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1. MORFOLOGIA (THE MORPHOLOGY)

(gr. morphe = form, logos = studiu)Morfologia este partea gramaticii care cuprinde regulile de modificare a cuvintelor n

procesul comunicrii. Ea studiaz prile de vorbire sub aspect formal, semantic ifuncional.

Prile de vorbire sunt:

1. Articolul (TheArticle)2. Substantivul (TheNoun)3. Adjectivul (TheAdjective)

4. Pronumele (ThePronoun)5. Numeralul (TheNumeral)6. Verbul (The Verb)7. Adverbul (The Adverb)

8. Prepoziia (ThePreposition)9. Conjuncia (TheConjunction)10. Interjecia (TheInterjection)

1.1. ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE)

Este un instrument gramatical care individualizeaz sau determin un substantiv.Prezena lui dovedete c substantivul pe care-l nsoete este deja cunoscut deinterlocutor.

1.1.1. ARTICOLULHOTRT (THE DEFINITE ARTICLE)

este the- pronunat [\] -naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu o consoan sau semi-consoanthe ball [ \ bO-l]the window[\ `wind\u ]- pronunat [I/i] - n faa cuvintelor care ncep cu o vocalthe eye[i ai]the apple [i `Epl]

singular: plural:the girl [\ g|l] = fata the girls[\ g|lz]= fetelethe boy [\ Boi] = biatul the boys [\ Boiz] = bieiithe tree [\ trI] = copacul the trees [\ trIz] = copaciithe cat [\ kEt] = pisica the cats[\ kEts]= pisicile

Articolul hotrt apare ntr-un mare numr de expresii:on the one side/hand = pe de o parteon the other side/hand = pe de alt parte

at the same time = n acelai timp etc

Articolul hotrt plasat n faa unor adjective d acestora sensul unor substantive lanumrul plural:adj. rich = bogat-bogat, bogai-bogate

therich = cei bogai - cele bogateadj. poor = srac-srac, sraci-srace the poor = cei sraci - cele srace

Articolul hotrt apare la gradul superlativ relativ al adjectivelor:the best = cel mai bun, cea mai bun, cei mai buni, cele mai bunethe least = cel mai puin, cea mai puin, cei mai puini, cele mai puinethe biggest = cel mai mare, cea mai mare, cei mai mari, cele mai marithe most interesting = cel mai interesant, cea mai interesant, cei mai interesani,cele mai interesante etc

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Articolul hotrt apare i n structura the..., the... = cu ct..., cu att... (doucomparative juxtapuse)The earlier you come, the better it is. = Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme cu att e maibine.The more we are, the easier it is.= Cu ct suntem mai muli, cu att este mai uor.

The more interesting the book is, the more I like it . = Cu ct cartea este maiinteresant, cu att mi place mai mult.

Articolul hotrt se intercaleaz de regul ntre un substantiv precedat de oprepoziie i prepoziia respectiv.a house in the forest = o cas n pdurea boat on the lake = o barc pe lacacross the road = peste drumat the end = la sfritat the door = la uin the end = n finalin the morning = dimineaain the village = n satin the shade = la umbr

Articolul hotrt poate fi ntlnit n unele denumiri geografice:The Black Sea, The Danube, The Carpathians, The Alps, The HimalayaMountains, The Thames, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernIreland, The Commonwealth of Australia States and Territories, The UnitedStates of America, The Sahara Desert, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean,The Pacific Ocean etc.

Articolul hotrt nsoete, de obicei, substantivele cnd acestea sunt

acompaniate/precedate de adjective.in the first/second/third/etc. sentence = n prima/a doua/a treia/etc. propoziiein the course of time = n decursul timpului, de-a lungul timpuluiin the second half= n a doua jumtatein the days/months that followed = n zilele/lunile care au urmatMount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. = Muntele Everest este celmai nalt munte din lume.

Articolul hotrt the se mai traduce n limba romn prin articolele adjectivale cel,cea, cei, cele sau articolele posesive al, a, ai, ale.Alfred the Great = Alfred cel MareStephen the Great = tefan cel MareThe Second World War = Cel de al doilea rzboi mondial.

1.1.2. ARTICOLUL NEHOTRT (THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE)

este :- a [\] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan:

a dog [\ `dog]= un cine a wall [\ `wOl]= un zid/peretea flower [\ `flau\]= o floare a year [\ `ji\] = un an

- an [\n] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu vocal:an apple [\n Èpl]= un mr an eye [\n ài] = un ochian ear [\n ì\]= o ureche an idea[\n ai`di\]= o idee

Articolul nehotrt introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi ntlnit :- n faa substantivelor nsoite/precedate de adjective :

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a good teacher = un profesor buna big house = o cas marea book of proverbs = o carte de proverbea house on fire = o cas n flcria little tea = puin/destul ceai

- n unele structuri :

a tobacconist's = o tutungeriea baker's = o brutriea greengrocer's = un aprozara blue - eyed girl = o fat cu ochialbatria confectioner's = o cofetriea jeweller's = un magazin de bijuterii

a chemist 's = o farmaciea stationer's = o papetrieonce upon a time = a fost odata grocer' s = o bcnietwo/three at a time = cte doi/trei odat

Articolul nehotrt are n unele cazuri funcie numeric:a hundred = o suta thousand = o mietwo saucers and an ash-tray = dou farfurioare i o scrumier

1.1.3. ARTICOLUL ZERO (THE ZERO ARTICLE)

Articolul zero apare:a) n nume de continente, ri, persoane, zilele sptmnii etc.

Exemple: Africa, Asia, America, Europe, England, France, Italy, Romania,Sunday, Alice, Bob, George, John, Mary, Peter, Richard, William etc.

b) n faa subsantivelor folosite n sens general:Children like sweets. = Copiilor le plac dulciurile.Knowledge is power. = tiina nseamn putere.

Oil is lighter than water. = Uleiul este mai uor dect apa.Boys like toys and lots of noise.= Bieilor le plac jucriile i mult zgomot.c) n faa subsantivelor nenumrabile (uncountables):

Gold is yellow.= Aurul este galben.This house is made of wood.= Aceast cas este fcut din lemn.

d) naintea substantivelor abstracte sau nume de materie: care, death, hatred,honesty, hunger, love, sand, salt, tea, water etc.Salt seasons all things. (prov.) = Sarea d gust tuturor lucrurilor.

Multe substantive abstracte apar n proverbe.Hunger is the best sauce. = Foamea este cel mai bun buctar.

e) nume de: culori (white, black, yellow, red, green, brown, pink, violet,orange, blue, black), sporturi i jocuri sportive (football, volleyball, basketball,hockey, tennis etc.), limbi (English, Romanian, German, French etc.), mese(breakfast, snack, lunch, tea, dinner, supper).

f) n unele expresii / structuri fixe, care trebuie memorate pentru evitarea greelilor.after dark= dup lsarea ntunericuluiafter three o'clock= dup ora treiafter dinner = dup cinday by day = zi de zidrop by drop = strop cu strop

day after day = zi dup zi, zi de zifrom end to end = de la cap la capfrom first to last = de la primul la

ultimulfrom place to place = din loc n locfrom time to time = din cnd n cndgood for food = comestibilgoods on sale = mrfuri/bunuri de

vnzarein general = n generalto learn by heart = a nva pe de rost

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piece by piece = bucat cu bucatJust in time = chiar la timp/momentto leave for school = a pleca la coalto keep in mind = a ine minteto be on duty = a fi de serviciuto go on foot = a merge pe jos

to put in order = a pune n ordineto be in parliament = a fi n parlamentto go to bed = a merge la culcare

from London = de la Londrato look for help/aid = a cuta ajutorto pay on demand = a plti la cererefrom morning to night = dedimineaa pn searafrom beginning to end = de la

nceput la sfriton certain conditions = cu anumitecondiii

1.2. SUSBTANTIVUL (THE NOUN)Substantivul (lat.: substantivus; substans = substan; sub = sub/dedesubt, stans =

aezat) este partea de vorbire care denumete fiine, obiecte, stri, noiuni, nsuiri etc.

1.2.1. Clasificare- comune (Common Nouns)

dog (cine), cat (pisic), bird (pasre), house (cas), apple (mr), girl (fat), boy(biat), water (ap).- proprii (Proper Nouns)

John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe, Asia, July, Sunday, Great Britain etc.- abstracte (Abstract Nouns)

friendship (prietenie), joy (bucurie), wisdom (nelepciune), safety ( siguran),theory (teorie), gratitude (recunotin) etc.

- inidividuale (Individual Nouns)man (brbat), house (cas), stone (piatr), tree (copac) etc.

- colective (Collective Nouns)team (echip), army (armat), family (familie), fleet (flot), crowd (mulime), flock

(stol), swarm (roi), group (grup) etc.- nume de materie (Names of Matter)water (ap), air (aer), fire (foc), beer (bere), milk(lapte), steel (oel), silver (argint),gold (aur), snow (zpad), wine (vin), tea (ceai), salt (sare) etc.

1.2.2. Genul substantivelor (The Gender of the Nouns)

masculin (masculine) feminin (feminine)(he = el) (she = ea)

actor = actor actress = actribachelor = celibatar spinster = celibatarbarman = barman barmaid = barmani

boy = biat girl = fatbridegroom = ginere bride = mireasbrother = frate sister = sor

dad/daddy = tati/tticu mam/mammy = mamiearl = conte countess = contes

father = tat mother = mamgentleman = domn gentlewoman = doamn

god = zeu goddess = zeigrandfather = grandpa =

bunicgrandmother = grandma

= bunichero = erou heroine = eroin

husband = so wife = soieking = rege queen = reginlad = flcu lass = fat

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landlord = proprietar landlady = proprietreasman = brbat woman = femeie

master = stpn mistress = stpnmonk= clugr nun = clugri

nephew = nepot niece = nepoatpapa/daddy = tata mamma/mammy = mama

policeman = poliist policewoman = poliistprince = prin princess = prines

salesman = vnztor saleswoman = vnztoaresir = domn madam = doamnson = fiu daughter = fiic

tutor = tutore governess = guvernantuncle = unchi aunt = mtu

neutru (neuter) comun (common)(it = el/ea) (he/she = el/ea)air = aer associate = asociat/asociat

ball = minge architect =

arhitect/arhitectbook= carte artist = artist/artistbox = cutie beginner =

nceptor/nceptoarebread = pine author = autor/autoare

building = cldire child = copil/copilbus = autobuz buyer =

cumprtor/cumprtoarecrocodile = crocodil client = client/client

error = greeal companion =nsoitor/nsoitoare

fish = pete cook= buctar/buctreasflag = drapel cousin = verior/verioarflute = flaut customer = client/client

fork= furculi customs officer =vame/vame

glory = glorie dancer =dansator/dansatoare

helicopter = elicopter doctor = doctor/doctorihonour = onoare dreamer = vistor/vistoare

house = cas driver = ofer/oferiimpression = impresie dyer = vopsitor/vopsitoare

indifference = indiferen economist =economist/economist

kangaroo = cangur engineer = inginer/inginerland = pmnt examiner=examinator/exam

inatoarelegend = legend fighter = lupttor/lupttoare

light = lumin friend = prieten/prietenmarch = mar guest = musafir/musafir

medal = medalie interpreter =interpret/interpret

microbe = microb journalist =

jurnalist/jurnalistminaret = minaret owner = posesor/posesoaremonkey = maimu painter = pictor/pictori

