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8/13/2019 Geografie Economica Mondiala Curs

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GRIGORE BUIA

GEOGRAFIE ECONOMICMONDIAL

UNIVERSITATEA DIN PETROANI


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GEOGRAFIE ECONOMIC MONDIAL

-2012-CUPRINS

CUPRINS......................................................................................................2PREFA.....................................................................................................4CAPITOLUL I..............................................................................................5GEOGRAFIE POLITIC.............................................................................5

1.1. Statele i g!"#ile egi$%ale &e 'tate................................................(1.2. P$)le*e &e ge$ga+ie "$liti,# ,$%te*"$a%#................................141.-. A%'a*)l!i e,$%$*i,e i ge$"$liti,e ale l!*ii..............................1

CAPITOLUL II...........................................................................................2GEOGRAFIA RESURSELOR UMANE....................................................2

/% 't!&i!l e'!'el$ !*a%e ale Teei0 '!%t &e)#t!te a'"e,tele "ii%&e$l!3ia i &i%a*i,a "$"!la3iei *$%&iale0 e"ati3ia ge$ga+i,#0 &i%a*i,a!)a%i#ii i +e%$*e%ele &e ,$%,e%tae !)a%#0 "e'"e,tiele "$"!la3iei*$%&iale et,0. Ele*e%tele $)ie,tie0 'e'ia)ile0 ale l!*ii ,$%te*"$a%e0'!%t il!'tate &e ,eteea %!*ei,# a "$"!la3iei0 &e e"l$ia !)a%# i &e"e$,!"aea "e%t! '!'3i%eea &e$lt#ii. A,$&!l &i%te *e&i! i'$,ietate l e"ei%t# &e$ltaea &!a)il#0 ,a"a)il# '# $+ee ge%ea3iil$iit$ae at6t e'!'e "eeate ,6t i !% *e&i! +a$a)il ei'te%3ei.......2Ca"it$l!l e'te 't!,t!at &!"# ,!* !*ea#7 ........................................2

2.1. Ge$ga+ia "$"!la3iei.......................................................................2 2.1.1. Di%a*i,a "$"!la3iei...................................................................2 2.1.2. St!,t!a "$"!la3iei....................................................................2 2.2. Ge$ga+ia ae#il$ !*a%e............................................................2 2.2.1. F$*e teit$iale !ale..............................................................22.2.2. F$*e teit$iale !)a%e...............................................................2 2.2.2. A*e%a8aea l$,al# i egi$%al#..................................................2 2.1. Ge$ga+ia "$"!la3iei.......................................................................2(

2.1.1. Di%a*i,a "$"!la3iei..................................................................2(

2.1.1.1. 9ila%3!l %at!al ..................................................................2:2.1.1.2. 9ila%3!l *igat$i!............................................................-12.1.1.-. E$l!3ia %!*ei,# a "$"!la3iei..........................................-2

2.1.2. St!,t!a "$"!la3iei ..................................................................-52.2. Ge$ga+ia ae#il$ !*a%e.............................................................-(

2.2.1. F$*e teit$iale !ale..............................................................-(2.2.2. F$*e teit$iale !)a%e............................................................-:2.2.-. A*e%a8aea l$,al# i egi$%al# ................................................4-

CAPITOLUL III..........................................................................................4;

GEOGRAFIA RESURSELOR NATURALE.............................................4;-.1. Re'!'ele eta


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-.2. Re'!'ele lit$'+eei.........................................................................4( -.-. Re'!'ele =i&$'+eei......................................................................54-.4. Re'!'ele )i$'+eei..........................................................................55 -.5. Agi,!lt!a.....................................................................................5;

-.5.1.C!lt!a "la%tel$ ........................................................................5(-.5.2.Ce teea a%i*alel$ ...................................................................;--.5.-. Pe',!it!l i 6%#t$aea ..............................................................;4-.5.4. F$%&!l +$e'tie.........................................................................;;

CAPITOLUL I>.........................................................................................?GEOGRAFIA INDUSTRIEI......................................................................?

4.1. I%&!'tia e%egeti,# i a e%egiei ele,ti,e.....................................1 ...............................................................................................................:?4.2. I%&!'tia *etal!gi,#.......................................................................:?

4.-. I%&!'tia ,=i*i,#............................................................................:4 4.4. I%&!'tia le*%!l!i..........................................................................:; 4.5. I%&!'tia *ateialel$ &e ,$%'t!,3ii...............................................: 4.;. I%&!'tia ,$%'t!,t$ae &e *a i%i ..................................................:( 4.. I%&!'tia !$a# i ali*e%ta#.......................................................1??4.(. Na%$te=%$l$gii..............................................................................1?5

CAPITOLUL >.........................................................................................1?:GEOGRAFIA SER>ICIILOR..................................................................1?:

5.1. C#ile &e ,$*!%i,a3ie i ta%'"$t!ile..........................................111

5.1.1. Ta%'"$t!ile tee'te.............................................................11-5.1.2. Ta%'"$t!ile %aale...............................................................11:5.1.-. Ta%'"$t!ile aeie%e.............................................................1215.1.4. Ta%'"$t!ile '"e,iale ...........................................................124

5.2. C$*e !l .......................................................................................12;5.2.1. Ti"!i &e ,$*e3......................................................................12;5.2.2. Gl$)aliaea i egi$%aliaea e,$%$*iei *$%&iale................125.2.-. Ca!ele i aa%ta8ele i%teg#ii e,$%$*i,e i%te%a3i$%ale......12:5.2.4. Pi%,i"alele g!"#i i%tega3i$%i'te.........................................1-?

5.-. T!i'*!l........................................................................................1-?5.-.1. Re'!'e t!i'ti,e......................................................................1-2

5.-.1.1. Re'!'e t!i'ti,e %at!ale.................................................1--5.-.1.2. Re'!'e t!i'ti,e a%t$"i,e...............................................1-;

5.-.2. Ti"!i &e t!i'*.......................................................................1-:5.-.-. Regi$%aea t!i'ti,#.................................................................14

5.-.-.1. Maile $%e t!i'ti,e ale Teei........................................14(5.-.-.2. Regi!%ile t!i'ti,e ale R$*6%iei......................................15

5.-.4. T!i'*!l % aiile "$te8ate......................................................15:

..........................................................................................................1;?5.-.5. Pati*$%i!l UNESCO.............................................................1;?

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5.-.;. Li'ta $)ie,tiel$ &i% "ati*$%i!l *$%&ial UNESCO............1;? ..........................................................................................................1(:5.-.. O)ie,tie $*6%eti %',i'e "e Li'ta Pati*$%i!l!i M$%&ial @UNESCO...........................................................................................1(:

9I9LIOGRAFIE.......................................................................................1:1

PREFA

Geografia economic studiaz relaiile dintre societate i mediul

natural, n dinamica lor actual, modul n care resursele naturale i cele

umane ale Terrei sunt valorificate i gestionate. Totodat, aceast tiin

analizeaz i interpreteaz importana condiiilor i resurselor naturale n

dezvoltarea economic a unui teritoriu, a legitilor care stau la baza

ncadrrii n spaiul geografic dat, a obiectivelor i activitilor

economice, a legturilor de producie stabilite n teritoriu, precum i

posibilitile de dezvoltare viitoare a unei regiuni, zone sau ri.

Necesitatea unui asemenea curs pentru studenii economiti este, evident.

Geografia economic0 este deci o disciplin fundamental n pregtirea

complex ce se impune astzi unui economist (al culturii sale economice).

Geografiaeste un domeniu de baz al culturii n ansamblu, domeniu a

crui cunoatere este necesar oricrei persoane care dorete s neleag

ce se ntmpl n aceast lume extrem de dinamic n care trim.

Nimic nu este mai folositor dect studiul geografieispre a detepta sntoasa judecat a omului

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!mmanuel "#NT

CAPITOLUL IGEOGRAFIE POLITIC

$eografia politic studiaz raporturile de interdependen dintre

mediul geografic vzut ca spaiu influenat de activitile antropice i

organizarea politic la diferite niveluri teritoriale. %actorii naturali i

socio&economici ai mediului au o importan esenial n orice stat.

Capitolul este structurat dup cum urmeaz:

1.1. Statele i g!"#ile egi$%ale &e 'tate1.2. P$)le*e &e ge$ga+ie "$liti,# ,$%te*"$a%#

1.-. A%'a*)l!i e,$%$*i,e i ge$"$liti,e ale l!*ii

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Geogra!a "o#!$!%& 't!&ia# ,$%&i3iile &e a"ai3ie0 &e$ltae i%te3i%ee a 'tatel$ ,a $ga%i'*e "$liti,e i '$,i$.0 1::.

F$%&at$!l ge$"$liti,ii *$%&iale i al ge$ga+iei "$liti,e e'te,$%'i&eat a +i ge*a%!l Fie&ei,= Rate B1(44"e%t! a 'ati'+a,e ,6t *ai )i%e %e$ile "$"!la3iei &i% teit$i!l '#!.C$%,e"3iile i i&eile l!i F. Ratel a! +$'t "!te%i, i%+l!e%3ate &e te$ia

e$l!3i$%i't# a l!i C=ale' Dai%. Ratel ,$%'i&ea 'tat!l !% $ga%i'*i!0 i&e%ti+i,6%& i $ 'eie &e legi ale ,eteii '"a3i!l!i !%!i 'tat0 ,!* a+i7

< '"a3i!l !%!i 'tat ,ete $&at# ,! &e$ltaea ,!lt!ii a,e't!iaH< ,eteea 'tat!l!i e'te %'$3it# &e alte 'i*"t$*e7 &e$ltaea i&eil$0

a ,$*e3!l!iH< ,eteea !%!i 'tat 'e ealiea# "i% ali"iea i %g=i3iea 'tatel$

*ai *i,iH

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< +$%tiea ,$%'tit!ie $ga%!l "ei+ei, al 'tat!l!i i % a,ea't# ,alitate'eete &e"t *at$ al ,eteii t#iei 'a! 'l#)i,i!%ii 'ale i a ',=i*)#il$'!e%ite % $ga%i'*!l a,e't!iaH

< % &e$ltaea 'a0 'tat!l te)!ie '# %gl$)ee ele*e%tele ,ele *ai

al$$a'e ale *e&i!l!i +ii, %,$%8!#t$7 li%ii &e ,$a't#0 al)ii ale +l!iil$i 6!il$0 ai$a%e )$gate % &ie'e e'!'eH

< "i*!l i*"!l' &e ,etee teit$ial# e'te "i*it &e 'tatele '!)&e$ltate &i%etei$0 &e la ,iilia3iile *ai aa%'ateH

< te%&i%3a ge%eal# &e ,$%t$"ie a*i+i,6%&!


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$ ga*# lag# &e 'tategii &e la ,ele *ilitae "6%# la ,ele e,$%$*i,e0i*ag$l$gi,e 'a! &i"l$*ati,e.

J$=% C$lli%'0 % 't!&i!l '#! i%tit!lat MilitaK S"a,e F$,e'H T=eNet 5? ea' a#ta ,# "!teea aeia%# i "!teea '"a3ial# a! a!%,at

%t

ata,3ia gaita3i$%al# a L!%ii i ,ea a P#*6%t!l!i '!%t ea,t egale. /% te$ie0)aele *ilitae i%'talate a,$l$ a "!tea #*6%e "e "$i3ie ti*" +$ate%&el!%gat0 +## a aea %e$ie &e *!lt ,a)!a%t. Ele a "!tea +ie,=iale%t!l tee%!il$ %alte "e%t! #)$i%i,ii '"a3iali &e *6i%eBGail P.0 2??.

/% ,$%,l!ie0 ge$ga+ia "$liti,# i ge$"$liti,a %! '!%t te*e%i 'i%$%i*i. Ge$ga+ia "$liti,# 't!&ia# ,$%&i iile &e ei'te% # '"a ial# a 'tat!l!i0 ia ge$"$liti,a a%aliea# %e,e'it# ile '"a iale ale !%!i 'tat0 "e,!* i 'i'te*e '$,ial


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ta&i3ii i a*)i3ii %a3i$%ale0 &a i &e i&eea 'tatal#./% ,i!&a gl$)ali#ii0 a i%teg#ii e,$%$*i,e *$%&iale 'a! egi$%ale0

'tat!l a ,$%ti%!a '# ei'te ,a e%titate ge$ga+i,# i %a3i$%al#0 ia "$)le*e

,a ,ea a a"##ii i a "$liti,ii ete%e $ #*6%e &e )a# % a+i*aea 'a%a3i$%al# i i%te%a3i$%al#.Se a"e,ia# ,#0 $ &e+i%i3ie 'ati'+#,#t$ae a gl$)ali#ii te)!ie '#

'!"i% t$ate ele*e%tele e+eit$ae la7 ete%'i!%e0 i%te%'itate0 el$,itatei i*"a,t0 ,ae '!%t ,!%$',!te &e +a"t ,a &i*e%'i!%i '"a3i$


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U%ite BO.N.U.. Ei't# t$t!i !% %!*# %'e*%at &e teit$ii i ,$l$%ii ,ae!%e$i '!%t &e%!*ite % *$& e$%at 'tate0 &at$it# +a"t!l!i ,# a,e'tea %!a! +$*# &e g!e%ae "$"ie. U% a't+el &e ee*"l! "$ate +i &at &e7

G$e%la%&a0 P!et$ Ri,$0 Pale'ti%a0 I%'!lele 9e*!&e0 Sa=aa O,,i&e%tal#0'a! teit$ii ,$*"$%e%te ale Regat!l!i U%it al Maii 9ita%ii i al Ila%&ei&e N$& BA%glia0 aa Galil$0 S,$3ia0 Ila%&a &e N$&.

Statele ,! ,ele *ai *!lte teit$ii a+late '!) g!e%ae '!%t7 StateleU%ite ale A*ei,ii BS.U.A. @ 14 teit$ii i Regat!l U%it al Maii 9ita%ii ial Ila%&ei &e N$& BU.. @ 12 teit$ii.

Statele 'e ,la'i+i,# &!"# *ai *!lte ,iteii7< '!"a+a3#H

< %!*# &e l$,!it$iH< +$*# &e g!e%#*6%tH< *$& &e $ga%iae i%te%#H< ga& &e &e$ltae e,$%$*i,# BPI9H< "$i3ie ge$ga+i,# et,.S("raa,a *$a$(#(! e'te !% ,itei! &e ,la'i+i,ae a 'tatel$0 &a

t$t$&at#0 ,$%&i3i$%ea# ei'te%3a i #'"6%&iea e'!'el$0 a "$"!la3iei0i%+l!e%3ea# $ga%iaea teit$ial# B,#ile &e ,$*!%i,a3ie0 agi,!lt!a0

i%+l!e%3ea# "$te%3ial!l ,li*ati,0 *$+$l$gi, Belie+0 )i$ge$ga+i,0 !*a% ie,$%$*i,. /%ti%&eea 'tatel$ "$ate "ee%ta aa%ta8e i &eaa%ta8e at6t'!) a'"e,t '$,ial ,6t i e,$%$*i,0 "$liti,0 ge$'tategi,.

