1
333
MARIA-ROCSELANA GLCESCU
NOTE DE CURS
GRAMATICA LIMBII ENGLEZE
FONETIC
MORFOLOGIE:
SUBSTANTIVUL
ARTICOLUL
ADJECTIVUL
PRONUMELE
NUMERALUL
ADVERBUL
EXERCIII
CHEIA EXERCIIILOR
2
MARIA-ROCSELANA GLCESCU
NOTE DE CURS
GRAMATICA LIMBII ENGLEZE
FONETIC
MORFOLOGIE:
SUBSTANTIVUL
ARTICOLUL
ADJECTIVUL
PRONUMELE
NUMERALUL
ADVERBUL
EXERCIII
CHEIA EXERCIIILOR
3
CUPRINS
Cuvnt-nainte..........................................................................................................6
Capitolul I
Fonetica.................................................................................................... ................7
Alfabetul limbii engleze.............................................................................................7
Vocale.......................................................................................................................12
Diftongi....................................................................................................................13
Triftongi..................................................................................................................14
Semivocale...............................................................................................................15
Consoane.................................................................................................................15
Exerciii....................................................................................................................16
Capitolul II
Substantivul............................................................................................................18
Substantive proprii i substantive comune...............................................................18
Substantive concrete i substantive abstracte...........................................................19
Substantive simple i substantive compuse..............................................................20
Genul substantivelor.................................................................................................20
Numrul substantivelor. Formele de singular i de plural ale substantivelor numrabile................................................................................................................23
Substantive folosite numai la singular......................................................................33
Substantive folosite numai la plural.........................................................................34
Exerciii....................................................................................................................35
Capitolul III
Articolul.................................................................................................................37
Articolul hotrt...................................................................................................37
Articolul nehotrt...............................................................................................39
4
Articolul zero..........................................................................................................40
Exerciii....................................................................................................................41
Capitolul IV
Adjectivul................................................................................................................42
Clasificarea adjectivelor...........................................................................................42
Derivarea..................................................................................................................44
Conversiunea...........................................................................................................46
Clasificarea adjectivelor dup coninut. Adjective modificatoare..........................46
Adjective determinative.........................................................................................47
Adjective demonstrative........................................................................................47
Adjectivul posesiv...................................................................................................47
Adjective relative....................................................................................................49
Adjective negative..................................................................................................49
Gradele de comparaie ale adjectivelor................................................................50
Gradul pozitiv...........................................................................................................51
Gradul comparativ....................................................................................................51
Gradul superlativ......................................................................................................52
Gradele de comparaie ale adjectivelor scurte.........................................................52
Adjective cu forme de comparaie neregulat.........................................................53
Exerciii....................................................................................................................53
Capitolul V
Pronumele...............................................................................................................55
Pronumele personal...............................................................................................55
Pronumele posesiv..................................................................................................56
Pronumele demonstrativ.......................................................................................57
5
Pronumele interogativ...........................................................................................59
Pronumele relativ...................................................................................................60
Pronumele nehotrt.............................................................................................62
Pronumele reciproc...............................................................................................64
Exerciii....................................................................................................................64
Capitolul VI
Numeralul...............................................................................................................66
Numeralul cardinal................................................................................................66
Numeralul ordinal..................................................................................................71
Fracii......................................................................................................................74
Numeralul distributiv.............................................................................................76
Numeralul multiplicativ..........................................................................................76
Numeralul adverbial...............................................................................................77
Greuti i msuri....................................................................................................77
Exprimarea timpului...............................................................................................80
Exerciii.....................................................................................................................81
Capitolul VII
Adverbul..................................................................................................................82
Forma adverbelor....................................................................................................82
Tipuri de adverbe....................................................................................................82
Comparaia adverbelor...........................................................................................84
Exerciii......................................................................................................................85
Rezolvarea exerciiilor.............................................................................................86
Bibliografie..............................................................................................................92
6
Cuvnt-nainte
Prezenta lucrare este destinat a fi un ajutor n studierea linbii engleze,
a foneticii i morfologiei acesteia, de ctre elevi, studeni sau orice doritor,
nceptor sau avansat.
Lucrarea este redactat bilingv, romn-englz, tocmai pentru a uura
munca celui care o folosete prin obinuirea cu cea de-a doua limb,
materna nefiind altceva dect suportul nvrii celeilalte.
n ceea ce privete capitolul Fonetica, am folosit metoda exemplului
pentru dezobinuirea de a gndi i pronuna ca n limba romn, de a face
asocieri de sunete, vocale, semivocale sau consoane, dup model britanic.
Celelalte capitole, Substantivul, Articolul, Adjectivul, Pronumele,
Numeralul i Adverbul dezbat aspecte teoretice fiind nsoite i de exerciii,
fcndu-se totodat distincia ntre limba englez (UK) i dialectul vorbit n
SUA.
in s aduc mulumiri Doamnei Conf. univ. Dr. Babr Eugenia de la
U.P.S. Ion Creang din Chiinu pentru ndrumrile competente ce m-au
ajutat n elaborarea acestei lucrri.
Drd. Maria-Rocselana Glcescu
7
CAPITOLUL I. Fonetica
English Alphabet
Alfabetul limbii engleze
English alphabet is a set of characters used for writing English today.
To a large extent these characters are the same as the Latin alphabet, the
difference being added in the sixteenth century with the letters U and J
which were not available in Latin. The use of Latin alphabet for writing
English began in the seventh century while in the fifth century for the same
purpose was used a variant of the old runic characters of Scandinavian and
Baltic languages.
Alfabetul limbii engleze este setul de caractere folosit pentru
scrierea limbii engleze actuale. n mare msur aceste caractere sunt aceleai
cu cele din alfabetul latin, diferena constnd n adugarea n secolul al XVI-
lea a literelor U i J care nu existau n limba latin. Folosirea alfabetului
latin pentru scrierea limbii engleze a nceput n secolul al VII-lea dup ce n
secolul al V-lea pentru acelai scop fusese folosit o variant a caracterelor
rune din vechile limbi scandinave i baltice.
The table below summarizes the current 26 characters of the alphabet,
along with their names in English and pronunciation in International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Tabelul de mai jos cuprinde cele 26 de caractere ale alfabetului actual,
mpreun cu numele lor n englez i cu pronunia n alfabetul fonetic
internaional (AFI).
Letter Name AFI
Liter Nume AFI
A a /ei/ aunt ~mtu
B bee /bi/ bee~albin
C cee /si/ cider~cidru
8
D dee /di/ ding~sunetul clopotului
E e /i/ eight~opt
F ef, eff /f/ famous~celebru
G gee /i/ gate~poart
H aitch /ei/ heat~cldur
I i /ai/ instinct~instinct
J jay /ei/ jokes~glume
K kay /kei/ key~cheie
L el /l/ love~dragoste
M em /m/ man~brbat
N en /n/ niece~nepoat
O o //, /o/ owl~bufni
P pee /pi/ parent~printe
Q cue /kju/ queen~regin
R ar //, // rain~ploaie
S ess, es /s/ single~singur/
T tee /ti/ teeth~dini
U u /ju/ university~universitate
V vee /vi/ vegetable~legum
W double-u /dbl ju/ window~fereastr
X ex /ks/ xerox~xerox
Y wy, wye /wai/ youth~tineree
9
Z zed, zee /zd/, /zi/ (a doua variant doar n engleza american)
zero~zero
English
Iniial din alfabetul limbii engleze mai fceau parte i o serie de
caractere care n prezent nu se mai folosesc, precum:
(numit thorn) i (wynn) proveneau din scrierea runic;
(eth) era o variant a literei latine d;
(yogh) era derivat din g;
ligaturile w i (ash) aprute prin unirea perechilor vv i respectiv
ae.1(wikipedia)
Initially from English alphabet were also a number of characters that
currently are no longer used, such as:
(called thorn) and (Wynn) came from runic writing;
(eth) was a Latin version of the letter d;
(yogh) was derived from g;
w and (ash) ligatures, occurred by joining pairs ae vv respectively
ae.1
In examples, words start with the letter, which should not be
confounded with that sound.
Practice saying and then writing your own name on letters (the
letters name!)
n exemple, cuvintele ncep cu litera dat, ceea ce nu se confund cu
sunetul respectiv.
Exersai spunndu-v i apoi scriind propriul nume pe litere
(numele literelor!)
Eg.: Maria-Rocselana Glcescu
10
[em] [ei][ar][ai][ei] [ar][ou][si:][es][i:][el][ei][en][ei]
[di:][ai][el][si:][i:][es][si:][ju:] (ntruct n alfabetul limbii engleze nu exist
literele , , , , , ele vor fi nlocuite cu a, i, a, s,t - pentru pronunarea
numelor literelor i nu citirea lor n anumite combinaii!).