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mouse = oarece parent = printemushroom = ciuperc

masculin (masculine) feminin (feminine)(he = el) (she = ea)

boy friend = prieten girl friend = prietenbrother - in - law =

cumnatsister - in - law = cumnat

bull = taur cow = vaccock= coco hen = gindog = cine bitch = cea

drake = roi duck= rafather - in - law =

socrumother - in - law = soacr

fisherman = pescar -fox = vulpoi vixen = vulpe

gipsy/gypsy = igan gipsy/gypsy woman = igancgrandson = nepot granddaughter = nepoat

horse = cal mare = iaphost = gazd hostess = gazd

lion = leu lioness = leoaiclord = domn lady = doamn

man-servant =servitor

maid - servant = servitoare

Mr. = domnul Miss/Mrs. = domnioara/doamnanegro = negru negress = negres

ox = bou cow = vac

peasant = ran peasant woman = rancpirate = pirat -

postman = pota -schoolboy = colar schoolgirl = colri

soldier = soldat -son - in - law = ginere daughter - in - law = nor

steward = stevard stewardess = stevardestom cat = pisoi pussy cat = pisic

turkey cock= curcan turkey hen = curcusher = plasator usherette = plasatoarewaiter = chelner waitress = chelnerineutru (neuter) comun (common)

(it = el/ea) (he/she = el/ea)net = plas photographer =

fotograf/fotografnovel = roman physician = doctor/doctori

number = numr physicist = fizician/fizicianoccupation =

ocupaiepassenger = pasager/pasager

ocean = ocean manager = manager/manager,director/direc- toare

oil = ulei philosopher = filozofpage = pagin physiologist = fiziologpanic = panic pilot = pilot

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part = parte player = juctor/juctoarepear = par playwright = dramaturg

petal = petal printer = tipograf/tipografpiano = pian prisoner = prizonier/prizonierpig = porc purchaser = cumprtor/

cumprtoare

pot = oal supporter = suporter/suporterroot = rdcin reader = cititor/cititoare

scorpion = scorpion reporter = reporter/reportershark= rechin rival = rival/rival

sparrow = vrabie scholar = nvat/nvatsphere = sfer scientist = savant/savantstage = scen smoker = fumtor/fumtoare

stick= b spectator =spectator/spectatoare

sun = soare spouse = so/soietea = ceai successor = succesor/succesoare

telephone = telefon superintendent =supraveghetor/ supraveghetoare

etc. theorist = teoretician/teoreticianweaver = estor/estoarewelder = sudor/sudori

worker = muncitor/muncitoarewriter = scriitor/scriitoare

1.2.3. Pluralul substantivelor1.2.3.1.Pluralul regulat al substantivelor

Se formeaz prin adugarea literei s.book - books = carte - cri

Litera s semn al pluralului substantivelor , al persoanei a III-a singular a verbelor ial genitivului saxon/sintetic al substantivelor, se citete:

[ s ] - cnd este precedat de consoane nesonore/surdebook - books = carte - crito speak - he speaks = a vorbi - el vorbetethe economist's pen] = stiloul economistului

[ z ] - cnd este precedat de o consoan sonor

chair - chairs = scaun - scauneto receive - he receives = a primi - el primetethe girl's flowers =florile fetei ;

[ iz ] - cnd este precedat de s, z, ch, sh sau consoane uiertoare/sibilante;bench - benches = banc - bncibus - buses = autobuz - autobuzefox - foxes = vulpoi - vulpoiGeorge' s books = crile lui Georgeto teach - he teaches = a preda/explica - el pred/explicto wash - he washes = a (se) spla - el se spal

Unele substantive terminate n y, precedat de consoan primesc s la plural, dar pey l transform n ie.

baby - babies = copila - copilaibeauty - beauties = frumusee - frumuseicity - cities = ora - orae etc.

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Substantivele terminate n y formeaz pluralul prin simpla adugare la sfritul lor aliterei s dac n faa lui y se afl o vocal :boy - boys = biat bieiday - days = zi - zile

play - plays = pies - piesetoy - toys = jucrie - jucrii etc

Substantivele care se termin n fsau ffformeaz pluralul prin adugarea lui s :chief - chiefs = ef - efi

cliff - cliffs = stnc - stncigrief - griefs = suprare/mhnire - suprri/mhniri

Dar iat i excepii:calf - calves = viel - vieihalf - halves = jumtate - jumtiknife - knives = cuit - cuiteleaf - leaves = frunz - frunzelife - lives = via - viei

loaf - loaves = franzel - franzeleshelf - shelves = raft - rafturithief - thieves = ho - hoiwife - wives = soie - soiiwolf - wolves = lup - lupi

Substantivele terminate n o formeaz pluralul astfel:a) - unele adaug terminaia es :

hero - heroes = erou - eroimosquito - mosquitoes = nar -narinegro - negroes = negru - negri

potato - potatoes = cartof - cartofitomato - tomatoes = tomat - tomatevolcano - volcanoes = vulcan - vulcani

b) - altele adaug doar litera s :casino - casinos = cazino - cazinouricuckoo - cuckoos = cuc - cuciembryo - embryos = embrion-embrionikangaroo - kangaroos = cangur -

canguripiano - pianos = pian - pianeradio - radios = radio - radiouriphoto - photos = fotografie - fotografiistudio - studios = studio - studiouri

1.2.3.2. Pluralul neregulat al substantivelor

businessman - businessmen = om /oameni de afacerichild - children = copil - copiidie - dice = zar - zaruriEnglishman - Englishmen = englez -englezifireman - firemen = pompier -pompierifisherman - fishermen = pescar -pescarifoot - feet = lab - labegentleman - gentlemen = domn -domni

gentlewoman - gentlewomen =doamn - doamnegoose - geese = gsc - gtelouse - lice = pduche - pduchiman - men = brbat - brbaimouse - mice = oarece - oarecipostman - postmen = posta - postaisportsman - sportsmen = sportiv -sportivitooth - teeth = dinte/msea -dini/mselewoman - women = femeie - femei

1.2.3.3. Plurale strineGreceti:

analysis - analyses = analiz - analizeaxis - axes = ax - axebasis - bases = baz - bazecrisis - crises = criz - crizediagnosis - diagnoses = diagnostic -

diagnostice

metropolis - metropolises =metropol - metropolesphinx - sphinxes = sfinx - sfincioctopus - octopuses/octopi =caracati - caracatie

Latineti:agendum - agenda = agend - agende

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alga - algae = alg - algeaquarium / aquariums = acvariu -acvariibacillus - bacilli = bacil - bacilicandelabrum - candelabra =candelabru - candelabre

erratum - errata = erat - erate

gymnasium - gymnasiums = gimnaziu-gimnaziimausoleum - mausoleums = mausoleu -mausoleestimulus - stimuli = stimul - stimulistratum - strata = strat - straturi

1.2.3.4. Plurale asimilate n limba englez

arena - arenas = aren - arenecircus - circuses = circ - circuridilemma - dilemmas = dilem -dilemediploma - diplomas = diplom -diplomedrama - dramas = dram - drame

genius - geniuses = geniu - geniiidea - ideas = idee - ideiminus - minuses = minus - minusuriopera - operas = oper - opereumbrella - umbrellas = umbrel -umbrele

1.2.3.5. Pluralul substantivelor compuse

blackboard - blackboards = tabl -tablemotel - motels = motel - motelurimother - in - law - mothers - in - law= soacr - soacre

passer - by - passers - by = pieton -pietonison - in - law - sons - in - law =ginere - gineri

1.2.3.6. Pluralul fraciilor zecimaleone quarter - three quarters = un sfert - trei sferturi

one third - two thirds = o treime - dou treimione fifth - two fifths = o cincime - dou cincimione seventh - two sevenths = o eptime - dou eptimi

1.2.3.7. Pluralul unor abrevieriMember of Parliament (M.P.) - Members of Parliament (M.P.s) = membru alparlamentului, membri ai parlamentuluiMountain (Mt. ) - Mountains (Mts) = munte - muniPost - Office (P.O.) - Post - Offices (P.O.s) = oficiu potal - oficii potale.

1.2.3.8. Substantive numai cu form de pluralspectacles = glasses = ochelari, trousers = pantaloni, clothes = haine, scissors =foarfeci

1.2.3.9. Substantive numai cu form de singularadvice = sfat, equipment = echipament/utilaj, furniture = mobil, information =informaie/informaii, knowledge = cunotine, news = tiri, money = bani

1.2.3.10. Substantive cu aceeai form pentru singular i pluralsheep = oaie - oi, fish = pete - peti, deer = cprioar - cprioare,Portughese = portughez - portughezi, Chinese = chinez - chinezi

1.2.4. Cazurile substantivelor (The Cases of the Nouns)

Cazul este categoria gramatical prin care se exprim raporturi sintactice ntrecuvinte prin modificarea formelor acestora.

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1.2.4.1. Cazul nominativ (The Nominative Case)Este cazul subiectului i rspunde la ntrebrile: who ? = cine ? , what ? = = ce?

The boy is playing in the garden. = Biatul se joac n grdin.Who is playing in the garden? = Cine se joac n grdin ?I saw John. - Who saw John? - I did. = Eu l-am vzut pe John. - Cine l-a vzut pe

John? - Eu.

The book is on the table. - What is on the table? - The book is. = Cartea este pemas. - Ce este pe mas ? - Cartea.Alice and Gabi are in the street. - Who is/are in the street ? - Alice and Gabiare. = Alice i Gabi sunt pe strad. - Cine este pe strad? - Alice i Gabi.

1.2.4.2. Cazul vocativ (The Vocative Case)Este cazul adresrii sau al chemrii.

George, will you help me ? = George, vrei s m ajui ?Come here, my boy ! = Vino aici, fiule !

