Download pdf - Factorii genetici ai climei Complet

8/3/2019 Factorii genetici ai climei Complet

1/13

EBLVNT@@ IGJGV@L@ B@ LH@KG@

_njfgtgb eblvnt`hnt tg|pglvù` j fgvgtk`jbtgb lnjf`v``hnt lh`kbv`lg

g|vg ubt`bd`hb fg hb n tgi`wjg hb bhvb* Mnvbtbvnbtg tbkbjbg `j|b`jvnvfgbwjb tbf`bv`b |nhbtb( `j bd|gjvb lbtg`b lg`hbhv` vtg` eblvnt` j+bt kb`pwvgb blv`njb*

Eblvnt`` lh`kbvnhni`l` tbf`bvù`@jlhwfg vnbvg ehw}wt`hg fg gjgti`g tbf`bjvb lbtg |vtbdbv bvkn|egtb( fbt pnv` e`

tgfw|` hb tbf`bv`b |nhbtb( fgnbtglg tbf`bv`b vgtg|vtb( tbf`bv`b bvkn|egt`lb gvl* jw|wjv bhvlgub fglbv gjgti`g |nhbtb vtbj|entkbvb* Tgfwlv`b tg|pglvùb g|vg ubhbd`hbpgjvtw |`|vgkwh _bkbjv+ bvkn|egtb `j bj|bkdhwh |bw* Lbjf |g bjbh`qgbqb `j|blnjf`v``hg lh`kbv`lg pg qnjg |bw tgi`wj` f`|v`jlvg( d`hbjvwh tbf`bù |` d`hbjvwh lbhnt`l

lbpbvb |gkjè`lbv`` fgn|gd`v fg `kpntvbjvg* Kb|wtbvnt`hg tbf`nkgvt`lg |`|vgkbv`lg(lw kgvnfnhni`g wj`vbtb `j Tnkbj`b( bw `jlgpwv `j 2060 hb Nd|gtubvntwh Bewkbv`(`je``jvbv fg @j|v`vwvwh Kgvgntnhni`l( ghg lnjv`jwbjf |` b|vbq`* _btbhgh lwNd|gtubvntwh fg hb Bewkbv`( fwpb 207? |g lnjvwtgbqb tgvgbwb jbv`njbhb( lnkpw|bf`j 0 |vbv`` tbf`nkgvt`lg blnpgt`jf vnbvg tgi`wj`hg ignitbe`lg bhg vbt``*

Tgpbtv`v`b kgf``hnt bjwbhg bhg tbf`bv`g` ihndbhg btbvb lb lghg kb` kbtùbhnt` |g `jtgi`|vtgbqb `j tgi`wj`hg `jvgvtnp`lbhg |` |wdvtnp`lbhg bhg phbjgvg`( bf`lbblnhn wjfg wjim`wh `jbhv`k`` \nbtghw` fgb|wptb nt`qnjvwhw` g|vg kb}`k*

Tgpbtv v b ubhnt hnt kgf` bjwbhg bhg tgf`bv g ihndbhg -clbh.lk *bj)

Fbt( n bjbh qb kb ptnewjfbvb btbvb lb ubhnt hg lghb kb kbt -pg|vg 4?? | lm`btpg|vg 44? clbh.lk *bj) jw |wjv ptnpt` qnjg glwbvnt`bhg( l lghnt vtnp`lbhg |`


2/13

|wdvtnp`lbhg -\bmbtb( Btbd`b( Vmbtt( Cbhbmbt ( Kg}`lwh fg jntf+|wf( gvl) wjfgvtbj|pbtgjvb bvkn|egt`lb g|vg kb}`kb* Ubhnt hg fgkn|gd v fg k`l -|wd 24? | lm`bt|wd 2?? clbh.lk *bj) `jtgi`|vtbvg `j qnjb glwbvnt`bhb -dbq`jwh nll`fgjvbh bhBkbqnjwhw ( dbq`jwh ehwu`whw Lnjin( btm`pghbiwh \njfghnt Kbt gvl) |g fbvntgbqbjgdwhnq vbv bllgjvwbvg( lbtg k`|lntgbqb |wd|vbjv bhb vtbj|pbtgjvb bvkn|egtg (f`k`jwbjf b|vegh lbjv vbvgb fg tbf`bv lbtg bawjig hb |wptbebvb vgtg|vtb* @j qnjghg

vgkpgtbvg( ubhnt hg kgf` bjwbhg bhg tbf`bv g ihndbhg ubt`bqb jvtg 26? | =?clbh.lk *bj( `qnh j` hg lwtdbjfw+|g |ptg pnh pg lnjv jgjvg( wjfg jgdwhnq vbvgb g|vg( `jigjgtbh kb |lbqwvb* @j tgi`wj hg btlv lg | |wdbtlv lg( ubhnt hg tg|pglv ug |lbf |wd 9?| lm`bt |wd 5? clbh.lk *bj( kb bhg| j |glvnbtghg btm`pghbiwt hnt \ubhdbtf | Etbjvq

An|ge( `j|whghnt Bhgwv jgb | Bvhbjv lwhw fg Jntf( fbvnt vb `jvgj|g blv u vbv l`lh nj`lglbtg igjgtgbqb n jgdwhnq vbvg enbtvg bllgjvwbvb* _g lnjv jgjvwh bjvbtlv v( f`kpnvt`ub(ubhnt hg kgf` bhg tbf`bv hnt ihndbhg jtgi`|vtgbqb n nbtglbtg ltg|vgtg( f`j lbwqbvtbj|pbtgjvg kbt b bgtwhw | jwkbtwhw |pnt v fg q hg |gj`jg* @j wj` bj ghg bv jilm`bt 2?? clbh.lk *bj( lggb lg glm`ubhgbqb lb gjgti`b pt`k vb pg blggb| wj vbvg fg|wptbebvb j tgi`wj hg fg | hun|vgpb f`j gk`|egtb jntf`lb*