D!"# '!"a+a3#0 'tatele 'e ,la'i+i,# %7 'tate +$ate *ai Bgiga%t0'tate *ai0 'tate *i8l$,ii0 'tate *i,i i 'tate +$ate *i,i.

Pi%te 'tatele ,! %ti%&ei *ai ee*"li+i,#* !*#t$aele BTa.e#(#1+1+7

Ta.e#(#1+1+Statele ,! ,ele *ai *ai '!"a+e3e

Nr+%r$+ De'(!re S("raa,&/!#+ 21 Fe&ea3ia R!'# 1012 Ca%a&a :0:- S.U.A. :0(4 C=i%a :055 9ailia (05; A!'talia 0 I%&ia -02

( Age%ti%a 20(

1?


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: aa='ta% 2041? Algeia 20-(

Pi%te ,ele *ai *i,i 'tate a*i%ti* BTa.e#(#1+2+7

Ta.e#(#1+2+Statele ,! ,ele *ai *i,i '!"a+e3eNr+%r$+

De'(!re S("raa,&/2

1 >ati,a% ?0442 M$%a,$ 10:- Na!! 21024 T!al! 250;5 Sa% Mai%$ ;1

; Li,=te%'tei% 15 I%'!lele Ma'=all 1(1( Sai%t itt' i Nei' 2;1: I%'!lele Mal&ie 2:(1? I%'!lele SeK,=elle' 455

P$%&eea ,ateg$iil$ &e 'tate % t$tal!l '!"a+e3el$ !',at!l!i e'te!*#t$aea7 4; 'tate +$ate *ai0 25 'tate *ai i 2: 'tate *i8l$,ii0*i,i i +$ate *i,i.

N(&r(# )e #o%(!$or! /"o"(#a,!a e"ei%t# !% alt ,itei! &e,la'i+i,ae a 'tatel$. A't+el ,#0 a,e'tea 'e ,la'i+i,# %7< 'tate giga%t B 1 *l&. l$,!it$iH< 'tate +$ate *ai B1?? *il. < -?? *il.H< 'tate *ai B5? *il.


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!*#t$aele BTa.e#(#1++7

Ta.e#(#1++Statele ,! %!*#!l ,el *ai *ae &e l$,!it$iNr+

%r$+

De'(!re N(&r )e #o%(!$or!

/!#+1 C=i%a 1.-4?2 I%&ia 1.21?- S.U.A. -124 I%&$%eia 2-;5 9ailia 1:?; Pai'ta% 1 Nigeia 15(

( 9a%gla&e'= 151: Fe&ea3ia R!'# 1421? Ja"$%ia 12;11 Mei, 11-

Pi%te 'tatele ,! ,el *ai *i, %!*# &e l$,!it$i a*i%ti* BTa.e#(#1+3+7

Ta.e#(#1+3+Statele ,! ,el *ai *i, %!*# &e l$,!it$i

Nr+%r$+

De'(!re N(&r )e #o%(!$or!

1 >ati,a% 1???2 T!al! 12.???- Na!! 1-.???4 Sa% Mai%$ 2:.???5 M$%a,$ -2.???; Lie,=te%'tei% -4.??? Sai%t itt' i Nei' -:.???( I%'!lele Ma'=all 5(.???: I%'!lele SeK,=elle' (1.???1? I%'!lele Mal&ie -4?.???

Fora )e g(4er'&5'$0 '!) a'"e,t 8!i&i,0'e e+e# la *$&!l &e$ga%iae i &e ,$%'tit!ie a $ga%el$ '!"e*e ale "!teii &e 'tat0 a,$*"$%e%3ei l$ i a ela3iei 'ta)ilite ,! ,et#3e%ii.

Pe Gl$) ei't# !*#t$aele +$*e &e g!e%#*6%t7 republicaB&e*$,ati,# "ala*e%ta#0 &e*$,ati,# "ei&e%3ial# i '$,iali't# i

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monar'iaB,$%'tit!3i$%al# i a)'$l!t#.Ca i +$*e &e g!e%#*6%t a*i%ti*7< e"!)li,i &e*$,ati,e "ala*e%tae7 A!'talia0 Italia et,.H< e"!)li,i &e*$,ati,e "ei&e%3iale7 SUA0 9ailia0 R$*6%ia et,.H

< e"!)li,i '$,iali'te7 C=i%a0 C!)a0 >iet%a* et,.H< *$%a=ie ,$%'tit!3i$%al#7 Maea 9ita%ie0 Ja"$%ia0 S!e&ia0

S"a%ia0 Da%e*a,a0 M$%a,$0 9elgia et,.H< *$%a=ie a)'$l!t#7 egat BMa$,0 T=aila%&a0 Aa)ia Sa!&it#0

I$&a%ia0 e*iat Bata0 O*a%0 E*iatele Aa)e U%ite0 ei,at B9a=ai%0'!lta%at B9!%ei0 &!,at BL!e*)!g.

Mo)(# )e orga'!6are !'$er'& e'te !% alt ,itei! &e ,la'i+i,ae a'tatel$0 a,e'tea "!t6%& +i7 'tate ,! ta&i3ie ,e%taliat# BE. Fa%3a0 P$l$%ia0

R$*6%ia et,. 'a! 'tate +e&eale BE. S.U.A.0 Ge*a%ia0 9ailia et,..Gra)(# )e )e64o#$are e%o'o!%& e"ei%t# !% ,itei! la +el &e

i*"$ta%t &e ,la'i+i,ae ,e ia % ,al,!l a%!*i3i i%&i,at$i e,$%$*i,i i'$,iali0 ,!* '!%t7 PN9 B"$&!'!l %a3i$%al )!t PI9 B"$&!'!l i%te% )!t0%iel!l &e &$tae al e,$%$*iei ,! te=%$l$gie *$&e%#0 ga&!l &eal+a)etiae i ,$laiae0 %!*#!l '"e,ialitil$ ,! %alt# ,ali+i,ae et,.

C$%+$* a,e't!i ,itei!0 'tatele 'e *"at %7< 'tate "!te%i, &e$ltate7 S.U.A.0 C=i%a0 Ja"$%ia0 Ge*a%ia0

Fa%3a0 Maea 9ita%ie0 Ca%a&a et,H

< 'tate ,! %iel *e&i! &e &e$ltae e,$%$*i,#7 T!,ia0 P$l$%ia0T=aila%&a0 C$eea &e S!&0 R$*6%ia0 C=ile et,.H

< 'tate % ,!' &e &e$ltae7 Pe!0 A+g=a%i'ta%0 aa='ta% et,.#ile ,! ,el *ai *ae PI9 B,$%+$* F.M.I. i 9a%,a M$%&ial#0 %

USD '!%t7 S.U.A. B140; *il.0 C=i%a B50( *il.0 Ja"$%ia B504 *il.0Ge*a%ia B-0- *il.0 Fa% a B205 *il.0 Maea 9ita%ie B202 *il.0 9ailia B20?: *il.0 Italia B20?5 *il.0 Ca%a&a B105 *il.0 I%&ia B105- *il..

Po6!,!a geogra!%& e'te ,$%'e,i%3a l$,ali#ii0 a "$te%3ial!l!i%at!al i !*a%0 a a"$t!il$ e,$%$*i,e0 "$liti,e0 *ilitae ,! 'tatele

e,i%e0 ,6t i ,! "!teile *$%&iale i egi$%ale. A,ea'ta i%+l!e%3ea#$ie%taea ela3iil$ ete%e "e a%!*ite ae &e i%tee' ge$"$liti,0 % a"$t,! ,$%tet!l i't$i, i "$liti,.

C$%+$* a,e't!i ,itei!0 'tatele '!%t &iiate %7 'tate ,$%ti%e%taleBE. A!'tia0 U%gaia0 aa='ta%0 M$%g$lia0 Eti$"ia0 S!&a%!l &e S!&09$liia et,.0 *aiti*e BE. S.U.A.0 Fa%3a0 N$egia0 P$t!galia0 Ge*a%iaet,. i i%'!lae BJa"$%ia0 Ci"!0 Fili"i%e et,..

M$&i+i,#ile teit$iale B'"a3iale ale 'tatel$ 'e "$t +a,e "i%eti%&eea 'a! e't6%geea '!"a+e3ei teit$i!l!i. Fa,t$ii ,ae "$&!,

a,e'te *$&i+i,#i '!%t7< +a,t$i %at!ali0 e"ee%ta3i "i%7 &e"!%ei al!i$%ae BE. ,a!l

1-


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)a3el$ D!%#ii ,ae ,$%ti)!ie la eti%&eea teit$ial# a U,ai%ei iR$*6%iei0 etageea 3#*!l!i BE. la N$& &e S!li%a0 e$i!%ea 3#*!l!ii ta%'ge'i!%i B>e%e3ia0 S!e&ia0 R$*6%ia et,.H

< +a,t$i a%t$"i,i ,e a,3i$%ea# % *ai !lte &ie,3ii7 eti%&eea

'!"a+e3el$ "i% %&e"#taea !%$ '!"a+e3e *aiti*e BE. Ja"$%ia0Ola%&a0 S.U.A.0 "i% ali"iea !%$ teit$ii % !*a !%$ a,3i!%i "$liti,eBE. +$*aea +$'tei URSS0 "i% &e)i%aea !%i teit$ii &i% 'tat!l i%i3ialBE. R$*6%ia a "ie&!t &!"# ,el &ee't i S!&e't BOie%t!l A"$"iat i Mi8l$,i!0

A'ia &e S!&0 A'ia &e E't0 A'ia &e S!&


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*e%3i$%ate7 S.U.A.0 U%i!%ea E!$"ea%#0 Ja"$%ia0 Fe&ea3ia R!'# < ,a *ai"!tei e,$%$*i,e0 &a i *ilitae B,! e,e"3ia Ja"$%iei.

S!%t !*#ite0 &e a'e*e%ea0 "i%,i"alele $ga%ia3ii i%te%a3i$%ale0',$"!ile i *$&!l l$ &e a,3i!%e7 U%i!%ea E!$"ea%#0 NATO0 Oga%ia3ia

Statel$ A*ei,a%e0 Oga%ia3ia U%it#3ii A+i,a%e0 Liga Aa)#0 Oga%ia3iaStatel$ E"$tat$ae &e Pet$l BOPEC .a.

) Re"ati3ia ge$ga+i,# i ,a!ele ,$%+li,tel$ a*ate7 #)$aie%te 'tate B% !lti*ii a%i0 %te I'ael i Li)a%0 R. D. C$%g$ i Ra%&a0S!&a% i Uga%&a0 S!&a% i Eti$"ia0 I%&ia i Pai'ta% 'a! l!"te % i%tei$!l!%$ 'tate BMei,0 Algeia0 Se%egal0 Cia&0 A%g$la0 Uga%&a0 S$*alia0A+ga%i'ta%0 Si La%a0 I%&$%eia0 T!,ia0 ESe &i',!t# *!lt "e 'ea*a *ail$ ,$%,e%e %$&

E!$"a % A'ia &e E't0 ia "$&!'ele +i%ite % 'e%' i%e'. Gl$)aliaea i%ea&e'ea % ,$%ta&i,3ie ,! !% alt +e%$*e%7 regionalizarea.

e Regi$%aliaea i +$*aea egi!%il$ ta%'+$%taliee. Ga%i3ele'!%t &e eg!l# li%ii ,lae &e 'e"aa3ie &i%te 'tate. Pi% e&!,eea a,e'tei+!%,3ii i "i%t


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Al"i%e. S,$"!l egi!%il$ ta%'+$%taliee e'te $ ,$la)$ae e,$%$*i,# *ai't6%'# a 3i%!t!il$ aeate &e a*)ele "#3i ale +$%tieel$0 !*#iea 't#ii*e&i!l!i %,$%8!#t$ i a "$)le*ei "$te,3iei %at!ii0 *)!%#t#3iea e3elei&e ,$*!%i,a3ii0 $ga%iaea % ,$*!% a ti*"!l!i li)e B'"$t0 ,!lt!# .a.0

t$ate % +$l$'!l "$"!la3iei ,ae t#iete % +6iile &e ga%i3#. D!"# 1::? a!%,e"!t '# 'e +$*ee egi!%i ta%'+$%taliee i &e


17/193


,e%tala &e la $l$&!i &e "e teit$i!l 9!lgaiei0 "e D!%#e0 e'te !% *$ti&e %gi8$ae "e%t! R$*6%iaH a,,i&e%t!l %!,lea &i% a%!l 2?11 &e laF!!'=i*a0 Ja"$%ia et,..

1.#. $nsam"luri economice i geopolitice ale lumii

Ga*a &e't!l &e aiat# a +a,t$il$ %at!ali0 "$liti,i0 i't$i,i0e,$%$*i,i i ,!lt!ali 'e e+le,t# % i%egala #'"6%&ie a "$"!la3iei0 %ga&!l &e &e$ltae e,$%$*i,# aiat i % 'ta%&a&!l ge%eal &e ia3#%!a%3at.

L!*ea &e ai e'te "$laiat#0 gait6%& '"e ,e%te &e &e,iieegi$%al# B'tatal# 'a! '!"a'tatal#0 ,! i%+l!e%3a #'+6%t# a&e'ea0 % "la%gl$)al. Cea *ai e"e'i# &i+ee%3iee e'te %te N$& i S!&0 a&i,# %te

3#ile )$gate B,$%,e%tate "e"$%&ee%t % $%a te*"eat# a e*i'+eei%$&i,e i ,ele '#a,e Bg!"ate % '!&!l ,el$ &i%t6i.

C=ia &a,# a a!t l$, ,#&eea )l$,!l!i ge$"$liti, '$ieti,0 &iiaeai&e$l$gi,# a l!*ii 'e *e%3i%e0 ia 3#ile ,a"itali'te ,$a)itea# ,! ,ele'$,iali'te BC=i%a0 >iet%a*0 R.P.D. C$eea%#0 M$%g$lia0 C!)a.