The letters for the 42 Sounds of English
Literele corespunztoare celor 42 de sunete ale limbii engleze
a ......... ant, sand, caravan
ai ........ aim, aid, drain (a lung)
b ......... bat, bend, crab
c ......... cat, cot, duck
d ......... dog, dip, sudden
e ......... egg, end, shed
ee......... eel, creep, need (e lung)
f........ ..fog, lift, fluff
g......... goat, gap, digger
h ......... hop, hit, hill
i.......... ink, indian, this, thing
ie.........pie, tie, die (i lung)
j ......... jelly, jet, jumper
k ........ king, kind, kettle
l .......... leg, lost, shell
m......... man, mill, shrimp
n ..........nut, nip, spin
o .......... orange, on, octopus
oa ........ oak, oats, boat (o lung)
11
p .......... pig, pet, step
q.......... queen, quick, quiet
r........... run, rabbit, ring
s .......... sand, sun, twins
t .......... top, tug, mat
u ... ...... up, under, put
ue......... due, Tuesday, cue (u lung)
v ......... ..van, vet, give
w........... wind, went, want
x............x-ray, ox, flex
y ............ yell, yes, yellow
z .. ....... ..zoo, zebra , zero
sh. ....... ..ship, shop, wish
ch ........ ..chop, chick, much
th ......... ..this, the, with
th ........... thumb, thorn, thirteen (spus z cu limba ntre dini ca pentru d)
ng.... .... .. song, bang, string
oo....... .....look, room, foot (o scurt)
oo........... .moon, spoon, shoot ( o lung)
ar.............art, arm, start
er ........... kerb, stern, sister
or .......... .order, corn, storm
oi ............oil, ointment, spoil
ou ........ ...out, cloud, found
12
Vowels/Vocale
Sunet Pronunie Exemple
a: a lung (cnd este urmat
de dou consoane
diferite sau cnd face
parte din grupul ar)
calm [ka:m]~calm
dart [da:rt]~sgeat
a scurt sun [sn]~soare
dove [dv]~porumbel
ea ~un sunet ntre e i a,
cu gura deschis pentru
a rosti a,dar se rostete e.
dad [dd]~ttic
camera[ km r ]~aparat
fofo
battle [ btl]~btlie
canvas [ knv s]~pnz
: lung bird [b :rd]~pasre
fir [f :r]~brad
aproximativ ca din
limba romn
robber [ rb r]~ho
human [ hium n]~omenesc
again [ gen]~iari
i: i lung bee [bi:]~albin
tea [ti:]~ceai
the [i:]~articol hotrt
(naintea cuvintelor care
ncep cu o vocal)
i i scurt this [is]~acesta
live [liv]~ a tri
riddle [ rid l]~ghicitoare
: o lung, nchis door [d:r]~u
four [f:r]~patru
horse [h:rs]~cal
o scurt, deschis doll [dl]~ppu
colony [ kl ni]~colonie
watch [wt]~ceas
u: u lung room [ru:m]~camer
screw [skru:]~urub
suit [su:t]~costum
u u scurt book [buk]~carte
13
full [ful]~plin
put [put]~a pune
Diphthongs/Diftongi
Are groups of two sounds, consisting of a semivowel and a vowel
pronounced in the same syllable.
Sunt grupuri de dou sunete, formate dintr-o semivocal i o vocal
care se pronun n aceeai silab.
Eg./ Exemple: [ai], [au], [ei], [e], [i], [oi], [ou], [o], [u].
[ai] I ~ eu
- white [wait] ~ alb
- nice [nais] ~ drgu
- buy [bai] ~ a cumpra
[au] mouse [maus] ~ oarece
- town [taun] ~ ora
- now [nau] ~ acum
- bound [baund] ~ a lega
[ei] name [neim] ~ nume
- eight [eit]~opt
- pay [pei]~a plti
- day [dei]~zi
[] fairy[fri]~zn
- aeroplane [ r plane]~aeroplan
- pair [pr]~pereche
[i] near [ni]~aproape
- deer [dir]~cprioar
- dear [dir]~drag/
[i] toy [ti]~jucrie
- noise [niz]~zgomot
14
- choice [tois]~alegere
- boy [bi]~biat
[ou] open [oupn]~deschis
- low [lou]~jos, scund
- post [poust]~pot
- indo [ indou]~fereastr
[u] sure [ur]~sigur
- hour [aur]~or
- poor [pur]~srac, biet
- cruel [krul]~crud, cu cruzime
Triphthongs/Triftongi
Are groups of three sounds, consisting of a vowel and two semivowels
pronounced in the same syllabe.
Sunt grupuri de trei sunete, formate dintr-o vocal i dou semivocale
care se pronun n aceeai silab.
Eg./ Exemple: [ai], [au], [i], [ou], [ei].
[ai] hire [ hair] ~ a angaja, a nchiria
- tired [taid] ~ obosit
- trial [trail] ~ proces
[au] our [aur] ~ al nostru
- do ery [ dauri] ~ zestre
- ro el [ raul] ~ roti
[i] employer [im plir] ~ patron, antreprenor
- royal [ ril] ~ regal, mprtesc
- destroyer [dis trir] ~ distrugtor
[ou]- blo er [ blour] ~ suflant
- lo er [ lour] ~ inferior, a scdea, ntunecare
- slo er [ slour] ~ (mai) lent/
15
[ei] payer [ peir] ~ pltitor
- surveyor [s veir] ~ supraveghetor, controlor
- layer [ leir] ~ strat
Semivowels/Semivocale
[j] which is pronounced in two ways:
[j] which is pronounced like i in Romanian ~ you [ju:]
[d] which is pronounced like ge, gi in Romanian language - Julius [du:
li s]
[j] care se pronun n dou feluri:
[j] care se pronun ca i din limba romn ~ you [ju:] ~ tu
[d] care se pronun ca ge, gi din limba romn ulius [ du lis]
[w] which is pronounced like u in Romanian language:
window [windou] ~ fereastr
one [ n] ~ unu
[w] care se pronun ca u din limba romn:
window [ indou] ~ fereastr
one [wn] ~ unu
Consonants/Consoane
Sound consonants: b, d, v, g, z, , d, r, l, m, n,
Consoane sonore: b, d, v, g, z, , d, r, l, m, n,
b - book [buk] ~ carte
d - dog [dg] ~ cine
v - volume [ vlju:m] ~ volum
g - good [gud] ~ bun, bine, mrfuri
z - zebra [ zi:br ] ~ zebr
- revision [r vi n] ~ recapitulare
d - jam [dm] ~ gem
r - ring [ri] ~ inel
l - love [lv] ~ iubire
16
m - man [mn] ~ brbat
n - name [neim] ~ nume
- sing [si] ~ (a) cnta
Voiceless consonant: p, t, f, k, s, , t, , h,
Consoane surde: p, t, f, k, s, , t, , h,
p - open [ oup n] ~ deschis
t - time [taim] ~ timp
f - flower [ flau r] ~ floare
k - king [ki] ~ rege
s - son [sn] ~ fiu
- she [i:] ~ ea
t - chalk [t:k] ~ bucat
- thin [in] ~ subire
h - house [ haus] ~ cas
- father [ fa: r] ~ tat
Exercises/Exerciii:
I. Give examples of five words that will include appropriate vocal signs
of following graphs:
Dai exemple de cinci cuvinte n care s se regseasc vocalele
corespunztoare urmtoarelor semne grafice:
a: .........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
: ..........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
i: ..........................................................................................................
i ............................................................................................................
: ..........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
u: ..........................................................................................................
u ...........................................................................................................
II. Give examples of five words for each one of the following diphthongs:
[ai], [au], [ei], [e], [i], [oi], [ou], [o], [u].
17
Dai exemple de cte cinci cuvinte pentru fiecare dintre urmtorii diftongi:
[ai], [au], [ei], [e], [i], [oi], [ou], [o], [u].
III. Give examples of five words for each of the following triphthongs:
[ai], [au], [i], [ou], [ei].
Dai exemple de cte cinci cuvinte pentru fiecare dintre urmtorii
triftongi: [ai], [au], [i], [ou], [ei].
IV.Give examples of five words that will include the following
consonants: b, d, v, g, z, , d, r, l, m, n, , p, t, f, k, s, , t, , h, .
Dai exemple de cinci cuvinte n care s se regseasc urmtoarele
consoane: b, d, v, g, z, , d, r, l, m, n, , p, t, f, k, s, , t, , h, .
V. Phonetically transcribe the following words:
Transcrie fonetic urmtoarele cuvinte:
ask [ ]
dark [ ]
but [ ]
manner [ ]
pen [ ]
bear [ ]
tree [ ]
bring [ ]
fog [ ]
walk [ ]
look [ ]
blue [ ]
father [ ]
learn [ ]
give [ ]
judge [ ]
chimney [ ]
shirt [ ]
usual [ ]
hang [ ]
unity [ ]
wet [ ]
mister [ ]
18
CAPITOLUL II
THE NOUN
SUBSTANTIVUL
The noun is the part of speech that names objects, beings, actions,
qualities, states, relationships etc., which is declined.
Substantivul este partea de vorbire care denumete obiecte, fiine,
aciuni, nsuiri, stri, relaii etc., care se declin.