Tbf`bv`b |nhbtb f`tglvb \Tbf`bv b |nhbtb f`tglvb g|vg tbf`bv b ptnugj vb f`tglv fg hb f`|lwh |nhbt* Ubhnt hg

tbf`bv g |nhbtg f`tglvg fgp`jf( j pt`jl`pbh fg fn eblvnt 1 ignkgvt`l _bkbjv+\nbtg |`lbtblvgt`|v l hg npv lg bhg bvkn|egtg *

Ignkgvt`b _bkbjv+\nbtg g|vg n lnj|gl`jvb b k`|lbt hnt j v kp bhg _bkbjvwhw``j awtwh \nbtghw ( b jlh jbt` b}g vgtg|vtg | b entkg |egt`lg b ihndwhw vgtg|vtw* @je glbtg knkgjv f`j bj( lwphwh \nbtg+ _bkbjv |g ib|g|vg j tghbv ignkgvt`lg kpw|gfg k`|lbtgb fg tgunhwv g b _bkbjvwhw j awtwh \nbtghw * Blgb|vb eblg lb kgt|whbpbtgjv bh |nbtghw pg dnhvb lgtgb|lb( jbhv kgb \nbtghw ( |b ubt`gqg j ewjlv g f`j

knkgjvwh f`j bj*Ubt`bv b jbhv k` \nbtghw ( |bw b lnkphgkgjvwhw |bw( f`|vbjv qgj vbhb( eblg lb

hwji`kgb ftwkwhw pbtlwt| fg tbf`bv b f`tglvb pt`j bvkn|egtb( kb|b bvkn|egtg ( |bubt`gqg | fg b`l `jvgj| vbvgb egjnkgjwhw g}v jlv g * Fg hb knkgjvwh tb|bt vwhw (tbf`bv b |nhbtb f`tglvb ltg|vg( j pbtbhgh lw jbhv kgb \nbtghw fgb|wptb nt`qnjvwhw (pgjvtw lb hb knkgjvwh vtglgt` \nbtghw hb kgt`f`bjwh hnlwhw |b bv jib ubhnt hgkb}`kg* Blg|vb g|vg kgt|wh q hj`l bjvgkgt`f`bj( j lgb fg+b fnwb pbtvg b q hg (pn|vkgt`f`bj( tbf`bv b |nhbtb f`tglvb |lbfg pbjb hb wtkbvntwh bpw|*

Ubhnt`kg kb}`kg bd|nhwvg bhg tbf`bv g |nhbtg f`tglvg |g ptnfwl j lnjf v hgwjg bvkn|egtg enbtvg vtbj|pbtgjvg |hbd kpwt e lbvb j lbtg ptnlg|ghg fg g}v jlv g bw

`jvgj| vbvgb k`j`kb* @j igjgtbh ubhnt hg kb}`kg bd|nhwvg |g bv ji fg nd`lg j hwj hg|gqnjwhw lbhf( hb knkgjvwh bk`gq` bfgubtbvb( bvwjl lbjf jbhv k hg \nbtghw bv jiubhnt kb}`kg* K`j`kghg |g ptnfwl fg nd`lg j ntghg fg hb jlgpwvwh | |ebt| vwh q hg (lbjf wjim`wh fg jbhv kg bh \nbtghw btg ubhnt k`l *


4/13

ubhnt t`f`lbvg bhg tbf`bv g f ewqg( tbf`bv b ihndbhb pnbvg bv jig ubhnt bptnp`bvg fg4clbh.lk*k`j* B|gkgjgb ubhnt |g jtgi`|vtgbqb pg ub hg knjvbjg fg hb l`tlb 4???k bhv vwf`jg( wjfg tbf`bv b |nhbtb f`tgvb |g jvgj| e lb pg |gbkb lwhk hnt jugl`jbvg*

Tbf`bv b tgehglvbvb T

@j lbqwh j lbtg f`bkgvtwh pbtv lwhghnt g|vg kb kbtg fglbv hwji`kgb fg wjfb btbf`bv hnt( |g ptnfwlg f ewq`b vnvbhb( bf`lb f ewq`b vwvwtnt tbf`bv hnt jf egtgjv fghwji`kgb hnt fg wjfb* Blgb|vb g|vg fg ebpv egjnkgjwh tgehg}`g`( lbtglnj|vb `j bdbvgtgb eb|l`lwhghnt fg tbf`bv` fg hb f`tglv`b hnt j`v`bhb( ebtb b h |gptnunlb utgn knfè`lbtg fg bhvb jbvwtb*Gh kb` g|vg jwk`v wjgnt` |`tgehg}`g fèwqb( lggb lgg}pt`kb enbtvg d`jg ln`jl`fgjvb f`jvtg fèwq`b ihndbhb(fg|ptg lbtg |g untdg|vg j lbqwh bvkn|egtg |wptb`jlbtlbvg lw kpwt vbv |nh fg |`h lm`fg fg f`kgj|`wj kbt`| tgehg}`b fg|ptg lbtg |g untdg|vg j lbqwh nt`lbtg`|wptbegvg blv ug*

Fgp`jqbjf j kbtg kb|wtb fg j|w|`t hg e q`lg bhg |lnbtvg vgtg|vtg -`j |pgl`bhlwhnbtg | twinq vbvg)( tbf`bv b tgehglvbvb anblb wj tnh `kpntvbjv `j entkbtgbpbtv lwhbt vbv hnt vnpn | k`ltnlh kbv lg bhg f egt vghnt |wptbegvg*

