Download pdf - Grade 10 Science Exam Revew Notes

7/29/2019 Grade 10 Science Exam Revew Notes

1/34

Science Exam Break Down

Worth 30% of Final Grade

Unit One Chemistry

Unit Two- Biology

Unit Three- Physics

Unit Four- Climate Change

Exam Date: Monday June 25 2012


2/34

hemistry Periodic Table

o 3 Types of Particles

Proton (P) nucleus

Positive charge

Neutron (n) nucleus

Neutral charge

Electron () shells

Negative charge

o Reading the periodic table

Atomic Number

Number of protons and electrons

Atomic mass

Protons + Neutrons

Number of Neutrons

Atomic Mass Atomic Number

Bohr- Rutherford Diagram

o 2 areas

Nucleus protons & neutrons

Shells electrons

o Drawing

1. Place number of protons/neutrons in the middle

2. Electrons circle in nucleus

2 in first shell

8 in rest

Lewis-Dot Diagram

o Drawing

1. Core of atom represented by element symbol

2. Determine number of valence electrons 4 sides

One dot clockwise

double


3/34

Compounds

o 3 Ionic Compounds

Monovalent Compounds

Definition

o Compound containing metal and non-mental one charge

Naming

o Chemical Formula

Write down element symbols

Write down charges

Criss-cross reduce

o Chemical Name

Write down metal and non-metal

Change ending of non-metal -ide

Multivalent Compounds

Definition

o Compound containing a metal and a non metal

Two or more charges


4/34

Naming

o Chemical Formula


Write down charges

Criss-cross reduce

o Chemical Name

Write metal roman numeral

Corresponding to charge

Write down non metal ends in ide

Polyatomic Compounds

Definition

o

Compounds containing metal and polyatomic ions

Naming

o Chemical Formula


Write down charges

Criss-cross reduce

o Chemical Name

Write metal and polyatomic ion

o 1 Covalent Bond

Molecular Compounds

Definition

o Compound containing

Non-metal and metalloid

Non-metal and non-metal

Naming

o Chemical Formula

Write down element symbol

Write down amount of atoms

Do not reduce


5/34

o Chemical Name

Write Element

Use prefixes according to amount

Balancing Chemical Equations

o 7 Steps

1. All diatomic molecules subscript of 2

HOFBrINCl

2. Balance metal atoms coefficients

Add a coefficient

o Adjust number of atoms other elements

3. Balance non-metals not oxygen

Add a coefficient

o Adjust number of atoms other elements

4. Balance Oxygen

Check for subscripts share GCF

5. Balance Hydrogen

6. Coefficients reduced

7. Coefficient halves

Double

Chemical Reactions

o Follow law of conservation of mass

Mass of reactants = Mass of Products

o Evidence of a chemical change

Gas (bubbles)

Heat

Colour

Odour

o Types of Reaction

Synthesis Reactions

Two substances (elements) combine

o Form a compound

o A + B AB


6/34

Decomposition Reaction

Compounds break apart

o Form smaller compounds/elements

o AB A+ B

Exceptions

o Carbonates

Decompose to Carbon Dioxide + metal oxide

o Chlorates

Decompose to oxygen gas + metal chloride

o Hydroxides

Decompose to metal oxide + water

Single Displacement

One element replaces another compound

o Metal replaces metal

o Non-metal replaces non-metal

o A + BC AC + B

A=Metal

o A + BC BA + C

A= Non Metal

Double Displacement

Metal replaces metal

Non-metal replaces non metal

o AB + CD AD + CB

Combustion

Fuel burns reacts with oxygen quickly

o Products oxide and energy

2 Types

o Hydrocarbons (CxHy)

Only contains carbon + hydrogen

Complete combustion (oxygen)


7/34

o Carbon dioxide

o Water

o Energy


8/34

Incomplete combustion (oxygen)

o Carbon monoxide

o Carbon

o Carbon dioxide

o Water

o Energy

o Neutralization Reaction

Acid-base neutralization

Double displacement

Acid + Base Water and Salt

Salt isnt always NaCl

o Combination of inside elements

Acid and Bases

o Acids

Characteristics

Molecular compounds

Dissolve in water

Reacts with metal/carbonates

Conduct electricity

Neutralize bases

Names and Formulas

Binary Acids (Hydrogen +Single Element)

o General formula HX

o General Name hydro___ic acid

Oxyacids (Hydrogen + Polyatomic)

o General formula HXY

o General name

Polyatomic ends in ate

___ic acid

Polyatomic ends in ite


9/34

___ous acid

o Base

Characteristics

Ionic compounds made up of OH (hydroxide)