1.2.4.3. Cazul genitiv (The Genitive Case)Este cazul atributului i rspunde la ntrebrile: whose ? = al cui ?, a cui ?, ai

cui?, ale cui ?, which ?= care ?, which of ?= care dintre ?, what ?= ce/care ?Cazul genitiv este de patru feluri:

a) saxon/sinteticb) prepoziional/analiticc) dublud) implicit/aglutinant

1.2.4.3.1. Genitivul saxon/sintetic (The Saxon Genitive or the Possesive Case)Se formeaz la singular cu ' (apostrof) plus litera s i se ntrebuineaz cu

substantive masculine i feminine.all Shakespeare's plays = toate piesele lui Shakespeare

John Major's diplomacy = diplomaia lui John Majorthe boy's friend = prietenul biatuluithis man's gift = talentul acestui om

La plural sau dac posesorul se termin n s se adaug doar apostroful.the boys' friend = prietenul bieilorthe children's ball = mingea copiilorthe boys' ball = mingea bieilorDickens' novels = romanele lui Dickens

Genitivul saxon se mai folosete i n unele structuri cum ar fi:A Midsummer Night's Dream = Visul unei nopi de varat a stone's throw = la o distan de o aruncare de piatrat Shakespeare's = la Shakespeare acasthe night's coolness = rcoarea nopiithe house of my sister's husband = casa soului sorei melethe sun's heat = cldura soareluithe sea's roar = vuietul mriito go to the barber's = a merge la frizerieto his heart's content = pe pofta inimii luitoday's news = tirile de aziwithout a moment's rest = fr o clip de odihna talk of ten minutes = a ten minutes' talk= o discuie de zece minutea two miles' walk= a walk of two miles = o plimbare de dou mileEngland's football team = echipa de fotbal a Angliei

I must go to Mr. Brown's house. = Trebuie s merg la domnul Brown acasto be at one's wit's/ wits' end = a fi n ncurctur, a fi la captul puterilor

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1.2.4.3.2. Genitivul prepoziional/analitic (ThePrepositional/Analitical Genitive)

Se formeaz cu prepoziia ofi se folosete cu substantive de toate genurile.the smell of the flower/flowers = mirosul florii/florilorthe friend of the boy = the boy's friend = prietenul biatuluithe friends of the boys = the boys' friends = prietenii bieilor

the friend of the boys = the boys' friend = prietenul bieilorthe friends of the boy = the boy's friends = prietenii biatuluisome books of my friend = nite cri ale prietenului meua friend of mine/yours/his/hers = un prieten al meu/tu/lui/eia friend of ours/yours/theirs = un prieten al nostru/vostru/lora brother of my friend = un frate al prietenului meua book of my sister = o carte a sorei meleone of my good friends = unul din bunii mei prietenione of my best friends = unul din cei mai buni prieteni ai meithis interesting book of Helen's = aceast carte interesant a Eleneia dancing couple = a couple that/which is dancing = un cuplu care danseaza burning house = a house that is burning = o cas care ardea sleeping dog = a dog that/which is sleeping = un cine care doarmethe boy between John and Nick= the boy who is between John and Nick= =biatul dintre John i Nick = biatul care este ntre John i Nick.the man in the street = omul de pe strad, omul de rnd, omul obinuita boy of eleven (years) = un biat de unsprezece ania man with grey hair = un om cu pr cruntthe girl with glasses = fata cu ochelarithe girl wearing glasses = fata care poart ochelarimy friend's friend = prietenul prietenului meumy friends' friend = prietenul prietenilor meimy friend's friends = prietenii prietenului meu

my friends' friends = prietenii prietenilor meia walk of ten minutes = a ten minute walk= o plimbare de zece minuteour walk of ten minutes = our ten minute walk = plimbarea noastr de zeceminutea drive of ten miles = a ten mile drive = o plimbare de zece mile cu mainaa journey of two days = a two day journey = o cltorie de dou zilemy holiday of two weeks = my two week holiday = vacana mea de dousptmni

1.2.4.3.3. Genitivul dublu (Group Possesive)my friend's birthday/ the birthday of my friend = ziua de natere a prietenuluimeuher sister, Alice's blue eyes = ochii albatri ai sorei sale, Alicehis son-in-law's birthday = ziua de natere a ginerelui su/luimy friend, Tom's birthday = ziua de natere a prietenului meu, Tomsomeone else's birthday = ziua de natere a altcuivathat boy's friend's book = cartea prietenului biatului aceluia = cartea prietenuluiacelui biat.

1.2.4.3.4. Genitivul implicit/aglutinant (The Implicit Genitive)The United Nations Organisation = Organizaia Naiunilor UniteStudents Organisation = Organizaia studenilorignition timing = reglarea aprinderii

a heart disease = o boal de inim

1.2.4.4. Cazul dativ (The Dative Case)

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Cazul dativ este cazul complementului indirect i rspunde la ntrebrile: towhom ? = who(m)... to? = cui? for whom ? = who(m)... for ? = pentru cine ?,to what ...? = what ... to ? = la ce ? etc.I give Alice two books. = I give two books to Alice. = Eu i dau lui Alice dou cri.= Eu i dau dou cri lui Alice.To whom do I give two books ? = Who(m) do I give two books to ? = Cui dau eu

dou cri ?Everybody is working for him. = Toi lucreaz pentru el.For whom is everybody working ? = Pentru cine lucreaz toi ?Who(m) is everybody working for ? = Pentru cine lucreaz toi ?I am referring to John. = Eu m refer la John.Who(m) am I referring to ? = To whom am I referring ? = La cine m refer eu?

dativ acuzativ acuzativ dativI have brought John a book. = I have brought a book to John.I-am adus lui John o carte. = I-am adus o carte lui John.

Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c, atunci cnd n propoziie acuzativul (compl.direct) st naintea dativului (compl. indirect), se folosete obligatoriu particula to .

Alte exemple:

I offered my wife some flowers. = I offered some flowers to my wife = I-amoferit soiei mele nite flori. = I-am oferit nite flori soiei mele.The book belongs to me. = Cartea mi aparine mie.The book does not belong to me .= Cartea nu-mi aparine mie.Does the book belong to me ? = mi aparine mie cartea ?To whom does the book belong ? = Who(m) does the book belong to ? = Cui iaparine cartea ?He forgives us our mistake. = El ne iart nou greeala noastr.His coming is a mystery to me. = Venirea lui este un mister pentru mine.The advantage is obvious to them. = Avantajul le este evident.What relation are you to this boy ? = Ce rud eti tu cu acest biat ?

This computer is superior to other computers. = Acest calculator este superioraltor calculatoare.The matter is open to discussion.= Chestiunea este deschis discuiei.Give my friend that book, please != Give that book to my friend, please! =D-i prietenului meu cartea aceea, te rog !I am going to write to my friend. = Am de gnd s-i scriu prietenului meu.Do not be cruel to animals ! = Nu fi crud fa de animale !You must not be blind to his mistakes. = Nu trebuie s fii orb fa de greelile lui.His uncle gave him a present. = Unchiul su / lui i-a dat un cadou.

1.2.4.5. Cazul acuzativ (The Accusative Case)

Este cazul complementului direct i rspunde la ntrebrile whom ? = pe cine ?,what ? = ce ?I see the boy every day. = l vd pe biat n fiecare zi.Whom do I see every day ? = Pe cine vd eu n fiecare zi ?You see the book on the table. = Tu vezi cartea pe mas.What do you see on the table ? = Ce vezi tu pe mas ?My sister is looking for a book. = Sora mea caut o carte.What is my sister looking for ? = Ce caut sora mea ?

1.2.5. Declinarea substantivelor (The Declension of the Nouns)Trecerea unui substantiv (sau pronume) prin toate cazurile la numrul singular i la

numrul plural poart numele de declinare.1.2.5.1. Declinarea cu articol nehotrt a unui substantiv masculin i a unuisubstantiv feminin

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1.2.5.2. Declinarea substantivelor cu articol hotrtsingular plural

N. the boy = biatul the boys = bieiithe girl = fata the girls = fetele

G. of the boy = the boy's = al, a,ai, ale biatului

of the boys = the boys' = al, a,ai, ale bieilor

of the girl = the girl's = al, a,ai, ale fetei

of the girls = the girls' = al, a,ai, ale fetelor

D. (to) the boy = biatului (to) the boys = bieilor(to) the girl = fetei (to) the girls = fetelor

A. the boy = biatul the boys = bieiithe girl = fata the girls = fetele

V. - -

1.2.5.3. Declinarea substantivelor neutresingular plural

N. a table = o mas tables = mesethe table = masa the tables = mesele

G. of a table = al, a, ai, aleunei mese

of tables = de mese

of the table = al, a, ai,

ale mesei

of the tables = al, a, ai,

ale meselorD. to a table = unei mese to tables = la/unor mese

to the table = mesei to the tables = meselorA. a table = o mas tables = mese

the table = masa the tables = meseleV. - -

1.3. ADJECTIVUL (THE ADJECTIVE)Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care calific/determin un substantiv

sau un echivalent al unui substantiv.

n limba englez adjectivele stau naintea substantivelor sau dup verbulto be i nu se acord n gen, numr i caz cu substantivele pe care ledetermin.

singular pluralN.

a boy = un biat boys = biei

a girl = o fat girls = feteG.

of a boy = a boy's = al, a , ai,ale unui biat

of boys = boys' = al, a, ai, ale, unorbiei, de biei

of a girl = a girl's = al, a, ai,ale unei fete

of girls = girls' = al, a , ai, ale, unorfete, de fete

D.

(to) a boy = unui biat (to) boys = unor biei

(to) a girl = unei fete (to) girls = unor feteA.

a boy = un biat boys = biei

a girl = o fat girls = feteV.

boy ! = biete !, biatule !girl ! = fat !

boys ! = biei!girls ! = fetelor !

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The interesting book is on the table. = Cartea interesant este pe mas.1.3.1. Clasificarea adjectivelor

1. calitative (of Quality / Descriptive)2. posesive (Possessive)3. interogativ - relative (Interrogative-

Relative)

4. demonstrative (Demonstrative)5. cantitativ/nehotrte (Quantitative-Indefinite)

1.3.1.1. Adjective calitative (Adjectives of Quality)clever = detept, deteapt, detepi, deteptea clever boy = un biat detept a clever girl = o fat deteaptclever boys = biei detepi clever girls = fete detepteinteresting = interesant, interesant, interesani, interesantegood = bun, bun, buni, bune etc.

1.3.1.2. Adjective posesive (Possessive Adjectives)my = meu, mea, mei, meleyour = tu, ta, ti, talehis = lui, su, sa, si, sale, dnsuluiher = ei, su, sa, si, sale, dnseiits = lui/ei, su/sa, si/sale

our = nostru, noastr, notri, noastreyour = vostru, voastr, votri, voastre,

dumneavoastrtheir = lor, dnilor, dnselor,dumnealor

my friend = prietenul meu my friends = prietenii meiyour friend = prietenul tu your friends = prietenii tihis friend = prietenul lui/dnsului his friends = prietenii lui/dnsuluiher friend = prietenul ei/dnsei her friends = prietenii ei/dnseiits friend = prietenul lui/ei its friends = prietenii lui/eiour friend = prietenul nostru our friends = prietenii notriyour friend = prietenul vostru/dv. your friends = prietenii votri/dv.their friend = prietenul lor/dnilor their friends = prietenii lor/dnilor

1.3.1.3. Adjective interogativ-relative (Interrogative-Relative Adjectives)1.3.1.3.1. Interogative

which = care ?, pe care ?which boy ? = care (al ctelea) biat ? (which boys ? = care (ai ctelea) biei?)which girl ? = care (a cta) fat? (which girls ? = care (ale ctelea) fete ?)which house ? = care (a cta) cas ? (which houses ? = care (ale ctelea) case?)which tree ?= care (al ctelea) copac? (which trees? = care (ai ctelea) copaci ?)

which of ? = care dintre ? (selectiv)which of the boys?= care dintre biei?which of the girls ? = care dintre fete ?which of the houses ? = care dintre case ?which of the trees ? = care dintre copaci ?

what ? = ce ?, care ?what boy ? = ce/care biat ? what boys ? = ce/care biei ?what girl ? = ce/care fat ? what girls ? = ce/care fete ?what house ? = ce/care cas ? what houses ? = ce/care case ?what tree ? = ce/care copac ? what trees ? = ce/care copaci ?

what kind/sort of ? = ce fel de ?what kind of boy ? = ce fel de biat ? (what kind of boys ? = ce fel de biei?)what kind of girl ? = ce fel de fat ? (what kind of girls ? = ce fel de fete ?)

what kind of house? = ce fel de cas? (what kind of houses? = ce fel de case ?)what kind of tree? = ce fel de copac? (what kind of trees ? = ce fel de copaci ?whose ? = al, a, ai, ale cui ?