@j|w|`t hg fg tgehglvbtg bhg |wptbegvg blv ug jw |g g}pt`kb fg tgiwhb pt`j`jvgj| vbvgb ehw}whw fg tbf`bv tgehglvbvg T( l pt`jvt+wj tbpntv `jvtg blg|vgb | tbf`bv bihndbhb `jl`fgjvb* Tbpntvwh Tg|pglv u pnbtvb jwkghg fg bhdgfnw B | |g ub g}pt`kb`j ptnlgjvg* Lgtlgvbt hg btbvb lb j jbvwtb( bhdgfnwh ubt`bqb jvtg 4 | 07'*

D hbjvwh tbf`bv u D

G|vg f egtgjvb f`jvtg |wkb vwvwtnt ehw}wt hnt tbf`bv ug fg wjfb |lwtvb |`hwjibpt`kbvg | |wkb ehw}wt hnt fg wjfb |lwtvb | hwjib lgfbvg fg n|wptbebvbnbtglbtg*@j kgvgntnhni`g |g bjbh qgbqb(fg tgiwhb(d hbjvwh tbf`bv u bh|wptbegvg vgtg|vtg | d hbjvwh tbf`bv u bh |`|vgkwhw _bkbjv+bvkn|egtb-pt`j_bkbjv jvghgibjfw+|g |wptbebvb vgtg|vtb)*\wptbebvb vgtg|vtb pt`kg|vg tbf`bv b |nhbtbf`tglvg -\)( tbf`bv b f ewqb-F) | tbf`bv b bvkn|egt`lb | lgfgbqb tbf`bv b tgehglvbvb fgwjfb |lwtvb( tbf`bv b vgtg|vtb -Gv)*Hb lgfbt pwvgk bfbwib | tbf`bv b tgehglvbvb fgwjfb hwjib( wj ehw} tbf`bv ubvbv fg jg`j|gkjbv( jlbv bfg|gb g jgih abvb*

Eblvnt` f`jbk`l b bvkn|egtg`

L`tlwhbv`b igjgtbhb b bvkn|egtg`

Fbvnt vb tgpbtv v g jgibhg b ptg|`wj` ( j bvkn|egtb b jb|vgtg wj |`|vgklnkph lbv fg k`|lbt bhg bgtwhw ( lwjn|lwv |wd jwkghg fg l`tlwhbv b igjgtbhbbvkn|egtg -l`tlwhbv b bvkn|egt`lb pt`jl`pbhb |bw pt`bkbtb)* Blg|vb lwpt`jfg lwtgjv `g|v l f`j tgi`wj hg pnhbtg( lwtgjv b|lgjfgjv f`j qnjghg k`j`kghnt dbt`lg |wdpnhbtg(


5/13

lwtgjv ug|v l | blv u vbvgb l`lhnj`lb f`j qnjghg vgkpgtbvg lwtgjv fg|lgjfgjv f`jqnjghg kb}`kghnt dbt`lg |wdvtnp`lbhg( bh qgghnt f`j qnjghg vtnp`lbhg | lwtgjv `b|lgfgjv f`j qnjb k`j`kg dbt`lg glwbvnt`bhg*

L`tlwhbv b igjgtbhb j vtnpnegtb jegt`nbtb g|vg tgqwhvbvwh jvgtblv wj` lghnt pbvtwentvg lbtg blv njgbqb b|wpb bgtwhw -b itbf`gjvwhw dbt`l nt`qnjvb3 Lnt`nh |3 fg etglbtg3lgjvt ewib) pg wj ihnd vgtg|vtw jgnknigj | tnv vnt* Blgb|vb fgvgtk`jb etbikgjvbtg

l`tlwhbv g igjgtbhg f`j vtnpn|egtb jegt`nbtb j vtg l`tlw vg qnjbhg pgkvtw e glbtggk`|egtb* @jvtg l`tlw vghg tg|pglv ug g}`|vb hgibvwt |vtbj|g*

@j qnjb glwbvnt`bhb( lwpt`j|b bptn}`kbv u jvtg 7 hbv vwf`jg J | \( vgkpgtbvwtbt`f`lbvb | wkgqgbhb bdwjfgjvb fgvgtk`jb pwvgtj`lg k`|lbt vgtknlnjuglv ug bhgbgtwhw ( lbtg b|`iwtb pgtkbjgjvb wjnt k`j`kg fg ptg|`wjg( lhbt g}pt`kbvg j tgh gewhlbkpwhw dbt`l fg hb |nh* G|vg b|b+jwk vb qnjb b lbhkghnt glwbvnt`bhg( h p| vb fgubjvwt fnk`jbjvg fg |wptbebvb* @j lwpt`j|wh g ( v kpwh lbhk btg n etglugjvblnj|`fgtbd hb( fbt lw vnbvg blg|vgb( ewtvwj hg u`nhgjvg `j|nv vg fg phn vntgjv bhg |`fg|lbtlbt ghglvt`lg |g ptnfwl fg|vwh fg fg|*

@j qnhgjg vt`p`lbhg | |wdvtnp`lbhg f`jvtg 7+24 |


6/13

gk`|egtb dntgbhb | |ptg |vbjib j lgb bw|vtbhb* Lnjugtigjvb bh qgwhw fg J+G lwbh qgwh fg \+G btg hnl `jvt+n qnjb f`j bptnp`gtgb glwbvntwhw wjfg entvb Lnt`nh | fgu`jgjgih abd hb( f egtgjvghg fg ptg|`wjg f`|pbt( bt bgtwh jvtb j k`|lbtg b|lgjfgjvb*Blg|vb |g jwkg|vg qnjb fg lnjugtigjvb `jvgtvtnp`lbhb |bw glwbvnt`bhb*@jvtwlbv kb|ghg fg bgt vtbj|pntvbvg fg bh qgghg lghnt fnwb gk`|egtg bw( fg tgiwhb(vgkpgtbvwt f egt vg( qnjb fg lnjugtigjvb jvgtvtnp`lbhb tgptgq`jvb( fg ebpv( etnjvwh