PROPER NOUNS AND COMMON NOUNS
SUBSTANTIVE PROPRII I SUBSTANTIVE COMUNE
PROPER NOUNS/ Substantive proprii :
names of individuals /nume de persoane: April (prenume); Jefferson
(nume de familie)
titles/titluri: Mr. Jones, Mrs.Jefferson, Colonel Roger, King Henry
VIII
geographical names/ nume geografice: Great Britain, Europe, Africa,
America, Asia, the Carpathians, The Black Sea
celestial bodies, planets, galaxies/ corpuri cereti, planete, galaxii: the
Sun, the Moon, the Earth, Mars, the Milky Way
names of nations and continents inhabitants /nume de naiuni i de
locuitori ai continentelor: the Romanians, the English, the French, the
Germans, the Italians, the Chinese, the Europeans
historical events /evenimente istorice: the Civil War, the War of
Independence
names of institutions, the titles of books, newspapers name /nume de
instituii, titlurile crilor, numele ziarelor: Titu Maiorescu
University, Spiru Haret National College, One Hundred Years of
Solitude, The Guardian
days, months, holidays/ zile, luni, srbtori: Sunday, February,
Christmas
19
COMMON NOUNS/Substantive comune:
human beings/fiine omeneti: man, woman, boy, girl
fauna species and flora/ faun i flor: dog, cat, lion, nightingale,
swan, fish, deer, fox, rabbit, koala, peony, pansy
goods/ lucruri: house, table, chair, picture, book, pencil, desk
names of materials and substances/ nume de materii i substane: iron,
coal, salt, pepper, bread, butter, sugar, soap
actions/aciuni: action, going, learning, playing, reading, singing,
teach
characteristics/ nsuiri: ability, beauty, bravery, cowardice,
foolishness
feelings/sentimente: love, hatred, courage, fear, anxiety
relationships/relaii: brotherhood, betrayal, care, friendship, heatred,
fellowship
CONCRETE NOUNS AND ABSTRACT NOUNS
SUBSTANTIVE CONCRETE I SUBSTANTIVE ABSTRACTE
Concrete nouns are/substantivele concrete sunt: brother, doctor, dog, cat,
grass, tree, window, door, rain.
Abstract nouns/substantive abstracte: work, rest, love, comfort, illness.
SIMPLE NOUNS AND COMPOUND NOUNS
SUBSTANTIVE SIMPLE I SUBSTANTIVE COMPUSE
Simple nouns are/substantivele simple sunt: man, lad, maid, pupil, bear,
goat, sparrow, apple, bush, milk, juice, pen, ink, bag.
Compound nouns are formed from two or more words. It can range in a
single word, hyphenated or separately.
20
Substantivele compuse sunt formate din dou sau mai multe cuvinte. Se
pot scrie ntr-un singur cuvnt, legate prin cratim sau separat.
Noun + noun /Substantiv + substantiv: postman, milkmaid,
countrywoman
Adjective + noun/ Adjectiv + substantiv: blackberry, Red Cross,
sweetheart, gentleman
Verb + noun/Verb + substantiv: breakfast, cut-throat, pickpocket,
scarecrow
Verb + adverb /Verb + adverb: drawback, fly-over, make up, take off
Adverb + verb/ Adverb + verb: welcome, welfare
Noun + preposition + noun/ Substantiv + prepozitie + substantiv:
editor-in-chief
Pronoun + verb + negation/ Verb + pronume + negaie: forget-me-
not
Gerund + noun/Gerund + substantiv: dining room, driving licence,
parking area
Noun + verb/ Substantiv + verb: chimney-sweep
GENDER OF NOUNS
GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
In English noun has four genders: masculine, feminine, neutral and
common.
n limba engleza substantivul are patru genuri: masculin, feminin,
neutru i comun.
the masculine gender/genul masculin: man, boy, father, uncle,
landlord, bull, stallion
the feminine gender/ genul feminin: woman, girl, mother, aunt,
landlady, cow, mare, hen
neuter gender /genul neutru: book, house, desk, baby, cub, freedom,
beauty
common gender/ genul comun: parent, child, cousin, friend, doctor,
engineer, worker, cook, teacher
21
Distinction between the masculine gender and feminine is made in
many different ways.
Distincia dintre genul masculin i feminin se face n mai multe feluri.
a) The suffixes added to the masculine form:
Prin sufixe adugate la forma de masculin:
-ess: prince princess, sorcerer sorceress, author- authoress, ogre-ogress
alte sufixe:
- ix: director directrix/ directress, prosecutor-prosecutrix
- ine: hero heroine, landgrave- landgravine
-a: czar-czarina, don-donna
-e/-enne: comediant-comedienne
-ette/-use: usher-usherette, chaffeur-chauffeuse
Two nouns form the masculine from their feminine /Dou substantive au
masculinul format de la feminin:
bridegroom bride; widower widow
2. Different words:
Prin cuvinte diferite:
Nouns naming persons /Substantive care denumesc persoane:
bachelor (burlac) spinster (celibatar/fat btrn)
nephew (nepot) niece (nepoat)
uncle (unchi) aunt (mtu)
Nouns naming animals /Substantive care denumesc animale:
cock/rooster (coco) hen (gin)
drake / gander (gscan) goose (gsc)
3. Compound nouns in which the first element indicates gender/Substantive
compuse n care primul element indic genul:
22
Nouns naming persons /Substantive care denumesc persoane:
brother-in-law (cumnat) / sister-in-law (cumnat)
father-in-law (socru) mother-in-law (soacr)
boy friend (prieten/iubit) girl friend (prieten/iubit)
Nouns naming animals /Substantive care denumesc animale:
male camel female camel (n limba romn se ntlnete o singur form,
substantivul fiind epicen-cmil)
he leopard she leopard
dar i: he/ dog wolf (lup) she / bitch wolf (lupoaic)
cock-pigeon (porumbel) hen pigeon (porumbi)
4. Compound nouns provided in the second element indicates genus/
Substantive compuse n care al doilea element indic genul:
chairman (preedinte) chairwoman (preedint)
milkman (lptar) milkmaid (lptreas)
policeman (poliist) policewoman (poliist)
Englishman (englez) Englishwoman (englezoaic)
Examples of nouns that belong to common gender/Exemple de
substantive care aparin genului comun: adult (adult), artist (artist), child
(copil), doctor (doctor).
Example of nouns that belong to neuter gender/ Exemplu de
substantive care aparin genului neutru: bottle (sticl/flacon), desk
(banc/pupitru/birou), knife (cuit), picture
(imagine/fotografie/tablou/poz/film), window (fereastr), book (carte),
baby (copil/prunc).
NUMBER OF NOUNS
23
NUMRUL SUBSTANTIVULUI
THE SINGULAR AND PLURAL OF COUNTABLE NOUNS
FORMELE DE SINGULAR I DE PLURAL ALE SUBSTANTIVELOR
NUMRABILE
Many nouns have different singular and plural forms, they are called
the countable nouns and form the plural by adding the ending -s or -es.
Multe substantive au forme diferite la singular i plural, ele numindu-
se substantive numrabile i formeaz pluralul prin adugarea terminaiei -
s sau -es.
Nouns ending in voiceless consonant, such as [k]; [f]; [p]; [t]; [],
add to plural -s which is pronounced [s]: book books, cap caps ,
carrot, carrots.
Substantivele terminate n consoane surde, precum: [k]; [f]; [p];
[t];[], la plural adaug -s care se pronun [s]:
book books; ,
cap caps;
carrot- carrots.
Nouns ending in consonants sound like: [b]; [d]; [g]; [l]; [m]; [n]; []; [r];
[v] and [] and vowels, added to the plural -s which is pronounced [z]:
pub pubs
bed beds
frog frogs
girl- girls
room rooms
Substantivele terminate n consoane sonore, precum: [b]; [d]; [g]; [l];
[m];[n];[]; [r]; [v] i [] i n vocale adaug la plural -s care se
pronun [z]:
pub pubs/crcium, bar - baruri
bed beds/pat-paturi
frog frogs/broasc broate
girl- girls/fat fete
room rooms/camer camere
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Nouns ending in -ch, -sh, -ss and -x add on plural -es which is
pronounced [iz]: branch branches
lunch lunches
watch watches
bush bushes
business businesses
apex apices
Substantivele terminate n -ch, -sh, -ss i -x adaug -es care se
pronun [iz]:
branch branches/ramur ramuri
lunch lunches/prnz prnzuri
watch watches/ceas ceasuri
bush bushes/ tufi - tufiuri
business busunesses/afacere afaceri
apex apices/vrf vrfuri
Nouns ending in -y form the plural in two ways.
When -y is preceded by a vowel add -s to the singular form:
donkey donkeys
key keys
boy boys
toy toys
Substantivele terminate n -y formeaz pluralul n dou feluri.
- Cnd -y este precedat de o vocal se adaug - s la forma de singular:
donkey donkeys/mgar mgari
key keys/cheie chei
boy boys/biat biei
toy toys/jucrie jucrii
- When -y is preceded by a consonant, y becomes i and add -es:
country-countries
enemy-enemies
but: baby babies
lady ladies
fly flies
- Cnd -y este precedat de o consoan, y se transform n i i se
adaug -es:
country-countries/ar - ri
enemy-enemies/duman dumani
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dar: baby babies/copil, bebe copii
lady ladies/doamn doamne
fly flies/musc mute
- When -qu- form a consonant group as examples: colloquy, Soliloquy,
the plural will be: colloquies, respectively soliloquies.
- Cnd qu- formeaz un grup consonantic ca n exemplele: colloquy,
soliloquy, pluralul va fi: colloquies, respectiv soliloquies.
