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Effect of Discharged Industrial Effluents on Stomach Food Content Distribution of Fish Species Collected From Jakara

Dam, Kano, NigeriaInuwa, B.

Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Technology, Kano State PolytechnicE- mail: [email protected]

Presented at ICAPAS Conference Dynasty Hotel,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, on 3rd and 4th Nov. 2014

mailto:[email protected]

Abstract

• Surface water temperature fluctuate between 19.3oc-27oc.The LakePh was slightly acidic (6.3).DO ranged 3.7mg/l to l-5.1mg/l. Zinc,Lead, Chloride, TDS, conductivity and turbidity shows seasonalvariations; with the lowest readings of 0.02mg/l, 0.02mg/l, 0.5mg/l,43.3mg/l, 87.5µs/cm and 19.8FAU respectively, while the highestreadings of 0.08mg/l,0.05mg/l,1.4mg/l,58.6mg/l,117.3us/cm and90FAU of Zinc, Lead, chloride, TDS, conductivity and turbidity wererecorded respectively. The diet composition of four fish speciesbelonging to two families; Sarotherodon gallilaeus, Oreochromisniloticus, Tilapia zilli and Clarias gariepinus were recorded. The fishspecies examined S. gallilaeus (32%), O. niloticus (32.9%), T .zilli(26.3%), and C. gariepinus (8.8%). 300 samples of S. gallilaeusexamined, (71.3%) had food items in their stomach. The dietcomposition of Jakara lake fishes were plant materials, insects,insect larvae and smaller fishes.

Introduction

• Food of fishes in a natural aquatic environment includesphytoplankton, zooplanktons, plant materials, insects, insects’larvae, worms and smaller fishes. Aquatic ecosystems arevulnerable to environmental degradation by industrial wasteeffluent. Food availability of any aquatic community is anexpression of quality of the water. The discharge of urban,industrial, and agricultural wastes has added quantum of variousharmful chemicals considerably; leading to eutrophication andquality deterioration. There is the need for frequent stomach foodcomposition assessment of fishes in Jakara dam due to frequentdischarge of industrial and domestic wastes in to the reservoir thatmay affects food productivity, feeding behavior of fishes and altersthe water quality.

The Study Area

• Jakara dam was impounded in 1976; the majortributaries of the reservoir are river Jakara andRiver Getsi which receives most of Kano citiesdomestic and industrial waste water. Jakara damlies between longitude 80 311 to 80 451 E andlatitude 20 0 131 to 120 101 N in Wasai , a villagein Minjibir Local government area of Kano stateabout 45km from the state capital .

Analysis of Water Sample

• Water samples were collected from four samplingpoints; JD1, JD2, JD3 and JD4 between 8 and 10 a.m.from January to December 2013 fortnightly. it wascollected in cleaned and rinsed plastic containers oftwo-liter capacity. Ph and temperature were measuredon site using pH meter and mercury bulb thermometerrespectively. Conductivity was measured in the field bya conductivity meter. Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) were analyzed usingthe alkaline-azide modification of Wrinkler’s titrationmethod.

Fish Sampling and Stomach Content Analysis

• Fish samples collected from each of the sampling stationsusing a number fishing gears; gill nets, cast nets, traps andhooks. Fish collected were identified, counted, gutsremoved and fixed in a mixture of 10% formaldehyde,glacial acetic acid and 50% ethanol in a ratio of 5:5:90. Thefixed stomach was preserved in 5% formalin for 3-5 days.After preservation, the stomach contents were identifiedmicrospically and macrospically, sorted and enumerated.The number of fishes with each food items occurs waslisted as a percentage of the total number of fish examined.The number of occurrence of all items is often summed andsealed down to a percentage basis, this give the percentagecomposition of the food.

ResultsGraph Showing Monthly DO

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Months

DO

(M

g/l

)

Graph showing monthly temperature

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Months

Tem

pert

ure

(o

C)

Graph Showing Monthly BOD5 (mg/l)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5


Months

BO

D5 (

mg

/l)

Graph Showing Monthly DO

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Months

DO

(M

g/l

)

Graph showing monthly PH

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9


Months

PH

Graph showing monthly PH

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9


Months

PH

Graph Showing Monthly Zinc Concentration

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25


Months

Zn

(m

g/l

)

Graph Showing Monthly Pb Concentration

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06


Months

Pb

(m

g/l

)

Graph Showing Monthly Transperency

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400


Months

Tra

nsp

are

ncy (

mm

)

Graph Showing Monthly Turbidity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Months

Tu

rbid

ity

Discussion

• The temperature tends to decrease progressively from Septemberto January. The lake pH was slightly alkaline throughout the yearexcept in the month of August when it turns to be acidic. Thedissolved oxygen concentration within Jakara reservoir issatisfactory for most fish species. The concentration of lead andzinc shows less seasonal variation. This is an indication that thelevel of chemical pollution in Lake Jakara is throughout the year.Lowest value of transparency recorded in August was due to waterturbulence, erosion and deposition of waste. High concentration ofchloride is considered to be indicator of pollution due to organicwastes of animal or industrial origin. The stomach content analysisrevealed that; insect parts, smaller fishes, insect larvae and plantmaterials are the main diet of Jakara lake fishes. S. gallilaeus, T. zilliand O. niloticus feeds predominantly on plants parts but fewstomach of the cichlid contains insects, insect parts, and insectlarvae.

Conclusion and Recommendation

• Generally poor feeding with scarce food items wasobserved among fishes of Jakara dam and onlypollution tolerance fish species were encountered, itwas believed; wastewater produces pollutants that arebiologically and chemically harmful with high potentialto cause disease and detrimental environmentaleffects. Industrial waste discharge should bediscouraging through compatible policies andprogrammes for improvement in the industrial wastewater treatment methods, it also suggests the need ofconsistent internationally recognized data drivenstrategy to assess the water quality of Jakara dam so asto save the life of Jakara lake fishes.