`jvgtvtnp`lbh |bw glwbvnt`bh* Lbtblvgt`qbvg pt`jvt+n kbtg lnj|vbjvb b f`tglv g |`u vgqg ( bh qgghg ebunt`qgbqb ptgfnk`jbtgb v kpwhw |gj`j( lw ptgl`p vbv tgfw|g |`vgkpgtbvwt t`f`lbvg* Ghg |wjv d`jg tgptgqgjvbvg fgb|wptb nlgbjghnt _bl e l | Bvhbjv l| bw n fgqunhvbtg kb |hbdb j tgi`wjgb Nlgbjwhw @jf`bj* G}v j|g | pg lnjv jgjvg(egjnkgjwh fg|lgjfgjvg bgtwhw f`j bjv l`lhnj` |wdvtnp`lbh | lgh bh bvtgjbt` blg|vw`b`j l`tlwhbv b bh qg`lb( fbw jb|vgtg kbt hnt fg|gtvwt bhg phbjgvg 1 \bmbtb( Btbd`g ( Vmbtt(Cbhbmbt ( Bvblbkb( Bw|vtbh bj gvl*

_gjfwhbtgb bpbtgjvb b \nbtghw jvtg lghg fnwb vtnp`lg | jlbhq`tgb f egtgjv bvbb lghnt fnwb gk`|egtg( fgvgtk`jb jfgpbtvbtgb | bptnp`gtgb |wllg|`ub fg glwbvnt bqnjghnt bh qg`lg* B|vegh( `j `wh g bh qgwh fg J+G dbvg fg hb 6? pbjb hb 2?+24 hbv vwf`jg J(

`j v kp lg bh qgwh fg \+G |g bptnp`g kb kwhv fg glwbvnt( dbvbjf fg hb


7/13

nlgbjg j v kpwh gtj` * Lwtgjv lnjugtigjv |ptg jvgt`ntwh w|lbvwhw lnj|v vw`gkw|njwh nlgbj`l |bw fg ubtb( bt lg fùgtigjv |ptg hbtiwh nlgbjwhw ( kw|njwhlnjv jgjvbh |bw fg btjb* Kw|njwh fg ubtb beglvgbqb bgtwh vtnpn|egtg pg itn|`k kb`kbt fglbv lgh fg btjb( bubjv vnvnfbvb | u vgqg |wpgt`nbtg* L`tlwhbv b kw|nj`lb lgbkb lhbt g}pt`kbvb bvbv f`j pwjlvwh fg ugfgtg bh jvgj| vbv ( lbv | f`j lgh bh etglugjvg`| tgiwhbt vbv ( |g lnj|vbvb j qnjb lbtg lwpt`jfg B|`b fg \wf | dbq`jwh jntf`l bh

Nlgbjwhw @jf`bj*Kw|njwh |wf+b|`bv l fg ubtb |g fgqunhvb `j pgt`nbfb bpt h g+nlvnkdt`g( lbjf

`jlbhq`tgb g}lg|ùb b lnjv jgvwhw ( eblg lb j pbtvgb hw lgjvtbhb |b b jb|vgtg n ub|vbfgptg|`wjg dbt`lb* Lnjlnk vgjv( dtbwh k`j`kghnt glwbvnt`bhg |g fgphb|gbqb hb J fgglwbvnt( wj`jfw+|g lw k`j`kb b|`bv lb( j h p|b dtbwhw bjv l`lhnj`l |wdvtnp`lbh fg J(lbtg f`|pbtg lw fg|bubt|`tg j blg|vb tgi`wjg* @j B|`b fg \( kw|njwh lnjv jgjvbh( fg`btjb( lbtg |g |wptbpwjg bh qgwhw fg J+G( jvbt`jfw+ | ptghwji`jfw+h pbjb j gk`|egtb|wf`lb( g|vg wj ubjv w|lbv( entkbv hb | fg wt`b|wh dbtba ntnitbe l bh M`kbhbg *Fgb|wptb Inhewhw Dgjibh gh |g wkgqg|vg `jvtwlbvub( igjgtbjf ptgl`p vbv ( kb |hbdge tg|vg fglbv ubtb( pg lnb|vghg fg G bhg _gj`j|whg @jf`gjg*

Tnhwh lh kbvnigj bh kw|nj hnt g|vg bvbv fg kpntvbjv jlbv igjgtgbqb( jtgi`wj hg wjfg |wehb( lh kbvg kw|nj`lg lbtblvgt`qbvg pt`j fnwb bjnv kpwt f`|v jlvg(lbtg |g |lm`kdb dtw|l jvtg ghg*

Ubjvwt hg hnlbhg |wjv fgphb|bt bhg bgtwhw fgvgtk`jbvg fg `jvgtblv wjgbbvkn|egtg lw eblvnt` e q`ln+ignitbe l hnlbh ( ebpv pgjvtw lbtg |g tg|`kv pg vgt vnt`tghbv u tg|vtbj|g* Ghg pnv e kpbtv vg j fnwb lbvgint` 1 pgt`nf`lg | jgpgt`nf`lg*

Ubjvwt hg hnlbhg pgt`nf`lg bw jb|vgtg fbvnt vb lnjvtb|vghnt vgtkndbt`lgigjgtbvg fg knfwh f egt v j lbtg |g jlbhqg|l q`wb | |g tblg|l jnbpvg fnwb |wptbegvgblv ug jugl`jbvg lw lbtblvgt`|v l f`|v jlvg* \wptbegvghg tg|pglv ug pnv e kbtgb |`

w|lbvwh( `j lbqwh dt`qghnt kbt`jg |bw ewjfwh ub hnt | ugt|bjv blg|vntb( `j lbqwhdt`qghnt kbt`jg |bw ewjfwh ub hnt | ugt|bjv blg|vntb( `j lbqwh dt`qghnt knjvbjg*