Some nouns ending in -f and -fe turning them into the plural form -
ves:
calf calves
half halves
leaf leaves
loaf loaves
thief thieves
wolf wolves
knife knives
life lives
wife wives
Unele substantive terminate n f i fe formeaz pluralul
transformndu-le n -ves:
calf calves/ viel-viei;
half halves/ jumtate-jumti;
leaf leaves/ frunz-frunze;
loaf loaves/ felie felii;
thief thieves/ ho-hoi;
wolf wolves/ lup-lupi;
knife knives/ cuit-cuite;
life lives/ via-viei;
wife wives/ soie-soii
There are nouns ending in -f or -fe which form the plural by adding
the ending -s:
chief chiefs
cliff cliffs
cuff cuffs
Exist i substantive terminate n -f sau -fe care formeaz pluralul
prin adugarea terminaiei s:
26
chef chefs/ buctar-ef - buctari-efi
cliff cliffs/ stnc-stnci
cuff cuffs/ manet-manete
Nouns ending in -o form the plural in two ways:
Nouns adding to plural -s (pronounced [z]):
When final o is preceded by a vowel:
cameo cameos
kangaroo kangaroos
Nouns of foreign origin:
alto altos
banjo banjos
canto cantos
Substantivele terminate n -o formeaz pluralul n dou feluri:
Substantivele care primesc la plural -s (pronunat [z]):
Cnd o final este precedat de o vocal:
cameo cameos/ camee;
kangaroo kangaroos/ cangur-canguri
Substantive de origine strin:
alto altos/voce, instrument voci, instrumente
banjo banjos/banjo banjouri (instrument muzical)
canto cantos/cnt cnturi
Nouns which add-es (pronounced [z]) to form plural are those
whose o final is preceded by a consonant:
cargo cargoes
hero heroes
negro negroes
Substantivele care primesc la plural -es (pronunat [z]) sunt cele
al cror -o final este precedat de o consoan:
cargo cargoes/ marf-mrfuri; ncrctur-ncrcturi
hero heroes/ erou-eroi
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negro negroes/ negru-negri
There are nouns of foreign origin that form the plural in both ways:
calico calicos (USA)/calicoes (UK)
flamingo flamingos/flamingoes
getto gettos/gettoes
Exist substantive de origine strin care formeaz pluralul n ambele
feluri:
calico calicos/calicoes/pnz pnze
flamingo flamingos/flamingoes/flamingo flamingi (dar i flamingo)
getto gettos/gettoes/ghetou ghetouri
Nouns ending in -th add -s in the plural, which is pronounced
[s] or [dz], or in both ways:
[s]: birth births / birth-birth
breath breaths
death deaths
[dz]: bath baths
mouth mouths
path paths
Substantivele care se termin n -th adaug -s la plural, care se
pronun [s] sau [z], sau n ambele feluri:
[s]: birth births /natere-nateri;
breath breaths/ respiraie-respiraii;
death deaths/moarte-decese;
[z]: bath baths/ baie-bi;
mouth mouths/ gur-guri;
path paths/cale-ci
Irregular simple nouns form the plural by changing the vowel or keep
the same form (some nouns have the same form for both singular and plural
meanings. Other words change form completely):
Nouns:
man men
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woman women
foot feet
goose geese
tooth teeth
louse lice
mouse mice
Substantive neregulate simple care formeaz pluralul prin schimbarea
vocalei sau pstreaz aceeai form:
Substantivele:
man men/ brbat brbai;
woman women/ femeie-femei;
foot feet/ picior-picioare;
goose geese/gsc-gte;
tooth teeth/ dinte-dini;
louse lice/ pduche-pduchi;
mouse mice/ oarece-oareci
Nouns: child children and ox oxen form the plural the by adding
-en.
Substantivele: child children/ copil-copii i ox oxen/ bou-boi
formeaz pluralul adugnd en.
There are names that belong to the animal kingdom which have the
same form in singular and plural:
- animals names: bison, deer, grouse, moose, reindeer, sheep, fish
- nouns as herring and sardines, crab and lobster, or dolphin, shark and
whale can be used in the plural.
Exist nume care aparin regnului animal care au aceeai form la
singular i la plural:
- nume de animale: bison (bizon/i), deer (cerb/i-cprioar//e), grouse
(coco/i de munte), moose (elan/i), reindeer (ren/i), sheep (oaie/oi), fish
(pete/peti)
- substantive ca herring i sardine, crab i lobster, sau dolphin, shark i
whale pot fi folosite la plural.
The plural of nouns derived from Latin and Greek
Pluralul substantivelor provenite din latin i greac
29
Most of nouns derived from Latin and Greek retain their original form.
Majoritatea substantivelor care provin din latin i greac i pstreaz
forma originar.
a) Nouns derived from Latin/ Substantivele provenite din latin
Nouns ending in -a on singular, add -ae on plural, which is pronounced
[i:]:
algae - algae;
make - form from (and formulas);
larvae - larvae;
vertebra - vertebrae
Substantivele care se termin n -a la singular primesc -ae la
plural, care se pronun [i:]:
alga algae;
formula formulae (dar i formulas);
larva larvae;
vertebra vertebrae
Nouns ending in -us in the singular, change -us in -ion plural:
cactus - cacti;
focus -foci;
fungus - fungi;
genius genii (and geniuses);
hippopotamus- hippopotami;
Substantivele terminate n -us la singular, schimb -us n -i la
plural:
cactus cacti;
focus foci;
fungus fungi;
genius genii (dar i geniuses);
hippopotamus- hippopotami;
Nouns ending in -us add -es on plural:
bonus - bonuses;
30
callus - calluses;
chorus - choruses
Substantive terminate n -us adaug -es la plural:
bonus bonuses;
callus calluses;
chorus choruses
Nouns ending in -um in the singular add -s to plural:
geranium - geraniums
gymnasium - gymnasiums
Substantivele terminate n -um la singular adaug -s la plural:
geranium geraniums (mucat-mucate);
gymnasium gymnasiums (gimnaziu gimnazii)
Nouns ending in -x in the singular transforms -x in -ces to plural:
appendix - appendices
helix - helices
index - indices
Substantivele terminate n -x la singular transform -x n -ces la
plural:
appendix appendices (anex/apendice- anexe);
helix helices (spiral, elice-spirale, elice);
index indices (index-indexuri)
b)Nouns derived from the Greek /Substantive provenite din limba
greac
Nouns ending in -is the single transform -is in -es to plural:
analysis - analyses;
axis - axes;
basis - bases
Substantivele terminate n is la singular transform -is n -es
la plural:
analysis analyses (analiz-analize);
axis axes (ax-axe);
basis bases (baz-baze)
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Nouns ending in -on to the singular change -on in -a to plural:
automaton - automatic;
criterion - criteria;
phenomenon - phenomena
Substantivele terminate n -on la singular schimb -on n -a la
plural:
automaton automata (automat/robot-automate/roboi);
criterion criteria (criteriu-criterii);
phenomenon phenomena (fenomen-fenomene)
The plural of compound nouns /Pluralul substantivelor compuse
Examples of compound nouns written in one word, separated by a hyphen
or written separately, forming the plural by adding - (e)s in the second / the
last element.
Exemple de substantive compuse scrise ntr-un singur cuvnt, desprite
prin cratim sau scrise separat, care formeaz pluralul adugnd -(e)s la al
doilea / ultimul element:
Noun + noun/Substantiv + substantiv:
armchair armchairs;
boy band boy bands;
coffee grinder coffee grinders;
fellow worker fellow workers;
footnote-footnotes;
Noun + suffix-ful/Substantiv + sufixul ful:
armful armfuls;
handful handfuls
Adjective + noun/Adjectiv + substantiv:
blackbird blackbirds;
blind spot blind spots;
32
white knight white knights;
Gerund + noun/Gerund + substantiv:
advertising agency advertising agencies;
listening device listening devices;
parking ticket parking tickets
Verb + noun/Verb + substantiv:
cutthroat cutthroats/asasin asasini
pickpocket pickpockets/ho de buzunare, punga - hoi de buzunare,
pungai
Verb + adverb/Verb + adverb:
grown-up grown-ups;
layout layouts;
make-up make-ups
Compound Nouns consist of three words/Substantive compuse formate
din trei cuvinte:
forget-me-not - forget-me-nots;
four-by-four - four-by-fours;
four-in-hand - four-in-hands;
Examples of cmpound nouns, separated by a hyphen or written
separately, adds the plural sign to the first item.