/% ,$%'e,i%3#0 la %iel gl$)al0 'e ,$%t!ea# !*#t$aele a%'a*)l!iBi ,e%te &e "!tee e,$%$*i,e i ge$"$liti,e7 U%i!%ea E!$"ea%#0A*ei,a &e N$&0 A*ei,a Lati%#0 R!'ia0 C=i%a0 I%&ia0 Ja"$%ia0"e+ig!6%&!


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1 ia%!aie 1::: *$%e&ei !%i,e BEURO0 a 9#%,ii E!$"e%e "e%t!Re,$%'t!,3ie i De$ltae B9ERD.

Si'te*!l "$liti, al U%i!%ii E!$"e%e e'te &e+i%it %t


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-5 *ili$a%e &e ,$%'!*at$i0 a6%& ,a $)ie,ti "i%,i"al eli*i%aeae'ti,3iil$ "ii%& ,$*e3!l i %,!a8aea i%e'ti3iil$ e,i"$,e0 ,!"e'"e,tia eti%&eii i *ai *!lt '"e '!&!l ,$%ti%e%t!l!i a*ei,a%.S,$"!l a,e't!i a,$& e'te &e a'e*e%ea0 li)ealiaea % 1? a%i a ,$*e3!l!i

,! "$&!'e i 'ei,ii0 "i% eli*i%aea )aieel$ tai+ae i %etai+ae %te"#3i i "i% li)ealiaea i%e'ti3iil$ i%ta


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Fo')(# Mo'e$ar I'$er'a,!o'a# /F+M+I+E'te $ $ga%ia3ie +i%a%,ia# i%te%a3i$%al#0 ,! 'e&i!l la

a'=i%gt$%0 ,ae !*#ete ,$$"eaea *$%eta# &i%te 3#i0 ,eteea

,$*e3!l!i *$%&ial0 a,$&aea &e *"!*!t!i +i%a%,iae0 ,$e,taea&ee,=ili)el$ )ala%3el$ &e "l#3i ale 3#il$ *e*)e.

Aa %( a a!'$!$! a'$er!or; "eGl$) ei't# !% %!*# &e 1:;BTa.e#(#1+=+ &e 'tate i "e'te ? &e teit$ii &e"e%&e%te0 &i%te ,ae 1:-'!%t 'tate *e*)e ale Oga%ia3iei Na3i!%il$ U%ite BO.N.U.. Sit!a ia "ii%& 'tatele l!*ii i ,a"itala a,e't$a e'te "ee%tat# % $a.e#(#!*#t$7

Ta.e#(# 1+=+ Statele l!*!!

Nr+%r$+

De'(!re *$a$ Ca"!$a#a

1 A+ga%i'ta% a)!l2 A+i,a &e S!& Pet$ia0 Ca"e T$%0 9l$e*+$%tei% Al)a%ia Tia%a3 Algeia Alge = A%&$a A%&$a la >ella> A%g$la L!a%&a? A%tig!a ! Bar.()a Sai%t J$=%*( Aa)ia Sa!&it& RiKa&=@ Age%ti'a 9!e%$' Aie'10 A*e%ia Eea%11 A!'talia Ca%)ea12 A!'tia >ie%a1 Ae)ai&8a% 9a!13 9a=a*a' Na''a!1= 9a=ai% Ma%a*a

1> 9a%gla&e'= Da,,a1? 9a)a&$' 9i&get$%1< 9elgia 9!elle'1: 9elie 9el*$"a%20 9e%i% P$t$


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2 9!%ei 9a%&a Sei 9egaa%2< 9!lgaia S$+ia

2@ 9!i%a Fa'$ O!aga&$!g$!0 9!!%&i 9!8!*)!a1 Ca*)$&gia P=$* Pe%=2 Ca*e!% a$!%&V Ca%a&a Ottaa3 Ca"!l >e&e Paia= Ce=ia Paga> C=ile Sa%tiag$

? C=i%a 9ei8i%g< Cia& ND8a*e%a-: Ci"! Ni,$'ia30 C$a'ta &e Fil&e a*$!''$!$31 C$l!*)ia 9$g$ta32 C$*$e M$$%i3 Re"!)li,a C$%g$ 9aaille

33Re"!)li,a De*$,ati,&Co'go

i%'=a'a

3= R.P.D. C$eea%# P=e%ia%3> C$eea &e S!& Se!l3? C$'ta Ri,a Sa% J$'V3< C$a ia Wage)3@ C!)a aa%a=0 Da%e*a,a C$"e%=aga=1 D8i)$!ti D8i)$!ti=2 U%i!%ea D$*i%i,a R$'ea!= Re"!)li,a D$*i%i,a%& Sa%t$ D$*i%g$

=3 E,!a&$ !it$== Egi"t Cai$=> Ele ia 9e%a=? E*iate#e Ara.e U'!$e A)! D=a)i=< Eiteea A'*aa=@ E't$%ia Talli%>0 Eti$"ia A&&i'1 Fi&8i S!a>2 Fili"i%e Ma%ila> Fi%la%&a el'i%i

21


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>3 Fa% a Pai'>= Ga)$% Li)eille

>> Ga*)ia 9a%8!l>? Ge$gia T)ili'i>< Ge*a%ia 9eli%>@ G=a%a A,,a?0 Ge,ia Ate%a?1 Ge%a&a Sai%t Ge$ge'?2 G!ate*ala G!ate*ala CitK? G!i%eea C$%aK

?3 G!i%eea G!Ka%a Ge$get$%?? aiti P$t


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1?2 Lie,=te%'tei% >a&!1?- Lit!a%ia >il%i!'

1?4 L!e*)!g L!e*)$!g1?5 Ma,e&$%ia S$"8e1?; Ma&aga',a A%ta%a%ai$1? Malai Lill$%ge1?( MalaK'ia !ala L!*"! 1?: Mal&ie MalV11? Mali 9a*a$111 Malta La >alletta

112 Maea 9ita%ie L$%&a11- Ma$, Ra)at114 Ma'=all Ma8!$115 Ma!ita%ia N$!a,=$tt11; Ma!i i!' P$t


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14? Pe! Li*a141 P$l$%ia >a $ia

142 P$t!galia Li'a)$%a14- ata D$=a144 Re"!)li,a Ce%ta+i,a%# 9a%g!i145 R$*6'!a B(%(re $!13> R(*!a Mo*%o4a13? R!a%&a igali14( Sai%t%,e%t iGe%a&i%e

i%g't$%

15? Sai%t L!,ia Ca'tie'151 Sala&$ Sa% Sala&$ 152 Sa*$a A"ia15- Sa% Mai%$ Sa% Mai%$154 Sa$ T$*e i Pi%,i"e Sa$ T$*e155 Se%egal Daa 15; Se)ia 9elga&15 SeK,=elle' >i,t$ia

15( Siea Le$%e Feet$%15: Si%ga"$e Si%ga"$e1;? Siia Da*a',1;1 Sl$a,ia 9ati'laa1;2 Sl$e%ia L8!)l8a%a1;- S$l$*$% $%iaa1;4 S$*alia M$ga&i'=!1;5 S"a%ia Ma&i&1;; Si La%a C$l$*)$0 Si JaKea&e%e"!a $tte

1; Statele U%ite aleA*ei,ii

a'=i%gt$%

1;( S!&a% =at$!*1;: S!&a%!l &e S!& J!)a1? S!e&ia St$,=$l*11 S!i%a* Paa*ai)$12 Saila%& M)a)a%e1- Ta&8ii'ta% D!'=a%)e14 Taia% Tai"ei15 Ta%a%ia D$&$*a

24


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1; Ti*$!l &e E't Dili1 T=aila%&a 9a%g$

1( T$g$ L$*V1: T$%ga N!!al$+a1


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Te*$ e4a#(are %a"!$o# I

1+ Co"o'e'$e#e *$a$(#(! *('$7a $er!$or!(#; "o"(#a!a; ora )e *$a$

) +$*a &e g!e%ae0 '"ai!l tee't!0 '"ai!l *aiti*H, "$"!laia0 ga%iele0 +$*a &e g!e%ae.

2+ Ter!$or!!#e '(!$e 9' o) ero'a$ H*$a$eH; )a$or!$& #!"*e! ('e! ore)e g(4er'are *('$7a aa Galil$0 Ma,a$0 T!al!H) G$e%la%&a0 P!et$ Ri,$0 >ati,a%H% A'g#!a; S%o,!a; Pa#e*$!'a+

+ Ce#e a! "o"(#a$e *$a$e )e "e %o'$!'e'$(# a*!a$!% *('$7a I%&ia0 C=i%a0 >iet%a*H. C:!'a; I')!a; Pa!*$a', C=i%a0 I%&ia0 T=aila%&a.

3+ S$a$e#e %( %e#e a! ar! *("raee *('$7a Fe)era!a R(*&; Ca'a)a; S+U+A) S.U.A.0 C=i%a0 Fe&eaia R!'#H, C=i%a0 I%&ia0 Fe&eaia R!'#.

=+ S$a$e#e %( %e# a! !% '(&r )e #o%(!$or! )e "e %o'$!'e'$(# e(ro"ea'*('$7a A%&$a0 Lie,=te%'tei%0 Ci"!H. Va$!%a'; Sa' Mar!'o; Mo'a%o, Malta0 M$%a,$0 Sa% Mai%$.

> U'!('ea E(ro"ea'& are 9' "re6e'$ (' '(&r )e7a 2? )e *$a$e

) 15 'tateH, 25 'tateH

2;


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CAPITOLUL IIGEOGRAFIA RESURSELOR UMANE

n studiul resurselor umane ale Terrei, sunt dezbtuteaspectele privind evoluia i dinamica populaiei mondiale, repartiiageografic, dinamica urbanizrii i fenomenele de concentrareurban, perspectivele populaiei mondiale etc,. -lementele obiective,sesizabile, ale lumii contemporane, sunt ilustrate de cretereanumeric a populaiei, de explozia urban i de preocuparea pentrususinerea dezvoltrii. #cordul dintre mediu i societate l reprezintdezvoltarea durabil, capabil s ofere generaiilor viitoare att

resurse prezervate ct i un mediu favorabil existenei.Capitolul este structurat dup cum urmeaz:

2.1. Ge$ga+ia "$"!la3iei

2.1.1. Di%a*i,a "$"!la3iei

2.1.2. St!,t!a "$"!la3iei

2.2. Ge$ga+ia ae#il$ !*a%e

2.2.1. F$*e teit$iale !ale2.2.2. F$*e teit$iale !)a%e

2.2.2. A*e%a8aea l$,al# i egi$%al#

2


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.1. Geografia popula%iei

Po"or(# e'te $ +$*# i't$i,# &e ,$*!%itate !*a%#0 '!"ei$a#ti)!l!i0 a%tei$a# %a3i!%ii0 ai ,#ei *e*)ii l$,!ie', "e a,elai teit$i!0

$)e', a,eeai li*)# i a! a,eleai ta&i3ii.Na,!('ea e'te $ +$*# &e ,$*!%itate !*a%#0 a"#!t# % !*ae$l!3iei i't$i,e a "$"$ael$ i a ,i'tali#ii 'e%ti*e%t!l!i %a3i$%al. Pe)aa %a3i!%il$ '


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2+1+1+1+ B!#a',(# 'a$(ra#

La %iel gl$)al0 &i%a*i,a "$"!la3iei e'te e!ltat!l )ila%3!l!i%at!al. 9ila%3!l %at!al ae &$!# ,$*"$%e%te7 !%a a,ti# /'a$a#!$a$ea i

alta "a'i# /or$a#!$a$ea. C! alte ,!i%te0 )ila%3!l %at!al e"ei%t#&i+ee%3a &i%te %!*#!l %ateil$ i ,el al &e,e'el$0 e"i*at# % al$ielatie BY0 ,al,!lat# "e%t! $ "ei$a &ete*i%at# &e ti*"0 &e eg!l# !%a%.

Na$a#!$a$ea 'e e+e# la +e,e%3a 'a! i%te%'itatea %ateil$B%#',!3il$ ii % ,a&!l !%ei "$"!la3ii0 % &e,!'!l !%!i a%0 a"$tat# la1??? &e l$,!it$i.

Di'ti)!3ia %atalit#3ii "e Gl$) e'te +$ate &i+eit# $',il6%& %teal$i *ai B"e'te -?Y i al$i *i,i B'!) 15Y. Se "$t &e$'e)i a't+el -

,ateg$ii &e %atalitate7 valori mari, %te -?Y i 5?Y ,ae 'e "$&!, % 3#i'!)&e$ltate &i% A+i,a0 Bla '!& &e Sa=aa0 % 3#i lati%$


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%atalit#3ii0 a6%& '"$!i e&!'e i ,=ia %egatie B'!) 5Y7 Ca%a&a0L!e*)!g0 Fi%la%&a. U%ele &i%te a,e'tea BU%gaia '"e ee*"l! &!, $"$liti,# &e %,!a8ae a %atalit#3ii0 '"e &e$'e)ie &e alte 3#i0 ,! '"$ %at!ali&i,at0 ,ae *ilitea# "e%t! li*itaea %ateil$.

S"era' a )e 4!a & la %a tee e'te !% i%&i,at$ &e*$ga+i, a"$a"e 'i%$%i* ,! &!ata *e&ie a ie ii i e"ei%t# %!*#!l *e&i! &e a%i "e ,ae i ae &e t#it !% %$! %#',!t0 "le,6%& &e la "e*i'a ,# $&i%ea &e &e,e' lat$ate g!"ele &e 6't# #*6%e %e',=i*)at#0 e'"e,ti a,eea &e la &ata%a teii. A,e't i%&i,at$ 'e a+l# % ela ie &ie,t# ,! al$ile *$talit# ii i%+a%tile. C! ,6t al$aea *$talit# ii i%+a%tile e'te *ai *ae0 '"ea% a &e ia # la %a tee e'te *ai e&!'#. A,e't i%&i,at$ aia# % li*ite lagi la %iel *$%&ial0 +ii%& ,$elat ,! ga&!l &e &e$ltae e,$%$*i,#.

>al$aea &!atei *e&ii a ie ii a ,e',!t &e "e'te "at! $i &e la

a"ai ia $*!l!i. O*!l "i*iti aea $ &!at# *e&ie a ie ii &e a"$i*ati 1;a,$*"a%iat# i &e ',#&eea %atalit# ii. De ai,i i $ a,,elee a '"$!l!i %at!al i a it*!il$ &e ,e tee &e*$ga+i,# i &e,la% aea e"l$iei &e*$ga+i,e.

