Download pdf - GCSE Geography-Edexcel B

8/6/2019 GCSE Geography-Edexcel B

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gcse-geography-edexcel-b 1/66

GCSE Geography-Edexcel B



Topic 1

Population Dynamics



Key Words� Birth Rate the number of births per 1000 people in a year

� Death Rate the number of deaths per 1000 people in a year

� Migration

people changing their place of residence, within or between countries

� Natural Increase the difference between birth and death rate

� Natural Change the change (increase or decrease) in population numbers, from the differencebetween the birth and death rate

� Zero Population Growth when natural and migration change cancel each other out, no change isthe total population

� InfantMortality Rate T he number of deaths in children (under 11) per 1000 live births a year

� Population Structure the composition of a population, in terms of age or gender

� Population Pyramid the diagram way of showing the age and sex of a population

� Ageing Population a population with a rising average age

� Youthful Population a population with a high percentage/population of people under 16

�

Replacement Level the level of fertility where women are only having enough children to replacethemselves and their parents in the population

� Tipping Point the point where the momentum of change becomes unstoppable

� Population Policies measures taken by the government to influence population size, growth,distribution or composition

� Pro-Natalist Policies

policies which encourage people to have more children

� Anti-Natalist Policies policies which encourage people to have fewer children



Demographic Transition Model



P opulation P yramids



Ex amples of population structures

Japan Ageing Population

� Birth rate is low

� Low death rate

� High life expectancy

� Developed country with people

moving their to life a civilised life

style in their old age

� People are living longer due to

good heath care

� As a result taxes need to increase to

pay for the services needed by theageing population

� Fewer workers in the economy

� Increase in high quality, reliable

health care



Mexico Youthful population

� Birth rate is high

�Death rate is high

� Life expectancy is low

� Birth rate is falling but still a large percentage of young people are living longer

� Results in an increase in education sites

� Decrease in work

� Growth in economy

�

Abortion legalised to lower percentage of abandoned children



P opulation policiesPro Natalist = SingaporeAnti Natalist = China (One child Policy)

Singapore

Policies introduces to encourage large families:

� Tax relief for parents

� Encourages large families so couples dont have to pay lots of tax

� Family allowance for the 1st and 4th children

� Encourages up to 4 children so they can gain extra money

� Cheaper mortgages for large families

� Large families can buy large properties with cheaper mortgages

� Longer maternity leave

� Women know that they can go back to their job in the same position as before and

not have to worry about taking time off with their children

Success:

� From previous mistakes they made themselves optimistic goals which could be achieved

� Living conditions improved

� Less infant mortality

�

Birth rate increased resulting in the population increasing also



Migration

� Immigration a person arriving in a country/region to live for at least 1 year

� Economic migrant a person who moves to find employment

� Host Country the country which an immigrant is now living in

�Migration the process of people changing their place of residence

� Voluntary migration when migrants have decided to movethemselves

� Forced migration when migrants have no choice but to movebecause of a natural disaster, war, violence and if they star their lives are at risk

� Emigration a person leaving a country/region to live elsewhere for at least 1 year

� Source country the country from which an immigrant has moved from



Migration from Jamaica to the UK � The UK encouraged people to migrate to the UK, the Open door policy, to fill up

the shortages of workers in the UK after WWII

Positive Negative

Host Source Host Source

� Met shortages of

unskilled workers

� Played important

role in post war

reconstruction

� Ethnic groups

added to UKwork base

� Ethnic groups

added to culture

� Increase in

remittances

� Increase in

economy due to

remittances

� Poverty in

Jamaica was cutby ½ due to

increase in

economy

� Public money

spent of meeting

the immigrants

needs

� Immigrants

added to the

burden of theeconomy when

going into

recession

� Social tensions

created

� Segregation

� Loss of the best

workers

� Women out

numbering men,

negative social

impacts

� Birth rate waslow

� Elderly

dependents

increased



E astern E uropean countries coming to

the UK

Migration policy, skilled based system:

Tier 1

Highly skilled workers scientists/entrepreneurs

Tier 2Skilled workers teachers/nurses

Tier 3

Low skilled workers-construction workers

Tier 4

Students

Tier 5

Youth mobility and temporary workers



� Migration from: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, CzechRepublic, Hungary, Slovenia