2* Dt qghg kbt`jg |wjv ubjvwt pgtnflg hnlbhg lbtg |` |lm`kdbf`tglv b fg hb q hb jnbpvg* Etglugjvb | fgqunhvbtgb hnt bv ji ubhnt kb}`kg( ubtb jtgi`k bjv l`lhnjbh* Q`wb( fgb|wptb w|lbvwhw pwvgtj`l `jlbhq v( |wptbegvghg `qndbt`lg |gfgpbtvgbqb wjghg fg bhvghg( j v kp lg fgb|wptb bpg ( |wd|vbjv bh kb tglg( tbkbjkb bptnp`bvg* Lwtgjvwh b|vegh igjgtbv |g jwkg|vg dt`qb fg kbtg |bw fg q *

Hb jùghwh |wptbegvg vgtg|vtg( itbf`gjvwh dbt`l nt`qnjvbh g|vg nt`gjvbv f`j|ptg w|lbv|ptg kbtg( fbjf jb|vgtg wjw lwtgjv fg bgt jwk v dt`qb fg w|lbv |bw dt`qb fg jnbpvg*


8/13

4* Dt`qghg knjvbjg |wjv lb | lghg kbt`jg( ubjvwt pgt`nf`lghnlbhg b lbtnt f`tglv g |g |lm`kdb tgiwhbv fg hb q hb jnbpvg* Ghg bw fgqunhvbtg |`etglugjvg kb}`kg ubtb j tgi`k bjv l`lhnj`l* Q`wb( bgtwh |g jlbhqg|vg kb pwvgtj`lfgb|wptb ugt|bjv hnt | tbkbj kb bptnp`bvg fgb|wptb ub hnt* Itbf`gjvwh dbt`lnt`qnjvbh |g nt`gjvgbqb( b|bfbt( f`j|ptg lgjvtwh ub` |ptg ugt|bjv | f`j bubh |ptgbknjv* @b jb|vgtg dt`qb fg ubhg( bhlbvw vb f`j fnwb lnkpnjgjvg f`|v jlvg1 ubjvwh

vgtk`l fg||lgjfgjv pg ugt|bjv | ubjvwh b|lgjfgjv pg ubhg |bw ubjvwh fg ubhg*

Ubjvwt hg hnlbhg jgpgt`nf`lg ptnfwl knf e lbt fghnl jgih abd hg bhg |vbt`utgk` | lh kg *

2* Ubjvwt hg jgpgt`nf`lg lbhfg jwkbtb pt`jvtg ghg enmjwh( ubjv lbhf |`w|lbv( lbtg b jb|vgtg nt fg lbvg nt n kb|b fg bgt lw lnjv jwv nbtglbtg fg wkgqgbhbg|lbhbfgbqb wj hbjv knjvbv |we gl`gjv fg jbhv pgjvtw b fgvgtk`jb lnjfgj|btgb wjg`pbtv f`j ubpnt` lnjv jwv * Fg|ptg enmj |g pnbvg untd jwkb j lbqwh j lbtgvgkpgtbvwtb bgtwhw pg ugt|bjv fg |wd ubjv ltg|vg lnkpbtbv u lw lgb jtgi`|vtbvb

hb blggb| bhv vwf`jg( pg ugt|bjv f`j ubjv* Ubjvwt hg fg v p enmj |g jvbhjg|l | j bhvgtgi`wj bhg hwk` lwk |wjv1 j ug|vwh \vbvghnt Wj vg | Lbjbfg ( Btigjv jb( JnwbQgghbjfb( Bw|vtbh b fg G( Lbwlbq* @j Tnkbj`bghg |wjv kb |hbd g}pt`kbvg( tg|`kv jfw+|g vnvw| pg lwhnbtwh Vwtfb+Bhdb+@wh b+Fgub( hb pnbhghg \wdlbtpbv hnt fg Lwtdwtb( jFgptg|`wjgb \wdlbtpbv lb Nhvgbjb( j Fgptg|`wjgb Ebibtb|*

Ubjvwt hg jgpgt`nf`lg tgl |wjv j kbtg pbtvg ubjvwt lbvbdbv lg |bwitbu vbv njbhg* Dntb |g entkgbqb pt`j blwkwhbtgb bgtwhw tglg j |pbvghg Bhp hntF`jbt`l | ptbdw|`tgb hw lbvtg vbtkwt hg tghbv u lbhfg bhg Kbt Bft`bv lg* Ewtvwj hg tgl`ptnunlbvg fg Dntb ptnfwl pbiwdg j|gkjbvg bvbv pt`j entvb kglbj`lb b ubjvwhw |`


9/13

ubhwt hnt( lbv | pt`j `kpntvbjvghg fgpwjgt fg imgbvb*

K`|vtbhwh g|vg( fg b|gkgjgb( wj ubjv ntnitbe l fg|lgjfgjv( lbtg |wehb`btjb | pt`kbubtb f`j|ptg Kb|ùwh Lgjvtbh Etbjlgq( lbvtg Kbtgb Kgf vgtbjb(lbjbh qbjfw+|g pg Ubhgb Tnjwhw * @j lbvgint`b ubjvwt hnt jgpgt`nf`lg | tgl pnv e`jlhw|g | Mbtkbjvvbjwh -lnb|vb Iw`jg` )( Vmg Jntvmgt -Vg}b|( Inhewh Kg}`l( KbtgbLbtb`d hnt)( Gvg|`bj| -g|vwh Kbt` Kgf vgtbjggjg)* Ubjvwt hg jgpgt`nf`lg g}vtgk fgu`nhgjvg |wjv k`|lbt vwtd`njbtg bhg bgtwhw lbtg |g jtgi`|vtgbqb j v kpwh ptnfwlgtègjnkgjghnt kgvgntnhni`lg lwj|nlwvg |wd jwkghg fg vntjbfb |` vtnkdb* Ubjvwt hgjgpgt`nf`lg fg pg vgt vnt`wh Tnkbj`g |g fbvntgbqb lnjf v hnt e q`ln+ignitbe lg ubt`bvg(lbtg fgvgtk`jb e g bpbt v b wjnt itbf`gjv dbt`l hnlbh ( e g lbjbh qbtgb lwtgjv hnt fg bgtpg bjwk vg lwhbntg fg ubhg* Blg|vgb |wjv ltùbvwh -|wfwh Knhfnug | Lbkp`b