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whose boy ? = al cui biat ? whose boys ? = ai cui biei ?whose girl ? = a cui fat ? whose girls ? = ale cui fete ?whose house ? = a cui cas ? whose houses ? = ale cui case ?whose tree ? = al cui copac ? whose trees ? = ai cui copaci ?

1.3.1.3.2. Relativewho = care ; the boy who knows you = biatul care te cunoatewhose = al , a, ai, ale crui/crei/cror

the boy whose father ... = biatul al crui tat ... the boy whose mother ...= biatul a crui mam ...the boy whose parents ... = biatul ai crui prini ... the girl whose parents ... =fata ai crei prinithe boys whose father ... = bieii al cror tat ... the boys whose mother ...= bieii a cror mam ...the boys whose fathers ... = bieii ai cror tai the boys whose parents ...= bieii ai cror prinithe girl whose mother ... = fata a crei mam ... the girl whose father ... =

fata al crei tat ...the girls whose mother ... = fetele a cror mam the girls whose father ... =fetele al cror tatthe girls whose parents ... = fetele ai cror prinithe girls whose mothers ... = fetele ale cror mame the girls whose fathers ...= fetele ai cror taithe house whose colour ... = casa a crei culoarethe house whose roof ... = casa al crei acoperithe houses whose colour ... = casele a cror culoarethe houses whose roof ... = casele al cror acoperithe houses whose colours ... = casele ale cror culori

the houses whose roofs ... = casele ale cror acoperiurithe tree whose leaf ... = copacul a crui frunzthe tree whose leaves ... = copacul ale crui frunzethe trees whose leaves ... = copacii ale cror frunzeThe boy, whose book is on the table, is my brother. = Biatul, a crui carte estepe mas, este fratele meu.The playwright, whose play is Hamlet, is Shakespeare. = Dramaturgul, a cruipies este Hamlet, este Shakespeare.

to whom = cruia, creia, crorathe boy to whom you recommend the book= biatul cruia i recomanzi carteathe girl to whom you recommend a book= fata creia i recomanzi o cartethe boys to whom you recommend a book= bieii crora le recomanzi o cartethe girls to whom you recommend a book= fetele crora le recomanzi o carte

whom = pe carethe boy whom you see = biatul pe care l vezithe girl whom you see = fata pe care o vezithe boys whom you see = bieii pe care i vezithe girls whom you see = fetele pe care le vezi

that/which = care, pe carethe colour that/which you like = culoarea care i place

which of [wit~ ov] = care dintre , cui dintreHe knows which of us lives here. = El tie care dintre noi locuiete aici.

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what [wot] = ce/ct/careTell him what answer to give. = Spune-i ce rspuns s dea.Tell me what time it is. = Spune-mi ct e ceasul .I know what book you like. = tiu ce/care carte i place.

what kind/sort of = ce fel deI know what kind/sort of man he is. = tiu ce fel de om este el.

1.3.1.4. Adjective demonstrative (Demonstrative Adjectives)

this = acest, acesta ; aceast,aceastathis boy = acest biat, biatul acestathis girl = aceast fat, fata aceastathis tree = acest copac, copacul acestathis book = aceast carte, cartea

aceastathese = aceti, acetia ; aceste,

acestea

these boys = aceti biei, bieiiacetiathese girls = aceste fete, feteleacesteathese trees = aceti copaci, copaciiacetia

these books = aceste cri, crileacestea

that = acel, acela ; acea, aceeathat boy = acel biat, biatul acela that girl = acea fat, fata aceeathat tree = acel copac, copacul acelathat book= acea carte, cartea aceea

those = acei, aceia; acele, acelea

those boys = acei biei, bieii aceiathose girls = acele fete, fetele aceleathose books = acele cri, crileaceleathose trees = acei copaci, copaciiaceia

the one = acel/acela care, cel ce/care; cea/aceea careThe one, who knows us, is here. = Cel/cea care ne cunoate este aici.

it = acela, aceeaWas it you ? = Tu ai fost acela/aceea ?

the former = primul (din doi), cel dinti (din doi), prima (din dou), cea dinti(din dou)

the latter = (cel de-) al doilea, ultimul (din doi), (cea de-) a doua, ultima (dindou)John and William are friends. The former is a farmer, the latter is an engineer. =John i William sunt prieteni. Primul este fermier, al doilea este inginer.

the first = cel, cea, cei, cele dinti, primul, prima, primii, primeleHe is my first friend. = El este primul meu prieten. = El este cel dinti prieten al meu.the first boy = primul biat the first boys = primii bieithe first girl = prima fat the first girls = primele fetethe first book= prima carte the first books = primele crithe first tree = primul copac the first trees = primii copaci

the last = cel, cea, cei, cele din urm, ultimul, ultima, ultimii,ultimeleIs this your last decision ? = Este aceasta ultima ta hotrre ?the last boy = ultimul biat the last boys = ultimii biei

the last girl = ultima fat the last girls = ultimele fetethe last book= ultima carte the last books = ultimele crithe last tree = ultimul copac the last trees = ultimii copaci

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the other = cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelaltethe other boy = cellalt biat the other girl = cealalt fatthe other house = cealalt cas the other boys = ceilali bieithe other girls = celelalte fete the other houses = celelalte case

another = alt, alt, o alt, alteanother boy = alt biat another girl = alt fatanother tree = alt copac another house = alt casanother news = alte tiri another good news = alte tiri buneHe will be staying in England for another year . = El va sta n Anglia nc un an.

such = astfel de, asemenea, aasuch a boy = un astfel de biat, un asemenea biatsuch a girl = o astfel de fat, o asemenea fatsuch boys = aa biei, astfel de biei, asemenea bieisuch girls = aa fete, astfel de fete, asemenea fetesuch people = aa oameni, astfel de oamenipeople such as = oameni cum ar fi, oameni ca de exempluWe hope never to have another such experience. = Sperm s nu mai avem niciodato astfel de experien.

the same = acelai, aceeai, aceiai, aceleaithe same boy = acelai biat the same girl = aceeai fatthe same book= aceeai carte the same tree = acelai copacthe same boys = aceiai biei the same girls = aceleai fetethe same books = aceleai cri the same trees = aceiai copaci

one and the same = unul i acelai; una i aceeai.

one and the same boy = unul i acelai biat; one and the same girl = una iaceeai fatone and the same book= una i aceeai carte; one and the same tree = unul iacelai copac

the very = chiar, tocmai , nsui , nsithe very boy who/that = chiar/ nsui / tocmai biatul care; he very girl who/that =chiar/nsi/tocmai fata carethe very book which/that = chiar /tocmai cartea care; the very boys who/that= chiar/tocmai bieii carethe very girls who/that = chiar/tocmai fetele care the very bookswhich/that = chiar/tocmai crile careThis is the very book I needed. = Aceasta este chiar cartea de care aveam nevoie.

1.3.1.5. Adjective cantitative/NEHOTRTE (The Quantitative/INDEFINITEAdjectives)

some = unii, unele, nite, vreun, vreoSe folosete n propoziiile afirmative. Cnd apare n propoziiile interogative se sper

s se obin un rspuns afirmativ.I see some people in the street. = Vd nite oameni pe strad.Come to see us some Sunday ! = Vino/venii pe la noi ntr-o (zi de) duminic !Do you see some people in the street ? = Vezi nite oameni pe strad ?

I should drink some water, not some wine. = A bea nite ap, nu nite vin.I know him to some degree. = l cunosc ntr-o oarecare msur.Some agree with me and some don't. = Unii sunt de acord cu mine, iar alii nu.

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They will find out the truth some day. = Ei vor afla adevrul ntr-o bun zi.This matter has some importance. = Chestiunea aceasta are oarecare importan.You will meet some person or other. = Vei ntlni o persoan sau alta.

any- n propoziiile afirmative = orice, fieceHe can come at any hour of the day. = El poate veni la orice or din zi.

You may like any book. = i poate plcea orice carte.You can/may come any time. = Poi veni oricnd.

any ? - n propoziiile interogative = orice ?, fiece ?, vreun ?, vreo ?Do you like any book ? = i place orice carte ?Have you got any friends ? = Ai vreun prieten ?, Ai ceva prieteni ?Can you lend me any of those books ? = mi poi mprumuta vreuna dintre crileacelea?

any - n propoziiile negative = nici un, nici oI cannot find any excuse. = Nu pot gsi nici o scuz.We do not see any house. = Noi nu vedem nici o cas.He does not see any boy. = El nu vede nici un biat.

no - numai n propoziiile negative = nici un, nici on limba englez se folosete o singur negaie n propoziie.

I see no boy, no girl and no house. = Nu vd nici un biat, nici o fat i nici o cas.No man could do it. = Nici un om n-o putea face.He will spare no pains. = El nu va crua nici un efort.no admittance = intrarea interzisno smoking = fumatul interzisI can find no other solution. = Nu pot gsi nici o alt soluie.

few = puini, puineI see few boys, few girls and few houses. = Eu vd puini biei, puine fete i puinecase.few of us/you/them = puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele

a few = puini/destui, puine/destuleI have a few books. = Am puine/suficiente cri.He has a few friends. = Are puini/destui/ceva prieteni.

quite a few = a good few = some few = many, a large number = muli/multeHe has got quite a few friends. = Are destui/muli prieteni.

little = puin, puin; mic, mic, miciI drink little tea and little coffee. = Eu beau puin ceai i puin cafea.He has little time for reading. = El are puin timp pentru citit.The little boy drinks little lemonade. = Bieelul bea puin limonad.the little ones = cei mici

a little = puin/destul, puin/destul, (cte) cevaA little is better than none. (prov.) = Mai bine puin dect deloc. = Mai bine ceva dectnimic.We have a little beer and a little wine. = Avem ceva bere i ceva vin.to know a little of everything = a ti cte ceva din toate

The little girl is a little better now. = Fetia face ceva mai bine acum.

much = mult, mult

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There is much tea in the teapot. = Este mult ceai n ceainic.

many = muli, multeThere are many people in the park. = Sunt muli oameni n parc.many of us/you/them = muli/multe dintre noi/voi/ei/ele .

plenty of = mult, mult, muli, multe.We have plenty of time . = Avem timp din belug. = Avem timp berechet.

a lot of = o mulime de.We have a lot of books. = Noi avem o mulime de cri.

each = fiecare (luat n parte)Each man knows their story. = Fiecare om tie povestea lor.each of us/you/them = fiecare dintre noi/voi/ei/ele

every = fiecare, toi/ toateEvery man knows their story. = Fiecare om tie povestea lor.We can go to the library every day. = Putem merge la bibliotec n fiecare zi.

several = civa, cteva, mai muli/multeWe shall spend several days and nights in the mountains. = Vom petrece ctevazile i nopi la munte.He has several friends. = El are civa prieteni.several of us/you/them = civa dintre noi/voi/ei/eleSeveral of us went home on foot. = Mai muli dintre noi au mers acas pe jos.

enough = destul, destul, suficient, suficientThere is enough bread on the table. = Este suficient pine pe mas.

certain = anumii, anumite, unii, unelecertain boys = unii/anumii bieicertain girls = unele/anumite fetecertain books = unele/anumite cri

a certain = un anumit, o anumit, un anume/oarecare, o anume/oare- carea certain boy = un anume/anumit/oarecare biata certain girl = o anume/anumit/oarecare fata certain Mr. Jones = un anumit/oarecare domn Jonesa certain Mrs. Jones = o anumit/oarecare doamn Jonesa certain Miss. Jones = o anumit/oarecare domnioar Jones

1.3.2. Comparaia adjectivelor i adverbelor (The Comparison of Adjectives andAdverbs)

Comparaia adjectivelor i adverbelor este:a) regulat/sintetic (cele scurte)b) analitic (cele lungi)c) mixt (sintetic i analitic)d) neregulat

Comparaia adjectivelor se realizeaz la urmtoarele grade:

1) pozitiv, cnd nsuirea unui obiect/substantiv nu se raporteaz la nici un alt termen.Pozitivul este asemuit cu nominativul substantivelor i cu infinitivul verbelor.2) comparativ, prin care se exprim superioritatea (comparativ de superioritate),

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egalitatea (comparativ de egalitate) sau inferioritatea (comparativ de inferioritate) unuiobiect/substantiv fa de altul.