Di% "!%,t &e e&ee al &i+ee% ei "e g!"e &e 'e0 '"ea% a &e ia # la %iel *$%&ial e'te &e ;40- a%i0 ia a )#)a il$ e'te &e ;20 a%i0 ,$*"aati ,! a +e*eil$0 ,e a! $ '"ea% # &e ia # &e ;; a%i.

Cea *ai *ae '"ea% # &e ia # la %iel *$%&ial e'te "ee%tat# % Ta.e#(# 2+1+

Ta.e#(# 2+1+Statele ,! ,ea *ai *ae '"ea% a &e ia # la %iel *$%&ial

-?


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Nr+%r$+

De'(!rea *$a$(#(! S"era' a )e 4!a &

1 A%&$a (-052 Sa% Mai%$ (201

- Si%ga"$e (10;4 Ja"$%ia (10155 Ele ia :0;; S!e&ia :0; Ca%a&a :04( I'la%&a :04: Italia :1? Fa% a0 Ge*a%ia0 U (0(

2+1+1+2+ B!#a',(# !gra$or!(

O ,aa,tei'ti,# a "$"!la3iei Gl$)!l!i i a "$"!la3iil$ %a3i$%ale e'te*$)ilitatea teit$ial#0 a&i,# &e"la'aea % '"a3i! Bteit$i!.

M$)ilitatea '"a3ial# a "$"!la3iei 'e e+e# la t$talitatea &e"la'#il$"$"!la3iei % teit$i!0 i%&i+ee%t &e &!at#0 "e,!*0 i la *$&i+i,#ile &e$&i% '$,ial0 "$+e'i$%al i &e*$ga+i,.

Ca!ele *$)ilit#3ii teit$iale a "$"!la3iei '!%t ,$*"lee. A,ea'ta'e )aea# "e $ &ie'itate &e *$tia3ii7 '$,ial


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/% ,a&!l *iga3iil$ i%te%a3i$%ale ei't# 3#i +!%i$ae &ee*iga%3i B,ele '!)&e$ltate i 3#i e,e"t$ae &e e*iga%3i B,ele "!te%i,&e$ltate. Pe'$a%ele ,ae "##'e', 3aa &e $igi%e '!%t emigrani0 ia,6%& i%t# % 3aa "i*it$ae 'e %!*e', imigrani.

Ca!ele *iga3iil$ i%te%a3i$%ale '!%t +$ate ,$*"lee7 i%egalitatea&e$lt#ii e,$%$*i,e a 3#il$0 &i',i*i%#ile et%i,e0 &i+ee%3ieile '$,iale0,#!taea !%!i l$, &e *!%,#0 ,$%+li,tele *ilitae0 &i',e"a%3e &e*$ga+i,e0"e'e,!3iile "$liti,e0 ,$%+e'i$%ale Beligi$a'e0 ata,3ia !%$ e%it!i+a*iliale '!"ei$ae0 eg!"#ile &e "$"!la3ie "$e%ite &i% &e)i%aea !%$'tate "i% tatate "$liti,e0 e$ga%i#i teit$iale et,.

Cea *ai "!te%i,# e*iga3ie '.0

1:(:.

2+1+1++ E4o#(,!a '(er!%& a "o"(#a,!e!

Di'ti)!3ia i%egal# a !',at!l!i i a"ei "e Gl$) e'te !% e!ltat ala,3i!%ii +a,t$il$ ge$l$gi,i0 te,t$%i,i i "ale$ge$ga+i,i0 ,eea ,e +a,e ,a*a'a ,$%ti%e%tal#0 l$,!it# &e $ a%!*it# "$"!la3ie0 '# +ie e"atiat#&i'"$"$3i$%al "e ,ele &$!# e*i'+ee B%$&i,# i '!&i,#0 % +!%,3ie &e+a,t$ii ge$l$gi,i0 ge$*$+$l$gi,i0 ,li*ati,i0 =i&$l$gi,i0 '$,iali i

e,$%$*i,i. A't+el ,#0 % e*i'+ea %$&i,# !',at!l e"ei%t# ; i e'tel$,!it &e : &i% "$"!la3ia *$%&ial#0 ia e*i'+ea '!&i,# e"ei%t# 24&i% !',at i e'te l$,!it# &e 21 &i% "$"!la3ie.

E"#o6!a )eogra!%& e'te !% "$,e' &e*$ga+i, ,aa,tei'ti,3#il$ % ,!' &e &e$ltae0 ,$%'t6%& % ,eteea %!*ei,# a,,e%t!at# a"$"!la3iei0 ,a !*ae a ',#&eii )!te a *$talit#3ii i a *e%3i%eii%atalit#3ii la %iel!i i&i,ate.

/% E!$"a0 e"l$ia &e*$ga+i,# a +$'t &e,la%at# &e e$l!3iai%&!'tial#0 ia a"$i '


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1:;? - *l&.( 1:5 4 *l&.: 1:(? 405 *l&.1? 1::? 50- *l&.

11 1::: ; *l&.

12 2??; ;05 *l&.1- 2?11 *l&.

14 2?25 ( *l&.

15 2?4- : *l&.

1; 2?(- 1? *l&.

Tra'6!,!a )eogra!%& e'te !% *$&el &e ',=i*)ae a,aa,tei'ti,il$ &e*$ga+i,e ale !%ei "$"!la3ii0 )aat "e e"eie%3a 3#il$&e$ltate ,ae a! tae'at "$,e'e &e i%&!'tialiae i !)a%iae.M$&el!l i%,l!&e 4 +ae7

a +aa 'ta3i$%a#H) +aa e"a%'i!%ii "i*aeH, +aa e"a%'i!%ii 'e,!%&aeH& +aa 'ta3i$%a#./% a"$t ,! a,e'te +ae 'e "$ate ,$%t!a $politic demografic0 'e

"$ate $)i &e $ "e'i!%e a "$"!la3iei0 &e aeale suprapopulate isubpopulate.Po#!$!%a )eogra!%&e"ei%t# !% a%'a*)l! &e *#'!i legi'latie0

a&*i%i'tatie0 e,$%$*i,e0 ,!lt!ale0 e&!,a3i$%ale0 'a%itae +$l$'ite &e'tate0 "e%t! a i%+l!e%3a "i%,i"alele aia)ile &e*$ga+i,e % a"$t &e +aa&e ta%i3ie % ,ae 'e a+l#7 ,eteea "$"!la3iei0 't!,t!a "$"!la3iei0*iga3ia i%te%# i ete%#0 &i'ti)!3ia % teit$i! a "$"!la3iei i ,=ia%iel!l e&!,a3i$%al. /% "$liti,a &e*$ga+i,# 'e *a%i+e't# *ai *!ltete%&i%3e7 "$liti,a *alt=!'ia%#0 "$liti,a "a'i#0 "$liti,a +a*ilial#0 "$liti,a

"$"!la3i$%i't#.De'*!$a$ea "o"(#a,!e!e'te !% i%&i,at$ ,e "ei%t# a"$t!l &i%te%!*#!l "$"!la3iei la !% *$*e%t &at i '!"a+a3a l$,!it# &e a,ea'ta.

De%'itatea *e&ie a "$"!la3iei *$%&iale e'te &e54 l$,.Z*20 &a la%iel &e 'tat a,ea'ta "ei%t# al$i &i+ee%3iate. A%!*ite teit$ii a! $"$"!la3ie "!3i% %!*e$a'# % a"$t ,! '!"a+a3a a,e't$a0 ia altele a! $"$"!la3ie +$ate %!*e$a'#0 a't+el ,# 'e &e$'e)e', !*#t$aele ti"!i &e&e%'itate7

densitate redus0 e'"e,ti &e 1


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Na*i)ia i %e&e"#i%& ?0?1 l$,.Z*2% G$e%la%&a0 ,$e'"!%6%& $%el$ai&e 'a! e,iH

densitate ridicat0 al$ile 'it!6%&!


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Cele *ai e&!'e &e%'it#3i 'e %t6l%e', % egi!%ile &eeti,e i'e*i&eeti,e BSa=aa0 A!'talia &e >e't0 G$)i et,0 "#&!ile e,!at$ialeBA*a$%ia0 )ai%!l +l!i!l!i C$%g$0 egi!%ile e,i0 a,ti,e i a%ta,ti,e.

2+1+2+ S$r(%$(ra "o"(#a,!e!

St!,t!a "$"!la iei 'e e+e# la e"ati3ia 'tati'ti,# "e g!"e 'a!,la'e a !%ei "$"!la3ii0 % +!%,3ie &e &i+eitele ,aa,tei'ti,i &e*$ga+i,e0,!lt!ale 'a! '$,i$


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a&*i%i'ta3ie0 %#3#*6%t0 '#%#tate0 ta%'"$t0 tele,$*!%i,a3ii0 ,$*e30+i%a%3e0 a'ig!#i0 ,e,etae tii%3i+i,#0 ,!lt!#0 8!'ti3ie et,.

& structura etno&lingvistic ae ,a )a# &e ,la'i+i,ae "$"$aeleB't!,t!a et%i,# i li*)a $)it# B't!,t!a li%gi'ti,#. S!%t "! i%e 'tate $*$ge%e &i% "!%,t &e e&ee et%i,0 *i%$it# ile %a i$%ale +ii%& "ee%te a"$a"e % +ie,ae a#. Ei't# t$t! i 'tate %a i$%ale0 !%&e g!"!l et%i, *a8$ita &e i%e "e'te :5 &i% "$"!la ie B,ele *ai *!lte '!%t % E!$"a. U%ele 'tate '!%t *"# ite %te &$!# 'a! *ai *!lte et%ii0 %i,i !%a &i%te ele %! &e"# e te ;? &i% "$"!la ie BE7 Ele ia0 9elgia0 I%&ia0 Si La%a0 Re"!)li,a A+i,a &e S!& et,..

Maea &ie'itate li%gi'ti,# a Gl$)!l!i e'te e!ltat!l et%$ge%eei

"$"$ael$ i *ai e,e%t a i%+l!e% el$ "e ,ae le '!"$t# li*)ile %a i$%ale % ,$%tet!l i%te%a i$%ali#ii i%+$*a iei i al te*i%$l$giei tii% i+i,e0 te=%i,e i &e a+a,ei.

U% $l e'e% ial % ,$%t!aea ,$%+ig!a iei li%gi'ti,e a Gl$)!l!i lDi%te 'tatele )ili%ge a*i%ti*7 9elgia B+la*a% i al$%#0 Ca%a&a Be%gle# i +a%,e# i S"a%ia B'"a%i$l# i )a',#.

Ta.e#(# 2++ Li*)ile ,! ,ea *ai *ae #'"6%&ie "e Gl$)

Nr+ %r$+ L!.a 4or.!$&N(&r )e 4or.!$or!

/!#!oa'e1 C=i%e# BMa%&ai% :??2 S"a%i$l# -5?- E%gle# -4?4 Aa)# -1?

5 i%&i 22?

-;


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; P$t!g=e# 2?? 9e%gali 1(?( R!'# 14;

:Ja"$%e# 12(

1? Ge*a%# :(Li*)a e%gle# a &ee%it li*)# &$*i%a%t# % A*ei,a &e N$&0

A!'talia0 "e,!* i % !%ele 'tate &i% A+i,a i A'ia0 !%&e 't#"6%iea ,$l$%ial# i


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&e "e'$a%e '


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ele*e%t "e*a%e%t0 'e&e%ta i &e ,$%ti%!itate % *e&i!l ge$ga+i,,aa,teiat "i%t

-:


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teit$ial# a "$"!la3iei0 a i%+a't!,t!ii &e ta%'"$t0 a ,alit#3ii *e&i!l!i et,.o'a ('%,!o'a#&e"ei%t# $ '!"a+a3# &e tee% ,#eia i 'e ati)!ie

!% a%!*it ti" &e +$l$'i%3# "e ,ae 'e &e'+#$a# a%!*ite a,tiit#3ie,$%$*i,e 'a! '$,iale. W$%ele +!%,3i$%ale !)a%e '!%t7 comerciale,

industriale, administrative, sanitare, de transport, rezideniale, deagrement et,.

/% leg#t!# ,! a,e'te $%e +!%,3i$%ale e'te %e,e'a '# l#*!i* alte%$3i!%i7 $%a &e i%+l!e%3#0 $%# "ei!)a%# i $%# '!)!)a%#.

a zona de influen'e e+e# la teit$i!l a'!"a ,#!ia $a!l ieti%&e !%ele +!%,3i!%i !)a%e0 *#i*ea $%ei +ii%& &e"e%&e%t# &e*#i*ea $a!l!i i i*"$ta%3a 'a e,$%$*i,#H

)zona periurbane'te teit$i!l 'it!at la "ei+eia $a!l!i0 a6%&ela3ii 't6%'e &i% "!%,t &e e&ee e,$%$*i,0 ,!lt!al0 &e*$ga+i, i '$,ial0

&e$lt6%&!

Ae#ile !)a%e0 % e$l!3ia l$0 ,!%$', $ e$l!3ie teit$ial# i $&e$ltae +!%,3i$%al# "e*a%e%t#. Pi%,i"alele +$*e &e e$l!3ieteit$ial# i &e ,$%,e%tae !)a%# '!%t7 oraul, aglomeraia urban,metropola, conurbaia i megalopolisul.

Ora (# e'te +$*a ,ea *ai 'i*"l# &e e$l! ie !)a%#0 +ii%& al,#t!it

&i%7 vatr Bteit$i!l $,!"at &e i*$)ile0 intravilan Bteit$i!l $a !l!i ,e e'te *"# it % $%e +!%, i$%ale i extravilan Be't!l '!"a+e el$ &i% teit$i!l a&*i%i'tati.

Ag#oera !a (r.a'& e'te$ ,$%,e%tae !)a%# +$*at# &i% $a !l "$"i!


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9ita%ie.Mega#o"o#!*(# e'te +$*at &i% ,$%!)a3ii0 i%te!)a3ii0 *et$"$le0

$ae0 e%,lae agi,$le0 '"a3ii +$e'tiee. /% ,a&!l *egal$"$li'!l!i ei't#%!,lee "$laiat$ae '"e ,ae gaitea# ae#i !)a%e *ai *i,i.