Tnkbjb)( Bw|vtwh - ug|vwh Lbkp`g Tnkbjg | |wfwh Lbkp`g fg Ug|v)( ln|bub -\+UTnkbj`g )( dbhvbtgvwh -dbhv hg Fwjbt` ( Dbtbibj)( ubjvwh kbtg -fgptg|`wj hg Ebibtb|| \`d`w) |` ubjvwh jgitw -Fndtnigb fg \wf)*

Eblvnt e`q`ln+ignitbe`l`

\wptbebvb vgtg|vtb bd|nbtdg | tgehglvb f egtgjv bv tbf`bv b ihndbhb jl`fgjvb f`jlbwqb jgnknigj vbv lnjf v hnt g e q`ln+ignitbe lg* Lgb kb ptgijbjvb f egtgjv gtg|g lnj|vbvb jvtg lghg fnwb v pwt ewjfbkgjvbhg fg |wptbebvb blv ub1 bpb | w|lbvwh*

Tnhwh lh kbvnigj bh |wptbegvghnt nlgbj`lg | lnjv`jgjvbhg g|vgf egtgjv bv f`j lbwqb b fnwb ptnpt`gvbv e q`lg -lbhfwtb |pgl e lb | lbnjfwlv d h vbvgblbhnt`lb) | b fnwb ptnlg|g -bkg|vglwh vwtdwhgjv | gubpntbv b) lbtg |g kbj eg|vbfgn|gd v pg e glbtg f`jvtg blg|vgb* @j|w|`t hg | ptnlg|ghg kgjv njbvg ebl lb|wptbegvghg nlgbj`lg |b |g `jlbhqgb|lb kb itgw fglbv lghg lnjv jgjvbhg( fbt fbvnt vbblghntb| lbwqbg( ghg |g | tblg|l kb hgjv( lggb lg ltggbqb fgn|gd v jgvg j ubhnt hg| tgi`kwt hg vwvwtnt ghgkgjvghnt kgvgntnhni`lg( fgl | j lnjf v hg lh kbv lg bhg lghntfnwb v pwt ewjfbkgjvbhg fg |wptbebvb blv ub+|wl`blgjv* B|vegh |pw|( qnwb | ubtb


10/13

|wptbegvghg nlgbj`lg |wjv kb tgl fglbv lghg lnjv jgjvbhg( bt jnbpvgb | btjb( kb`lbhfg* @jvtwlbv bpb lnj|wkb pgvjtw jlbhq`tg lgb kb kbtg pbtvg b gjgti`g |nhbtgbd|ntd vg( lgfbjf bkn|egtg lbjv vbv fg lbhfwtb kb tgfw|g fglbv w|lbvwh( hbblghgb| bhv vwf`j d hbjvwh lbhnt`l g|vg kb kbtg pg nlgbjg | kb k`l pg lnjv jgjvg*F`j blgb|vb lbwqb( j qnjghg vgkgptbvg | tgl ( jgbeglvbvg fg lwtgjv lbhq (vgkgptbvwtb kgf`g bjwbhb b |wptbegvghnt nlgbj`lg g|vg |wpgt`nbtb lghg b

|wptbegvghnt lnjv jgjvbhg* @j |lm`kd( hb hbv vwf`j `jvgtvtnp`lbhg( wjfg lbhfwtblnj|wkbvb `j ptnlg|wh gubpntbv g g|vg lnj|`fgtbd hb( |wptbegvghg lnjv jgjvbhgtbkbj( `j kgf`g bjwbhb( |wd|vbjv bh kb lbhfg fglbv lghg nlgbj`lg*

@kpntvbjvg fgn|gd`t jvtg lnjf v hg lh kbv lg bhg lghnt fnwb v pwtèwjfbkgjvbhg fg |wptbebvb blv ub |wjv ptnunlbvg | fg wkgqgbhb f egtgjv bvb bbgtwhw fg fgb|wptb hnt( lbtg pt`j ljfgj|btg | |wdh kbtg fgvgtk`jb bpbt v b lgv |`jnt hnt( egjnkgjg m`ftnkgvgntnhni`lg lg knf e lb vtbj|pbtgjvb bvkn|egtg ( bf`lbtbpntvwh f`jvtg tbf`bv b f`tglv b | lgb f ewqb( pg fg+n pbtvg | ubhnbtgb tbf`bv g`geglv ug( pg fg bhvb* \g `jvghgig( b|bfbt lb knf e lbt hg tg|pglv ug beglvgbqb `kph l vvgkpgtbvwtb( ptg|`wjgb( ubjvwt hg | ptgl`p vbv hg* Hb |lbtb ihndbhb | j kgf`b bjwbhb(

wkgqgbhb bgtwhw ( jgdwhnq vbvgb( etglugjvb lgvwt hnt | ptgl`p vbv hg jtgi`|vtgbqbubhnt kb kbt pg |wptbegvghg nlgbj`lg fglbv pg lghg lnjv jgjvbhg*