Exemple de substantive compuse, desprite prin cratim sau scrise
separat, care adaug semnul pluralului la primul element:
dropper-in droppers-in;
hanger-on hangers-on;
passer-by passers-by
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NOUNS USED IN THE SINGULAR ONLY
SUBSTANTIVE FOLOSITE NUMAI LA SINGULAR
Name of materials and substances /Nume de materii i substane
bread pine; butter unt; cheese brnz; coffee cafea; chocolate
ciocolat; soap spun; juice suc; tea ceai; milk lapte
Ele se numr astfel: a loaf of bread two loaves of bread/o felie de pine-
dou felii de pine
a packet of butter two packets of butter/ un pachet de unt dou pachete
de unt
Abstract nouns /Substantive abstracte: beauty frumusee; equality
egalitate; longevity longevitate; poverty srcie; acceptance
aprobare; pride mndrie; wealth bogie; optimism optimism;
pessimism pesimism; romanticism romantism; brotherhood frie
Games/ Jocuri:
basketball baschet;
bridge bridge;
cricket crichet;
football fotbal;
golf golf;
handball handbal;
soccer fotbal (USA)
Disorders and diseases/Afeciuni i boli:
appendicitis apendicit;
cancer cancer; gout gut;
scarlet fever febr scarlatin;
tuberculosis tuberculoz
34
Unique nouns /Substantivele unice, precedate de articolul hotrt: the
Sun Soarele; the Earth Pmntul
Nouns/Substantivele: advice- sfat; furniture mobil; information
informaie; knowledge cunotine/noiuni; luggage bagaj; news - tiri;
business afacere; income venit; homework tem; intelligence
informaie/spion; nonsense nonsens; produce produs/marf; progress
evoluie; remorse remucare; strength putere (n limba romn, aceste
substantive au forme diferite pentru singular i plural, n timp ce n limba
englez au numai form de singular).
NOUNS USED IN THE PLURAL ONLY
(PLURALIA TANTUM)
SUBSTANTIVE FOLOSITE NUMAI LA PLURAL
Articles of clothing in two parts/Obiecte de mbrcminte formate
din dou pri: braces bretele; jeans pantaloni de bugi, salopet;
pyjamas pijamale; pants pantaloni (USA); rubbers cauciucuri; shorts
pantaloni scuri; tails fracuri; tights colani; trousers pantaloni;
Instruments composed of two parts/ Instrumente formate din dou
pri: compasses compas; fetters ctue; scales balan; scissors
foarfec; glasses/spectacles ochelari; tongs clete
Parts of the body /Pri ale corpului: brain creier; intestines
intestine; loins spate, ale; thews muchi; whiskers favorii/musti de
pisic
Names of sciences/Nume de tiine: aesthetics estetic; cybernetics
cibernetic; dynamics dinamic; economics economie; phonetics
fonetic; physics fizic; politics - tiine politice
Names of game/Nume de jocuri: billiards biliard; cards joc de
cri; bowls bauling; dominoes domino; draughts joc de dame; marbles
bile
Geographic names /Denumiri geografice: the Alps Alpi; the
Carpathians Carpai; the Highlands
35
Names of nationalities taken as a whole /Nume de naionaliti, luate
ca ntreg: the Dutch danezi; the English englezi; the French francezi
Surnames taken as a whole/Nume de familie, luate ca ntreg: the Craig cei
din familia Craig; the Poters cei din familia Poters; the Smiths cei din
familia Smiths.
Exercises/Exerciii
I. Make up sentences according to the model, choosing the appropriate
noun in column two:
Scriei propoziii dup exemplul dat, alegnd substantivul propriu
potrivit din coloana a doua:
The language spoken by the people of Greece is Greek.
Italy Romanian
Germany Arabic
China French
France Dutch
Arabia Spanish
England German
Holland Chinese
Spain English
Sweden Italian
Romania Japanese
Portugal Swedish
Denmark Russian
Turkey Portuguese
Russia Danish
Japan Turkish
II. Write the plural of the following nouns:
Scriei pluralul urmtoarelor substantive:
room hen pet
dog letter eye
day enemy guy
echo hero fife
36
gulf proof knife
shelf wife elf
loaf wolf cloth
birth mouth oath
truth child goose
louce ox man
CAPITOLUL III
THE ARTICLE
ARTICOLUL
Is an inflexible part of speech (unlike Romanian) that accompanies a
noun, indicating that the object named by the speaker is known.
37
Este o parte de vorbire neflexibil (spre deosebire de limba romn)
care nsoete un substantiv, artnd msura n care obiectul denumit este
cunoscut de vorbitor.
English grammars are three types of articles: the definite article,
indefinite article and zero article.
Gramaticile limbii engleze prezint trei tipuri de articole: articolul
hotrt, articolul nehotrt i articolul zero.
The Definit Article/Articolul hotrt
Preced substantive numrabile i nenumrabile. Are o singur form
pentru toate genurile, pentru singular i plural: the.
Eg./Ex.: the laptop the laptops (laptopul-laptopurile);
the girl the girls (fata-fetele).
n limba romn se traduce prin -l, -i, -a i poart numele de articlol
hotrt enclitic, aflat, spre deosebire de limba englez, la sfritul cuvntului
(ex. : copilul, elevii, fata).
Form
Form
Pronunciation
Pronunie
Examples
Exemple
The []-(d)z, cu limba
ntre dini
the dress- rochia
the student- studentul
the storm- furtuna
the sun- soarele
The [i]- zi (z cu limba ntre
dini)
the egg oul
the armchair-fotoliul
the hour-ora
Articolul hottt este folosit astfel:
1. naintea unui substantiv menionat anterior:
In that room was silence. Everyone in the room listened.
2. naintea substantivelor unice:
The earth is round.
3. naintea unui substantiv care denumete specia:
The monkey believes that it looks like human being.
38
4. naintea unor substantive proprii care denumesc: ri, insule, peninsule,
capuri, ape, muni, puncte cardinale, evenimente istorice, instituii,
publicaii, organizaii:
The United States of America
The Canary Islands
The Cape of Good Hope
The Pacific Ocean
The Danube
The Arabian Sea
The Angel Falls
The Persian Gulf
The Carpathians
The Stone Ages
The Renaissance
The First World War
The British Museum
The Tate Gallery
The Financial Times
The Titanic
The British Council
5. naintea adjectivelor la gradul superlativ sau a numeralelor ordinale:
Which is the deepest sea in the world?
The first book I read it was the Holy Bible.
6. naintea adjectivelor pe care le substantivizeaz:
the rich bogaii
the beautiful frumosul
the deaf - surzii
7. Cnd are sens de pronume demonstrativ:
Alexander the Great - Alexandru cel Mare
8. n faa substantivelor precedate de prepoziii sau cele regsite n expresii:
by the way apropo
in the end la sfrit
39
to break the ice a sparge gheaa
against the law - mpotriva legii
on the one hand pe de o parte
to tell the truth a spune adevrul
in the afternoon dup-amiaza
The Indefinite Article/ Articolul nehotrt
Are n limba englez dou forme: a i an. Ca i articolul hotrt, nu
face distincie de gen i st n faa cuvntului determinat.
Form
Form
Pronunciation
Pronunie
Examples
Exemple
a - se utilizeaz
naintea
cuvintelor care
ncep cu o
consoan sau o
semivocal
[] form neaccentuat
[ei] form accentuat
a picture - un tablou
a boy un biat
a window o
fereastr
a university o
universitate
an - se utilizeaz
naintea
cuvintelor care
ncep cu o vocal
[n] form neaccentuat
[n] - form accentuat
an eye un ochi
an hour o or
an elephant un
elefant
an agreement- o
nelegere/un acord
Articolul nehotrt poate fi utilizat n expresii:
to make a fortune - a face (o) avere
to put an end to a pune capt la
to have a good time a se simi bine/a petrece bine
a lot of o mulime de
as a rule ca regul
40
to be in a hurry - a fi grbit
to take a rest a se odihni
to keep a secret - a ine un secret
to have a drink a bea o butur
a couple doi
a dozen o duzin/doisprezece
a score douzeci
all of a sudden brusc
on an average n medie
Zero Article/ Articolul zero
Indic absena articolelor hotrt sau nehotrt. Se folosete:
- naintea numelor de persoane i a titlurilor academice: Anna, Janne
Year, Dr. Raed Arafat, Professor Juliet Hopkins.
- naintea denumirilor anotimpurilor: Winter is cold.
- naintea substantivelor ce denumesc ntreaga clas: Students, dogs,
words etc.
- naintea substantivelor nenumrabile, luate ca tot: sugar, flour etc.
- naintea substantivelor abstarcte: knowledge, wisdom, freedom, justice,
poverty, life.
n expresii:
face to face fa n fa
in trouble n necaz
for fun pentru distracie
at noon la amiaz
at dawn n zori
hand in hand mn n mn
41
for love din dragoste
on credit pe credit
Exercises/Exerciii:
I. Fill in the spaces with the definite and indefinite articles a or an in the
blanks whenever necessary:
Completeaz spaiile folosind articolele hotrt i nehotrt unde este cazul:
Here is...(1)very subtle difference between ...(2) judge and ...(3) jury: ...(4)
judge deals with questions of law, while... (5) jury deals with questions of
fact. ...(6) difference between...(7) questions of law and the questions of fact
is also...(8) very subtle one. ...(9) example of ...(10) question of fact is...(11)
issue whether...(12) defendent was at...(13) particular place at...(14)
particular time. This issue is called by lawyers...(15) question of primary
fact. On...(16) other hand, in...(17) criminal trial, where...(18) intention is
relevant, ...(19) question of fact will require...(20) evaluation of all...(21)
surrounding circumstances in coming to...(22) conclusion about...(23)
deferdants state of mind. For example, in...(24) shop lifting (...25 offence
of theft), if...(26) defendant was in...(27) state of confusion resulted
from...(28) side effects of medication and he had no intention to steal
goods,...(29) jury would be called upon to elucidate these facts. This is no
longer conclusive in...(30) complex cases of fraud or deception, where these
issues are more important than ...(31) primary facts. Moreover,...(32) judge
will have to deal with ...(33) question of law when defining...(34) constituent
elements of the offence of theft. (The role of Judge and Jury, Curs de
limba englez pentru studenii facultilor cu profil juridic, Molnar Oprea,
N., Mateescu, M., C., Suciu, C.)