3) superlativ (lat.: superlativus; super = deasupra, latus = dus/ridicat) prin care searat c nsuirea obiectului / substantivului se afl fie n cea mai mare msur/ intensitate(superlativul relativ), fie n foarte mare msur/ intensitate (superlativul absolut).Adjectivele monosilabice dubleaz consoana final cnd aceasta este precedat de vocal

scurt.1.3.2.1. Comparaia sintetic/regulat

gradulpozitiv

comparativde

superioritate

superlativrelativ

superlativ absolut

big bigger the biggest very bigmare mai mare cel mai mare foarte maredry drier the driest very dry

uscat mai uscat cel mai uscat foarte uscateasy easier the easiest very easyuor mai uor cel mai uor foarte uorfat fatter the fattest very fatgras mai gras cel mai gras foarte gras

great greater the greatest very greatmare, mre mai mare cel mai mare foarte mare

happy happier the happiest very happyfericit mai fericit cel mai fericit foarte fericithard harder the hardest very hard

tare, dur mai tare cel mai tare foarte tare

hot hotter the hottest very hotfierbinte mai fierbinte cel maifierbinte

foarte fierbinte

kind kinder the kindest very kindamabil mai amabil cel mai amabil foarte amabillong longer the longest very longlung mai lung cel mai lung foarte lungnice nicer the nicest very nice

plcut/drgu

mai plcut cel mai plcut foarte plcut

short shorter the shortest very short

scurt/scund mai scurt cel mai scurt foarte scurtsmall smaller the smallest very smallmic/modest mai mic cel mai mic foarte mic

strong stronger the strongest very strongtare mai tare cel mai tare foarte taretall taller the tallest very tall

nalt mai nalt cel mai nalt foarte naltthick thicker the thickest very thick gros mai gros cel mai gros foarte grosthin thinner the thinnest very thin

subire/slab mai subire cel mai subire foarte subire, etc.

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1.3.2.2. Comparaia analitic a adjectivelor i adverbelorpozitiv comparativ

desuperioritat

e

superlativrelativ

superlativ absolut

abject more abject the mostabject very abject

abject/josnic Mai josnic cel mai josnic foarte josnicabrupt more

abruptthe mostabrupt

very abrupt

abrupt Mai abrupt cel mai abrupt foarte abruptactive more active the most

activevery active

activ mai activ cel mai activ foarte activamiable More

amiablethe mostamiable

very amiable

prietenos maiprietenos cel maiprietenos foarte prietenos

attractive moreattractive

the mostattractive

very attractive

atrgtor maiatrgtor

cel maiatrgtor

foarte atrgtor

beautiful morebeautiful

the mostbeautiful

very beautiful

frumoas maifrumoas

cea maifrumoas

foarte frumoas

curious More

curious

the most

curious

very curious

curios Mai curios cel mai curios foarte curiosfoolish more

foolishthe mostfoolish

very foolish

prost(esc) maiprost(esc)

cel maiprost(esc)

foarte prost(esc)

huge more huge the mosthuge

very huge

uria/imens mai imens cel mai imens foarte imenssevere more

severethe mostsevere

very severe

sever/aspru mai sever cel mai sever foarte seversincere Moresincere

the mostsincere

very sincere

sincer Mai sincer cel mai sincer foarte sincerskilled More

skilledthe mostskilled

very skilled

priceput mai priceput cel maipriceput

foarte priceput

sociable Moresociable

the mostsociable

very sociable

sociabil mai sociabil cel mai sociabil foarte sociabil

unfit more unfit the most unfit very unfitnepotrivit mai

nepotrivitcel mai

nepotrivitfoarte nepotrivit

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unjust more unjust the mostunjust

very unjust

injust/nejust mai injust cel mai injust foarte injusturbane More

urbanethe mosturbane

very urbane

manierat mai manierat cel mai

manierat

foarte manierat

untidy moreuntidy

the mostuntidy

very untidy

dezordonat maidezordonat

cel maidezordonat

foarte dezordonat

Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritateadjectivele cu comparaie analitic se ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ deadverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very, extremely, awfully, quiteetc.

1.3.2.3. Adjective cu comparaie mixt (sintetic i analitic)

pozitiv comparativde

superioritate

superlativrelativ

superlativabsolut

able more able the most able very ableabler the ablest

capabil mai capabil cel mai capabil foarte capabilample more ample the most

amplevery ample

ampler the amplestamplu Mai amplu cel mai amplu foarte ampluempty more empty the most

emptyvery empty

emptier the emptiestgol mai gol cel mai gol foarte gol

strange Morestrange

the moststrange

very strange

stranger the strangestciudat Mai ciudat cel mai ciudat foarte ciudat

stupid more stupid the most

stupid

very stupid

stupider the stupideststupid Mai stupid cel mai stupid foarte stupidetc.

1.3.2.4. Comparaia neregulat a adjectivelor i adverbelorcomparativ

desuperioritat

e

superlativrelativ

superlativ absolut

good/well better the best very good/well

bun/bine mai bun/bine cel maibun/bine foarte bun/bine

bad/ill worse the worst very bad/ill

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ru mai ru cel mai ru foarte rulittle less the least very little

puin/mic maipuin/mic

cel maipuin/mic

foarte puin/mic

much/many

more the most very much/many

mult/muli maimult/muli

cel mai mult/ceimai muli

foarte mult/muli

old older/elder theoldest/eldest

very old

btrn/vechi mai btrn/vechi

cel mai btrn/vechi

foarte btrn/vechi

near nearer the nearest very nearaproape mai aproape cel mai aproape foarte aproape

late later the latest very latetrziu Mai trziu cel mai trziu foarte trziu

latter =

ultimul dindoi

the last =

ultimul

far farther/further

the farthest/furthest

very far

departe mai departe cel mai departe foarte departein inner the inmost

n interior mai ninterior

cel mai ninterior/luntric

the innermost= luntric la

maximumout outer/utter the outermostn exterior mai n

exteriorcel mai nexterior

the utmost,uttermost = n

exterior lamaximum

up upper the upmostsus mai sus cel mai (de) sus

the

uppermost =sus lamaximum

beneath nether thenethermost

dedesubt mai dedesubt cel mai dededesubt

hind hinder the hindmostdin spate mai din spate cel mai din

spatethe

hindermost =ultimul din

spate

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fore former the foremostn fa Mai n fa cel mai din

fa/dinaintethe first =

primul

1.3.2.5. Comparativul de egalitateSe realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative: as... as... = tot aa de .... ca ..../la

fel de... ca ....as interesting as ... = la fel deinteresant ca ...as beautiful as ... = la fel de frumos caas beautifully as ... = la fel de frumos ca

as near as ... = la fel de aproape ca ...as old as ... = la fel de btrn/vechi caas strange as ... = la fel deciudat/straniu ca ...

Unele astfel de comparative de egalitate au devenit idiomuri:as quick as thought = iute ca gndulas sweet as honey = dulce ca mierea

as swift as an arrow = iute ca sgeataas white as snow = alb ca zpada etc.

1.3.2.6. Comparativul de inferioritateSe realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative: not so ... as ... = nu aa de ...

ca ... sauless ... than ... = mai puin ... dect/ca

This film is not so interesting as that one. = Filmul acesta nu este aa de interesant caacela.This man is not so old as that man. = Omul acesta nu este aa de vrstnic/btrn caomul acela.That house is not so big as this house. = Casa aceea nu este aa (de) mare cum este

casa aceasta.Mary is less beautiful than Alice. = Mary este mai puin frumoas ca Alice.

1.3.2.7. Comparativul de intensitateConst din dou comparative de superioritate legate ntre ele prin conjuncia and i se

traduc prin structura din ce n ce mai .better and better = din ce n ce maibineworse and worse = din ce n ce mai rumore and more = din ce n ce mai multless and less = din ce n ce mai

puin()/mic()fewer and fewer = din ce n ce maipuini/puinebigger and bigger = din ce n ce maimare/mari etc.

more and more interesting = din ce n ce mai interesant/interesant/ interesani/interesantemore and more important = din ce n ce mai important/ important/ importani/importantemore and more beautifully = din ce n ce mai frumosmore and more carefully = din ce n ce mai atent/grijuliu etc.

1.3.2.8. Pozitivul cu comparativul de superioritatemuch better (than) ...= mult maibine/bun (ca/dect)...much worse (than)...= mult mai ru(ca/dect)...

much more (than)...= mult mai mult(ca/dect) ...

much less (than) ...= mult mai puin(ca/dect) ...much older (than)...= mult mai n vrst(ca/dect)...

much easier (than) ...= mult mai uor(ca/dect) ...

much more difficult (than) ...= mult mai dificil/greu (ca/dect) ...

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bine.The more you learn, the more you forget. = Cu ct nvei mai mult, cu att uii maimult.the later, the worse = cu ct mai trziu, cu att mai ruThe later you arrive, the worse it is. = Cu ct ajungi mai trziu, cu att este mai ru.The more beautifully Alice will sing, the more money she will get. = Cu ct Alice va

cnta mai frumos, cu att mai muli bani va ctiga.His flat is a little cheaper than yours. = Apartamentul lui este puin mai ieftin dect altu.Your flat is a lot cheaper than mine. = Apartamentul tu este mult mai ieftin dect almeu.Our flat is somewhat cheaper than theirs. = Apartamentul nostru este ntructva/puinmai ieftin dect al lor.

