of 33

Tab

le8

(contin

ued)

Major

component

Issues

Short-term

measure

(1to

5years)actio

nplan

(2013–

2017)

Tim

efram

eStakeholder

Medium-term

measure

(5to

10years)long

term

(10

to20

years)

Stakeholder

Existing

policy/

program

which

is/can

beused

Constraints

Additional/co-

benefits

Adaptionmeasure

category

(no

regret/lo

wregret/

clim

atejustified)

Lackof

good

agricultu

ral

practices

1.Trainingforuseof

optim

umfertilizers,switching

toorganicfarm

ing,

andgrow

ing

indigenous

grains

Various

camps

throughout

2013

–2017

Stategovernment,

NationalB

ankfor

Agriculture

andRural

Development

(NABARD),

agricultu

redepartment

NGO

Rem

ovingsubsidies

onwater,electricity,

andfertilizers

State

government

Willingnessby

farm

ersto

change

practices

Noregret/lo

wregret

2.Shiftingto

droughtresistant

varietyof

grains

Lackof

good

fishing

practices

Trainingandaw

areness

amongvillagerson

theusage

ofproper

netand

nottocatch

fish

inthespaw

ning

season

Fishersdepartment,

NGO

Willingnessby

fishermen

tochange

practices

Noregret

Adaptationgoal(4)im

provem

ento

fbuilt

environm

ent

Infrastructure

and

institu

tionalsetup

Poor

infrastructure

andlack

ofconveyance

toconnectin

ghighway

ormajor

city

Build

metaled

roads

2013

–2015

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers

Upkeepand

maintenance

ofroads

underMGNREGA

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers

MGNREGA,

Jamin

Sam

padani

scheme,

Prime

minister

village

road

scheme

Lackof

resources

(tim

e,money,

manpower)

andrurallook

outm

aybe

low

onpriority

Reduced

health

hazards

Low

regret

Lackof

solid

waste

collection

managem

ent

1.Provision

ofbins

forwaste

segregation

2013

–2014

Stategovt.for

fund,

Gram

Panchayat,N

GO,

localp

eople

Nirmal

Gujarat

scheme,

Swatchcha

Gram

scheme

Funding,

willingnessto

take

ownership

among

villagers

Reduced

health

issues

Noregret

2.Clean

village

competition

amongruralv

illages

2014

onwards

Lackof

drainage

and

nosewerage

1.Provision

ofstorm

water

drainnetwork�

2013

–2017

GWSSB(G

round

Water

Supplyand

Sew

erageBoard),Gram

Panchayatlocal

villagers

1.Provision

ofseweragenetwork

GWSSB,

Gram

Panchayat

local

villagers

O&M

committee

Funding

lack

onpriority

for

rurallookout

Low

regret

� /clim

atejustified

2.Channelizingstormwaterto

pondsforrecharging

�2.

Treatingthe

seweragewaste

before

releasingto

riveror

sea

3.Upkeepof

the

storm

water

drains

Lackof

sanitatio

nfacilities

Buildingsanitatio

nfacilities

Ongoing

−2017

Gram

Panchayat,N

GO,

CSRfunding,

MNP

TSC,N

irmal

Gujarat

scheme

Low

regret


Page 26 of 33

Adaptationgoal(5)human

safety

andenhanced

human

safety

Health

and

communication

Lackof

PHC

1.Health

camps

2013

onwards

Stategovernment

Funding,lack

onpriority

for

rurallookout

Low

regret

2.Privatevisitin

gdoctors

3.InfrastructuresetupforP

HC

(canturn

outtobe

long

term

)2013

–2017

Lackof

weather

warning

system

Trainingandaw

areness

amongvillagerson

interpretatio

nandusageof

weather

warning

system

s

2017

Indian

Meteorology

Departm

ent(IM

D),

NGO

Upgrade

thewarning

system

,upkeepof

system

IMD,local

contract

Funding

lack

onpriority

for

rurallookout

Due

toincreased

preparedness

reducedloss

tolifeandmonetary

loss

Clim

atejustified

Phase-w

iseim

plem

entatio

nof

weather

warning

system

s

Lackof

emergency

planning

Revisionof

emergencyplan

with

floodmaps,em

ergency

meetp

oints,evacuatio

nplans

andmaps

2013

–2017

GujaratStateDisaster

Managem

entAgency

(GSDMA)

Evacuationmapsand

plansalternateroute

toconnectthisvillage

with

highway

asof

nowthereisonly

one

way

toreachthe

village

Clim

ate

change

department,

GSDMA

Lackof

resources

(tim

e,money,

manpower)

andrurallook

outm

aybe

low

onpriority

Clim

atejustified

Adaptationgoal(6)functio

ning

ofhealthycoastalecosystem

Naturalresources

dependence

Lackof

green

cover

Overwasteland

2013

–2016

1.Gram

Panchayat,

statedept.