II. Fill in the blanks the appropriate article whenever necessary:
1. I take seriously... freedom and... justice even more.
2. At the zoo we saw ...hippo and ....monkey. ...monkey mock and...
hippo wallow.
3. Moira read ....report and was conscious that she is.... in trouble.
4. Lovers walked ....hand in hand.
5. ...students can not find ....words to examinations.
6. ...teacher corrects carefully ...tests.
42
7. ... shoemaker and ...baker happily headed to London.
8. I saw on ...night sky ...Ursa Major.
9. ...Spring is ... season of falling in love.
10. ... window opens up when... door slams down.
CAPITOLUL IV
THE ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVUL
Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care descrie sau determin un
substantiv: big-mare; red-rou; generous-generos (sau echivalentul acestuia).
n limba englez, cea mai mare parte a adjectivelor preced substantivele pe
care le descriu sau le determin: beautiful girl, unfriendly man, dar exist i
situaii n care adjectivele urmeaz substantivele (sau pronumele): court
martial, knight errant, sau cnd sunt folosite cu valoare stilistic.
ntrebrile la care rspund adjectivele, sunt: what is like? (cum este?),
which? (care?), of what sort? (de care fel?) etc.
Sintactic, adjectivele pot fi atribute sau nume predicative.
Clasificarea adjectivelor
Adjectivele pot fi clasificate dup: form, coninut i regim gramatical.
Clasificarea adjectivelor dup form
Simple Adjectives/Adjective simple Compound Adjectives/Adjective
compuse
Sunt acele adjective care nu mai pot
fi descompuse n alte elemente
independente
Sunt acele adjective formate din
dou sau mai multe cuvinte (diferite
pri de vorbire) cu un neles unitar
Ex.: good-bun/frumos
clever-detept
wise-nelept
wonderful-minunat
stupid-prost
Ex.: bright red-rou deschis
braveheart-viteaz/curajos
waterproof-
impermeabil/hidrofug
breakneck-ameitor/periculos
43
life-size~n mrime natural
Formarea adjectivelor compuse
Compunerea este un mijloc de mbogire a vocabularului, realizndu-
se astfel nenumrate combinaii.
Adjectivele compuse sunt adjective relative prin definiie. Exemple de
adjective provenite din diverse pri de vorbire:
Substantiv+adjectiv: snow-white~alb ca zpada
manlike~brbtesc
Substantiv+participiu prezent: heart-breaking~dureros, sfietor
long-lasting~de durat
Substantiv+participiu trecut: ball-shaped~sferic
home-made~de artizanat/fcut n cas
Adjectiv+adjectiv: dark-red~rou nchis
light-green~verde deschis
Adjectiv+substantiv: short-term~pe termen scurt
long-distance~ndeprtat
Adjectiv +participiu prezent: ever-living~nemuritor
fast-moving~rapid, grbit
Adjectiv +participiu trecut: dark-coloured~nchis la culoare/de culoare
nchis
short-spoken~concis
Adverb+djectiv: all-powerful~atotputernic
outrageous~revolttor, ofensator
Adverb+substantiv: downhill~n pant
above-class~desupra claselor,clas superioar
Adverb+ participiu prezent: upstanding~n picioare,drept, vertical
well-deserving ~binemeritat
Adverb+ participiu trecut: well-done ~bine fcut, foate bine!
above mentioned~mai sus amintit/menionat
Adjectiv + substantiv+ed: long-armed~cu mini lungi
green-shirted~cu cma verde
Numeral+ substantiv+ed: one-storied~cu un singur etaj
two-handled~cu dou mnere
44
three-cornered~triunghiular
four-leafed~cu patru foi
Derivarea
Este un procedeu de mbogire a vocabularului realizat prin adugarea
de prefixe sau sufixe. n unele cazuri se va schimba ultima silab dinaintea
sufixului.
Adjective derivate prin prefixare:
a-: alike~aidoma; alive~viu
ab-: abnormal~anormal
ante-: antecedent~precedent
anti-: antipathetic~antipatic
bi-: biannual~bianual
circum-: circumspect~ circumspect
contra-: contradictory~contradictoriu
counter-: counterfeit~contrafcut
de-: deceivable~neltor
dis-: disagreable~dezagreabil
e-: egregious~remarcabil
ex-: exhausting~extenuant
extra-: extraordinary~nemaipomenit
in-: inactive~inactiv
im-: impartible~indivizibil
ir-: irresponsible~iresponsabil
il-: illegitimate~nelegitin
inter-: international~internaional
mis-: misunderstood~greit neles
non-: non-returnable ~nereturnabil
ob-: obnoxious~antipatic
op-: oppresive~apstor
out-: outdoor~exterior
over-: oversensitive~ supersensibil
per-: perceivable~perceptibil
pel-: pellucid~transparent
pre-: preceding~precedent, premergtor
pro-: prospective~posibil
poly-: polymorphous~polimorf
re-: recurrent~recurent, periodic
45
retro-: retrospective~retroactiv, retrospectiv
sub-: subcarpathic~subcarpatic
suc-: succinct~succint
super-: superhuman~supraomenesc, suprauman
sur-: surrounding~nconjurtor
trans-: transgenic~ transgenic/e
ultra-: ultraviolet~ ultraviolet
under-: underestimated~subestimat
un-: unnecessary~inutil, superfluu
up-: upstanding~drept, cu inut
Adjective derivate din substantive sau adjective prin sufixare:
-able: confortable~confortabil
-ible: responsible~responsabil
-al: immortal~nemuritor
-an: Romanian~romn
-ian: Presbyterian~prezbiterian
-ant: defiant~sfidtor
-ar: triangular~triunghiular
-arian: sextagenarian~sextagenar
-ate: appropriate~potrivit,adecvat, apropriat
-ed: sugared~ndulcit
-en: golden~de aur, aurit
-ent: innocent~ inocent
-er: upper~superior, de sus
-ful: beautiful~frumos, atrgtor
-ial: judicial~judiciar, judectoresc, principial
-ic: heroic~eroic
-ical: economical~econom, chibzuit, necheltuitor
-ing: astonishing~uimitor, uluitor
-ish: foolish~prostesc
-ive: effective~eficace, efectiv, folositor
-less: toothless~tirb
-like: brotherlike~fresc
-ly: weekly~sptmnal
-ous: glorious~ glorios
-some: handsome~chipe
46
-ward: backward~napoi
-y: visionary~vizionar, imaginar
Conversiunea
Unele adverbe, substantive, precum i participiile trecute i prezente,
descriind un adjectiv pot fi folosite ca adjective.
Adverbe: the above table
the right scale
n cazul substantivelor compuse dintr-un participiu prezent i un
substantiv, participiul are neles adjectival:
a dining room
washing machine
writing paper
Participii trecute cu valoare adjectival:
a limited number
a broken arrow
Numele materiilor folosite cu valoare adjectival:
a wool coat
an ice look
Substantivele care preced alte substantive capt valoare adjectival
i formeaz un adjectiv compus:
business dinner
a memory stick
Clasificarea adjectivelor dup coninut
Modifying Adjectives/Adjective modificatoare
Qualitative / Qualifying Adjectives- Adjective calitative, calificative
-arat nsuirile, calitile substantivelor determinate:
a wise man
a thankful gesture
full moon
- sunt antepuse substantivelor (cu unele excepii):
a warm wind
Tibetan wisdom
-au grade de comparaie
47
Determinative Adjectives/ Adjectivele determinative
Nu schimb nelesul substantivelor determinate dar spre deosebire de
cele din limba romn, nu au categoria gramatical a genului (cu unele
excepii), a numrului (cu unele excepii) sau a cazului (cu excepia
adjectivului interogativ whose?).
The Demonstrative Adjective/Adjectivul demonstrativ
Adjectivele demonstrative sunt antepuse substantivelor determinate.
Ele sunt:
this, that, these, those singurele care se acord dup numr cu substantivele
determinate;
the former-the latter
the other
the same
such
the very
Exemple:
This girl is my best friend.
That dress is horrible.
Those files are unavailable.
We will not have such student.
The Possessive Adjective/Adjectivul posesiv
Adjectivele posesive arat posesia unuia sau mai multor lucruri, stri etc.,
sunt antepuse substantivului pe care l determin; au aceeai form,
indiferent de genul i numrul substantivului determinat; au funcia
sintactic de atribut.
Persoana Genul Numrul
Sg. Pl.
I my-
al meu/a mea
our-
al nostru/a noastr
II your
al tu/ a ta al vostru/
a voastr
III M his - a lui
their - a lor F her - ei
48
N its - lui, ei
Exemple:
My mother is the most beautiful in the world.
Our students believe they will succeed in the exams.
Your book is on the table, theirs is browsable by wind.
His book was open to the page that we had been indicated.
Her glasses were all the rage that summer.
I watched a dog. Its eyes were gentle.
Interrogatives Adjectives/Adjectivele interogative
n limba englez, adjectivele interogative sunt:
what...?; with what...?; by what...? - care? ce? / cu care...? cu ce...?
cu/prin/de care?
which...?; for which...? - care (anume)?; pentru care...?