1.3.2.11. Superlativul absolut

Se formeaz cu adverbele: very (foarte), extremely (extrem de), quite (total,complet, cu totul), perfectly (perfect), extraordinary (extraordinar de), inconceivably

(incredibil de), exceedingly (excesiv/nemaipomenit de), fantastically (fantastic de),enormously/ immensely (enorm/imens de), tremendously/ awfully (ngrozitor/teribilde), infinitely (infinit de), terribly (teribil de), terrifically (nfiortor de) etc.awfully hot = ngrozitor/cumplit de caldWe are awfully sorry. = Ne pare nespus

de ru

They have changed enormously. = Ei s-au schimbat enorm.quite well = foarte binevery well = foarte bine

extremely well = extrem de bineexceedingly good = excesiv de bun

infinitely small = infinit/nemsurat de micexceedingly difficult = excesiv de greu, din cale afar de dificilperfectly well = perfect de bine

terribly boring = teribil/nfiortor deplictisitor

a matchless playwright = un dramaturg

fr perechequite right = perfect adevrat/just

enough - adjectivenough food = food enough = hran suficient/destulto have money enough = to have enough money = a avea destui bani

enough - adverb de comparaieI am warm enough. = mi este destul de cald.The exercise is difficult enough. = Exerciiul este destul de greu.What is good for you is good enough for me. = Ce este valabil pentru tine este perfectvalabil i pentru mine.Enough este singurul adverb de comparaie care st dup adjectivul pe care l determin.This beer is good enough. = Berea aceasta este destul de bun.

1.3.2.12. Comparaia adjectivelor compuse

POZITIV COMPARATIVDESUPERIORITATE

SUPERLATIVRELATIV SUPERLATIVABSOLUT

well-paid better-paid the best-paid very well-paid

bine pltit mai bine pltit cel mai bine pltit foarte binepltit

good-looking

better-looking the best-looking very good-looking

artos mai artos cel mai artos foarte artos

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sweet-natured

More sweet -natured

the most sweet-natured

very sweet-natured

bun lasuflet

mai bun la suflet cel mai bun lasuflet

foarte bun lasuflet

short-sighted

more short -sighted

the most short-sighted

very short-sighted

miop mai miop cel mai miop foarte miop

John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. = John este mult mai atent/prudentdect Bill.Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. = Bill este mult mai puin prudentdect John.He is a little less careful than his brother. = El este puin mai puin prudent dectfratele lui.He loves her more than I (do). = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu.He loves her more than me. = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine.They know her better than I (do). = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine.

They know her better than me. = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.

1.4. PRONUMELE (THE PRONOUN)Pronumele este partea de vorbire care nlocuiete un substantiv (o fiin, un

obiect etc.).

1.4.1. Clasificare1. Personale (the Personal Pronouns)2. Interogative (the InterrogativePronouns)3. Relative (the Relative Pronouns)

4. Posesive (the Possessive Pronouns)5. Demonstrative (the DemonstrativePronouns)

6. Impersonale/Generale (theImpersonal/General Pronouns)7. Reflexive (the Reflexive Pronouns)8. Emfatice (the Emphatic Pronouns)

9. Nehotrte (the Indefinite Pronouns)10. Reciproce (the ReciprocalPronouns)

1.4.1.1. Pronumele personale (The Personal Pronouns)I = eu we = noiyou = tu you = voi, dumneavoastr (dv.)he = el, dnsul, dumnealui they = ei, ele, dnii, dnsele, dumnealorshe = ea, dnsa, dumneaeiit = el, ea

1.4.1.2. Pronumele interogative (The Interrogative Pronouns)N . who ? = cine ? ( N. = nominativ )Who knows him ? = Cine l cunoate pe el ?

G . whose ? = al, a, ai, ale cui ? ( G. = genitiv )Whose is this house, his or hers ? = A cui este aceast cas, a lui sau a ei ?Whose is this little boy ? = Al cui este acest bieel ?Whose is this little girl ? = A cui este acest feti ?Whose are these books ? = Ale cui sunt aceste cri ?Whose are these children ? = Ai cui sunt aceti copii ?

D . to whom ? = who (m)... to ? = cui ?, la cine ?( D. = dativ)To whom do you give this book ? = Who(m) do you give this book to? = Cui i daiaceast carte?

To whom are you referring ? = Who(m) are you referring to ? = La cine te referi?To whom does the book belong ? = Who(m) does the book belong to ? = Cui iaparine cartea?

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(to) me = mie (to) us = nou(to) you = ie (to) you = vou(to) him = lui (to) them = lor, dnilor, dnilor/dnselor(to) her = ei(to) it = lui/ei(to) my friend = prietenului meu (to) our friend = prietenului nostru

(to) your friend = prietenului tu (to) your friend = prietenului vostru(to) his friend = prietenului lui (to) their friend = prietenului lor(to) her friend = prietenului ei(to) my friends = prietenilor meiI write my friends a letter=I write a letter to my friends=Eu scriu prietenilor mei oscrisoare=Scriu o scrisoare prietenilor mei.

for whom ? = who(m) ... for ? = pentru cine ?For whom must you buy the book? = Who(m) must you buy the book for? = Pentrucine trebuie s cumperi cartea ?

about whom ? = who(m) ... about ? = despre cine ?They are talking about Jim. = Ei vorbesc/discut despre Jim.Who(m) are they talking about ? = About whom are they talking ? = Despre cine

vorbesc ei?about me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them = despre mine/tine/el/ea/noi/voi/ei/ele)

after whom ? = who(m) ... after ? = dup cine ?Jim is running after them. = Jim alearg dup ei.After whom is Jim running ? = Who(m) is Jim running after ? = Dup cine alearg Jim?(after me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them = dup mine/tine/el/ea/noi/voi/ei/ele)

before whom? = who(m) ... before ? = n faa cui ? = naintea cui ?He was sitting before us. = El edea n faa noastr.Before whom was he sitting ? = n faa cui edea el ?(before me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them = naintea mea/ta/lui/ei/noastr/voastr/ lor

before my/your/his/her/our/your/their eyes = naintea ochilor mei/ ti/ lui/ ei/ notri/votri/ lor)behind whom? = who(m) ... behind ? = n spatele cui ?

He was sitting behind me. = El edea n spatele meu.Behind whom was he sitting ? =Who(m) was he sitting behind ? = n spatele cuisttea el ?

beside whom? = who(m) ... beside ? = alturi de cine ?Beside whom was he sitting? = Alturi de cine edea el ?He was sitting beside me. = El edea alturi de mine.(beside whose friend ? = alturi de prietenul cui ?beside my friend = alturi de prietenul meu)

between whom? = who(m) ... between ? = ntre cine ?between his (two) friends = ntre cei (doi) prieteni ai luibetween John and Nick= ntre John i Nick

beyond whom? = who(m) ... beyond ? = dincolo de cine ?(beyond me = dincolo de mine beyond us = dincolo de noibeyond you = dincolo de tine beyond you = dincolo de voibeyond him/her/it = dincolo de el/eabeyond them = dincolo de ei/ele)

by whom ? = who(m) ... by ? = de (ctre) cine ?(by me = de mine by us = de noiby you = de tine by you = de voi/dv.by him/her/it = de el/ea by them = de ei/ele)by whose friend ? = de prietenul cui ?

(by my friend =de prietenul meu by our friend = de prietenul nostruby your friend = de prietenul tu by your friend = de prietenul vostruby his friend = de prietenul lui/su by their friend = de prietenul lor

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by her friend = de prietenul ei/suby this boy's friend/by the friend of this boy = de prietenul acestui biatby this girl's friend/by the friend of this girl = de prietenul acestei feteby these boys' friend/by the friend of these boys = de prietenul acestor bieiby these girls' friend/by the friend of these girls = de prietenul acestor feteby this boy's friends/by the friends of this boy = de prietenii acestui biat

by this girl's friends/by the friends of this girl = de prietenii acestei feteby this boys' friends/by the friends of these boys = de prietenii acestor bieiby this girls' friends/by the friends of these girls = de prietenii acestor fete)

for whom? = who(m) for ? = pentru cine ?For whom are you buying the book ? = Who(m) are you buying the book for? =Pentru cine cumperi (tu) cartea ?(for me = pentru mine for us = pentru noifor you = pentru tine for you = pentru voifor him/her/it = pentru el/ea for them = pentru ei/elefor whose friend ? = pentru prietenul cui ?For whose friend is John working ? = Pentru prietenul cui lucreaz John?for my friend = pentru prietenul meu )

from whom ? = who(m) from ? = de la cine ?from me = de la mine from us = de la noifrom you = de la tine from you = de la voifrom him/her/it = de la el/ea from them = de la ei/elefrom whose friend ? = de la prietenul cui ? = de la al cui prieten?(from my friend = de la prietenul meu)

near whom? = who(m) ...near ? = lng cine?(near me = lng mine near us = lng noinear you = lng tine near you = lng voinear him/her/it = lng el/ea near them = lng ei/ele)John was sitting near this man's friend. = John edea lng prietenul acestui om.

Near whom was John sitting? = Who(m) was John sitting near ? = Lng cine edeaJohn?of whom ? = who(m) ...of ? = de cine ?; despre cine?

to get rid of somebody = a se descotorosi/scpa de cinevaI must get rid of that drunk man. = Trebuie s m descotorosesc de omul acelabut/beat.Who(m) must I get rid of ? = Of whom must I get rid ? = De cine trebuie s scap eu ?

on/upon whom? = who(m) ... on/upon ? = de cine ?to depend on/upon = a depinde deOur going on the trip depends on John. = Plecarea noastr n excursie depinde de John.On/upon whom does our going on the trip depend ? = Who(m) does our going onthe trip depend on/upon ? = De cine depinde plecarea noastr n excursie ?(on/upon me = de mine)On/upon whose friend does our going on the trip depend ? = Whose friend doesour going on the trip depend on/upon ? = De prietenul cui depinde plecarea noastr

n excursie ?with whom? = who(m) ...with ? = cu cine ?

I am playing tennis with John. = Eu joc tenis cu John.Who(m) am I playing tennis with ? = With whom am I playing tennis? = Cu cine joceu tenis?(with me = cu mine with us = cu noiwith you = cu tine with you = cu voiwith him/her/it = cu el/ea with them = cu ei/ele)

with whose friend ? = cu prietenul cui ?They are going on the trip with my friend. = Ei merg n excursie cu prietenul meu.With whom are they going on the trip ? = Who(m) are they going on the trip

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with ? = Cu cine merg ei n excursie ?with my friend = cu prietenul meu

without whom ? = fr cine ?(without me = fr mine without us = fr noiwithout you = fr tine without you = fr voi

without him/her/it = fr el/ea without them = fr ei/ele)without whose friend ? = fr prietenul cui ?without my friend = fr prietenul meuWhose friend were you there without ? = Fr prietenul cui ai fost acolo ?)

A . whom? = pe cine ? ( A. = acuzativ )This is the boy whom I saw. = Acesta este biatul pe care l-am vzut eu.I see John in the street. = l vd pe John pe strad.Whom do I see in the street? = Pe cine vd eu pe strad ?John sees me in the street. = John m vede pe mine pe strad.Whom does John see in the street ? = Pe cine vede John pe strad ?

(me = pe mine her = pe ea/dnsa us = pe noiyou = pe tine it = pe el/ea you = pe voihim = pe el/dnsul them = pe ei/ele/)John sees my friend in the street. = John l vede pe prietenul meu pe strad.John sees my friend's brother in the street. = John l vede pe fratele prietenului meupe strad.

what? = ce ?What is this ? = Ce este acesta/aceasta ?What are these ? = Ce sunt acetia/acestea ?What is there on the table ? = Ce este pe mas ? = Ce se afl/gsete pe mas ?What is your name ? = Cum te cheam ?