� Brings both positive and negatives impacts to

both source and host country e.g. loss of youthfulworkers (negative source country), EasternEuropean workers bring money into the UKseconomy (positive host country)

Push factors Pull Factors

Unemployment (move away to earn a

living)

Low wages (move away to earn a living )

Ageing labour forcePoverty (move away because of bad living

conditions )

Poor quality of life

Job vacancies (come to earn a living)

Skill shortage (come as more jobs

available)

Higher wages (come to earn more money)



T

opic 2

Consuming resources



Key Terms

� Finite resource- a resource that is limited orrestricted. For example coal, oil and natural gas

� Black gold- another name for oil because it is

such a valuable commodity� Oil barrel- the standard unit of measurement of

oil. One barrel =approx. 159 litres

� E cological footprint- an estimated area of land

and water that is needed to supply resources toan individual or a group of people

� Sustainable development- meeting needs of thepresent, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs



C lassifying resourcesResource How it might be useful Renewable/Non-renewable

Tabaco For people who smoke Non-renewable

Oil Heating homes, providing

electricity, fuels for transport

Non-renewable

Bananas For feeding people and animals Non-renewable

Water Generate electricity Renewable

Tea For people to drink, Income for

countries supplying it

Non-renewable

Coal Provides electricity and heating Non-renewable

Mangos To feed people and bring in

income

Non-renewable

Wind Generates heat and produces

electricity

Renewable

Coco beans To feed people, to provide

income for countries supplying it

Non-renewable

Solar power Generates electricity and heats

water

Renewable



Defining resources

� Natural resource Wood

� Human resource Skills of apopulation

� Material/Capital resource Goods/Equipment

� Non-renewable resource Coal

�

Sustainable resource Plantingtrees

� Renewable resource Wind



H aves and have nots

� TheMiddle East, has the highest current oil

production, but has reached peak oil (when oil

reaches it maximum level and then declines)

� Different countries have different resources, and

are not effected by a countries wealth or

development

� Consumption however is down to the wealth of acountry e.g. American has less than 5% of the

population, but uses 25% of the oil



Oil Supply and Demand

� Supply:

Saudi Arabia

Kuwait

Venezuela

� Demand:

USA

UK

China

India



Alternatives to oil � Hydrogen:

Cars which run on electricity produced by combiningwater and oxygen, reducing oil consumption

� Biofuels:

Use plants and trees instead of using oil� Alternate cars:

Companies e.g. Ford releasing cars run on alternateenergy sources

�

Wind power:Using renewable energy sources in our homes

*All of the above will reduce the amount of oil that isused, therefore reducing the demand for oil also*



P opulation and resource theoriesTheory Malthus BoserupWhat do they believe?

What is their theory?

Why do they believe this?

That population grows

geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16 etc.)

and food /resources grow

arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4 etc.)

He believed there were not

enough resources to supportthe population

That invention is driven by a

need to improve/change

something therefore when the

time comes people would

invent solutions to problems

they will faceHe thought revolution such as

THE GREEN REVOLUTION

where new types of crops are

created, would carry on

occurring in the future

Examples to support their

theory

Famine-not enough food to

support a population

THE GREEN REVOLUTION-

where we have Genetically

Modified our crops to meet

our needs . Improved

technology means that this is

now easier than ever



Sustainable development � Individual action:

Recycling

Using public transport

Buying local produce

� Corporate action:

When big companies identify goals to improveenvironmental performance

Google Headquarters*Sustainable development, is development which

meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations*



Technological Fi x -C ase Studies

� Google:

Free shuttle buss to a from work

Hybrid cars

� With free electric vehicles to employees� Free charging stations

Solar panels to power the building

� Modern recycling:

Separates more rubbish than in recyclingCould be used to generate electricity

Cheaper than original waste burning

Less rubbish is produced in landfills



T

opic 3

Living Spaces



Key Terms� Functional attachment-when a place gives you things you need

� E motional attachment-involves the emotions, feelings and moods people have about aplace