(for/in) whose...? - (pentru/n) al, a, ai, ale cui?
how much...? ct()...? ci...?
how many...? - ci...? cte...?
Exemple:
What day will tomorrow be?
Which student has learned for today?
Whose house is opposite to the theater?
How much money do you need?
How many men are in the room?
Relatives Adjectives/ Adjectivele relative
n limba englez, adjectivele relative sunt: what, whatever, which,
whichever, whose. Ele determin substantivele i sunt antepuse acestora.
Exemple:
I do not know what life is this.
49
Whatever shoes I diddle, legs still gonna hurt me.
He told me which project is eligible.
Whatever task you give me, I fulfill it.
Ana, whose plans I have shared you, is the hard worker of the company.
Indefinite Adjectives/ Adjectivele nehotrte
n limba englez, adjectivele nehotrte sunt: some, any, each, every,
all, both, either, little, a little, few, a few, one, much, many, several,
other, another, the other, whole, certain.
Ele sunt antepuse substantivele determinate, au aceleai forme, indiferent
de de genul i numrul substantivelor i ndeplinesc funcia sintactic de
atribut.
Exemple:
I have some homework to do.
Any student dreams that he has escaped of exams.
I have no problem.
Each girl dreams of Prince Charming.
Every university is proud of its graduates.
All the dogs are looking for a master.
Both parents take care of his education.
Either song can be sang tonight.
Negative Adjectives/Adjectivele negative
Adjectivele negative au rolul negaei not i a determinantului a(n)
.a.m.d.
Exemple: no, neither.
no entry not an entry/nicio intrare
neither bags-nici una dintre (cele dou) geni.
The comparison of adjectives
Gradele de comparaie ale adjectivelor
Ca i n limba romn, n limba englez adjectivul are trei grade de
comparaie:
Gradul pozitiv-the Positive Degree
50
Gradul comparativ-the Comparative Degree
- comparativ de superioritate-the Comparative of
Superiority
- comparativ de egaliate-the Comparative of Equality
- comparativ de inferioritate -the Comparative of Inferiority
Gradul superlativ- the Superlative Degree
-superlativ absolut- the Absolute Superlative
-superlativ relativ- the Relative Superlative
The Positive Degree-Gradul pozitiv
Arat forma de baz a adjectivului: nice dog, ce nu presupune
vreo comparaie a nsuirii.
Nice and quiet girl sat down near me silently.
The Comparative Degree- Gradul comparativ
Calitatea unui adjectiv superioar, egal sau inferioar fa de un alt
adjectiv indic prezena gradului comparativ.
Comparativul de superioritate se poate forma: sintetic, prin adugarea
sufixului -er adjectivului la gradul pozitiv; sau analitic, folosind adverbul
more n faa adjectivului la gradul pozitiv.
Exemple:
You are stronger than me.
The girl in front of me is more beautiful than next to her.
Comparativ de egaliate se formeaz analitic: as+adjectiv la gradul
pozitiv+as.
My old book is as useful as the new one.
n limba englez se ntlnesc expresii i locuiuni care au n componen
comparativul de egalitate, dar au neles de superlativ (similies) i valoare de
figuri de stil.
as black as coal~negru ca tciunele
as clear as cristal~limpede ca cristalul
as sharp as a thorn~ascuit/neptor ca un ghimpe
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as sweet as honey~dulce ca mierea
as quik as thought~iute ca gndul
as wise as an owel~nelept ca o bufni
as loyal as an apostle~loial/fidel ca un apostol
as hungry as a wolf~flmnd ca un lup
as dry as dust~uscat ca nisipul
as cold as ice~rece ca gheaa
as brave as a lion~curajos ca un leu
as calm as the silent sea~calm ca marea tcut
as soft as silk~moale/fin ca mtasea
Comparativ de inferioritate se formeaz analitic, astfel:
less+adjectiv la gradul pozitiv +than
It is less likely to rain now.
The cake is less sweet than the ice cream.
not as/not so +adjectiv la gradul pozitiv +as
The flowers are not so fragrant in winter as in spring.
The students are not so happy when they start the school as they are when
end it.
The Superlative Degree - Gradul superlativ
Gradul superlativ are dou forme: superlativul relativ i superlativul
absolut. Un adjectiv este la superlativ atunci cnd exprim o nsuire la cel
mai nalt sau cel mai sczut grad.
Superlativul relativ arat gradul cel mai nalt sau pe cel mai sczut al
unei nsuiri, prin comparaie cu alta, pe cnd superlativul absolut exprim
calitatea/nsuirea la cel mai nalt grad, fr a face o comparaie.
52
Superlativul relativ format sintetic:
adjectiv la gradul pozitiv+sufixul est:
the longest street~cea mai lung strad
Superlativul relativ format analitic:
adverbul most+ adjectiv la gradul pozitiv:
the most beautiful girl~cea mai frumoas fat
Superlativul absolut se formeaz cu ajutorul adverbelor:
very~foarte; too~prea; awfully~ngrozitor; terrible~teribil;
utterly~extrem
He was very upset that he failed the exam on Tuesday.
It was terrible to hear that your father died.
Degree of comparison of short adjectives
Gradele de comparaie ale adjectivelor scurte
Comparativul i superlativul sintetic al adjectivelor scurte
adjective monosilabice:
-terminate n consoan precedat de vocal scurt, dubleaz consoana
final:
hot~fierbinte hotter~mai fierbinte the hottest~cel mai fierbinte
-terminate n e, -ee, adaug r lacomparativ i st la superlativ:
large~spaios larger~mai spaios the largest~cel mai spaios
-terminate n y, precedat de consoan, se schimb n i naintea sufixelor
er i -est:
busy~ocupat busier~mai ocupat the busiest~cea mai ocupat
-terminate n y precedat de vocal, adaug sufixele er i est.
sly~viclean slyer~mai viclean slyest~cel mai viclean
adjective bisilabice
-terminate n y, acesta se schimb n i naintea sufixelor er i -est:
happy~fericit happier~mai fericit the happiest~cel mai fericit
-terminate n er i le:
clever~inteligent cleverer~mai inteligent cleverest~cel mai inteligent
humble~umil humbler~mai umil humblest~cel mai umil
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Irregular comparison of adjective
Adjective cu forme de comparaie neregulat
Sunt ntrebuinate din vechime i sunt relativ puine
good~bun better~mai bun the best~cel mai bun
bad~ru worse~mai ru the worst~cel mai ru
much~mult more~mai mult the most~cel mai(majoritatea)
little~puin/mic less~mai puin the least~cel mai puin
few~puini fewer~mai puini the fewest~cel mai puin
old~btrn/vechi older~mai btrn the oldest~cel mai vechi
old~btrn elder~mai mare(vrst) the eldest~cel mai mare
far~departe further~mai departe the furthest~cel mai ndeprtat
late~trziu later~mai trziu the later~cel mai trziu
late~trziu latter~ a doua parte the last~ultimul
Exercises/Exerciii:
I. Completai spaiile libere folosind cuvintele de mai jos:
Fill in the blanks using the words below:
green; quadratic; big; silly; great; spherical; lovely; sweet; dizzy; hasty;
four-leaf; waterproof; slowly; strange; good.
1. The ... street was full of people.
2. ... face of my mother followed me since childhood.
3. Walking ...is specific to the elders. So, hurry up!
4. The ... man was carried by the whole lot until he get....
5. It is ...to succeed on examination, but what do you do when you fail?
6. My watch is ..., so I swam in the sea with it.
7. ...Park encompassed me with all ...sounds and ... smells.
8. The ... traveler has forgotten his book on the train seat.
9. ... clover brings ....luck.
II. Trecei urmtoarele adjective la comparativ i superlativ
Make the comparatives and superlatives of the following adjectives:
good, near, late, ill, heady, little, long, difficult, gray, cruel, big, dear,
ripe, strong, fine, quiet, common, lazy, real, small, happy, foolish,clever,
many, pickly, wealthy, old, narrow.
54
III. Construii enunuri cu urmtoarele comparative
Make sentences using the following comparative:
as sober as a judge
as slippery as an eel
as red as an lobster
as fresh as a daisy
as silent as a grave
as good as gold
as gentle as a lamb
as pale as a ghost
as proud as a peacock
as quiet as a mouse
IV. Dai exemple de cinci propoziii care s conin adjective
interogative.
Give examples of five sentences containing interrogative adjectives.
CAPITOLUL V
THE PRONOUNE
PRONUMELE
It is a flexible part of speech that can be used instead of a noun or a noun
sentences.
55
Este partea de vorbire flexibil ce poate fi folosit n locul unui
substantiv sau al unei propoziii substantivale.
There are eight known types of pronouns./Sunt cunoscute opt tipuri de
pronume:
Pronumele personal-The Personal Pronoun
- posesiv- The Possesive Pronoun
- reflexiv i pronumele de ntrire- The Reflexive and the
Emphatic Pronoun
- demonstartiv- The Demonstrative Pronoun
- interogativ- The Interrogative Pronoun
- relatriv- The Relative Pronoun
- nehotrt- The Indefinite Pronoun
- reciproc- The Reciprocal Pronoun
The Personal Pronoun/Pronumele personal
Se clasific dup gen, numr i caz
No. Pers. N D Ac
Sg. I
a II-a
a III-a masc.
a III-a fem.
a III-a neutru
I
You
He
She
It
(to) me
(to) you
(to) him
(to) her
(to) it
me
you
him
her
it
Pl. I
a II-a
a III-a
We
You
They
(to) us
(to) you
(to) them
us
you
them
Persoana I singular se refer la persoana care vorbete:
I must learn to pass the exams!
