Faculty of allied medical sciences

Environmental Health(NREH-101)

PollutionSUPERVISION

Prof. Dr. Mervat Salah

Outcomes:

1-To know the meaning and classification of pollution2-To understand biological pollution3-To know water related diseases4-To study control and prevention of pollution

Pollution DefinitionAny undesirable change in physical , chemical or biological characteristics of air , land , water

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.

Pollution can be classified according to source:-

Water Pollution

Air Pollution

Soil Pollution

Solid Waste (domestic waste- medical waste- industrial waste- construction waste- Agricultural waste )

Pollution is divided into global pollution and local pollution .

Water pollution• Water resources• Surface water (rivers)• Ground water (wells)• Rain water

Polluted water & contaminated water: Polluted water: water contain physical and chemical

pollutantsContaminated water: water contain biological

pollutants

Sources of water pollutionPoint and Non-point Source pollution

Point Sources include sewers, industrial discharges, street drains

combined sewer outfalls

Non-point Sources include agricultural runoff, road runoff, landfill

drainage, erosion & sedimentation processes, dead aquatic life and boats& ships

• Types of Water Pollution

• Physical: temp, pH, color, turbidity, taste &odor

• Chemical:Inorganic: Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, hardness, chloride, solids, fluoride, heavy

metalsOrganics: pesticide, phenol, oil & grease , biodegradable

organic matter and non-biodegradable matter .

Biological: Bactria, virus, parasites, protozoa

Physical pollution• To identify any problem; it must follow 3 steps: Sources – Effect – control measures

• Temp S: cooling water, power station waste discharge

E: Raising water temp and affect on aquatic life in the stream and uses of stream

C: Apply waste minimization rule (4 R) and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams

pH, turbidity, color, taste & odor

S : natural source (aquatic life, erosion , runoff water) and man-made source( industrial waste, sewage)

E : affecting on quality of water and its uses as recreational area (bathing) and navigation, affecting on aquatic life living in the stream, and on uses of water in industrial purposes (corrosion problem)

C : Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams

chemical pollution• Hardness(calcium and magnesium salt), chloride, Sulphate

• S: desalting units discharge, industrial waste

• E: increase dissolved salt content affecting on water uses as drinking water, domestic uses or industrial uses and needs to softening process.

• C: Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams.

Amonia,Nitrates

• S: fertilizer industrial waste, agricultural run off

• E: in drinking water , it causes blue babies for infants less than 2 years

• In surface water: cause eutrification problem (over growth of algae forming algae bloom) affecting on water treatment plant and uses of water in industrial purposes

• C : Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams

• Phosphate: as mentioned before except blue babies

fluoride• S : natural sources• E : if water contain more than ≥ 1.5 ppm

causes dental fluorosis االسنان تسمم بالفلواريد. If ≤0.5 ppm causes dental caries تسوساألسنان

• C: follow up and monitoring of fluoride concentration in water supply and adjust it

• Heavy metals

• (lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, iron & manganese

• S: industrial waste

• E: Toxicity effect on aquatic life as lead, mercury, arsenic poising. While iron & manganese from ground water cause rusty taste and red color in water

• C: : Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams

Biological pollution• Bacteria• Protozoa• Parasites• Virus

Bacteria• Campylobacter• Cholera• E. Coli• Typhoid• Salmonella• Coliform bacteria , Streptococcus, Enterococcus

that are used as indicator for contamination with pathogenic microorganism

• Protozoa• Amoeba----ambiosis------sewage or untreated

water• Giardia lamblia----Giardiasis---- poor disinection,

crossconection due to pipeline break • Cryptosporidia----cryptosporidiosis---poor

disinfection

• Parasite• Ascarias is an infection of the small intestine

caused by water contaminated with eggs Ascarias

• Viruse• Enteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery

– Rotavirus• Paralysis

– Polio• Liver damage

Two of the viruses that cause hepatitis (hepatitis A and E) can be transmitted through contaminated water and food;

Diseases Related to Water

Water-borne Diseases

Water-washed Diseases

Water-based Diseases

Water-related Diseases

Quiz 1• Complete the following:

• Pollution can be classified into: ----,-----,----,-----,--------• Global environmental problems are---,-----,------- Types of water pollution are:-----,------,-------- Any Environmental problem can be solved through ---------, --------,----------- Sources of water pollution and its impacts------,-------- Physical pollution as-----,----,-----, -------- Effect of temp. on receiving stream-------,------- Effect of turbidity on receiving stream-------,------- Effect of pH on receiving stream-------,------- Effect of color on receiving stream-------,------- Effect of odor on receiving stream-------,------

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Recommended text book• Basic Environmental Health