Maintenance

and

upkeep

ofplanted

trees

Gram

Panchayat

Panchavati

schemesocial

forestry,

MNREGA

Upkeepof

parks

(managing

CPR)

Reducestorm

water

runoff,

increase

inwater

table,increase

incohesion

among

community,

improvequality

oflife

Noregret

1.Under

Panchavatischeme,

developgardens

2.Gram

Panchayatand

Forestd

epartm

ent

2.Com

munity

forestunder

socialforestry

(localspeciesof

treestobe

chosen,horticulture

treesforsocialforestry

can

providemonetarybenefits

also)

3.Privatecompanies

falling

undercom

panies

billforCSRmandate

3.Treeplantatio

nas

apartof

CSRdriveby

industries

Dependence

onbiom

assfor

fuelneed

1.Harnessingsolarenergy

for

cookingpurposes

2013

–2017

GujaratEnergy

DevelopmentAgency

(GEDA),Gram

Panchayat,local

villagers

Harnessingwindand

tidalenergy

togenerateelectricity,

earn

carbon

credits,

incomefrom

itcanbe

used

toenhance

facilitiesof

the

village

National

Solar

Mission

under

NAPCC

Funding,

acceptance

ofnew

technology

Increased

alternatesource

ofincomeforthe

village,reduced

GHGem

issions

Low

regret

2.Villages

with

agricultu

re(�except

Rasulnagar/

fishermen

villages)has

potentialtousebiogas

plant

forcookingneeds(carbon

credits

earned

canbe

used

to

(con

tinued)


Page 27 of 33

Tab

le8

(contin

ued)

Major

component

Issues

Short-term

measure

(1to

5years)actio

nplan

(2013–

2017)

Tim

efram

eStakeholder

Medium-term

measure

(5to

10years)long

term

(10

to20

years)

Stakeholder

Existing

policy/

program

which

is/can

beused

Constraints

Additional/co-

benefits

Adaptionmeasure

category

(no

regret/lo

wregret/

clim

atejustified)

enhancethefacilitiesof

the

villages)

Biophysical

Lossof

biodiversity

–mangroves,

corals,sea

grass,dugong,

etc.

1.Trainingandaw

areness

amongvillagersof

importance

ofbiodiversity

2013

onwards

GECMNP,pollu

ting

industries

alongthe

coast,localg

reen

committee

Upkeepand

maintenance

ofbiodiversity,strong

vigilanceof

pollu

ting

industries

Villagers

committee,

GPCB

(Gujarat

Pollutio

nControl

Board)