Dissolve in water easily

React with cations

Conduct electricity

Neutralize acids

Names and Formulas

Hydroxide

o General formula XOH

o General name metal hydroxide

o Acid Base Indications

Indicate

Chemical turns different colour

o Comes in contact with acid/base


10/34

Chemical Indications

Blue Litmus Paper

o Acid turns red o Base noth

Red Litmus Paper

o Acid nothing o Base turns

blue

Phenolphthalein

o Acid nothing o Base turns

pink

iology Types of Cells

o Two Major Types

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple Cells

o Dont contain nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles

o Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells

Complex Cells

o Contains nucleus & other organelles

o Protists and Amoeba

o Plants and Animals

Importance of Cell Division

o Allows organisms to reproduce

Pass on genetic information to offspring Two types

Asexual Reproduction

o Parent cell divides makes a copy of itself

Genetically identical

Sexual Reproduction

o Males create sperm

o Females create eggs

Sperm and Eggs fuse genetic information from each parent

o Grow

Divide instead of growing too big Important chemicals/water can move

Divide build on one another

Form the tissues/organs make up an organism

o Repair damaged areas

Continuously replacing cells due to damage

Cause by cuts and breaks

Allows for damaged cells to be replaced organism can continue to function prop

The Cell Cycle

o Three stages

Interphase


11/34

Longest stage not a resting stage

Carrying out all life activities growth, respiration, and specialized function

Cell prepares for division

o DNA replicated two identical strands

o Organelles replicated

o Cell increases in size

Mitosis

Definition

o Process of cell division result in parent cell divided

Two new daughter cells

Identical to each other original parent cell

4 Stages

o Prophase

Cell prepares for nuclear division

Packages DNA into chromosomes

Nuclear membrane is dissolved

o Metaphase

Cell prepares chromosomes for division

Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell Spindle fibres attach from daughter cells

o Chromosomes at the centromere

o Anaphase

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart (centromere splits)

of each chromosome (chromotid)

moves to each daughter cell

o Telophase

DNA spreads out

2 nuclei form

New cell wall forms between two daughter cells

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides produces two genetically identical daughter cells

Cell Specialization

o Specialized Cells

Not all identical

Created to perform specific functions

o Different physical and chemical differences

Allow each type to perform specific job

Animal Cells Red Blood Cells

o Contain hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood

Smooth easily pass through blood vessels

Skin Cells

o Fit together tightly cover the outside

Protect cells inside

Reduce water loss

Bone Cells

o Collect calcium from food allow growth and repair

Build up bone around themselves create bodys skeleton


12/34

Muscle Cells

o Arranged in bundles muscle fibres

o Can contact makes fibres shorter

Causes bones to move

White Blood Cells

o Movie like an amoeba engulf/fight infections


13/34

Sperm Cells

o Able to move independently

Carry DNA from male parent join with egg from female paren

Fat Cells

o Large vacuoles store fat molecules

Cell stores chemical energy

Nerve Cells

o Long, thin with numerous branches

Conduct electrical impulses coordinate body activity

Photocyte Cell

o Help animals emit light

Active at night/live in deep ocean

Plant Cells

Xylem Cells

o Transport water/ dissolved minerals throughout plant

Storage Cells

o Contain special structures store starch

Source of energy

Photosynthesis Cellso Contain chloroplasts collect energy from sunlight

Make sugar for plant

Phloem Cells

o Transport dissolved sugars around the plant

Epidermal

o On young roots absorb water from soil

Guard

o Surface of the leaves controls water loss

Levels of Organization

o Least Complex to Most Complex

Cell

Basic unit of life

Tissue

Collection of similar cells perform specific functions

o Animal Tissues

4 types

Connective Tissue

o Various types of cells/fibers

Held together by a matrix (liquid, solid or geo Joins/supports structures

Epithelial tissue

o Made of a thin sheet of cells

Tightly packed together form a protective

barrier

Muscle Tissue

o Contains proteins contract/enable body to move

skeletal muscles helps you move

smooth and cardiac muscles help organs

move


14/34

Nervous Tissue

o Responds to stimuli

o Sends electrical signals throughout the body

o Plant Tissues

4 Types

Vascular Tissue

o Transports water and nutrients

Xylem moves water and minerals

Phloem moves dissolved sugar

(photosynthesized)

