Download ppt - Grain Crops Topic #2085 Josh Miller. Crops and Use Grain Grain Seed of a cereal grain plant Seed of a cereal grain plant Grain kernels have a high starch

Grain CropsGrain Crops

Topic #2085Topic #2085

Josh MillerJosh Miller

Crops and UseCrops and Use

GrainGrain Seed of a cereal grain plantSeed of a cereal grain plant Grain kernels have a high starch contentGrain kernels have a high starch content

Grain has been used for food for Grain has been used for food for thousands of yearsthousands of years

Grain domesticated about 9,000 bcGrain domesticated about 9,000 bc KernelKernel

Part of an individual grain within the Part of an individual grain within the seed coatseed coat

Grain Crops GrownGrain Crops Grown

Major grain crops in USMajor grain crops in US Wheat, corn, and riceWheat, corn, and rice

Other important cropsOther important crops Oats, barley, rye, grain sorghumOats, barley, rye, grain sorghum

World leading grain cropsWorld leading grain crops Wheat, Corn, RiceWheat, Corn, Rice

Corn is most important to USCorn is most important to US

Grain Crop #1 #2 #3

Wheat Kansas North Dakota Montana

Corn Iowa Illinois Nebraska

Oats Wisconsin North Dakota Minnesota

Barley North Dakota Montana Idaho

Rice Arkansas California Louisiana

Rye Texas Georgia North Dakota

Grain Crops cont.Grain Crops cont.

Grain UseGrain Use

Primary used for human consumptionPrimary used for human consumption Also used as animal feed which Also used as animal feed which

intern is consumed by humansintern is consumed by humans CornCorn

Most versatile grainMost versatile grain Cattle, hogs, poultryCattle, hogs, poultry Humans – bread, chips, oilHumans – bread, chips, oil

Uses of Selected GrainsUses of Selected Grains

CornCorn Cooking oil, bread, breakfast cereal, livestock Cooking oil, bread, breakfast cereal, livestock

feed, fuel, cosmetics, medicinefeed, fuel, cosmetics, medicine WheatWheat

Bread, pasta, livestock feed, alcohol, Bread, pasta, livestock feed, alcohol, manufacturingmanufacturing

RiceRice Main meal, side dish, breakfast cerealMain meal, side dish, breakfast cereal

OatsOats Breakfast cereal, livestock feedBreakfast cereal, livestock feed

Uses of Selected Grain cont.Uses of Selected Grain cont.

BarleyBarley Malting, livestock feedMalting, livestock feed

RyeRye Bread, livestock feedBread, livestock feed

Grain sorghumGrain sorghum Livestock feedLivestock feed

Selecting Crops and VarietiesSelecting Crops and Varieties

Things to consider when selecting Things to consider when selecting grain crops to growgrain crops to grow ClimateClimate

Average weather condition over a long period Average weather condition over a long period of timeof time

A variety must be selected so that the crop A variety must be selected so that the crop can mature before it frostcan mature before it frost

Soil and WaterSoil and Water Must be within the range of the requirements Must be within the range of the requirements

of the crop to be grownof the crop to be grown Rice requires large amounts, wheat requires Rice requires large amounts, wheat requires

littlelittle

Selecting Crops cont.Selecting Crops cont.

Market Market Grain marketing includes all the processes Grain marketing includes all the processes

that connect the producer and the consumerthat connect the producer and the consumer The closer the producer is to the market the The closer the producer is to the market the

cheaper it is to producecheaper it is to produce TechnologyTechnology

Equipment, fertilizer, improved seed, pest Equipment, fertilizer, improved seed, pest controlcontrol

Personal skillsPersonal skills Knowledge/skill of the producerKnowledge/skill of the producer Skill level of available laborSkill level of available labor

Scientific Names of Selected CropsScientific Names of Selected Crops

Corn – Corn – Zea maysZea mays Oats – Oats – Avena sativaAvena sativa Rye – Rye – Secale cerealeSecale cereale Wheat – Wheat – Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivum Rice – Rice – Oryza sativaOryza sativa

Corn ProductionCorn Production

70 million acres planted each year in 70 million acres planted each year in USUS

750,000 acres planted to sweet corn750,000 acres planted to sweet corn Average corn yield in the US is 123 buAverage corn yield in the US is 123 bu Most corn grains are:Most corn grains are:

65% carbohydrates65% carbohydrates 10% protein10% protein 25% moisture, ash, other materials25% moisture, ash, other materials

Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont.

Dent corn – major type grown for grainDent corn – major type grown for grain So widely grown it is know as field cornSo widely grown it is know as field corn Grains are flat with indentation in the crownGrains are flat with indentation in the crown Livestock feed, human use and oil productsLivestock feed, human use and oil products

Flint corn – more rounded than dentFlint corn – more rounded than dent Shorter time to maturityShorter time to maturity Grown in Northern United StatesGrown in Northern United States

Floury corn – soft and first corn grown in Floury corn – soft and first corn grown in USUS


Sweet corn – planted for human useSweet corn – planted for human use High sugar content and low starch High sugar content and low starch

contentcontent Popcorn – food that many people Popcorn – food that many people

enjoy as a snackenjoy as a snack Kernels are smaller than other cornKernels are smaller than other corn Each stalk may grow several earsEach stalk may grow several ears

Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont. VarietiesVarieties

Height 2 to 20 feet average is 6 to 8Height 2 to 20 feet average is 6 to 8 Maturity ranges from 50 days to 330 daysMaturity ranges from 50 days to 330 days Some good for silage other better for grainSome good for silage other better for grain

PlantingPlanting Occur after the threat of frostOccur after the threat of frost

February in southern TexasFebruary in southern Texas Mid-May in Northern StatesMid-May in Northern States