C$*"$%e%tele a,e't!ia '!%t i%&e"e%&e%te &i% "!%,t &e e&eea&*i%i'tati0 &a a! % ,$*!% i%+a't!,t!a0 ela iile e,$%$*i,e0 ,!lt!ale0 &e*$ga+i,e et,. Ee*"le &e *egal$"$li'7 Toaido &i% Ja"$%ia BT$K$+ T$"!l ,el$ *ai +ei,ite $a e &i% l!*e B&!"# F$)e'0 2?11Nr+ %r$+ Ora S$a$

1 Ri$ &e Ja%ei$ 9ailia

2 SK&%eK A!'talia- 9a,el$%a S"a%ia4 A*'te&a* Ola%&a5 Mel)$!%e A!'talia; Ma&i& S"a%ia Sa% Fa%,i',$ S.U.A.( R$*a Italia: Pai' Fa% a1? 9!e%$' Aie' Age%ti%a

/% ,eea ,e "ie te %iel!l &e tai i ,$'t!l a,e't!ia0 la %iel *$%&ial e*a,# !*#t$!l ,la'a*e%t "e%t! ,ele *ai ',!*"e BTa.e#(# 2+?+ i ,ele *ai ie+ti%e $a e B Ta.e#(# 2+


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4 Staa%ge N$egia5 $$=a*a Ja"$%ia; W!i,= Ele ia L!a%&a A%g$la

( Ge%ea Ele ia: $)e Ja"$%ia1? 9e%a Ele ia

Ta.e#(# 2+


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BP+A+T+0 ,ae !*#e', ealiaea !%!i e,=ili)! %te +$*ele &e !tiliae a'"a3i!l!i i %te %e$ile ,$*!%it#3ii !*a%e &i% a,el teit$i!.

Ae'aKarea r(ra#&"$ate +i &e *ai *!lte +el!i7 amena3are silvicB$ga%iaea "$,e'!l!i &e "$&!,3ie +$e'tie#0 amena3are turistic B%

e&eea al$i+i,#ii ,$*"lee i e+i,ie%te a "$te%3ial!l!i t!i'ti,0amena3are agricolB% e&eea e"l$at#ii agi,$le a tee%!l!i et,.

O)ie,ti!l "i%,i"al al a*e%a8#ii teit$iale a '"a i!l!i !al ae ,a ',$" $) i%eea "$&!'el$ agi,$le i a *ateiil$ "i*e i%&!'tiale0 &a i !tiliaea a,e't!ia ,a i '"a i! &e e,eae. /% #ile i%&!'tialiate0 '$,iet# ile !ale 'e a"$"ie &i% ,e % ,e *ai *!lt &e *$&!l &e ia # !)a%. Me,a%iaea "a,ti,il$ agi,$le "e*ite #a%il$ *ai *!lt ti*" li)e0 "e ,ae l $,!"# ,! alte a,tiit# i.

Ae'aKarea (r.a'&'e e+e# la !% 'et ,$*"le &e l!,#i te=%i,e

% e&eea e,=i"#ii teit$i!l!i !%ei l$,alit#3i !)a%e ,! e3ele te=%i,$e%e!ela0 "lat$!l,$%ti%e%tal al 'tat!l!i Sa$ Pa$l$0 9ailia0 A+i,a7 Sa=aa BLi)ia0 Algeia0egi!%ea G$l+!l!i G!i%eei BNigeia0 E!$"a7 egi!%ea M#ii N$&!l!iBN$egia0 Maea 9ita%ie BF!g(ra +2+.

Cele *ai )$gate #,#*i%te "e "la% *$%&ial 'e ,$%'i&e# a +i7G=aa0 Sa+a%Ka= BAa)ia Sa!&it#0 9!ga% B!ait0 i!0 M$''!l

4:


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BIa0 P!&=$e 9aK BS.U.A.0 Ca%taell BMei, et,.D!"# 1:-0 ,6%& '


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A!'taliei0 14.?;? *ilia&e *^ A+i,ii0 .-2? *ilia&e *^ A*ei,ii &e N$&i .1?? *ilia&e *^ A*ei,ii &e S!&.

F!g(ra ++ Re"ati3ia e'!'el$ &e gae %at!ale la %iel *$%&ial

S(.*$a',e#e ra)!oa%$!4e/%o.(*$!.!#!! '(%#ear! '!%t e"ee%tate&e ele*e%tele +i'ile gele ,ae "$t +i '!"!'e ea,3iei &e +i'i!%e % la% %t


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"lat+$*el$ ge$l$gi,e e,=i. Cele *ai *ai eee *$%&iale &e !a%i!'!%t e"atiate ge$ga+i, % !*at$aele egi!%i7 Ce%t!a A!'talia%# e'ti,#.

52


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F!g(ra +=+ Re"ati3ia e'!'el$ &e *i%ee!i %e+e$a'e la %iel *$%&ial

*lumbul i zincul 'e g#'e', % eee *ai *i,i0 +ii%& $) i%!te % '"e,ial % A!'talia0 Ca%a&a0 C=i%a0 Pe!0 S.U.A.

5taniule'te e"l$atat % A'ia &e S!& E't0 A*ei,a &e S!& B9ailia09$liia. Cea *ai i*"$ta%t egi!%e *etal$ge%eti, &e *i%ee! &e 'ta%i!$ e"ei%t A'ia &e S!&


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5 &e !*#t$aele 'tate7 Fe&ea ia R!'#0 Ca%a&a0 S.U.A.0 P$l$%ia0 Ia0 C=i%a i Aa)ia Sa!&it#.

5rurile de potasiu '!%t !tiliate % i%&!'tia %g# #*i%tel$ ,=i*i,e. Re'!'ele i*"$ta%te &e i% !*#t$aele 'tate7 Ca%a&a0 Fe&ea ia

R!'#0 Ge*a%ia0 U,ai%a0 S.U.A. et,. P$ta'i!l eta' &i% a"a *#ii e'te!tiliat &e7 I'ael0 I$&a%ia i Eti$"ia B&i% Maea M$at# i Maea R$ ie.

%osfa ii "ei%t# 5 &i% eee % A+i,a BMa$,0 T!%i'ia.

Ro%!#e )e %o'*$r(% !eCele *ai !tiliate $,i &e ,$%'t!, ie '!%t7 marmura B"e%t!

',!l"t!i0 "aa8e0 $%a*e%ta ii e'te e"l$atat# %7 Italia0 Ge,ia0 S"a%ia0 Fa% a0 R$*6%ia et,.H granitul B"e%t! "aa8e0 tea'a*e%te0 +!%&a ii e'te e"l$atat % Fi%la%&a0 S!e&ia0 Egi"t0 Fe&ea ia R!'# et,.H bazaltul B+$l$'it

% ,$%'t!, ia &!*!il$ 'e e"l$atea# % I%&ia0 Fa% a0 R$*6%ia. Alte $,i ,! $ lag# !tiliae % &$*e%i!l ,$%'t!, iil$ '!%t7

travertinul, argila, marnele, gresia, pietri ul i nisipul.

#.#. &esursele )idrosferei

Cea *ai *ae "ate a e'!'el$ &e a"# ale "la%etei e'te ,a%t$%at# %"$"$ ie &e :04 % O,ea%!l Pla%eta. Re't!l &e 20; e'te "ee%t %t


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*ae !i%# &e &e'ali%iae0 Al J!)ail0 !ait0 ata0 E*iatele Aa)eU%ite0 Li)ia et,.

A"e#e %o'$!'e'$a#e '!%t e"ee%tate "i% e'!'ele &e a"# &!l,e.A,e'tea %'!*ea# !% $l!* &e -; *ili$a%e *^0 ,eea ,e e"ei%t# 20;

&i% t$tal!l =i&$'+eei.Re'!'ele &e a"# &!l,e '!%t %e!%i+$* e"atiate0 a,e'tea +ii%& *ai

a)!%&e%te % egi!%ile e,i ale Gl$)!l!i B%$&!l Ca%a&ei0 E!$"ei0 A'iei&a i*"$"ii ,$%&i iil$ &e ia #.

Cal$tele gla,iae i g=e aii *$%ta%i %'!*ea# a"$a"e 5 &i% ,a%titatea &e a"# &!l,e0 !*ea# a"ele '!)tea%e0 a,e'tea +ii%& e"l$ata)ile% "$"$ ie &e 4? "e,!* i la,!ile i 6!ile.

#.*. &esursele "iosferei

Ma'a t$tal# a e'!'el$ )i$'+eei e'te a"e,iat# la a"$i*ati 1???*ilia&e t$%e0 % ,ae "e&$*i%# e'!'ele egetale. Di% "!%,t &e e&ee ale"ati iei teit$iale0 ;? &i% ,a%titatea &e )i$e'!'e ei%e )ai%el$ $,ea%i,e i 4? ei%e !',at!l!i0 a,e'tea ege%e6%&!


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Ce%tal# B?? *ili$a%e =a0 A+i,a B;5? *ili$a%e =a0 A'ia B55? *ili$a%e=a0 E!$"a B15? *ili$a%e =a0 O,ea%ia B15? *ili$a%e =a. Pe #i0 'e e*a,# 9ailia ,! ,ea *ai *ae '!"a+a # *"#&!it# Ba"$i*ati 5?? *ili$a%e =a.

Pi%,i"alele ti"!i &e "#&!i "e Gl$) '!%t7 "#&!ile e,!at$iale0"#&!ile t$"i,ale0 "#&!ile *e&itea%ee%e0 "#&!ile $%ei te*"eate0"#&!ea )$eal# 'a! taiga.

Cele *ai al$$a'e "#&!i &i% "!%,t &e e&ee e,$%$*i, '!%t"#&!ile egi!%il$ te*"eate0 ,ae a'ig!# ,ea *ai *ae "ate a *a'eile*%$a'e. Cele *ai *ai '!"a+e e le $,!"# "#&!ile &e ,$%i+ee B102 *ilia&e =a0 a6%& $ lag# #'"6%&ie % e*i'+ea %$&i,#. P#&!ile &e+$i$a'e a,$"e# % "ee%t $ '!"a+a # &e ?0; *ilia&e =a ,e a! +$'t &e+i ate % te,!t "e%t! a +a,e l$, ,!lt!il$ agi,$le i "# !%il$. P#&!ile

i%tet$"i,ale "ei%t# e'e% e al$$a'e "e,!*7 'a%tal0 te,0 *a=$%0 a)$ele &e ,a!,i!, et,.

De+i #ile i i%,e%&ieile +#,!te % ',$"!l $) i%eii tee%!il$ agi,$le0 a $) i%eii le*%!l!i &e +$,0 "e%t! ,$%'t!, ii 'a! alte !tili#i0 a! e&!' '!"a+a a *"#&!it# &e la a"$a"e ( *ilia&e =a Ba,!* 2??? &e a%i la a"$i*ati 4 *ilia&e =a % "ee%t. Cele *ai )i%e *"#&!ite 'tate0a"$tate la '!"a+a a a,e't!ia0 '!%t7 S!i%a* B:40 0 G!Ka%a Fa%,e# B:10(0 Mi,$%eia B:?0;.

%orma iunile ierboase B'aa%a0 'te"#0 "a8i ti al"i%e0 t!% $,!"#

$ '!"a+a # &e -04 *ilia&e =a0 ,eea ,e %'ea*%# 24 &i% '!"a+a a !',at!l!i. F!%, ia e,$%$*i,# e+e,ti# a a,e't$a $ e"ei%t# a'ig!aea =a%ei e+e,tiel$ &e a%i*ale.

%auna e"ei%t# $ e'!'# !tiliat# %,# &i% ,ele *ai e,=i ti*"!i0%'!*6%& "e'te !% *ili$% &e '"e,ii0 &i%te ,ae *ai )i%e &e ;.??? &e '"e,ii'!%t a't#i % "ei,$l &at$it# a,tiit# il$ !*a%e &ie,te. Pi%,i"ala +$*# &e !tiliae e,$%$*i,# a a%i*alel$ e'te 6%at!l0 ,ae e"ei%t# $ $,!"a ie "i%,i"al# "e%t! a%!*ite ti)!i &i% "#&!ea a*a$%ia%# i e',=i*$ ii &i% %$&!l Ca%a&ei.

#.+. $gricultura

Agi,!lt!a e'te !% 'e,t$ ,=eie al e,$%$*iei *$%&iale0 !%a &i%te,ele *ai e,=i a,tiit# i !*a%e ,e a! ,$%ti)!it la &e$ltaea '$,iet# ii $*e%e ti0 +ii%& "i%,i"al!l +!%i$ &e e'!'e ali*e%tae "e%t! "$"!la ia Gl$)!l!i. Se a"e,ia# ,# *$*e%t!l te,eii la agi,!lt!# a a!t l$, %!*# ,! 1? ??? &e a%i0 ,6%& $*!l "i*iti a te,!t &e la 6%#t$ae0 "e',!it0,!le'!l +!,tel$0 #,i%il$0 la !% *$& &e ia3# )aat "e agi,!lt!#.

Tee%!ile &e'ti%ate ,!lt!ii "la%tel$ e"ei%t# 105 *ilia&e =aB( &i% t$tal0 ,eea ,e ei%e ?021 =aZl$,!it$. Cea *ai *ae "ate a

5;


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tee%!il$ agi,$le 'e a+l# % $%a te*"eat# B55 i t$t % a,ea't# $%# 'ea+l# i ,ea *ai *ae "ate &i% '!"a+a3a ,!ltiat# B5:0 a&i,# (-? *ili$a%e=a.