Epidermal Tissue

o Protective outer covering

Allows the exchange of materials CO2 an

Ground Tissue

o Provides support

Stores water/nutrients

o Photosynthesis occurs

Meristematic Tissue

o Growth occurs

Organ

Structure composed of different tissues perform a complex body function

o Work in one system play a role in many

Organ System

System of one or more organs working to together

o Perform a vital body function

Allow organism to accomplish basic functions

o Obtain oxygen

o Obtain nutrients

o Eliminate waste

o Sense/respo

environment

o Reproduce Organism

Stem Cells

o Process

Unspecialised cells become other specialized types of cells

Exposed to special environmental conditions

o Cellular Differentiation

Process that produces specialized cells directed by genetic

information

o Types

Embryonic

Become any type of cell

Multipotent

Differentiate into certain types of cells exist within specialized tissues

o Regeneration

Body part is re-grown mitosis

Limited ability

o Able to regenerate adult fingertips

o Re-grow parts of organs

Take cells grow in labs transplant back into patients

o Future Treatment


15/34

Help body fight cancers

Recover from degenerative diseases

Parkinsons

Alzheimers


16/34

Circulatory System

o Function

Transport of nutrients

Digestive system body cells

Transports oxygen

From lungs body cells

Transport of wastes

Away from body cells lungs and kidneys

Regulates body temperature

Transports white blood cells immune system

o 3 Parts

Blood

Connective tissue

Made up of

o Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen, waste and nutrients

o White Blood Cells

Fight infections

o

Plasma Water portion of blood

o Platelets

Used to form scabs heal wounds

Heart

Made up of

o Cardiac Muscle

o Nerve Tissues

o Connective Tissue

Pumps blood around body

Regular beat change in response to events Process

o De-oxygenated blood

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Artery

o Oxygenated Blood

Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta

Vessels

Arteries

o Carry blood away from heart

Veins

o Carry blood towards heart

Capillaries

o Tiny blood vessels one cell thick

o Allow substance to diffuse blood and body tissue

Respiratory System

o Functions

Provide oxygen to the body

Remove carbon dioxide from the body

o Map


17/34

Nasal Cavity Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Blood Stream


18/34

Digestive System

o Digestive Tract

Series of hollow organs

Connect mouth to anus

Other organs

Produce/store organs break down/absorb food

Map

Mouth

o Digestion begins

o Saliva produced by salivary glands

Breaks down carbohydrates known as starches

Peristalsis

o Involuntary muscle contractions

Triggered by the nervous system

Stomach

o Passes through the esophagus sphincter lets food into the stomach

o Glands produce stomach acid break down proteins

Thick layer of mucus protects stomach from its own acid

o Muscle action mixes food with digestive juices Emptied into small intestines pyloric sphincter

Intestines

o Small Intestines

First Part

Duodenum

o Chemicals produced by other organs enter dige

process

o Bile produced by liver dissolves fat

Folded into finger-like projections villi

Increases surface area

Food molecules absorbed into the bloodstream

o Obtains energy and nutrients

o Large Intestines (Colon)

Doesnt break down food Absorbs Water

Other Organs

o Liver

Produces bile Stored in the Gall Bladder

o Pancreas

Produces insulino Body Defences

Vomiting

Forcibly remove contents middle of small intestines and up

Liver

Filter the body

Musculoskeletal System

o Three Parts

Bones

Hard and dense

Made up of bone cells


19/34

o Matrix of minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

Nerve tissues/blood vessels pass through canals in bones

Ligaments

Lough and elastic

Hold bones together at the joints

Made up of long collagen fibres

Cartilage

Cells matrix of collagen

Strong and flexible support

Found in nose, ears and esophagus disks between vertebrae and joints

o Muscles

Made up of long cells muscle fibres

Contain protein allow contractions and releases

Three types

Skeletal voluntary

Smooth involuntary

Cardiac heart

o Functions

Structure/Support Locomotion

Protection

Mineral Storage

Blood Cells bone marrow

o Osteoporosis

Definition

Bones become brittle/fragile loss of bone tissue

At risk

Older adult, postmenopausal women, steroid users

Preventive Measures

High calcium, vitamin D, exercise, limit smoking/alcohol

Nervous System

o Made up of

Brain

Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nerves

o Function

Senses the environment co-ordinated appropriate responses

o Organization

Two major divisions

Central Nervous System (CNS)