Ground temperature should be at least 50Ground temperature should be at least 50 Seeds should be planted about 2” deepSeeds should be planted about 2” deep

Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont. Degree Days Degree Days

Is a measure of the temperature Is a measure of the temperature requirements for best corn growthrequirements for best corn growth

Daily high + Daily low divided by 2 minus 50Daily high + Daily low divided by 2 minus 50 Ex. 80+60=140/2=70-50= 20 GDDEx. 80+60=140/2=70-50= 20 GDD

SeedbedSeedbed Corn is normally planted in 20 to 40 inch Corn is normally planted in 20 to 40 inch

rowsrows Normally 30 inch rowsNormally 30 inch rows

Plant population – is the number of seeds Plant population – is the number of seeds planted in a acre (24,000 to 32,000)planted in a acre (24,000 to 32,000)


FertilizationFertilization Research has found that to produce 150 Research has found that to produce 150

bu corn you need to applybu corn you need to apply 170 lbs N170 lbs N 35 lbs P2O535 lbs P2O5 175 lbs K2O175 lbs K2O Soil pH 5.0 to 8.0Soil pH 5.0 to 8.0

Pest controlPest control Pest include weeds, insects, nematodesPest include weeds, insects, nematodes


HarvestingHarvesting Starts when the kernel moisture is Starts when the kernel moisture is

between 20% and 28%between 20% and 28% Corn with more than 15.5% will need to Corn with more than 15.5% will need to

be dried artificiallybe dried artificially Should harvest to maximize yield if to Should harvest to maximize yield if to

late corn will fall and breaklate corn will fall and break

Wheat ProductionWheat Production

Types of wheatTypes of wheat Spring wheat – planted in the spring, Spring wheat – planted in the spring,

grows in the summer and matures in grows in the summer and matures in early fallearly fall

Winter wheat – planted in the fall, Winter wheat – planted in the fall, establishes itself over the winter and establishes itself over the winter and grows rapidly in the springgrows rapidly in the spring

ColorColor Red wheat and White wheatRed wheat and White wheat

Wheat Production cont.Wheat Production cont.

HardnessHardness Kernel hardness – is either soft or hardKernel hardness – is either soft or hard Hardness is determined by the endospermHardness is determined by the endosperm

VarietiesVarieties Selected on climate adaptations and yieldSelected on climate adaptations and yield Taller wheat sometimes goes down in windTaller wheat sometimes goes down in wind Selection determined on the harshness of Selection determined on the harshness of

winterwinter


PlantingPlanting Important factorsImportant factors

Planting date - winter wheat normally Planting date - winter wheat normally planted in October in the northern statesplanted in October in the northern states

Seedbed preparation – most is planted in Seedbed preparation – most is planted in prepared seedbeds a lot like cornprepared seedbeds a lot like corn

Seeding rate and depth – normally seeded at Seeding rate and depth – normally seeded at 20 to 100 pounds per acre at a depth of 1 20 to 100 pounds per acre at a depth of 1 inch inch


FertilizationFertilization A yield of 100 bu will normally requireA yield of 100 bu will normally require

120 lbs N120 lbs N 56 lbs P2O556 lbs P2O5 31 lbs K2O31 lbs K2O

Pest managementPest management Insects and diseases are particular problemsInsects and diseases are particular problems

HarvestingHarvesting Shattering is the point at which mature kernels Shattering is the point at which mature kernels

fall form the wheat headfall form the wheat head Preferred moisture is 12.5%Preferred moisture is 12.5%

Rice ProductionRice Production

Half of the worlds population Half of the worlds population depends on rice for fooddepends on rice for food Especially important in Asia and Especially important in Asia and

IndonesiaIndonesia Per acre yield averages about 5,534 Per acre yield averages about 5,534

poundspounds Grain length – why to classify rice Grain length – why to classify rice

kernelskernels Short, medium and longShort, medium and long

Rice Production cont.Rice Production cont.

Low-land riceLow-land rice Grown in large, flat fields that are Grown in large, flat fields that are

flooded by irrigationflooded by irrigation Up-land riceUp-land rice

Grown in small areas on hillsidesGrown in small areas on hillsides Seeding RiceSeeding Rice

Drilled into dry seed bedDrilled into dry seed bed Broadcast over dry seed bedBroadcast over dry seed bed Broadcast into standing waterBroadcast into standing water

Rice Production cont.Rice Production cont.

Seed populationSeed population 15 to 20 plants per square foot15 to 20 plants per square foot 653,000 to 871,000 per acre653,000 to 871,000 per acre

Water depthWater depth 2 to 4 inches deep2 to 4 inches deep If weeds are a problem water depth can If weeds are a problem water depth can

be increasedbe increased Water needs to be added to replace Water needs to be added to replace

amount lost of evaporationamount lost of evaporation

Barley ProductionBarley Production

One of the oldest known grain cropsOne of the oldest known grain crops Little is used in food Little is used in food

Some used for maltingSome used for malting Cattle feedCattle feed

Grain Grain Forage – primarily hayForage – primarily hay

Very similar to wheatVery similar to wheat

Oat ProductionOat Production

Declined in recent yearsDeclined in recent years Replacing horses with tractors is part Replacing horses with tractors is part

of the reasonof the reason Even with the decline US still leading Even with the decline US still leading

nationnation Planted in early spring in MichiganPlanted in early spring in Michigan

Rye ProductionRye Production

Is a cereal grain similar to oats and Is a cereal grain similar to oats and barleybarley

About half of all rye is used for grainAbout half of all rye is used for grain Rye grain has declined as Rye grain has declined as

preferences for white bread has preferences for white bread has increasesincreases

Planted in the fall like wheat in Planted in the fall like wheat in MichiganMichigan