This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Guest Lecture: Computer-Assisted Language Learning
Matthew KamDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, and
Berkeley Institute of DesignUniversity of California at Berkeley, USA
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Relevance of ESL to Third WorldEnglish is a global language: 1.2 to 1.5 billion people in >170 countries (Crystal 1997)
ESL is sought after by fair proportion of low-income populations in Third World regions (e.g. Clegg, Ogange & Rodseth 2003, Faust & Nagar 2001, Kapadia 2005)
Education: medium of instruction in further education
Economic opportunities: rural BPO, government, MNCs
Computer literacy: ~80% of Internet content
Social status: membership in upper classes
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Case for Out-of-School Learning
Schools in developing countries have limited impact
Shortage of qualified ESL teachers, communicated with us through interpreters
In India, non-attendees comprise 43% to 61% of school-going age children (Azim Premji Foundation 2004, NFHS II and Tilak 2000).
15% to 43% cite lack of interest in studies
13% to 31% cite need to work in fields or home
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Case for IT and Educational Games
Student motivation and learning (Jenkins 2005)
Videogames can incorporate good learning principles (Gee 2003)
Longitudinal randomized experiment: 2 years, >10,000 urban slums students in India (Banerjee et al. 2005)
Collaboration b/w MIT and the NGO Pratham
Played math computer games twice per week
Significant gains in math test scores
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Krashen’s Influential Theory of L2 Acquisition
Acquisition-learning hypothesis
Natural order hypothesis
Monitor hypothesis
Comprehensible input hypothesis
Affective filter hypothesis
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
PanchatantraIndian equivalent of Aesop’s Fables
Can be digitized into video clips
Demo (vocabulary teaching phase)
Demo (digital story phase)
Q: is this acquisition or learning?
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Ladybird’s Key Word Reading Scheme
Peter and Jane series of books
Words are introduced and then repeated
12 words make up ¼ of all English words that we read and write
100 words make up ½ of all English words that we use in a normal day
300 words make up ¾ of our verbal output
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Krashen’s Influential Theory of L2 Acquisition
Acquisition-learning hypothesis
Natural order hypothesis
Monitor hypothesis
Comprehensible input hypothesis
Affective filter hypothesis
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
DiscussionQ: What are some feasible sources of comprehensible input?
More experienced learners, i.e. Krashen’s idea of the handcrafted book
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Special EnglishDemo
Reactions?
URL: http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Special EnglishUsed in Voice of America radio broadcasts
Radio transmissions over low-frequency channels, or downloadable MP3 file accompanied by text transcript
2/3 the speed of normal speech
Core vocabulary of 1,500 words
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
DiscussionQ: Limitations with Voice of America broadcasts?
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Paraphrasing Through RepetitionsRecall the Panchatantra digital stories?
SMIL - Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
Benefits of vector-based graphics over static video clip for mobile devices
Storage efficiency
Randomization promotes replay value
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Electronic DictionaryExplanation using pictures, native language and/or target language
Audio pronunciation
Paper printout feature
Affordances of paper
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Cameraphone DictionarySp’06 CS160 class project by Anand Raghavan et al.
Words are explained using photos from local contexts that student can relate to
Consistent with personalized dictionary approach by Project Pygmalion and others
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Cameraphone DictionarySeed with high-frequency words
Voice of America’s Special English
TV and movie scripts
Project Gutenberg
Populate with definitions, etc. from Wiktionary
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Vocabulary Teaching and TestingTalk Now! Spanish from Topics Entertainment
Demo
Reactions?
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Teaching for Transfer
RABBIT
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Initiation-Reply SequencesTell Me More from Auralog
Demo
Any reactions?
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
DiscussionQ: What are the limitations with this approach of language teaching?
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Pimsleur Audio CDsDemo (00:00 to 07:20)
Any reactions?
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Paul PimsleurFour principles:
Organic learning
Core vocabulary
Anticipation
Graduated interval recall
Implemented in the old days (1960’s) using cassette tape technology
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Pimsleur Generator
MP3file
Pimsleur GeneratorFemale: Hello.
Male: Hello Ma’amFemale: Are you from India.Male: Yes I’m from India.Male: Do you understand Hindi?Female: No, I don’t understand.
Oh you understand English.Male: Yes I understand English.Female: You understand very well.
Textfiles
Audiofiles
Metadata
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Reading Acquisition
Oral Language Written Language
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Phonics InstructionClifford: The Big Red Dog from Scholastic
Demo
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Phonics InstructionReader Rabbit
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
More Phonics InstructionReader Rabbit
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
BookBoxCommercial spin-off from Same Language Subtitling
Demo (~ 7 minutes)
Q: What are its strengths and limitations?
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
Simulated WorldWho is Oscar Lake? from Language Publications Interactive
Demo
Others in this category include DARPA’s Tactical Language Training System
Prohibitively expensive to develop
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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0326582.
SummaryPeople learn a language through acquiring comprehensible input
Contextual inferencing
Extralinguistic context
Paraphrasing and repetitions
Challenge: how can we create comprehensible input without incurring prohibitive content development costs?