� N atural process-processes that effect the environmental challenges and opportunitiesof an area

� H uman process-processes that control the evolution and development of a living space

� P ush factor (stresses)-makes people leave a place

� P ull factor (strains)- attracts people to a location� Green belt-an area of open land around a city, protected from development

� Brownfield site-a piece of land that has been used/abandoned and is now awaiting use

� Urban sprawl-urban growth, usually weakly controlled into surrounding rural and semirural areas

� Mega city-an urban areas with a population of more than 10,000,000

�

Global hub-major centre of global communication (train map)� Global city-a urban city that has a significant role in controlling international flows of

capital and trade

� Sustainability-the ability to keep something at the same rate/level

� E co-towns-new towns developed with a special consideration paid to sustainability

� Algae farms-with the idea in mind that bio-fuels is a big hope for the future

� E co-villages-affordable housing using eco-friendly building methods



Factors effecting how we view living spaces

Age

Younger people seek out more variety in their social lives which

makes cities more attractive. Older people or those with familiesthen to find rural areas more attractive

MobilityPersonal mobility will affect how isolated we feel. Rural areas tend to

have more problems with mobility with a reliance on cars

Cultural

backgroundThe impacts on how we see places and how attractive we find them

Knowledge andperception

Highlights the idea of a place without people actually knowing thearea e.g. crime rates etc

Economic status Areas that offer job security and deemed more attractive



Factors effecting variations in the quality

of life in living spaces

Social factor-crime rates,

healthcare, education, disease etc.

E nvironmental factor-available of water, soil fertility, likelihood

of hazards etc.

P olitical

factors-

opportunity to

vote, freedom

to vote and

movement

E conomic

factors-access

to services, job

opportunities,

transport links

etc.



Gentrification

� Gentrification-when wealthier people move into an area and carry

out house improvements. The improves the quality and condition

of local housing, increasing the price

1. People move into an area

2. Increased demand for resources of a high quality

3. Provision for high quality goods and services

4. Further development of an area

5. Possibility of poorer population being pushed out

� Social of multiple deprivation-affects poor estates. Richer people

can afford to live elsewhere, causing social segregation



Migration in LEDC s and MEDC s

Urban Rural

MEDCs

High densities of people

Good public transport systems

High number of services

Good education and healthcare

High speed broadband access

Fewer shops and services

Lower density of transport links

High levels of car ownership

QuieterLower speed internet access

LEDCs

Very high densities of people

May live in illegal settlements

e.g. slums

Some services in central areasFormal and informal

employment

Some public transport

Very poor public transport

Many people employed in

agriculture

Poverty is commonDisease and poor educational

facilities

Limited or no phone or internet

service



Retirement to S pain

� Reasons for this:

Warmer climate

Low house prices

Low heating costs

Cheap flights home to see family/friends

� Reasons why they move back:

Language barrierChanges in economy means uncertain house prices etc.

Different way of life



I ncreased demand for land

� Brings pressure to build on greenfield sites

� North Wiltshire:� 56% of new housing was built on greenfield sites

� Cities are like magnets and draw people in, sotherefore puts pressure on the standard of living

� Las Vegas:� The urban sprawl has occurred and demand for housing is

huge

� Building on surrounding countryside, ruining theenvironment, even transporting the goods to Las Vegas

� Consumes more water per person than anywhere else inthe world

� Urban Heat Island Effect



Making living spaces sustainable

City How they are an example of sustainability

Barcelona

(Spain)

Created a scheme called bicing;, similar to London

bike riding scheme encouraging people to ride a

bike to work instead of taking a car

Havana

(Cuba)

When the Soviet Union collapsed they lost theirmain food supplier so had to grow their own food,

so used all the available land they had in the city

Reykjavik

(Iceland)

Uses geo-thermal energy as their heating system,

and using it as their energy source with 0.1% of

energy coming from fossil fuels

Masdar

(United Arab Emirates)

Claims to be the first zero-carbon, zero-waste city,

being environmentally sustainable while still trying

to battle the extreme climate



Topic 4

Making a living



Key terms� P rimary industry-the extraction of raw materials form the land or sea e.g. farming,

mining, fishing

� Secendory industry-the manufacturing of goods using raw materials e.g. carmanufacturing, textiles