O "ate i*"$ta%t# a tee%!il$ agi,$le i % '"e,ial a ,el$ aa)ile

'e "ie& a%!al &i% ,a!e &i+eite0 ,e i% &e ,$%e'ia '!"a+e el$ agi,$le ,#te alte &e'ti%a ii Bi%&!'tialiae0 e"a%'i!%e !)a%#. Pe "la% *$%&ial0 a"$a"e ;?? *ili$a%e =a '!%t % &i+eite ga&e &e &ega&ae. N!*ai %C=i%a0 "e "a,!'!l a -? &e a%i '


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!%a &i%te ,ele tei ,eeale *a8$e0 al#t!i &e g6! i $e.U% *$&el ti"i, &e agi,!lt!# *$&e%# e'te ,el "a,ti,at &e #ile

U%i!%ii E!$"e%e0 % ,$%+$*itate ,! a"li,aea "$ga*!l!i &e P$liti,#Agi,$l# C$*!%#0 ,e !*#e te &e$ltaea !%!i ti" &e agi,!lt!#

e,$l$gi,#0 +## !tiliaea "$&!'el$ ,=i*i,e.Pi%,i"iile &e )a# ale a,e't!i "$ga* '!%t7< $ie%taea "a,ti,il$ agi,$le '"e 'i'te*e i%te%'ie &e *ae

e+i,ie% #H< a'ig!aea '!'el$ +i%a,iaeH< ',#&eea "e !l!i "$&!'el$ agi,$leH< e&!,eea '!"a+e el$ ,!ltiateH< a"li,aea egi*!l!i ete%'i &e ,e tee a a%i*alel$.La %iel *$%&ial 'e ei&e% ia# !*#t$aele reg!('! agr!%o#e7

reg!('ea agr!%o#& $ro"!%a#& (e)& al ,#ei '"e,i+i, agi,$l e'te&at &e ,!lt!a !%$ a)$i &e *ae i%tee' e,$%$*i,7 a)$ele &e ,a,a$0,a+ea0 ,a!,i!,0 "al*ie!l &e !lei0 ,$,$tie!l0 )a%a%a%ie!l. C$%&i iile ,li*ati,e +a$iea# ,!lt!ile &e te'tie &e a=#0 )!*)a,0 $e B2iet%a*0 I%&iaH

reg!('ea agr!%o#& $ro"!%a#-ar!)& 'e ,aa,teiea# "i% ,!lt!ie't%'e % $ae i "e tee%!ile iigateH 'e ,!lti# ,eeale0 )!*)a,0 ,!*ale BMei,0 Pe!0 Ia%0 I%&iaH

reg!('ea agr!%o#& e)!$era'ea'& "ei%t# !% egi* te*i,+a$a)il0 &a ,! &e+i,it &e "e,i"ita ii aaH 'e ,!lti#7 ,iti,e0 *#'li%0 i a &e ie et,. BGe,ia0 S"a%ia0 Italia0 Ma$, et,.H

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$%a ,li*ei te*"eate. Cele *ai ,!ltiate ,eeale '!%t7 "$!*)!l0 g6!l0

$e!l0 'e,aa et,.Por(.(# $,!"# ,ele *ai *ai '!"a+e3e ,!ltiate la latit!&i%i

te*"eate7 SUA BPlat$!l Ne)a'a0 C=i%a0 Fa%3a B'!&!l 9ai%!l!iPaiia%0 U,ai%a B!)a%0 R$*6%ia BC6*"ia R$*6%#0 Age%ti%a.P$&!, ia *$%&ial# &e "$!*) e'te % "ee%t &e (1? *ili$a%e t$%e.

Pi%,i"alele 'tate "$&!,#t$ae '!%t7 S.U.A.0 C=i%a0 9ailia0 Mei,0I%&$%eia0 I%&ia0 Fa% a0 Age%ti%a0 Re"!)li,a A+i,a &e S!&0 R$*6%ia.

Gr5(# e'te ,ea *ai #'"6%&it# i ,ea *ai e,=e ,eeal#0 ,ae a 'tatla )aa e,=il$ ,iilia3ii &i% $%ele te*"eate i *e&itea%ea%#. P$&!, ia

*$%&ial# &e g6! a +$'t &e ;44 *ili$a%e t$%e. Pi%,i"alele #i "$&!,#t$ae '!%t7 C=i%a0 I%&ia0 Fe&ea ia R!'#0 S.U.A.0 Ca%a&a0 Pai'ta%0 A!'talia0 U,ai%a0 aa='ta%0 Age%ti%a.

Ore6(# e'te ,eeala ,ea *ai e"ee%tati# "e%t! $%ele )$gate %!*eeal# B$%ele *!'$%i,e0 e,!at$ial# +ii%& $igi%a &i% A'ia &e S!&iet%a*0T=aila%&a0 MKa%*a0 Filli"i%e0 Ja"$%ia0 9ailia.

Alte ,eeale ,!ltiate % *$& +e,e%t '!%t7 or6(# BCa%a&a0

Ge*a%ia0 S.U.A. et,0 o4&6(# BCa%a&a0 S.U.A. et,.0 *e%ara BP$l$%ia0Ge*a%ia0 C=i%a0 Da%e*a,a et,..

C(#$(ra "#a'$e#or $e:'!%ePla%tele te=%i,e e"ei%t# $ g!"# &e "la%te &e't!l &e i*"$ta%t#0

&at$it# !tili#ii a,e't$a ,a *ateie "i*# % i%&!'tia ali*e%ta# i tetil#. Di% a,ea't# g!"# +a, "ate7 plantele oleagionase, plantele pentruobinerea za'rului i plantele textile.

!lantele oleaginoase '!%t +$l$'ite "e%t! etageea '!)'ta%3el$

ga'e &e $igi%e egetal#. Di% a,ea't# g!"# +a, "ate7 +l$aea '$ael!i0'$ia0 aa=i&ele0 i,i%!l0 '!'a%!l0 a)$ele &e !%t0 )!*)a,!l0 *#'li%!l.

F#oarea *oare#(! e'te $igi%a# &i% A*ei,a Lati%# BMei,. Se,!lti# "e '!"a+e3e *ai % E!$"a i S.U.A. P$&!,3ii %'e*%ate 'e ealiea# % Fa%3a0 S.U.A.0 Age%ti%a0 R$*6%ia.

So!a e'te $igi%a# &i% C=i%a. Mai"$&!,#t$ae &e '$ia '!%t7C=i%a0 Age%ti%a0 S.U.A.0 9ailia.

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i %i'i"$a'e +ii%& i!)it$ae &e !*i&itate. Cele *ai %ti%'e '!"a+e3e

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R!%!'(# e'te $igi%a &i% A+i,a BA)i'i%ia +ii%& ,!ltiat % I%&ia0C=i%a&e N$&0 9ailia B'tatele 9a=ia0 Mi%a' Geai'.

M&*#!'(#e'te !% a)$e *e&itea%ea% ,!ltiat ,! "e"$%&ee% # %7 Italia BSi,ilia0 Cala)ia0 S"a%iaBGa%a&a0 M!,ia0 Ge,ia B$%ele lit$ale0T!%i'ia B,!lt!# i%t$&!'#e,e%t0 T!,ia0 Ma$,0 P$t!galia.

Alte "la%te $leagi$a'e '!%t7 *(*a'(# BI%&ia0 C=i%a0 S!&a% et,.0ar.ore#e )e ('$&i% S!&a%0 ,! !% +!,t al ,#!i *ie ,$%3i%e '!)'ta%3ega'e B5?0 e'te #'"6%&it % S!&a%0 Mali0 Uga%&aH .(.a%(# e'te $"la%t# $leagi$a'#.

!lantele pentru o"%inerea za)rului'!%t7sfecla de za'r i trestiade za'r.

Se%#a )e 6a:&r e'te "i%,i"ala "la%t# "e%t! a=# &i% $%elete*"eate0 +ii%& $ ,!lt!# &e *ae a%&a*e%t. Mai "$&!,#t$ae '!%t'tatele &i% E!$"a %$&i,# i %$&


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C!lt!ile +$3ate0 "a,ti,ate % '$laii i 'ee0 'alea R=$%!l!i BFa%3a0,$a'ta e%gle# a M#ii M6%e,ii BMaea 9ita%ie0 % !%ele 3#i &i% A+i,a &eN$& BMa$,0 Algeia0 T!%i'ia0 S.U.A. B% Cali+$%ia i Fl$i&a.

U%a &i%te ,ele *ai #'"6%&ite leg!*e e'te %ar$o(#. #ile ,! ,ele *ai *ai "$&!, ii '!%t7 C=i%a0 Fe&ea ia R!'#0 P$l$%ia0 SUA0 I%&ia0 U,ai%a0 Ge*a%ia. Alte leg!*e ,!ltiate % *$& +e,e%t7 a'!o%(#

B"6i%ea 9ailiei ,!ltiat % 9ailia0 Wai0 I%&$%eia0 I%&iaH %ar$o(#)(#%e B)atata eti%' % C=i%a0 I%&ia0 A+i,a0 SUA B% 8!!l G$l+!l!iMei,.

C(#$(ra "#a'$e#or re%o'or$a'$ePla%tele ,!ltiate "e%t! $) i%eea )#!t!il$ e,$%+$ta%te '!%t7

a)!'t!l &e ,a+ea0 ,eai i ,a,a$.Caea(a 'e $)3i%e &i% a)!tii &e ,a+ea0 $igi%a &i% "$i%,ia

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o'e#e *(.$ro"!%a#e 8! $e"era$e&i% A*ei,a &e S!&0 A*ei,a &eN$&0 S!&!l A+i,ii0 A!'talia. /% 5.6.#. BNa"a >alleK0 >alea Fl!i!l!i

!&'$%H A*ei,a &e S!& 'e e*a,# 3#ile 4'ile B>#ile Ca'a)la%,a0Mai"$0 Sa% A%t$%i$ i#rgentina BMe%&$a0 Sa% J!a%0 SaltaH A+i,a &eS!& BDi'ti,t!l Stelle%)$',=0 PaalH % #ustralia BA&elai&e ill'0 E&e%>alleK0 9a$''a >alleK0 N$!a Weela%.

C(#$(ra $($('(#(!T!t!%!l e'te $ "la%t# ,!ltiat# "e t$ate ,$%ti%e%tele0 a6%& $

aietate &e ;? &e '"e,ii. #i "$&!,#t$ae &e t!t!% '!%t7 C=i%a0 S.U.A.0I%&ia0 9ailia0 T!,ia0 C!)a0 E,!a&$0 R$*6%ia0 9!lgaia0 Ge,ia.

Mai ,$%'!*at$i &e 3igaete '!%t7 C=i%a0 T!,ia0 Ge,ia0 Ja"$%ia0S"a%ia0 S.U.A.0 Ola%&a.

C(#$(ra #or!#orI%$a iile "e*a%e%te i ,$*e,ialiaea la ',a# gl$)al# a +l$il$0

+a, &i% Ola%&a ,el *ai i*"$ta%t "$&!,#t$ i e"$tat$ &e +l$i i "la%te &i% l!*e Be'tla%& i Aa'l*ee. Pi%,i"ala "ia # &e &e'+a,ee a ,$%'tit!it


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+ii%& '"e,i+i,e A'iei *!'$%i,e. #ile ,! ,ele *ai *!lte ,a"ete '!%t7 I%&ia

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Re"ati3ia "$&!,3iei "e )ai%e *aiti*e i $,ea%i,e "!%e %ei&e%3# !*#t$aele $%e &e "e',!it7 O,ea%!l Pa,i+i, i *#ile *#gi%aeH

O,ea%!l Atla%ti, ,! G$l+!l Mei,0 Maea Caai)il$0 Maea N$&!l!i0Maea N$egiei0 Maea 9alti,#0 O,ea%!l I%&ia%0 Maea Me&itea%#0Maea Neag#.

G!"aea ge$ga+i,# a "$&!,3iei &e "ete "e 3#i ,!"i%&e *ai*!lte g!"e.

A*!a )e E*$ ,! 'tatele "$&!,#t$ae &e "ete7 C=i%a0 Ja"$%ia0C$eea &e S!& et,.

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8natul pe uscat 'e )aea# "e +$%&!l ,i%egeti, i ,$%&i iile ge$ga+i,e ale $%ei. Pi%,i"alel $%e ,i%egeti,e la %iel *$%&ial '!%t7$%a a,ti,# a A*ei,ii &e N$&0 taiga!a 'i)eia%#0 A+i,a &e E't0 A'ia &eS!& i S!& E't0 E!$"a Ce%tal# i &e S!& E't0 O,ea%ia.

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a P&)(r!#e e%(a$or!a#e pdurea ecuatorial din #merica de 5ud e'te %t6l%it# %

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+ S$a$e#e %e#e a! ar! "ro)(%&$oare )e %aea *('$7a I%&$%eia0 >iet%a*0 Pe!H. Bra6!#!a; Co#(.!a; I')o'e6!a, C$l!*)ia0 9ailia0 C=i%a.

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CAPITOLUL IVGEOGRAFIA INDUSTRIEI

!ndustria este cea mai important ramur a economiei i aproduciei materiale care utilizeaz extracia substanelor minerale i acombustibililor, prelucreaz materiile prime astfel obinute, ct i cele deprovenien agricolo, silvic etc., transformndu&le n mi3loace deproducie i bunuri de consum. 4a ramur de baz, industria furnizeazmi3loacele de producie necesare celorlalte ramuri economice contribuindma3or la accelerarea urbanizrii.

Capitolul este structurat dup cum urmeaz:4.1. I%&!'tia e%egeti,# i a e%egiei ele,ti,e4.2. I%&!'tia *etal!gi,#4.-. I%&!'tia ,=i*i,#4.4. I%&!'tia le*%!l!i4.5. I%&!'tia *ateialel$ &e ,$%'t!,3ii4.;. I%&!'tia !$a# i ali*e%ta#4.. Na%$te=%$l$gii

?


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,$%'!*0 "i% !tiliaea !%$ *i8l$a,e *e,a%i,e.I%&!'tia e"ei%t# a,tiitatea e,$%$*i,# a l!*ii ,$%te*"$a%e0 a

,#ei e"ati3ie ge$ga+i,# e'te ,$%&i3i$%at# &e !*#t$ii +a,t$i7 +a,t$ie,$%$*i,i0 +a,t$i '$,ial


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C$%'!*!l *$%&ial al e'!'el$ e%egeti,e e'te % ,$%ti%!# ,e tee0 &a %e!%i+$* &e la $ "ei$a la alta. /% "i*ii 5? &e a%i ai 'e,$l!l!i alal$aea ti"!il$ &e ,$*)!'ti)ili e'te &ete*i%at#0 % "i*!l

6%&0 &e "!teea ,al$i,# a a,e't$a. La a&eea !%!i il$ga* &e ,#)!%e'e &ega8# $ ,a%titate &e ,#l&!a egal# ,! ??? ,al B1 g &e t!)#7 1;??e%e!ela0 ,ae ea! i "i%,i"alele e"$tat$ae "e "ia a *$%&ial#.

Ta.e#(# 3++ P$&!, ia "e i a 'tatel$ "$&!,#t$ae &e "et$lla %iel *$%&ial B2?11

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Rit*!l ,el *ai i&i,at 'e %egi'tea# &!"# a%!l 1:5?0 ,6%&"$&!, ia ,e te &e la 52- *ili$a%e t$%e la 2 2? *ili$a%e t$%e % 1:?. Cele *ai *ai #i "$&!,#t$ae &e "et$l la %iel *$%&ial '!%t B Ta.e#(#3++7 Fe&ea ia R!'#0 Aa)ia Sa!&it#0 S.U.A.0 Ia%0 C=i%a0 Ca%a&a0 Mei, et,.

I')(*$r!a )e ra!'are a ! e!(#(! e'te a't#i !%a &i%te a*!ilei%&!'tiale +$ate i*"$ta%te0 &e$ltate la %iel *$%&ial.