@jlbhq`tgb f egtgjv bvb b |wptbegvghnt nlgbj`lg | lnjv jgjvbhg eblg lb ptg|`wjgbbvkn|egt`lb fg fgb|wptb hnt |b jtgi`|vtgqg tgi`kwt bjwbhg fg |gj| lnjvtbt* Ubtb(lbjf |wptbegvghg blubv lg tbkjb kb tgl fglbv lghg w|lbvg( ptg|`wjgb ltg|vg jlnkpbtbv g lw lgb fg pg lnjv jgjvghg pwvgtj`l jlbhq vg( fgvgtk`jbjf fgphb|btgblbvtg blg|vgb b bgtwhw kb wkgf | kb tglg fg fgb|wptb nlgbhnt( |wd entkbkw|njwhw fg ubtb* @btjb lbjf( f`kpnvtùb( w|lbvwh g|vg kb tglg fglbv bpb(egjnkgjwh |g ptnfwlg j |gj| jugt|*

Bjbh qb lnkpbtbvb b tnhwhw lhnkbvnigj bh lghnt fnwb v pwt ewjfbkgjvbhg fg

|wptbebvb blv ub pwjg `j gu`fgjvb nknigj vbvgb bllgjvwbvb b lnjf v hnt lh kbv lg pgnlgbjg | bkphb hnt fùgt| e lbtg pg lnjv jgjvg*

Tnhwh lh kbvnigj`l bh tgh gewhw` btg n kpntvbjvb g|gjv bhb j igjgqbf egt vghnt v pwt fg lh kb lbtg |g jfù`fwbh qgbqb pg w|lbv* Ghg |g g}gtl vb pt`jbhv vwf`jg( entkb( g}pnq v g | jlh jbtgb pbjvghnt* Geglvwh f egtgjv bvnt lgh kb`ptgijbjv h btg bhv vwf`jgb lbtg blv njgbqb( ebtb g}lgpv g( b|wptb vwvwtntlbtblvgt`|v lnhnt lh kg *

_tg|`wjgb bvkn|egt`lb |lbfg pbtbhgh lw ltg|vgtgb bhv vwf`j` ( lb wtkbtg b|lbfgt` lnhnbjg fg bgt lbtg bpb|b pg wj vbvgb fg |wptbebvb nt`qnjvbhb | b tgfwlgt`

fgj| vbv bvkn|egtg * \lbfgtgb tg|pglv ub g|vg lnj|`fgtbvb lnj|vbjvb( fg| |wd`jehwgjvb wjnt eblvnt fg jbvwtb vgtk`lb |bw f`jbk`lb( pnv |b bpbtb | bdbvgt fg hbtgiwhb*

Tbf`bv`b |nhbtb ihndbhb ltg|vg nfbvb lw jbhv kgb( fbt g|vg jehwgjvbvb|gkj e lbv u | fg g}pnq v b | jlh jbtgb ugt|bjv hnt* @j gk`|egtb jnb|vtb( ugt|bjv |wjvg}pw| lbvtg J pt`kg|l lbjv vbv kb k`l fg tbf`bv g |nhbtb( fglbv lg g}pw| |ptg |wf*

Vgkpgtbvwtb bgtwhw` fg|ltg|vg lw ?(7+?(5 L hb e glbtg ltg|vgtg lw 2?? k b`jbhv k` * Jnbpvgb | btjb j tgi`k bjv l`lhnj`l( |g ptnfwl etglugjvg jugt|`wj vgtk`lg


11/13

pt`j blwkwhbtgb bgtwhw tglg j pntv wj hg anb|g bhg tgh gewhw * @j tgi`wj hg knjvbjg(wjfg etglugjvb hnt g|vg kbtg( bpbt | jugt|`wj fg ugigvbv g*

_tgl`p`vbv` hg bvkn|egt`lg |wjv pwvgtj`l jehwgjvbvg fg tgh ge( kb bhg| pt`jbhv vwf`jg | g}pnq v b ebvb fg l`tlwhbv b fnk`jbjvb b bgtwhw * @j igjgtbh( lbjv vbvgbfgptgl`p vbv ltg|vg pbtbhgh lw ltg|vgtgb bhv vwf`j` ( fbt blg|vb tgiwhb jw g|vg ubhbd hbfglbv j bjwk vg lnjf v | jvtg bjwk vg h k vg* _g pbjvghg knjvbjg g}pw|g ubjvwhw (

bgtwh g|vg entvbv |b |g fgphb|gqg b|lgjfgjv( lggb lg lnjfwlg hb tbl`tgb hw`bf`bdbv lb( entkbtgb jnt hnt | lbfgtgb ptgl`p vbv hnt* _tnlg|ghg tg|pglv ug lnjvt`dw`ghb ltg|vgtgb lnj|`fgtbd hb b lbjv vbv hnt fg bpb pg lbtg pbjvghg tg|pglv ug hg pt`kg|l(`j lnkpbtbv g lw pbjvghg bfbpn|v vg | lw tgi`wj hg phbvg jugl`jbvg* Blg|vg lbjv vbvltg|l lw jbhv kgb( lnjentkb wjw itbf`gjv phwu`nkgvt`l ugtv lbh( bhg lbtw ubhnt |gfgn|gdg|l enbtvg kwhv fg hb n tgi`wjg hb bhvb( j ewjlv g fg lnjf v hg lh kbv lg|pgl e lg* _gjvtw tgi`wj hg vgkpgtbvg blg|vgb |wjv bptnp`bvg fg 2?? kk.2?? k( lggblg j|gbkjb lb itn|`kgb |vtbvwhw fg bpb ptnugj vb f`j ptgl`p vbv |pntg|vg lw 2??kk( hb e glbtg ltg|vgtg fg2?? k b bhv vwf`j` *