� Tertiary industry-the provision of services e.g. teacher, doctor, lawyer

� Quaternary industry-high tech service industries e.g. consultation, research,development or working in labs

� E mployment structure-the proportion of people working in the different industries

in a country� MEDC -more economically developed country

� LEDC -less economically developed country

� NIC -newly industrialised country

� I ndustrialisation-the process that changes pre-industrial country's to industrialisedones

� De-industrialisation-decline in the secondary industry and a growth in the tertiaryand quaternary

� Urbanisation-movement of people to towns and cities

� I nformal economy-all economic activity that falls outside the formal economy

� Diversification-creating more variety of jobs and industry

� P ost production countryside-how the country side s

� Green sector- jobs connected with making a sustainable environmental future



Representing population structures

Primary Secondary Tertiary

0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100



The C lark Fisher Model

Pre-industrial stage Industrial stage Post-industrial stage

Country Britain before 1700

Kenya

Britain after 1850

Brazil

Britain in 1950s

GermanyMain type of industry Primary Secondary Tertiary

Explanation Primary most important Manufacturing industries

start to develop, so

secondary grows as well as

tertiary

Tertiary becomes more

important, secondary starts

to die away

Links to DTM STAGE 1 STAGE 2/3 STAGE 4/5



I ndustrialisation and De-industrialisation

� Industrialisation is a good way of measuringhow industrialised a country is

� De-industrialisation is a decline in

manufacturing and a growth in tertiary andquaternary

� Reasons for de-industrialisation:�

Reduced demand for traditional products due totechnology

� Greater competition for countries like China and India

� Mechanisation has increased productivity and reducedthe number of workers needed



C ase studys of an industrialising

country

� Mexico (industrialising):� Originally mainly agriculture (primary)

� Moved to secondary so more people have moved to

urban areas� Manufacturing was attracted here because:

± Large highly skilled workforce

± Large consumer markets

± Low distribution costs

±Close to the governments who make the final decisions

� Re-export businesses have appeared close tothe USA border, resulting in a growth in theinformal sector



C ase study of a de-industrialising

place� Glasgow (Scotland):

� Originally jobs were in manufacturing but then the

situation changed so most jobs are in the service sector

� Due to the fact there was a lack of investment and

innovation leading to growing overseas competition

� Led to a point of economic decline and

deindustrialisation, resulting in high unemployment,

population decline and poor health

� The decline led to a growth in service industries e.g.

retail, finance and tourism

� Now turned to art as its main heritage to attract both

visitors and jobs



Diversification in the countryside

� Challenges that the countryside faces:� Lack of transport links

� Lack of affordable housing due to gentrification

�Change in farming, getting products for abroad

� Disappearance of local services

� Local depopulation

� Farms that have had to diversify are:

� Worthy Farm, Glastonbury (into Glastonbury festival)� Changing into B&Bs

� Animal farms

� Farm shops



E nvironmental, E conomic and Social impacts of

de-industrilisation

and diversification in the UK Economic impacts Social impacts e.g. Glasgow Environmental impacts

Shipbuilding industry had

declined

Personal income loss

Loss of taxesRising demand for income

support

Peoples spending power

decreases

Family breakdown

Alcoholism and crime

Permanent unemployment

Positives Negatives

More

available land

Less water

used in

industry

Less energy

for

machinery

Reducedtraffic

congestion

Reduced

noise and air

pollution

Derelict land

Empty

factory

buildings

Goods

manufacture

d further

away



I mpacts of employment change in

different countries

� Mexicos growth in the manufacturingindustry:

� Air pollution

� Higher demand for fresh water� Water polluted by chemicals dumped into rivers

� Waste disposal systems cant cope

� Mumbai (India) developing economy:� Attracting migrants to the developed economies,

becoming over populated

� Making it an ECONOMIC HUB

� Brings mainly good effects, as it attracts largebussinesses



Regeneration of brownfield sites

� Negatives of the regeneration of brownfield

sites:

� Often more expensive to redevelop

� Regulations for reclaiming the sites can often be a

barrier to new development

� Some sites can be important wildlife habitats

� Fort Dunlop (Birmingham)

� Used to be factories but in 2002 was refurbished and

turned into a multi use sustainable 24hr community

centre



Green employment

� Green employment attempts to improve the air

and water quality and improve the environmente.g:

� Making green products

� Constructing green buildings

� Offering green services

� Quaternary services (architects constructing green buildings)

� Examples in more detail:� Eco-tourism (Ayers Rock) try's to respect the environment

and local people but reduce the impacts of tourists e.g. highcost, low income

� Recycling (Brazil) introduced separation and recycling of itswaste, makes money when sold onto factories which fundssocial programmes e.g. schooling



Topic 5

Changing cities



Key Terms

� E co-footprint-a measure of how much land is needed toprovide for a place

� S phere of infulence-an area that has a significant culture,economic, military or political influence

�

C arrying capacity-the maximum number of people whocan be supported in a given area

� Landfill sites-where local authorities and industry takewaste to be buried

� I ncineration-where waste is burnt which in turn can

produce electricity� Food miles-the distance food travels from source to plate

� Farmers Markets-a set of stalls usually in a town or cityrun by farmers and food growers from the local area



Activities and their environmental impacts

Activity Effect

Producing ElectricityPollutes the air

Nuclear PowerThreatens land, air and water because of

possible risk of the escape of radioactivity

Industry Chemical industry's add to environmentalpollution. Water polluted

Household wasteBurying in landfills, risks chemicals leaking

into water systems

OilAir pollution from burning it, and using it in

cars, also pollution comes with health risks

Agricultural chemicalsFertilisers etc. could end up in our food and

water

Contaminated WaterPolluted water through, agriculture, rubbish,

houses. Threatens wildlife

Noise PollutionCities noise pollution from industry,

construction and traffic



V ariations in eco-footprints

� Eco footprints vary due to many reasons:� Type of transport used e.g. walk or take the bus

� Higher incomes in the population

± More people can afford to holiday abroad, expensive products and

food

� Footprints also vary between countries:� In the DEVELOPED WORLD people consume, import, spend,

travel more

� In the DEVELOPING WORLD people consume, import, own and

use less e.g. electricity

� This is mainly due to the income of the country/person

� In rural and urban areas in a country the footprints

vary due to the reasons at the top of the page



� Citys footprints expand past their boundaries dueto many things:

� Waste ± A city produces so much waste that there is not enough space to

dispose of it in the city

� Energy ± Energy is created outside the citys boundary and transferred into the

city centre

� Food ± Transported from farms outside the city or from other countries

±SOLUTION buy from farmers markets, or grow your own

� Water ± Comes from outside the Citys area

*LON DON IS A GOOD EX AMP LE OF ALL T H E ABOV E ,U SE AS A CASE STU DY *

C itys footprints e x panding beyond its

boundary



Urban S prawl

� The Urban Sprawl is the outward growth of acommunity e.g. L AS V E GAS

� This boosts a places eco-footprint due to the

fact that:� More houses and other buildings will be created

� More services e.g. shops, schools, hospitals

� More transport links

� M

ore jobs� HOWEVER the further out people live the

further they have to commute meaning ahigher CARBON F OOTPRINT



� Encouraged recycling

� Congestion charge-encourages people to usepublic transport

� Bus lanes-speed up journeys

� Improving the underground-speeds up journeys

� Cycle lanes and Bike Hiring schemes� Greater London Low Emissions Zone-

encouraged people to invest in low emissionvehicles

H ow is London reducing its energy

consumption?



� BedZed (the largest carbon-neutral

community in the UK)

� It has been built on reclaimed land and focus's

on social and environmental sustainability aswell as energy conservation

� Reduces water usage

� Reduces amount of electricity used

� Heats homes using large windows facing the

sun and cools homes down with wind tunnels

C ase Study of a E co-community



BedZed a sustainable solution for

London?