o Brain and spinal cord

o Coordinates all bodys activities

o Relays messages process information analyzes responses

o Shielded by bones

Skull Brain

Spine Spinal Cord


20/34

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

o Nerve bundle of axons

Contain sensory and motor neurons

o Contains all nerves not part of CNS

o 3 groups

1. Control voluntary muscles

2. Carry sensory information to the brain

3. Regulate involuntary functions

o Structure

Neurons

Specialized nerve cells combined to form tissue

o Help you gather information about your environment

Interpret the information react

Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

Consist of three main regions

o Dendrites

Pass signals they receive onto the cell body

o Cell body

o Axon

Passes those impulses onto other neurons/muscles

Sensory Receptors

Receive input from the external environment

Sensory Neurons

o Send impulses from receptors in skin and sense organs

To the brain and spinal cord

Motor Neurons

o Carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord

To a gland or muscles resulting in secretion/movement

Nerve impulseo Completes a reflex arc/nerve pathway

Dont involve conscious thought

Immune System

o Layered Defence System protects organs from infection

3 Stages

Surface Barriers prevent pathogen from entering

o Skin

Dead skin cells prevent invasion by micro-organisms

Bacteria lives on skin

Produces acids kill many pathogens

o Body Fluids

Saliva, tears and nasal mucous contain enzyme lysozyme

Break down bacterial cell walls kills pathogens

Mucus protective barrier

Blocks bacteria sticking to inner epithelial cells


21/34

Non-Specific Immunity

o Cellular Defence

Phagocytosis

Phagocytic cells surround and internalize the foreign

microorganism

o Release digestive enzymes/other harmful chemica

Destroys microorganism

o Inflammatory Response

Increased blood flow to infected area blood vessels become

penetrable

Allows white blood cells to escape into infected areas

o Kill infections causing microorganisms

Specific Immunity

o Active Immunity

Immunity got/ developed in your life

Developed by taking a vaccine expose to the

bacteria/virus

o Immunization

Deliberate exposure of your body to a germ

Primary response/immune memory cells will develop

o Natural Immunity

Immunity you are born with

Natural defence against disease

o Immune System Failure

Diseases can affect immune systems effectiveness

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS

HIV infect immune cells

Become HIV factories produces new viruses

o Number of healthy immune cells in a infected person decreases Organ Transplantation

o General information

Organs

Heart

Liver

Pancreas

Intestines

Livers

Kidneys

Tissues

Cornea

Skin

Bone

Tendons

Blood Vessels

Bone Marrow

o Benefits

Normal life

Donor satisfaction

Developing research in the area

o Risks

Organ and tissue rejected by immune system

Take drugs to prevent suppress immune system

o Ability to fight infections reduced

Associated with surgery

Donors back up organs could fail


22/34

o Living Donor Organs

Lung requires two living donors

Each provide one lobe

Kidney one donor

Liver regenerate

One lobe of liver

Family members increased chance of genetic match

o Deceased Donor Organs

Family members give consent on behalf

Sign a donor card

Organs are checked damaged/unhealthy

Recipient searched for

o Factors taken into account

Blood/tissue types

Age/location of donor and recipient

Length of time

o Xeno transplantation

Xeno=foreign

Transplanting body parts from one to another Pigs provide heart valves

Cells have been killed no longer considered living tissue

Tumour

o Definition

Caused by uncontrolled cell division of mutated cells

o Types

Benign Tumour (Cancer)

Cell division is unchecked proceeds as a moderate rate

Doesnt invade surrounding cells pushes

Doesnt spread

o Harmless unless found in the brain

Malignant Tumour (Cancer)