ICZMP

Vigilanceon

pollu

ting

industries,

noncorrupt

officials

Noregret

2.Vigilanceandrecordingof

speciesloss

ifany

3.Plantationactiv

ityby

the

greencommittee

alreadyinthe

village

form

edunderICZMP

4.Paymentinterm

sof

environm

enttaxes

for

ecosystem

services

bythe

industries

2014

onwards

Villagespecific–Rasulnagar

Livelihood

Nofish

landingcenter

Providing

fishinglanding

center

2013

–2016

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers,fi

sheries

department

Upkeepand

maintenance

ofthe

fish

landingcenter

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers

Funding,low

priority

Low

regret

Sociodemographic

Lackof

wom

enem

powerment

and

involvem

entin

alternate

livelihoods

Awarenesscamps

forwom

enem

powerment,wom

enSHG

form

ationskillstraining

program

2013

–2014

NGO,G

ram

Panchayat

Willingnessto

accept

idea

ofwom

enem

powerment

Alternatesources

ofliv

elihood

Noregret

Naturaldisaster

andclim

ate

variability

Impactdueto

storm

surges

Creatingsand

bunds,creatin

gliv

ingshorelines

�2013

–2015

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers,G

SDMA

Creatingsurge

protectio

nwalls

GSDMA

Noregret

�clim

ate

justified


Page 28 of 33

Villagespecific–Khijadiya

Biophysical

Impacton

coastal

wetland

1.Involvem

ento

fvillagersin

theupkeep

ofthewetlands

2013

–2017

MNP,villagers

Maintenance

ofwetland

and

maintenance

ofthe

levelo

ffreshw

ater

suitableforthe

migratory

birds

MNP,local

villagers

ICZMP,

MGNREGA

Lackof

villagers

know

ledge

leadingto

malpractices

Alternatesource

ofliv

elihood

Noregret

2.Coastalwetland

protectio

nandrestoration

Development

ofcommon

pastoralland

Involvem

entofv

illagersinthe

developing

ofpastoralland

for

cattlefodder

2013

–2017

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers

Maintenance

ofpastoralland

Gram

Panchayat,

villagers

Willingnessto

take

ownership

among

villagers

Infrastructure

Poorhousing

infrastructure

forsaltpan

workerswhich

also

alow-

lyingarea

flooded

every

year

Saltp

anworkerscompany

toprovidecyclone,flood-

resistanthousing

2013

–2017

Saltp

ancompany

Indira

housing

scheme,

SardarPatel

housing

scheme,

Com

pany

unwillingto

spendextra

money

onthe

required

changes

Clim

atejustified

Villagespecific–Khara

Beraja

Infrastructure

Poorhousing

infrastructure

Toprovidecyclone,flood

resistanth

ousing

2013

–2017

Gram

Panchayat,state

department,villagers

Indira

housing

scheme,

SardarPatel

housing

scheme,

Funding,low

priority

Clim

atejustified

� Gram

Panchayat:localself-governmentatvillage

level


Page 29 of 33

Adaptation PlanFinally an adaptation plan was created for the study region as enlisted in Table 8. For each adaptationmeasure suggested enlists a time frame by when they should be implemented, who would be thestakeholders, what are the constraints, which existing developmental plan or policy that targetssimilar concern, and what are the co-benefit if it exists (whether the adaptation measure can be alsolinked to mitigation action) and the category of the measure (whether the adaptation measurecategory is of no regret, low regret, or climate justified).

Literature review suggests “no regret” adaptation measures as those which provide net benefitsregardless of climate change. “Low regrets” measures as the ones where moderate levels ofinvestment increase capacity to cope with future climate risks (UNDP-UNEP 2011) while “climatejustified” measures as the ones which depend on projections of changes in climate to justify theirbenefits (OECD 2009). It is important to know the level of regret as it suggests different implicationswith respect to climate information, timing of investment, planning horizon, and economic evalu-ation (UNDP-UNEP 2011) and also suggests which measure can be taken up easily and first.

Adaptation measures suggested here either deal with asset upkeep, protection needed duringa natural disaster like bio shields, etc., and asset building like salinity ingress prevention canalsneeded to withstand projected long-term gradual climate changes along with some measures liketraining leading to awareness and behavioral changes and investment into early warning systemwhich are important for enhancing livelihood resilience. Financial resources like credit or insuranceare vital for recovery and long-term adaptation (CARE International, July 2010).

Some Practical ChallengesSuch studies are always bound with some practical challenges which would need local intervention,some of which would be common for developing countries in general are enlisted here.

While social vulnerability assessment is indicator based, complex social interactions may bedifficult to be factored in the form of indicators and hence may get left out in the overall vulnerabilityassessment.

Political and social will for adoption of development initiatives which also enhance climatechange adaptation is a challenge. Appropriate intervention by stakeholders is needed.

Moreover, climate change and variability will bring various issues which have cross-sectoralimpacts; hence, a need for alliance between various sectoral departments while comprehensivelydesigning the adaptation options with multi-stakeholders needs to be taken up which is generallyfound lacking.

Also future adaptation measures are sought by projecting future vulnerability that is based onfuture scenarios of climate change, socioeconomic, and environment conditions. It can only bevalidated once the future climate event occurs and the other socioeconomic and environmentconditions then.

Conclusion

This research is a preliminary attempt to address the current vulnerability issues through integrationof development and adaptation measures for coastal rural communities. The main objective of thisstudy was to leverage national and state development goals in creating adaptation plan catering tocurrent vulnerability for the study region.

With respect to Indian coastal village’s vulnerability study, developmental issues like lack ofinfrastructure, literacy levels, etc., along with malpractices in agriculture and fishing, several social


Page 30 of 33

setup issues, and effect of pollution due to the presence of chemical industries in the vicinity can beconsidered as the major causes for increasing vulnerability. Developing specific indicators anda comprehensive field survey along with involvement of stakeholders from the beginning will helpto find the current baseline and underlying issues which could be addressed in the adaptationmeasures.

This case study illustrates many and varied opportunities of intervention and highlights howdevelopment and adaptation can be interlinked. However, these interlinkages are yet to be recog-nized by the government. For example, existing development plans like the ongoing ICZMP projectcan be leveraged by integrating climate lens into it in order to reduce the current and futurevulnerability.

Adaptation plan along with short-term and long-term measures with realistic time frame wasmade where stakeholder consultation was not done, but it can be taken up as way forward to makethe suggested plan functional.

Although local stakeholders and civic institutions have a role to play in addressing the currentclimatic challenges, it is the government institution to take lead with strong policy, political will, andgood governance mechanism. Moreover, cross sectoral linkages to address climate change impactscould be handled by existing climate change department of the state. It can act as a steering body toalias with all the necessary departments and leverage their work to incorporate climate variabilityand change.

Further such studies can be supported by policy researches so that national- and local-levelpolicies and programs can be leveraged keeping in view the global perspectives, researches, andadvancements in the field of climate science.

Acknowledgments

This paper is partly based on myMasters Dissertation work at Centre for Environment Planning andTechnology (CEPT) University, Ahmedabad. Vulnerability assessment section of this paper is underthe process of getting published as working paper for CEPT University publication along withMr. Ashwani Kumar (Assistant Professor, Faculty of Planning, CEPT University). I would like tothank him for his comments, discussions, and support provided during the dissertation and whilewriting working paper.

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