Persoana I plural se refer la vorbitor / una sau mai multe persoane/
ntr-un discurs cnd se folosete pluralul n locul singularului/cnd se
folosete cu un neles general valabil:
Today we are going shopping together.
We all want to be healthy.
56
We, King Richard the IIIrd
, decided...
Persoana a II-a, you, se refer la cel sau cei crora li se vorbete.
Distincia dintre singular i plural deriv din context.
Have you ever suspected that you are cheating?
Persoana a III-a singular feminin she, sau masculin, he, este acea
persoan despre care se vorbete:
She is thinking of me.
He comes extremely tired from work every day.
Persoana a III-a neutru, it, este folosit n locul unui substantiv care
denumete un lucru, un fenomen, un animal sau o noiune abstarct. n limba
romn genul neutru este specific substantivului, n cazul pronumelui nu se
face aceast distincie, folosindu-se pronumele el/ea:
Rocselana: Do you like my green purse?
Loredana: Its lovely!
Persoana a III-a plural, they, este singura form, att pentru feminin,
masculin, neutru, singular sau plural. n limba romn se face distincia pe
genuri, astfel: ei/ele.
They dont know where theyll spend their summer holidays.
The Possesive Pronoun/Ponumele posesiv
Pronumele posesiv nlocuiete numele unui obiect, precum i numele
posesorului acestuia, fiind clasificat dup gen, numr i persoan, astfel:
Persoana
Numrul
Singular Plural
Persoana I mine - a mea ours a noastr
Persoana II yours/thine (form
arhaic) a ta
yours/thine (form
arhaic) a voastr
Persoana III his a lui
hers - a ei
theirs a lor
57
Pronumele posesiv se comport precum substantivul pe care l nlocuiete,
putnd fi:
1. subiectul propoziiei:
His house is old but mine is new.
2. nume predicativ:
I think these bags are hers.
3. complement direct:
I lost my glasses. I think Ill use yours.
4. complement prepoziional:
In front of our house we planted pansies.
5. Parte a unei comparaii:
My books are more interesting than yours.
The Demonstrative Pronoun/Pronumele demonstrativ
Pronumele demonstrativ ine locul unui substantiv, a unui adjectiv sau a
unei ntregi propoziii, precizndu-i locul n spaiu i timp.
Pronumele demonstrative au aceleai forme ca i adjectivele
demonstrative, dar se deosebesc de acestea prin faptul c ele apar singure,
nlocuind substantivul, pe cnd adjectivele demonstrative preced
substantivul.
n limba englez, pronumele demonstrativ are urmtoarele forme:
this-these /aceasta, acesta-acelea, aceia
that-those /aceea, acela-acelea, aceia
the former-the latter/ primul, prima, cel/cea dinti-cea/cel de-al doilea,
ultimul
the first-the last/ primul, cel dinti-ultimul
the other-the others/cellalt, ceilali
the same/ acelai, aceeai
such/aceasta, acesta-acestea, acetia
such-and-such/cutare
suchlike/alii,altele
so/aa
one-ones/cel-cei
This se folosete n locul unei persoane, obiect etc. apropiat n spaiu i
timp de vorbitor.
58
Eg./Ex.: Pron. dem.: This is my mother, my beautiful one.
Adj. dem.: This mother is very fond of her daughter.
These se folosete n locul mai multor persoane, obiecte etc. apropiate n
spaiu i/sau timp de vorbitor.
Eg./Ex.: Pron. dem.: These are her ideas.
Adj. dem.: These ideas are hers.
That se folosete n locul unei persoane, obiect etc. deprtat n timp
i/sau spaiu de vorbitor.
Eg./Ex.: Pron. dem.: That is my house.
Adj. dem.: That house is mine.
Those se folosete n locul mai multor persoane, obiecte etc. apropiate n
spaiu i/sau timp de vorbitor.
Eg./Ex.: Pron. dem.: Those are her amazing shoes.
Adj. dem.: Those shoes of hers are amazing.
The former se folosete att la singular ct i la plural, referindu-se la
prima/primul dintre dou persoane, obiecte etc.
The latter se folosete att la singular ct i la plural, referindu-se la
cea/cel de-al doilea, ultimul, cel din urm dintre dou persoane, obiecte
etc.
Eg./Ex.: Pron. dem.: Mariam and Mahmoud are my nephews: the former
goes to kindergarten, the latter is a student.
Adj. dem.: I have two children: the former child is a girl, the latter
child is a boy.
The other se folosete att la singular (cnd este i adjectiv demonstrativ),
ct i la plural the others atunci avnd doar valoare pronominal. Se
traduce prin: cellalt/cealalt, iar forma de plural: ceilali/celelalte.
Eg./Ex.: Pron. dem.: I have two brothers: one lives in Kuwait, the other,
in U.S.A.
Adj. dem.: The other teacher is my favourite.
Pron. dem.: I join the others.
The same se folosete att la singular ct i la plural: acelai/aceeai/
aceiai/aceleai.
Eg./Ex.: Pron. dem.: The same is her brother.
Adj. dem.: The same name is on my mind.
Such se folosete att la singular ct i la plural i nseamn
aceasta/acesta/acestea/ acetia.
Eg./Ex.: Pron. dem.: Such is my idea.
Adj. dem.: Such story is incredible!
59
So, ca pronume demonstrativ, nlocuiete o ntreag propoziie.
Eg./Ex.: Ann: I think she is one of us.
Dan: I dont think so!
The Interrogative Pronoun/Pronumele interogativ
Pronumele interogativ ine locul substantivului sau echivalentului
acestuia, introducnd propoziii interogative. Unele pronume interogative au
aceeai form cu cea a adjectivului interogativ, difereniindu-se de acesta prin
locul pe care l ocup n propoziie, adjectivul precednd substantivul, pe
cnd pronumele l nlocuiete.
n funcie de persoana sau lucrul pe care l nlocuiete, dar i de cazul n
care se afl, pronumele interogativ n limba englez are urmtoarele forme:
who?, whose?, whom?, what? i which?
Declinarea pronumelui interogativ
Cazul
Pronumele interogative
N who?
cine?
what?
ce? care?
which? care?
Ac. whom?
pe cine?
what?
pe care?
which? pe care?
D (to) whom? cui? - -
G whose?
al, a, ai, ale cui?
- -
- who? se folosete pentru persoane
- what? se folosete pentru lucruri i animale (pentru persoane, doar
cnd se refer la meserie)
- which? se folosete pentru persoane i lucruri
N. Who speaks so loud?
What is this? This is my book.
What is Mary? She is a lady-chef.
What is going on there?
Which is the most beautiful women, Mary or June?
Ac. Whom Im going to meet at that wedding?
60
What are they looking for?
Which of the two you have invited?
D. To whom did you tell my secret?
G. Whose is this bag?
Whose brother are you?
Pronumele interogative who? i what? pot fi urmate de else,
accentund astfel enunul:
who else? - i mai cine?/cine altul?
Who else is there?
what else? ce altceva? (ce mai vrei?)
What else do you want?
Pronumele interogative se ntlnesc i n expresii, precum:
what about...?
hats-her-name?
what-do-you-call it?
which is which?
who is who?
hats hat?
The Relative Pronoun / Pronumele relatriv
La fel ca celelalte pronume, pronumele relativ ine locul unui substantiv
sau unui echivalent al acestuia menionat anterior, numit antecedentul
relativului i leag o subordonat atributiv/relativ de propoziia principal
sau regent care cuprinde antecedentul.
The student1 /who gave me her courses
2/ is his sister.
1/
Studenta1/ care mi-a dat cursurile
2/ este sora lui.
1/
Pronumele relativ who ine locul substantivului the student
antecedentul lui - i introduce propoziia subordonat who gave me her
courses, atributiva/relativa, care d informaii despre antecedent.
Declinarea pronumelui relativ
Cazul
Pronumele relativ
61
N who - care that care which care
Ac. whom pe care
i precedat de prepoziii:
by whom de (ctre)
care
with whom cu care
for whom pentru care
that pe
care
nu poate fi
precedat de
prepoziii
which pe care
i precedat de prepoziii:
by which pentru care
for which pentru care
in which n care
D (to) whom crui,
creia, cror(a)
- (to)which crui,
creia, cror(a)
G whose al, a, ai, ale
crui(a)/crei(a)/cror(a)
- of which al, a, ai, ale
crui(a)/crei(a)/cror(a)
Pronumele relativ who se folosete cnd antecedentul este o fiin.
I saw the man/who led you at home.
The woman /whom you met on Sunday/ is his mother.
Pronumele relativ which se folosete cnd antecedentul denumete
obiecte, animale sau poate nlocui o ntreag propoziie.
Those are the books /which I have always wanted to buy/.
We have three rabbits/ which we keep at the country house./
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