� Places like BedZed in Greater Croydon

(London) add the to sustainability of London

and help to lower their eco-footprint

� They provide London with ideas of how to

lower its eco-footprint which in turn help with

the sustainability of London

� The Urban designs also reduce energy demand

and have started to be used more frequently

in newly built buildings and homes



London reducing its waste

� London has started charging for every tonne

of waste dumped in landfill sites

� More waste is now being recycled but only

recycles apporx 10% and could recycle 80%

� Recycles more than before, for example

furniture and batteries

� Recycling bins next to rubbish bins in shopping

centres and on the streets in the city centre



Green C onsumer behaviour

� Green consumerism involves buying products

which dont harm the environment

� Ways we can do this are:

� Channing shopping behaviour ± Buying from farmers markets

± Buying products from the UK

� Transport policies

±Car sharing

± Using public transport

� Practising the 3 Rs

± Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

�

Using your own plastic bags



Attempts to reduce citys eco-

footprints

� For people it will be that on the previous slide aswell as things such as:

� Cutting back on electricity

� Holidaying at home

� Government action could include:� Promoting public transport

� Traffic management

� Promoting green modes of transport

� Urban gardens

� Sustainable energy management

� Urban design

� Waste management (fine for not recycling, encouraging lesspackaging of foods to reduce the amount of wasteproduced)



Topic 8

World of Work



Key Terms� Trans national company (T NC )-companies which operate in more than one

country

� Global shift-the movement of manufacturing from the developed to thedeveloping world which offers cheaper labour

� P roduction chain-the sequence of activities needed to turn raw materials intofinished products

� Outsourcing-when a company sub contracts part of its business to another

country� Saturation of markets-when everyone has bought a product then there will be

very limited future sales, unless the product is improved

� Teleworking-any form of work in which telecommunications replace work relatedtravel

� N ew economy-production of knowledge, ideas and services, human resourcesimportant, risky, activities attracted to electronic networks, e.g. jobs in ICT, TV,equal male and female employment

� Old economy-production of manufactured goods, industry attracted to rawmaterials, power supple, cheap labour etc, e.g. iron, steel, textiles, mainly maleemployment

� Sustainability-the ability to keep something going at the same rate/ level



What is the new economy and how

does it function?

Includes primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary jobs



T NC C ase Study-DysonWinners

WinnersWinners

Losers



T NC C ase Study-P rimark



Outsourcing



C ase Study of Outsourcing-BT

� Why have they outsourced:

� Indian call centres are 40% cheaper

� Call centre workers earn less money each week

� Indians speak good English

Advantages Disadvantages

India GDP has grown

Drop in infant mortality

Gender inequalities reduced

Call workers have to put up with angry

customers

Time difference means working

unsociable hours

UK Been a 40% cost saving

Increases the UKs GDP (as there is

more tax being paid by the company)

1000 workers were fired from the old

Newcastle call centre

Aviva shed 900 jobs, other companies

shed 50,000



C hanging employment and the effects�

Developed world� Deindustrialisation

� Decline in agriculture

� However job losses in primary and secondary have beenmade up by new jobs in tertiary and quaternary

� Four groups of activity have become important in the post-industrial era (found now on the urban fringe)

± Industrial estates

± Shopping complex's

± Business parks

± Science parks

� Case study:� Closure of the Guinness Factory (de-industrialisation)

� Decline of the traditional industries (Western Isles, Scotland)

� Development of the tertiary and quaternary industries(Southampton science park)



C hanging employment and the effects

� Developing world:

� Economy centred around primary industry

� Seeing an increase in agribusiness (land used to

produced fruit and veg and flowers for the European

market)

� Increase in manufacturing industries

� Development of the tourist industry

�

Case study's:� Agribusiness (Kenya)

� Made in China growth of manufacturing in China

� Growth of tourism (Kenya)



C hanges in the workforce

� Changes include:� Equal opportunities (MEDCs)

� Part-time working

� Outsourcing

� Global shift in manufacturing� Health and safety

� Shorter working days

� Minimum wage

� Teleworking

� Women in workforce

� Flexible working hours

� The development of technology not onlyproduces new jobs, but new ways of working



Sustainability

� Most developed countries are guilty of

exploiting the developing countries (is this

morally sustainable?)

� Overexploiting the environment for out

economic gain

The two points above are not sustainable and

put pressure on the planet