Cell division is unchecked occurs rapidly

o Spend little time in Interphase

Damage and destroy surrounding cells invades them

Can spread

o Interfere with the function of other cells results in death

Tumour is not destroyed/removed

hysics Light

o Properties

Form of energy

Travels in straight lines

Can be reflected bounced in a new path

Can be refracted bend in a new path

Causes shadows


23/34

Travels at high speed

Nothing Travels faster

300 000 000 m/s 3.00 x 108

Electromagnetic

Wave

o Made from electricity and magnetism travelling together

Travel at the speed of light

o Travel through a vacuum empty space of matter

Ex. Space

o Doesnt require a medium physical substance

Spectrum

o The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio

o AM Radio

Microwave

o Microwave Oven

Infrared

o Night Vision Goggles

Visible

o

Ultravioleto Suntans

X-Ray

o Medical X-Rays

Gamma Ray

o Pet Imaging

o The Visible Spectrum

Red Orang


24/34

Yellow

Green

Blue

Indigo

Violet

o How is it produced?

7 Types

Incandescence

o

What Producing light due to high temperature

Object gets hotter causes colour to change

o Example

Incandescent light bulbs


25/34

Electric Discharge

o What

Electric current passes through a gas

Reacts to produce a spark light

o Example

Neon light, lightning

Phosphorescenceo What

Glow in the Dark

Special material absorbs UV light releases visible light

o Period of time

o Example

Glow in the dark stickers

Fluorescenceo What

Emission of light from a substance that has absorbed light (U

Absorbs UV light immediately release visible light

o Example

Fluorescent Light

Chemiluminescence

o What

Substance produces heat

Chemical Reactions

o Example

Light Stick

Bioluminescence

o What

Organism realises light Chemical reactions in body takes place

o Emits light

o Example

Firefly

Triboluminescence

o What

Substance gives off light


26/34

Being scratched, crushed or rubbed

o Example

Duct tape

Lasers

o Definition

Stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

o Compared to Light Bulbs

Laser

Consists of electromagnetic waves same energy levels

Pure in colour intense/concentrated

o Travel great distances without spreading out

Light Bulb

Emits different electromagnetic waves different energy levels

Not concentrated/intenseo Uses

Medical

Industrial

Astronomy

Aesthetics

o Laser Eye Surgery (LASIK)

Definition

Vision correction

o

People who are near/far sighted or stigmatism Reshaped cornea sharpen vision

With ultraviolet laser

Mirrors

o Light behaves when striking a mirror incident ray

Reflected, transmitted or absorbed

Transparent transmit all incident light

Translucent transmit some incident light

Opaque transmit no incident light

Light Rays

Illustrate path of light hitting an object

o Laws of Reflection

Angle of incidence = Angle of Reflection

Incident ray, Reflection ray and normal all on same plane/side

o Surfaces


27/34

Specular Reflection reflection off smooth/shiny surface

Diffuse Reflection reflection off irregular/dull surface

o Plane Mirrors

Two Ways

Light Rays how we see images

o

Equal Perpendicular Lines how images appear

o Measure distance from object to mirror do same on other side

Redraw

o Curved Mirrors

Types

Concave converging

o

Convex diverging

o

Applications

Satellite dishes

o Parabolic reflectors (concave mirrors)

Search light

Solar ovens

o Box cookers

o Curved concentrators

o Panel cookers

Periscope

Makeup Mirror concave

Security Mirror convex

Index of Refraction


28/34

o Snells Law

n1sin1 = n2sin2

Value of n

o Air 1.00

o Pure Water 1.33

o Definition

Ratio of speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in a medium

Equation

o n=c/v

n = index of refraction

c= speed of light in a vacuum 3.00 x 108 m/s

v= speed of light in a given medium

o n=sin I /sin R

I = Angle of incidence

R = angle of refraction

n = index of refraction

Refraction

o Definition

Change in direction light

Passes at an angle one medium to another

o Some light will reflect rest will refract

o Terms

Angle of incidence

Angle between incident ray normal

Angle of refraction

Angle between refracted ray normal

o Facts

Ray of light passes into slower/more optically dense medium

Bends towards normal

Ray of light passes into faster/less optically dense medium

Bends away from normal

Angle of incidence = 0

No refraction

o No change in direction yes change in speed

c

n v


29/34

o Rules for Refraction

Three

Incident ray, refracted ray and normal all lie on same plane

Light bends towards normal travels more slowly in second medium than f

Light bends away from normal travels faster in second medium than first

Total Internal Reflection

o

Recall Light slows down enters a new medium (less dense to dense)