Ra+i%aea "et$l!l!i 'e ealiea#0 +ie la "$&!,#t$0 &a *ai ale'la ,$%'!*at$ % *aile 3#i i*"$tat$ae. /% "i*!l ,a ,a"a,it#3ile &e

a+i%ae '!%t "la'ate % $%ele &e eta,3ie 'a! % "$t!ile '"e,ialiate"e%t! e"$t. /% 3#ile i*"$tat$ae0 a+i%#iile +!%,3i$%ea# % "$t!i 'a!


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% i%tei$0 $i "e ta'e!l 'a! la ,a"#t!l !%$ %'e*%ate e3ele &e ta%'"$t"i% ,$%&!,te B*agi'tala ta%''i)eia%# % R!'ia0 'a! i%te"$i%,ial %Ca%a&a.

Pe Tea '!%t % +!%,3i!%e "e'te 12 a+i%#ii0 &i'"!'e % 114 3#i ,!

$ ,a"a,itate &e "el!,ae ,e &e"#e te - *ili$a%e )ailiZi. Di%te a,e'tea0 5? a+i%#ii '!%t ,$%,e%tate % 2( &e 'tate ale l!*ii0 +ie,ae ,! $,a"a,itate ,e &e"#e te 5??.??? )ailiZi0 ,ele *ai %!*e$a'e +ii%& a*"la'ate % SUA B1(40 Ja"$%ia B41 i R!'iaB2:. Mai "$ie,te &ea*e%a8ae a !%$ ,a"a,it#3i &e a+i%ae '!%t % &e!lae % Oie%t!lMi8l$,i!0 9a%&a A))a' i Aa0 % Ia%0 Ra)ig= i !e'i*0 % Aa)iaSa!&it#0 eti%&eea a+i%#iei A)a&a% &i% Ia%0 &e la ;05 la 1: *ili$a%et$%eZa%0 "e,!* i % I%&ia Ba%al i Ma%gal$e0 I%&$%eia Be't Jaa0S.U.A. B>al&e0 Mei, BLaa$ Ca&e%a'0 >e%e!ela .a.

/% Aer!%a )e Nor)0S+U+A+ &i'"!%e &e ,ea *ai *ae ,a"a,itate &ea+i%ae &i% l!*e. Ra+i%#iile '!%t g!"ate % ,6tea $%e e"ee%tatie7Go#(# Me!% i e,i%#t#3ile B$!'t$%0 Tea' CitK0 9ea!*$%t0 NeOlea%''0 9at$% R$!ge0 Gale't$% et,.H Nor)-E*$(# A$#a'$!%BNe $09alti*$e0 9$'t$% et,.H Mar!#e La%(r! BC=i,ag$0 T$le&$0 Cleela%&HM!))#e%o'$!'e'$ T!l'a0 P$%,a CitK0 S!ga Cee0 C!'=i%g .a. i 6o'a#!$ora#(#(! 4e*$!% BEl Seg!%&$0 Mati%e0 Ca'$%.

/% Ca'a)a0 *aile ,a"a,it#3i &e a+i%ae '!%t "la'ate % %$&!lMail$ La,!i7 M$%teal B%te ,ele *ai *ai &i% 3a#0 Sa%ia0 St. J$=% i

ali+a B% $%a atla%ti,#. Ca"a,it#3i *ai *i,i '!%t % e't B>a%,$!e.Me!%(# a+i%ea# "et$l0 % ge%eal0 "e%t! 'i%e0 la Ci!&a& Ma&ea

i Sala*a%,a % ,e%t! i Sali%a C! B% eti%&ee "e%t! &!)laea,a"a,it#3ii.

E(ro"a O%%!)e'$a#& ,$%'tit!ie $ alt# $%# ,! "!te%i,# i%&!'tie&e a+i%ae. /% ,a&!l a,e'teia0 'e e*a,# I$a#!a0 ,! *ai a+i%#iia*"la'ate % "$t!ile Mila$0 Cagliai0 P$t$ T$e' Bi% Sa&i%ia iGe%$a. Mai ,a"a,it#3i '!%t 'it!ate % %$&!l i%&!'tial0 % a"$"iee &eMila%$0 T$i%$ i N$aa.

/% Fra',a 'e &i'ti%g "at! *ai ,$%,e%t#i ale i%&!'tiei &ea+i%ae7 6o'a Mar*!#!a; Se'a !'er!oar&; ,! ,ea *ai *ae ,a"a,itate &ea+i%ae &i% 3a# BG$%+eilleH E*$(ar(# G!ro')e B9$&ea! i 6o'aPar!*(#(!+ Alte ,a"a,it#3i '!%t a*"la'ate %"$t!ile D$%ge' Be't!a!lL$iei i % D!%eX!e.

Gera'!a ,$%,e%tea# "e teit$i!l 'a! !*#t$aele g!"#i7Re'a'o-e*$a#!a'a B$l%0 Gel'e%i,=e%0 e''eli%g0 G$&$+0Di%'lae%H *()(# ,&r!! Bal'!=e0 I%g$l'ta&tH Ne!'ta&tH 'or)(# ,&r!!0 *aiale' % "$t!ile a*)!g0 9e*e% i il=el*'=ae%.

Marea Br!$a'!e &i'"!%e &e a+i%#ii *ai "e lit$al0 *ai i*"$ta%te+ii%& ,$%,e%t#ile7 e*$(ar(# Ta!*e! BS=el=ae%0 C$Kt$% et,H *()(# ,&r!!

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Ga#!#or BMil+$& ,$%ti%e%tal0 Tee'"$t0 I**i%g=a* et,. /% "$t!lS$!t=a*"t$% Bla Maea M6%e,ii i ,e%t!l FaleK +!%, i$%ea# ,ele *ai *ai a+i%#ii &i% 3a#.

/% O#a')a0 % "$t!l R$tte&a* 'e a+l# !%a &i%te ,ele *ai *ai

,a"a,it#3i &i% l!*e @ a+i%#ia Pe%i'.S"a'!a i


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A(*$ra#!aae a+i%#ii i*"$ta%te % "$t!ile Mel)$!%e0 SK&%eK09i')a%e i i%a%a B% '!&


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*^ +ie,ae. Pi%t$lgae%e!ela i Age%ti%a. Reee *$&e'te '!%t % A!'talia i O,ea%ia.

Ta.e#(# 3+3+ T$"!l ,el$ *ai *ai 'tate "$&!,#t$ae

&e gae %at!ale B2?1?Nr+%r$+

S$a$ Pro)(% !e/$r!#+

1 Fe&ea ia R!'# 45042 Ia% 2:0;- ata 25044 T!*e%i'ta% 055 Aa)ia Sa!&it# 04;; S.U.A. ;0:2 E*iatele Aa)e U%ite ;0?( Nigeia 5025: >e%e!ela 40:(1? Algeia 405

La %iel &e #i0 "i*!l l$, i ei%e R!'iei B40 tili$a%e *^0 !*at# &e Ia% B2; tili$a%e *^ i ata B1404 tili$a%e *^0 T!*e%i'ta%0 Aa)ia Sa!&it#. A,e'te ,i%,i 'tate &e i% ;? &i% t$tal!l eeel$ ,ete BTa.e#(# 3+3+.

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Dea't!l %!,lea &i% Ja"$%ia BF!!'=i*a0 2?11 a "!' '!) 'e*%!l%te)#ii !tiliaea e%egiei %!,leae0 ia *!lte 'tate 'e !it# a,!* '"e+$*e alte%atie &e e%egie. Ceeea &e ga %at!al li,=e+iat la %iel*$%&ial a a8!%ge la 501 tili$a%e *^ % 2?-50 % ,e tee &e la -0- tili$a%e

*^ % "ee%t.

I')(*$r!a e'erg!e! e#e%$r!%eI%&!'tia e%egiei ele,ti,e e"ei%t# $ a*!# &e *ai*#

i*"$ta% # "e%t! &e$ltaea '$,i$


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/% a &$!a 8!*#tate a 'e,$l!l!i a! a"#!t i "i*ele ,e%tale %!,leae %7 R!'ia BO)%i'aia0 1:540 Fa% a BMa,$!le0 1:5;0 &a i *ae$*$ti,e % Fa% a BLa Ra%,e0 1:;; i '$lae % Italia BA&a%a0 1:(1.

E%egia ele,ti,# 'e "$&!,e "e"$%&ee%t % ,e%talele ele,ti,e

te*i,e0 =i&$,e%tale i la ,e%talele at$*i,e B:: &i% "$&!, ia *$%&ial# &e e%egie ele,ti,#. R$l!l '!'el$ alte%atie 'a! '!'e %eta&i i$%ale &e e%egie0 ,!* a +i e%egia '$la#0 e$lia%#0 ge$te*al#0 a *#il$ i $,ea%el$0 % "$&!, ia &e e%egie ele,ti,# e'te +$ate *i,0 &e 1.

Se "e,$%iea# ,# '!'ele alte%atie &e e%egie $ a,$"ei ,i,a15igi%ia&e >e't0 Pitt')!g0 R!'ia BUal0 M$',$a0 e*e$$0 U,ai%a BD$%et0

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Ge*a%ia BR!t=0 P$l$%ia BSileia0 C=i%a BC=i%a &e N$&$lga0 Ual0 Si)eia &e >e't0 Ae)ai&8a%B9a!0 aa='ta% B%$&!l M#ii Ca'"i,e0 C=i%a BC=i%a &e N$&


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O &at# ,!0 ,$%'t!, ia "i*ei ,e%tale =i&$ele,ti,e BLa%,eK0 Fa% a0 1(;:0 "$'i)ilitatea &e +$l$'ie a a,e'tei e%egii 'e l#ge te i ,a"#t# !% i*"!l' ,$%'i&ea)il. C$%'t!, ia &e =i&$,e%tale 'ti*!lea# &e$ltaea alt$ a*!i ale e,$%$*iei7 agi,!lt!a0 "e',!it!l0 t!i'*!l.

A*e%a8#ile =i&$e%egeti,e '!%t *!lt *ai ,$'ti'it$ae &e,6t ,eleale te*$,e%talel$0 &at$it# l!,#il$ ,$*"lee ,e te)!ie %&e"li%iteB,$%'t!, ia &e )aa8e0 ,a%ale &e a&!, i!%e0 e ea &e &!*!i et,.0 &a t$t$&at#0 ele "e*it '$l! i$%aea !%ei ga*e lagi &e "$)le*e0 ,!* '!%t7 eg!laiaea 6!il$0 a"$ii$%aea ,! a"# "$ta)il#0 a"# i%&!'tial# i &e iiga ie0 *)!%#t# iea ,$%&i iil$ &e %aiga ie et,. Ce%talele =i&$ele,ti,e a! i !%ele &eaa%ta8e7 *"ie&i,# e"$&!,eea +a!%ei 6!il$ Ba "e til$ &i% a"ele *ai%e i ale 6!il$0 *"ie&i,# %aiga ia &i%'"e ,!'!l '!"ei$ '"e ,el i%+ei$ i i%e'.

De i =i&$,e%talele %e,e'it# i%e'ti ii *ai ,ae 'e a*$tiea# %t

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8!*atate a 'e,$l!l!i al


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+!%, i$%ea# % R!'ia BSa%t Pete')!g0 !'0 N$$$$%e80 U,ai%a B*el%it0 R$%$0 Wa"$$8ie0 S.U.A. Bat'ille0 9$%' TeK.

P$%&eea e%egiei at$*$ele,ti,e &i% t$tal!l "$&!, iei &i+e# &e la $ a# la alta % +!%, ie &e &i'"$%i)ilit# ile % ,$*)!'ti)ili i &e %iel!l &e

&e$ltae. Cea *ai *ae "$%&ee a ele,ti,it# ii &e "$e%ie% # %!,lea#0 % "$&!, ia t$tal# &e e%egie ele,ti,# $ a! 'tatele7 Lit!a%ia B(0 Fa% a B0-0 9elgia B;0-0 S!e&ia B4;010 9!lgaia B4;010 U%gaiaB420; et,.

E'erg!a geo$er!%& al$i+i,# e%egia ,al$i,# &ega8at# &e,6*"!ile ge$te*i,e 'it!ate % $%ele ,! al$i i&i,ate ale ga&ie%t!l!ige$te*i,.

P$te% ial!l ge$te*i, !tilia)il e'te a"e,iat la 1 *ilia&e = a%!al0 &i% ,ae ,i,a 1 *ilia& =0 "e%t! $) i%eea e%egiei ele,ti,e.

>al$i i&i,ate ale ga&ie%t!l!i ge$te*i, 'e %egi'tea# % egi!%ile ,!!l,a%i'* i 'ei'*i,itate i&i,at#7 Ce,!l &e F$, al Pa,i+i,!l!i B,! ;? &i% "$te% ial!l *$%&ial0 ,ae ,!"i%&e #*!ile e'ti,e ale A*ei,il$0

#*!ile e'ti,e ale A'iei i O,ea%iaH D$'ala Atla%ti,!l!iH %$&


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a*e%a8a)il %! te,e &e 1 ;?? *ilia&e =Za%. Di% a,e'ta &i% !*#0 ,ea*ai *ae "$%&ee ei%e A!'taliei0 !*at# &e R!'ia0 Fa% a0 C=i%a0 Ca%a&a0 Maea 9ita%ie0 Age%ti%a i S.U.A.

Pi*a ,e%tal# *ae$*$ti,# &i% e't!a!l La Ra%,e a i%tat %

+!%, i!%e % 1:;;0 % Fa% a0 ,! $ ,a"a,itate &e 24? M. A &$!a ,e%tal# &e a,e't ge% a +$'t ealiat# &e R!'ia0 la i'laia

G!)a % G$l+!l $la0 &e 4?? M. Se a+l# % +a# &e "$ie,t i alte a'e*e%ea ,e%tale0 at6t % ,ele &$!# a#i0 ,6t i % Maea 9ita%ie0 Ca%a&a0 I%&$%eia0 Re"!)li,a C$eea.

A#$e *(r*e )e e'erg!e7< ,!e% ii *aiti*i0 ,ae '!%t "!t#t$ii !%$ e%egii ,i%eti,e

&e$'e)it &e *ai. Ei't# %'# %!*e$a'e "$)le*e &e $&i% te=%i, "ii%&,a"taea0 ta%'+$*aea e%egiei i ta%'"$t!l '"e ,$%'!*at$. E%egia

,!e% il$ $,ea%i,i e'te !tiliat# %t

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&e 4e%e!ela B102 *l&. t$%e.

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a&ia3iile "e%eta%te. Dat$it# "$"iet#3il$ 'ale0 "l!*)!l *etali, e'te%te)!i%3at % i%&!'tia ,=i*i,#0 % ,e%talele at$*$ele,ti,e0 % *e&i,i%#0% i%&!'tia ele,t$te=%i,# Bt!)!i &e "$te,3ie a ,a)l!il$ ele,ti,e itele+$%i,e0 a,!*!lat$ae a!t$0 ,$%&!,te &e a"a0 % alia8e B+!i)il ,!