What time is it ? = Ct este ceasul ?

what kind/sort of ? = ce fel de ?What kind/sort of man is he ? = Ce fel de om este el ?What kind/sort of films do you like? = Ce fel de filme i plac?

1.4.1.3. Pronumele relative (The Relative Pronouns)who = cine, care.

He does not know who must come to see us.= El nu tie cine trebuie s vin pe la noi.I know the boy who can play tennis well. = Eu l tiu/cunosc pe biatul care tie s

joace tenis bine.

whose = al cui, a cui, ai cui, ale cui.We are playing with John's ball but we don't know whose they are playing with. =Noi ne jucm cu mingea lui John dar nu tim cu a cui se joac ei.

to whom = who(m) ...to = cuiI don't know who(m) I shall give this book to. = Nu tiu cui s-i dau cartea aceasta.Do you know who(m) he is referring to ? = tii la cine se refer el ?

whom = pe cine, pe careI know whom you appreciate very much. = Eu tiu pe cine apreciezi tu foarte mult.He could not guess whom he might see there. = Nu putea bnui pe cine va putea

vedea acolo.

which = care, pe care

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lor studiaz.

1.4.1.5. Pronumele demonstrative (The Demonstrative Pronouns)this = acesta, aceasta

That book is yours and this (one) is mine. = Cartea aceea este a ta, iar aceasta este amea.

that = acela, aceeaThis book is mine and that (one) is yours. = Cartea aceasta este a mea, iar aceea estea ta.

these = acetia, acesteaThose books are mine and these (ones) are yours. = Crile acelea sunt ale mele, iaracestea sunt ale tale .Those players are good but these (ones) are better. = Juctorii aceia sunt buni, daracetia sunt mai buni.

those = aceia, aceleaThese players are very good but those (ones) aren't. = Juctorii acetia sunt foartebuni, dar aceia nu sunt.

1.4.1.6. Pronumele impersonale (The Impersonal Pronouns)one, you

One could work there. = S-ar putea lucra acolo. = Se putea lucra acolo.You should always be careful when crossing the road. = S fii totdeauna atent latraversarea drumului.One can learn a lot of thingshere. = Se pot nva o mulime de lucruri aici.You should always behave decently. = Trebuie s te pori totdeauna decent.

1.4.1.7. Pronumele reflexive (The Reflexive Pronouns)myself= m ourselves = ne

yourself= te yourselves = vhimself= se themselves = seherself=se oneself= seitself = se

Cu ajutorul pronumelorreflexive se formeaz diateza reflexiv a verbelor.to enjoy oneself = a se distra I enjoy myself= eu m distrez

De reinut c verbelor reflexive din limba romn nu le corespund totdeauna verbereflexive n limba englez.eu m mir/ntreb = I wonder ; verbul to wonder n limba englez nu este reflexiv.

1.4.1.8. Pronumele emfatice/ de ntrire (The Emphatic Pronouns)myself= eu nsumi, personal, chiar euyourself= tu nsui, personal, chiar tuhimself= el nsui, personal, chiar elherself= ea nsi, personal, chiar eaitself= el nsui, ea nsi, personal, chiarel/ea

ourselves = noi nine, nsene, chiar noiyourselves = voi niv, nsev, chiar voithemselves = ei nii, ele nsele, chiarei/eleI must do it myself= trebuie s-o fac eu

nsumi

1.4.1.9. Pronumele nehotrte (The Indefinite Pronouns)another = alt, alt;

One man says yes, another says no. = Un om zice da, altul zice nu.each = fiecare

We received two books each. = Am primit cte dou cri fiecare.

each of us/you/them = fiecare dintre noi/voi/ei/elethe other = cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalteJohn likes this book but I like the other (one). = Lui John i place cartea aceasta, ns

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mie mi place cealalt.John likes this book but I prefer the other (one). = Lui John i place cartea aceasta,dar eu o prefer pe cealalt.

others = alii, alteleOthers know better than you. = Alii tiu mai bine ca/dect tine.

the others = ceilali, celelalte

The others did not come by bus. = Ceilali n-au venit cu autobuzul.I do not see the others. = Eu nu-i vd pe ceilali. = Eu nu le vd pe celelalte.one = unul, una, un, o; se

You do not have any book but I have one. = Tu nu ai nici o carte, dar eu am una.Can you tell one from the other ? = l poi deosebi pe unul de cellalt ?My neighbours have two sons whom everybody admires ; I admire one's commonsense and the other's diligence. = Vecinii mei au doi fii pe care i admir toat lumea;eu admir bunul sim al unuia i hrnicia celuilalt.He is considered as one of the family. = El este considerat drept unul de-alfamiliei/casei.one of us/you/them = unul/una dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.all = tot, toat, toi, toate; totulHe must tell you all or nothing. = El trebuie s-i spun tot sau nimic.I cannot buy it all. = Nu pot s-l/s-o cumpr tot/toat.All he wants is money. = Tot ce vrea el sunt banii.all of us/you/them = we/you/they all = noi/voi/ei toi/ele toate .

either = oricare din doi/douYou may buy either. = l /O poi cumpra pe oricare.either of us = oricare din /dintre noi doi/doueither of you = oricare din /dintre voi doi/doueither of them = oricare din /dintre ei/ele doi/dou).

Neither = nici unul, nici una, nici un, nici o (din doi/dou)One can see neither. = Nu se poate vedea nici unul/una.

neither of us/you/them = nici unul/una din(tre) noi/voi/ei/ele.both = ambii, ambele, amndoi, amndouYou may read either of them - both are interesting. = Le poi citi pe oricare din ele -ambele sunt interesante.both of us/you/them = noi/voi/ei doi/amndoi, noi/voi/ele dou/amndou.

several = mai muli/multe, civa, ctevaYou can see many books on the table, but several are mine. = Poi vedea multe cripe mas, dar cteva sunt ale mele.several of us/you/them = civa/cteva dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.

few = puini, puineI only found few. = Am gsit doar puini/puine .few of us/you/them = puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.

a few = puini/destui, puine/destuleI have found a few. = Am gsit destui/destule.

quite a few = a good few = foarte muli/multeI have found quite a few. = Am gsit un mare numr. = Am gsit foarte muli/multe.

little = puin, puin, mic, mic.I have done little for them. = Am fcut puin pentru ei/ele.The little of what I've done, matters a lot. = Puinul din ct/ce am fcut eu, conteazmult.Your house is big, but mine is a little one. = Casa ta este mare, ns a mea este mic.How are your little ones? = Ce fac cei mici ai ti?

a little [\ `litl] = puin /destul/ceva, puin/destul/ceva

You only have little tea but I have a little. = Tu ai doar/numai puin ceai, ns eu amceva/ctva.much [m{t~] = mult, mult

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You have got little tea but I have got much. = Tu ai puin ceai, ns eu am mult.many [meni] = muli, multe

many of us/you/them = muli dintre noi/voi/ei, multe dintre eleYou have only got few books but I've got many. = Tu ai doar puine cri, ns eu ammulte.

some = nite, unii, unele, ceva, puin, puin, civa, cteva.

Some are good and some are bad. = Unele sunt bune, iar altele sunt rele. Unii suntbuni, iar alii sunt ri.any = orice, fiece, oricare, ; nici unul, nici una.

He doesn't like any. = Lui nu-i place oricare. = Lui nu-i place nici unul/una.You've got much money, but I haven't got any. = Tu ai bani muli, dar eu n-am nicisfan. = Tu ai bani muli, dar eu nu am deloc.

somebody = cineva ; cineva ?I can see somebody at the gate. = Pot s vd pe cineva la poart .Do you see somebody ? = Vezi pe cineva ?

anybodyA. = oricine - I can ask anybody. = Pot ntreba pe oricine.I. = cineva - Do you see anybody ? = Vezi pe cineva ?N. = nimeni - I cannot ask anybody. = Nu pot ntreba pe nimeni.

nobody = nimeniI see nobody. = Nu vd pe nimeni.

something = ceva ; ceva?I see something. = Vd ceva.Do you see something ? = Vezi ceva ? (Cnd rspunsul este afirmativ).

anything= orice - I buy anything.= Cumpr orice.= orice?; ceva? - Are you going to buy anything? = Ai de gnd s cumperi ceva/orice?= orice ; nimic - I'm not going to buy anything. = N-am de gnd s cumpr nimic.

nothing = nimic

I bought nothing. = Nu am cumprat nimic.someone [`s{mw{n] = careva, cinevaYou must ask someone. = Trebuie s ntrebi pe careva.

anyone= oricare - You may/can ask anyone. = Poi ntreba pe careva/ oricine.= oricare? - Can I ask anyone? = Pot ntreba pe oricare/careva?= oricare - I cannot ask anyone. = Nu pot ntreba pe oricare/ nimeni.

no one = nobody = nimeni;none= not one/any = nici unul/una

You can ask no one. = Nu poi ntreba pe nimeni.everybody = toi, toat lumea, fiecare

I saw everybody laughing. = I-am vzut pe toi rznd.everything = totul, tot

He can understand everything. = Poate nelege tot.somebody else = altcineva

I see somebody else. = Vd pe altcineva.anybody else

= oricine altcineva - Give it to anybody else! = D-i-o oricui altcuiva != oricine altcineva ? - Could you play with anybody else? = Puteai juca cu oricinealtcineva ?= nimeni altcineva - I was not seen by anybody else. = N-am fost vzut de nimenialtcineva.

nobody else = nimeni altcineva

Nobody else can do it. = Nimeni altcineva n-o poate face.something else = altcevaWe must buy something else. = Trebuie s cumprm altceva.

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anything else = orice altceva:They may do anything else. = Ei pot face orice altceva.

nothing else = nimic altcevaI saw nothing else. = N-am vzut nimic altceva.

1.4.1.10. Pronumele reciproce (Reciprocal Pronoun)

each other = unul pe cellalt (dou persoane)The two neighbours help each other. = Cei doi vecini se ajut unul pe cellalt.one another = unul pe cellalt (minimum trei persoane)

The three brothers help one another. = Cei trei frai se ajut unul pe cellalt.

1.4.2. Declinarea pronumelui personaln schema care urmeaz este inclus i cazul genitiv dei pronumele personal n cazul genitiveste pronume posesiv, nu personal.

numrul singularN . I = eu you = tu he = el she = ea it = el/eaG . my = meu your = tu his = lui her = ei its = lui/ei

mine = al meu yours = al tu his = al lui hers = al eiits = al lui/eiD. (to) me = mie (to) you = tie (to) him = lui (to)her = ei (to) it = lui/eiA. me = pe mine you = pe tine him = pe el her = pe ea it = peel/ea

numrul pluralN. we = noi you = voi/dv. they = ei/ele,dnii/dnseleG . our = nostru your = vostru/dv. their = lor,dnilor/dnselor

ours = al nostru yours = al vostru/dv. theirs = al lor, aldnilor/dnselorD . (to) us = nou (to) you = vou/dv. (to) them = lor,dnilor/dnselorA . us = pe noi you = pe voi/dv. them = pe ei/ele, pednii/ dnsele

1.5. NUMERALUL (THE NUMERAL)

Este partea de vorbire prin care se exprim un numr de obiecte/fiine etc. sauordinea acestora.