Bends towards normal

o Angle of refraction < angle of incidence

Light speeds up enters a new medium (dense to less dense)

Bends away from normal

o Angle of refraction > angle of incidence

o Critical Angle

Angle of incidence results in an angle of refraction of 90o

o Definition

Increase angle of incidence past critical angle refracted ray will no longer exit

medium

Reflect into the median

o Refracted ray disappears only reflected ray is visible

o Conditions

Light is traveling more slowly in the first medium than the second

Angle of incidence large enough that no refraction occurs in second medium

o Examples

Diamonds

Sparkle cut of the diamond face combined with high index of refraction

o Results in total internal refraction

o Small critical angle

Great deal of incident light undergoes total internal reflectio

Light rays bounce around before exiting diamond

Fiber Optics

Use light to transmit information glass cables

o Communications industry & medicine

Phones, computer and TVs

Endoscope

o Light cannot escape must have a small critical angle


30/34

Angle of incidence> critical angle

Optical Fiber

Used to transmit light to instrument panel in cars

o Rapidly replacing copper wire three reasons

Signals arent affected electrical storms

Carry many more signals over long distances

Smaller/lighter

Triangular Prism

More useful than mirrors reflect almost 100% of light internals

o Used in periscope/binoculars

Retro-Reflectors

Optical device that returns an incident light same direction

Built into road sign and bikes


31/34

Optical Phenomenon

o Mirage

Virtual image forms as a result of refraction/total internal reflection

Light travels from cool to warmer air

o Bends away from normal air temperature increases

Total internal Reflection

Occurs in lowest (hottest) airo Light ray travels up from the hottest layer cooler later

Gradually refracted towards the normal temperature decreas

o Looming

Wind brings warm air over a very cold ocean

Light from an object travels upwards

o Curves and starts back down reaches warmer air

Light that reaches observes come from beyond the horizon

o Shimmering

Image of moon on waters surface

Light is refracted passes through air/different temperatures

o Air above lake much warmer than air father away from waters sur

Coldest layer light travels more slowly (bends towards norma

Warmest layer light travels faster (bends away from normal)

o Total internal reflection occurs

Multiple virtual images of moon on surface

o Rainbow

Dispersion

Separation of white light into spectrum by a prism

o Each color of visible light travels at slight different speeds

Goes through glass prism

Violet slows down red speeds up

o ROYGBIV

Refraction light enters drop

Partial internal reflection light hits back of rain drop

o Refraction light exits raindrop

o Sundogs

o Apparent Depth

o Flattened Sun


32/34

Lenses

o Converging Lenses convex

Thicker in center

Parallel light rays converge in point after lenses

o Diverging Lenses concave

Thicker on edges

Parallel light rays disperse after lenses

Human Eye

o Parts of the Eye

Cornea

Clear white covering outside of the eye

o Help eye focus like lens on camera


33/34

Iris

Part of eye that has colour

o Get bigger and smaller let more/less light in

Pupil

Black opening in middle of eye

o Light comes through this opening

Lens

Bends light

o See close up and far away

Vitreous Humor

Clear water like substance back of your eye

Retina

Has nerve cells rods and cones

o

Process light Rods

Black, white and shades of grey

Cones

Colours

o Three types

Red

Green

Blue

Optic Nerve

Carries electrical signals

o Retina brain

o How the Eye Works

Process

Light bounces off objects into your eyes

o Enter eye cornea (thick/transparent protective layer on surface of e

Pass through pupil into lens

Shines through vitreous humour back of the eye

o Hits retina takes light & changes into nerve

impulses

Sent to brain optic nerve

Flipped Image


34/34

Seeing images inverted/flipped upside down on retina

o Imperfect Eyesight

Nearsightedness

Can see objects up close not far away

o Myopia

Light is focused on point in front of retina

Uses diverging/negative meniscus lens Farsightedness

Can see objects far away not close

o Hyperopia

Light is focused on point behind retina

Uses converging/positive meniscus lens