'ta%i!l0 e'te !tiliat % ti"$ga+ie0 !%ele ,$*)i%a3ii ale "l!*)!l!i 'e+$l$'e', la $)3i%eea 'ti,lei0 a !%$ "ig*e%3i "e%t! $"'ele et,.

Pi%,ialii "$&!,#t$i *$%&iali '!%t7 A!'talia0 S.U.A.0 C=i%a0 Pe!0Ca%a&a.

9incul e'te !% *etal al)


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Pi%,i"alii "$&!,#t$i *$%&iali '!%t7 C=i%a0 A!'talia0 A+i,a &eS!&0 S.U.A.0 Pe!0 R!'ia0 Ca%a&a0 I%&$%eia.

#rgintul e'te !tiliat "e%t! ,$%+e,i$%aea !%$ $)ie,te &e at0*ai ale' % I%&ia i C=i%a0 )ateea *$%eil$0 )i8!teii0 % i%&!'tia

ele,t$te=%i,0 ,=i*ie0 a"aat!a &e la)$at$0 *e&i,i%0 te=%i,aae$'"aial0 *ateiale +$t$ga+i,e i ,i%e*at$ga+i,e.

P$&!,ia *$%&ial &e agi%t e'te ealiat %&e$'e)i &e Mei,0Pe!0 S.U.A.0 Ca%a&a0 C=ile0 ,ae *"e!% a! $ "$%&ee &e 5;0( &i%t$tal!l *$%&ial.

*latina i metalele platinice B$'*i!l0 ii&i!l0 "ala&i!l0 =$&i!l i!t=e%i!l '!%t !tiliate *ai ale' %7 ,=i*ie B,ataliat$i la a+i%aea"et$l!l!i0 ele,t$te=%i,0 ele,t$%i,0 a"aat! &e la)$at$ ii%'t!*e%te *e&i,ale0 +$t$ga+ie0 *e&i,i% B't$*at$l$gie0 ,$%+e,i$%aea

&e )i8!teii B*ai ale' ,a '!""$t "e%t! *$%taea "ietel$ "ei$a'e0$)ie,te &e at0 "e%ie &e 'til$! Bii&i!l0 % te=%i,a ae$'"aialBi%'talaiile &e a&ee a =i&$ge%!l!i la a,=etele "!tt$ae.

P$&!,ia *$%&ial &e "lati% a ,e',!t le%t0 i%iial ei't6%&%!*ai &$i +!%i$i "e "iaa *$%&ial7 C$l!*)ia i R!'ia0 ia % "ee%t0,ea *ai *ae "$&!, ie $ &a! #ile7 A+i,a &e S!&0 R!'ia0 Ca%a&a0C$l!*)ia0 S.U.A.0 eali6%&::04 &i% "$&!,ia *$%&ial.

1etalele radioactive. I%iial0 !a%i!l 'e +$l$'ea la $)i%eea !%eiaiaii &e 'ti,l# $"ale',e% ,! +l!$e',e% &e ,!l$ae e&e


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/% a%!l 1(2(0 ,=i*i't!l '!e&e J.J.9eeli!' &e',$"e $:or!(#B*etal!l "! a +$'t 'e"aat % 1(:(0 !% *etal &e ,!l$ae al)0 ge!0 &!,til0,ae "i% )$*)a&aea ,! %e!t$%i &ete*i% $)i%eea i$t$"!l!i &e *a'at$*i,# 2-- al !a%i!l!i0 +$l$'it &e"t ,$*)!'ti)il % ,e%talele %!,leae.

T=$i!l e'te !tiliat &e a'e*e%ea &e"t ,ataliat$ al !%$ ea,ii ,=i*i,e0% *e&i,i%.

Se g'ete ,$%,e%tat0 &e $)i,ei % $,ile ga%iti,e0 +ii%& &e tei $i*ai '"6%&it &e,6t !a%i!l % ',$aa tee't. Pi%,i"al!l *i%eali%&!'tial &i% ,ae 'e $)i%e e'te *$%ait!l0 eta' *ai ale' % I%&ia09ailia0 A!'talia0 A+i,a &e S!&0 R!'ia0 Ma&aga',a.

1etalele rare +$*ea# $ ,ateg$ie +$ate "!3i% #'"6%&it# %',$a3a tee't#. Ele 'e etag ,a '!)"$&!'e &i% *i%ee!ile alt$ *etale%e+e$a'e ,! ,ae a"a a'$,iate. Di%te ,ele *ai !tiliate a*i%ti*7 i,$%i!0

,a&*i!0 ge*a%i!0 i%&i!0 tali! et,.9irconiul e'te +$l$'it % alia8ele %e,e'ae i%&!'tiei %!,leae0

ele,t$%i,#0 i%&!'tia ae$'"a3ial#0 la *ateiale e+a,tae. Pi%,i"alele 3#i"$&!,#t$ae7 R!'ia0 S.U.A.0 Ge*a%ia0 A!'talia0 I%&ia0 A+i,a &e S!&.

4admiule'te !% *etal al)


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Mateiile "i*e +$l$'ite &e i%&!'tia ,=i*i,# '!%t +$ate &ie'e7'!)'ta%3e *i%eale B"et$l0 gae %at!ale0 ,#)!%i0 '#!i &e '$&i! i"$ta'i!0 +$'+a3i0 '!l+a3i et,. *ateii "i*e &i% at*$'+e# Ba$t!l i$ige%!lH *ateii "i*e &e $igi%e egetal# Ble*%!l0 't!+!l0 "aiele0

,a!,i!,!l %at!alH *ateii "i*e &e $igi%e a%i*al# Bg#'i*i0 '6%ge0 $a'e0"# et,..

P$&!,3ia ,=i*i,# e'te &ie'#0 ,a i *ateiile "i*e0 i 'eealiea# % ,a&!l a &$!# g!"e7 !')(*$r!a %:!!%& )e .a6&0 ,aeealiea# "$&!'e '!"$t0 "el!,ate &e alte '!)a*!i % a,ii0 +e%$li0*eta%$l0 a*$%ia,0 "$&!'e ,l$$'$&i,e i !')(*$r!a "ro)(*e#or %:!!%e!'!$e0 ,!* '!%t7 %g##*i%te ,=i*i,e0 +ie i +i)e 'i%teti,e0 ,a!,i!,'i%teti,0 *a'e "la'ti,e0 ,$l$a%3i0 &etege%3i.

I')(*$r!a "ro)(*e#or %#oro*o)!%e+$l$'ete ,a *ateie "i*# 'aea

ge*#0 ia "$&!'ele ealiate '!%t7 '$&a ,a!'ti,#0 '$&a ,al,i%at#0 ,l$!l0a,i&!l ,l$=i&i,0 ,ae0 la 6%&!l l$0 'e +$l$'e', "e%t! "$&!,eea&etege%3il$0 a '#"!%!l!i0 a *e&i,a*e%tel$0 &a i % *e,eiaea)!*)a,!l!i0 eta,3ia i "el!,aea "et$l!l!i.

Reeele tee'te '!%t &e ,i,a 1.???.??? *ilia&e t$%e ia ,ele &i%a"ele O,ea%!l!i Pla%eta '!%t a"e,iate la ,i,a 4?.???.??? *ilia&e t$%e.Statele "$&!,#t$ae &e 'ae '!%t7 S.U.A.0 C=i%a0 Ge*a%ia0 Maea9ita%ie0 Fa%3a0 I%&ia0 Ca%a&a0 R$*6%ia.

P$&!,3ia &e "$&!'e ,l$$'$&i,e e'te l$,aliat# % 3#ile

"$&!,#t$ae &e 'ae7 S.U.A. B$%a Mail$ La,!i0 Ge*a%ia B9ai%!lR!=0 Ca%a&a0 Italia B% %$&0 Fa%3a B% Al'a,ia i L$aa0 Ja"$%iaBi%'!lele K!'=!.

I')(*$r!a a%!)(#(! *(#(r!%e'te )i%e e"ee%tat# % 3#ile )$gate% '!l+. A,i&!l '!l+!i, 'e +$l$'ete % i%&!'tia %g##*i%tel$ ,=i*i,e0a+i%aea "et$l!l!i0 +a)i,aea +iel$ ati+i,iale0 la !%ele '!)'ta%3ee"l$ie0 % i%&!'tia 'i&e!gi,#. Reee i*"$ta%te &e '!l+ '!%t,a%t$%ate % 'tatele7 R!'ia0 Ca%a&a0 S.U.A.0 P$l$%ia0 C=i%a0 Aa)iaSa!&it#.

Pi%,i"alele 'tate "$&!,#t$ae &e a,i& '!l+!i, '!%t7 S.U.A.0 R!'ia0C=i%a0 Ja"$%ia0 Ge*a%ia0 R$*6%ia.

I')(*$r!a 9'gr&8&!'$e#or %:!!%e 'gr&8&!'$e#e "o$a*!%e'e $)3i% &i% '#!ile &e "$ta'i! ,ae

'!%t ,a%t$%ate % Ge*a%ia0 U,ai%a0 9ela!'0 S.U.A.0 Ca%a&a0 S"a%ia0C=i%a0 Maea 9ita%ie. P$ta'i!l eta' &i% a"a *#ii +$l$'e',7 I'ael0I$&a%ia0 Eti$"ia B&i% Maea M$at# i Maea R$ie. P$&!,3ia *$%&ial#&e %g##*i%te "$ta'i,e e'te ealiat# % ,6tea 3#i7 Ca%a&a0 R!'ia0Ge*a%ia0 I'ael0 S.U.A.0 Italia0 Ja"$%ia0 C=i%a0 A!'talia et,.

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'gr&8&!'$e#e o*a$!%e'e $)3i% &i% *ai *!lte *ateii "i*e7+$'+$ite0 a"atite0 g!a%$. $uano0 +$'+at %at!al B&e"!' &e "#'#i0 'e etage&i% i%'!lele O,ea%!l!i Pa,i+i, &e 3#i ,a7 Pe!0 C=ile0 Na*i)ia.%osforitele'


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teit$i! ,! "#&!i0 t$t!i i*"$t# *ai ,a%tit#3i &e le*% &i% I%&$,=i%a"$te86%&!


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,ndustria ceramicii B!tiliea# ,a *ateii "i*e agila "e%t!$) i%eea &e7 ,##*ii0 *ateiale i$lat$ae0 *ateiale &e +i%i'a8 ,a7 +aia% #0 ge'ie0 tea,$t#0 $)ie,te &e ! 'a%ita et,. Pi%,i"alele 'tate "$&!,#t$ae'!%t7 R!'ia0 Italia0 S.U.A.0 Ge*a%ia0 Maea 9ita%ieH

,ndustria por%elanuluiB!tiliea# ,a *ateie "i*# ,a$li%!l0 ia"i%,i"alele 'tate "$&!,#t$ae '!%t7 C=i%a0 Ja"$%ia0 Fa% a0 Ge*a%ia0 Maea 9ita%ie0 9elgia0 Da%e*a,a0 S"a%ia0 Italia0 Ele ia0 S!e&iaH

,ndustria sticlei B*ateiile "i*e +$l$'ite '!%t7 %i'i"!ile'ili,i$a'e i ,!a $a'e0 '$&a ,a!'ti,#0 '$&a ,al,i%at#0 +el&'"a i0 $i& &e "l!*) et,. Pi%,i"alele 'tate "$&!,#t$ae '!%t7 Ja"$%ia0 S.U.A.0 C$eea &eS!&0 Ce=ia0 P$l$%ia0 Ge*a%ia0 9elgia0 Fa% a0 Italia0 Maea 9ita%ie0 R$*6%ia

*.-. ,ndustria constructoare de maini

I%&!'tia ,$%'t!,t$ae &e *ai%i ae !*#t$aele '!)a*!i7 ,ndustria de utilaje ec)ipament te)nic i industrial e'te $

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,ndustria de tractoare i maini agricole '


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a%i*al# Bl6%a0 "iei0 )l#%!i 'a! *i%eal# i 'i%teti,# B+ie i +i)e 'i%teti,e0!lei!i *i%eale. A't#i 'e !tiliea# %t


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Di%te *aile "$&!,t$ae &e %,l*i%te B&i% "iei %at!ale i%l$,!it$i *e%i$%*7 R!'ia0 S.U.A.0 Italia0 Fa%a0 Maea 9ita%ie0Ge*a%ia0 Ce=ia0 I!g$'laia0 9ailia0 >e%e!ela0 Age%ti%a0 U!g!aK.

/% i%&!'tia *a$,=i%iei !% $l i*"$ta%t l 8$a, %te"i%&eile

*i,i0 atia%ale. Cele *ai e%!*ite ateliee &e atia%at ale "ielii a! *a',ele &i% 'tatele aa)e &i% Oie%t!l Mi8l$,i! i A"$"iat BSiia0 Ia%0 IaX i&i% A+i,a &e N$& BMa$,0 Algeia0 T!%i'ia0 Egi"t. Ata "el!,ii"ieil$ 'e '"6%&ete i % A*ei,a Lati%0 % 'tatele Mei,0 9ailia0Age%ti%a0 U!g!aK.

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,ndustria de panifica%ie"$&!,e "6i%e0 )i',!i3i BS.U.A.0 Maea9ita%ie0 Fa%3a0 Ele3ia0 et,0 "a'te +#i%$a'e BItalia0 Fa% a et,0 ia !%it#3ile e,$%$*i,e '!%t lag #'"6%&ite % l!*e.

,ndustria za)rului i a produselor za)aroase "$&!,e a=# i&i+eite aiet#3i &e &!l,i!i. Wa=#!l 'e $)3i%e &i% '+e,l# &e a=# i te'tie&e a=#. Cele *ai *ai "$&!,#t$ae a=# '!%t7 9ailia0 U.E.0 A!'talia0T=aila%&a0 S.U.A.0 C!)a0 A+i,a &e S!&0 P$l$%ia.

,ndustria uleiului"$&!,e !lei!i egetale i '!)'ta%3e ga'eB*agai%a0 !%t.

6leiurile vegetale'e $)3i% &i% '$ia0 +l$aea '$ael!i0 a"i3#. Cei *ai

*ai "$&!,#t$i la %iel *$%&ial '!%t7 Fa%3a0 Ge*a%ia0 S.U.A.0Age%ti%a0 9ailia.6leiul de ara'ide'e "$&!,e % 'tatele