1.5.1. Clasificare1. cardinale (Cardinal Numerals)2. colective (Collective Numerals)3. ordinale (Ordinal Numerals)4. distributive (Distributive Numerals)5. fracionare (Fractional Numerals)

6. adverbiale (Adverbial Numerals)7. multiplicative (MultiplicativeNumerals)8. nehotrte (Indefinite Numerals)

1.5.1.1. Numeralul cardinal (The Cardinal Numeral)Exprim un numr exact/ntreg de obiecte sau fiine ncepnd de la zero ctre plus sau

minus infinit.La telefon zero/0 se pronun ca litera O [\u], la tenis se spune love (all), n tiine sefolosete cuvntul zero.

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Cnd ne referim la ani exprimm: 1907 = nineteen oh seven.Exprimarea temperaturii se realizeaz astfel: 0 se pronun zero

-10 = ten degrees below zero.Cnd se exprim scorul la jocurile de fotbal 0 se pronun nil [nil] sau nothing.La tenis: Nstase leads by two sets to love. (2 - 0) = Nstase conduce cu dou seturi lazero.

Numerele de telefon (Telephone Numbers) se scriu cu spaii ntre grupele de cifre.e.g. 04 662 51420 n numerele telefonice se pronun [\u]. Numerele se rostesc separat, iar cifrele duble serostesc folosindu-se cuvntul double01 223 456 = oh one double two three four five six . = zero unu doi doi trei patrucinci ase.Cifre triple (Triple/Treble Figures) : 7 555 = seven five double five = apte cincicinci cinci.Un numr ca 5555 se rostete : double five double five1 one [w{n] = unu, una 11 eleven [i`levn] = unsprezece2 two [tU] = doi, dou 12 twelve [twelv] = doisprezece3 three [SrI] = trei 13 thirteen [`S|`tIn] = treisprezece4 four [fO] = patru 14 fourteen [`fO`tIn]= paisprezece5 five [faiv] = cinci 15 fifteen[`fif`tIn] = cincisprezece6 six [siks] = ase 16 sixteen [`siks`tIn] = aisprezece7 seven [`sevn] = apte 17seventeen [`sevn`tIn] =aptesprezece8 eight [eit] = opt 18 eighteen [`ei`tIn] = optsprezece9 nine [nain] = nou 19 nineteen [`nain`tIn] =nousprezece10 ten [ten] = zece 20 twenty [`twenti] = douzeci21 twenty-one = douzeci i unu/una 40 forty [`fOti] = patruzeci22 twenty-two = douzeci i doi/dou 50 fifty [`fifti] = cincizeci

23 twenty-three=douzeci i trei 60 sixty [`siksti] = aizeci24 twenty-four = douzeci i patru 70 seventy [`sevnti] = aptezeci25 twenty-five = douzeci i cinci 80 eighty[`eiti] = optzeci26 twenty-six = douzeci i ase 90 ninety [`nainti] = nouzeci27 twenty-seven = douzeci i apte 100 one hundred [h{ndr\d] = o sut28 twenty-eight = douzeci i opt 101 one hundred and one = o sut unu29 twenty-nine = douzeci i nou 102 one hundred and two = o sut doi30 thirty [`S|ti] = treizeci125 one hundred and twenty five = o sut douzeci i cinci200 two hundred = dou sute257 two hundred and fifty seven = dou sute cincizeci i apte1,000 one thousand = o mie1,066 ten sixty six = one thousand and sixty six = o mie aizeci i ase2,567 two thousand five hundred and sixty seven =dou mii cinci sute aizeci iapte10,000 ten thousand = zece mii100,000 one hundred thousand = o sut de mii123,547 one hundred and twenty three thousand five hundred and forty seven =o sut douzeci i trei de mii cinci sute patruzeci i apte1,000,000 one million = un milion = 1.000.0002,000,000 two million = dou milioane = 2.000.0001,000,000,000 one milliard/billion = un miliard = 1.000.000.0003,000,000,000 three milliard/billion = trei miliarde = 3.000.000.000

1,000,000,000,000 one trillion = un trilion = 1.000.000.000.0001,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion = un catralion1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion = un chintilion

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1.5.1.2. Numeralul ordinal ( The Ordinal Numeral)1st the first [f|st] = primul, prima2nd the second [`sek\nd] = al doilea, a doua3rd the third [S|d] = al treilea, a treia4th the fourth [fOS] = al patrulea, a patra

5th the fifth [fifS] = al cincilea, a cincea6th the sixth [siksS] = al aselea, a asea7th the seventh [`sevnS] = al aptelea, a aptea8th the eighth [eitS] = al optulea, a opta9th the ninth [nainS] = al noulea, a noua10th the tenth [tenS] = al zecelea, a zecea11th the eleventh [i`levnS] = al unsprezecelea, a unsprezecea12th the twelfth [`twelfS] = al doisprezecelea, a dousprezecea13th the thirteenth [`S|`tInS]= al treisprezecelea, a treisprezecea14th the fourteenth [`fO`tInS]= al paisprezecelea, a paisprezecea15th the fifteenth [`fif`tInS] = al cincisprezecelea, a cincisprezecea16th the sixteenth [`siks`tInS] = al aisprezecelea, a aisprezecea17th the seventeenth [`sevn`tInS] = al aptesprezecelea, a aptesprezecea18th the eighteenth [èi`tInS] = al optsprezecelea, a optsprezecea19th the nineteenth [`nain`tInS] = al nousprezecelea, a nousprezecea20th the twentieth [`twenti\S]= al douzecilea, a douzecea21st the twenty first = al douzeci i unulea, a douzeci i una22nd the twenty second = al douzeci i doilea, a douzeci i doua23rd the twenty third = al douzeci i treilea, a douzeci i treia24th the twenty fourth = al douzeci i patrulea, a douzeci i patra25th the twenty fifth = al douzeci i cincilea, a douzeci i cincea26th the twenty sixth = al douzeci i aselea, a douzeci i asea27th the twenty seventh = al douzeci i aptelea, a douzeci i aptea

28th the twenty eighth = al douzeci i optulea, a douzeci i opta29th the twenty ninth = al douzeci i noulea, a douzeci i noua30th the thirtieth [`S|tiiS/`S|ti\S] = al treizecilea, a treizecea40th the fortieth [`fOtiiS `fOti\S] = al patruzecilea, a patruzecea50th the fiftieth [`fiftiiS `fifti\S] = al cincizecilea, a cincizecea60th the sixtieth [`sikstiiS `siksti\S] = al aizecilea, a aizecea70th the seventieth [`sevntiiS `sevnti\S] = al aptezecilea, a aptezecea80th the eightieth [èitiiS èiti\S] = al optzecilea, a optzecea90th the ninetieth [`naintiiS `nainti\S]= al nouzecilea, a nouzecea100th the one hundredth [`h{ndr\dS `h{ndridS] = al o sutlea, a o suta101st the one hundred and first = al o sut unulea , a o sut una102nd the one hundred and second = al o sut doilea, a o sut doua

which? = al ctelea, a cta, ai ctelea, ale ctelea?Which boy is John ? = Al ctelea biat este John ?Which girl is Jane ? = A cta fat este Jane ?Which boat is theirs ? = A cta barc este a lor ?I know which he is. = Eu tiu al ctelea este el.Do you know which she is ? = tii tu a cta este ea ?quarter = a fourth (and twenty three = nou supra cinci sute douzeci i trei; 4.53 =four point five three = 4,53 = patru virgul cincizeci i trei

1.5.1.3. Numeralul fracionar (The Fractional Numeral)

1.5.1.3.1. Fracia (The Fraction) - ordinar (Vulgar)- zecimal (Decimal)= a/one half (o doime); = a/one third (o treime); = a/one quarter = a fourth (unsfert); = three fourths = three quarters (trei ptrimi, apte; = nine over five

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hundred and twenty three = nou supra cinci sute douzeci i trei; 4.53 = four pointfive three = 4,53 = patru virgul cincizeci i trei

1.5.1.3.2. Semnele matematice+ plus = and = plus; empty set= mulime vid; minus = minus; pi [ pai ] = 3,14; multiplied = nmulit; angle = unghi

:divided by = mprit la; ' = minute = minut; " = second = secund; = equal to =egal cu; = not equal to = neegal cu, diferit de; log = logarithm = logaritm; < lessthan = mai mic dect/ca; integral (of) = integral; > more than = mai mare dect/ca;triangle = triunghi; less than or equal to = mai mic sau egal cu; infinity = infinit; morethan or equal to = mai mare sau egal cu; square root = rdcin ptrat; ll = parallelto = paralel cu; perpendicular to = perpendicular pe; % = Percentage Sign = la sut(procent); 5 % = five per cent = cinci la sut = 5 la sut; 5.5 % = five point five percent = cinci virgul cinci la sut.% = five and a half per cent = cinci i jumtate la sut

1.5.1.3.3. Operaiunile aritmetice (Arithmetical operations)2 + 2 = 4 two plus/and two makes/equals/is/are four = doi plus doi fac patru10 - 2 = 8 ten minus two makes/equals eight = zece minus/fr doi fac opt5 x 5 = 25 Five times five makes/is twenty-five. = Five multiplied by five equals(25) twenty-five. = Five fives is twenty-five. = Cinci ori cinci fac douzeci i cinci.4 x 3 = 12 se citete: Four threes are twelve . = Three fours are twelve. = Patru oritrei fac doisprezece.25 : 5 = 5 Five into twenty five makes/equals five. = Twenty-five divided by fiveis five. = Douzeci i cinci mprit la cinci fac cinci.

1.5.1.3.4. Exprimarea datei (Dates)Se realizeaz cu ajutorul numeralelor ordinale i cardinale.

February 14th, 1989 = 14th February 1989 = the fourteenth of February 1989=14.2.1989 = 14 februarie 1989 =14-II-1989In limba englez american data apare astfel: February 14, 1989, deci numele lunii

se scrie naintea numrului zilei.What date is it today? = n ct este astzi?What day is it today? = Ce zi este astzi?Today is Sunday. = Astzi este duminic.On Monday I'll go to Cetate. = Luni voi merge la Cetate.44 B.C. (Before Christ) = 44 nainte de Cristos, 44 naintea erei noastreA.D. 105 = A.D. one hundred oh five . (A.D. = Anno Domini = in the year of Lord)= 105 era noastr = 105 dup Cristos.

1.5.1.3.5. Lunile anului (The Months of the Year)January (Jan.) = ianuarie; February (Feb.) = februarie; March (Mar.) = martie; April(Apr.) = aprilie; May = mai; June = iunie; July = iulie; August = august; September(Sept.) = septembrie; October (Oct.) = octombrie; November (Nov.) = noiembrie;December (Dec.) = decembrie

1.5.1.3.6. Zilele sptmnii (The days of the Week)Sunday (Sun.) = duminic; Monday (Mon.) = luni; Tuesday (Tue.) = mari;Wednesday (Wed.) = miercuri; Thursday (Thurs.) = joi; Friday (Fri.) = vineri;Saturday (Sat.) = smbt

n limba englez, zilele i lunile anului se scriu numai cu majuscul.

1.5.1.4. Numeralul colectiv (The Collective Numeral)Conine o mulime exprimat printr-un singular.

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