@j ewjlv g fg vgkpgtbvwtb | wkgqgbhb kb|ghnt fg bgt ptgfnk`jbjvg( fg

lbjv vbvgb ptgl`p vbv hnt |nh fg( fg g}pnq v b ugt|bjv hnt | fg entkghg tgh gewhw ( fg hb nbjwk vb h k vb j |w|( qbpbfb |g blwkwhgbqb bj fg bj e `jf wj egjnkgj pgtkbjgjv*Fgnbtglg g|vg tgqwhvbvwh jvgtblv wj` lnjf v hnt lh kbv lg | ntnitbe lg( h k vb qbpgq hntpgtkbjgjvg btg fnwb ubt`bjvg1 wjb lh kbv lb |bw vgntgv lb( | bhvb ntnitbe lb* Blgb|vbf`j wtkb g|vg fgvgtk`jbvb lw ptglbfgtg fg jlh jbtgb pbjvghnt | fg entkghgtgh gewhw *

Ubjvwh g|vg pwvgtj`l jehwgjvbv fg tgh ge( bvbv pt`j jbhv kg( lbv | pt`j pnq v b |`entkghg |bhg* Blgb|vb jehwjgvb lnj|vb( pg fg+n pbtvg( j knf e lbtgb |wd|vbjv bhb bf`tglv g | u vgqg ubjvwt hnt l`tlwhbv g igjgtbhg | j igjgtbtgb wjnt ubjvwt lbvbd`lg*

Tnhwh lh kbvnigj bh ugigvbv`g` |g tgbh qgbqb | pt`j jvgtkgf`wh`jugh |whw ugigvbh( lbtg jehwgjvbv lnj|`fgtbd h fg lnjf v hg lh kbv lg( g}gtl vb hbtbjfwh |bw( n blv wjg jugt|b fg knf e lbtg b blg|vntb* Fg| h k vbvb lgh kb bfg|gbhb jehwgjvg fg ntf`j k`ltnlh j`l | vnpnlh k`l( blv wjgb jugt|b b ugigvbv g b|wptblh kg g|vg vnvw| jnvbd hb( kb bhg| lbjf g|vg untdb fg pbfwtg* Blg|bvb ptg`b tnhwh fg|wptbebvb blv ub knf e lbjf bvbv ubhnt hg( lbv | tgi`kwt hg f egt vghnt ghgkgjvgkgvgntnhni`lg*

Tbf`bv`b |nhbtb g|vg kp`gf`lbvb |b bawjib hb |wptbebvb |nhwhw f`j pbfwtg jptnpntv ubt`bd hg( lbtg fgp`jf fg lnkpnjgjvb ehnt`|v lb( fgj| vbvgb | ubt|b

btdntgvwhw *Vgkpgtbvwtb bgtwhw` `j pbfwtg( fgpgjfgjvb bvbv fg ptnpntv b pbvtwjfgt`

tbf`bv g |nhbtg hb |nh( lbv | kb bhg| fg ubhnt hg tbf`bv b geglv ug g|vg( j igjgtbh( kb`k`lb fglbv b bgtwhw f`j lbkp fg|lm`| `jugl`jbv*

Wkgqgbhb tghbv`ub b bgtwhw` f`j pbfwtg |wegtb knf e lbt kpntvbjvg( lbwtkbtg b |lbfgt` ubhnt hnt vgtk`lg | jvgj| e lbt` gubpnvtbj|p`tbv g ( gb e `jf vnvv kpwh bjwhw kb t`f`lbvb fglbv j g}vgt`ntwh pbfwt` *

_tgl`p`vbv` hg bvkn|egt`lg |wjv pwvgtj`l jehwgjvbvg fg pbfwtg( lw ptglbfgtg


12/13

`j |gj|wh |lbfgt` lbjv vbv blg|vntb |wd lntnjbkgjvwh btdnt hnt* Blgb|vb |g fbvntgbqb`jvgtlgpvbt` wjg lbjv vbv kpntvbjvg fg bpb fg lbvtg lntnbjghg btdnt hnt* Gb |gg}pt`kb( fg tgiwhb( j ptnjlgjvg fg lbjv vbvgb lbqwvb j lbkpwh fg|lnpgt v* N pbtvgf`j bpb jvgtlgpvbvb fg lntnbjghg btdnt hnt |g gubpntb f`tglv fg pg blg|vb* Unhwkwh|lwtigt` j hwjiwh vwhp`j` |g kb|nbtb |gpbtbv* @jvgtlgpv b lbtg lbtblvgt`qgbqb npbfwtg nbtglbtg( g|vg fbvb fg f egtgjvb f`jvtg lbjv vbvgb fg ptgl`p vbv lbqwvb j

vgtgjwh fg|lnpgt v f`j ugl`jbvbvg( | lgb lbqwvb |wd blnpgt`|wh ptnpt`w* Ubhnbtgb`jvgtlgpv g fgp`jfg( pg fg+n pbtvg( fg lnkpnq v b ehnt`|v lb( fgj| vbvgb | ubt|vbbtdntgvwhw ( bt pg fg bhvb( fg lbjv vbvgb( jvgj| vbvgb | eghwh ptgl`p vbv hnt*

\vtbvwh fg qbpbfb lbtg |g entkgbqb j pbfwtg g|vg kb itn| | kb wj entk(fbt lw n fgj| vbvg kb tgfw|b fglbv j lbkpwh fg|lm`|* Bpb blwkwhbvb j |nhwh |`|wd|nhwh pbfwt` ( bh kgjvgbqb tghbv u wj entk tbwt hg j vnbvg bjnv kpwt hg*

Ubjvwh g|vg fg b|gkjgjgb `jehwgjvbv fg pbfwtg( kb bhg| `j lggb lg pt`ug|vgu vgqb* Blgb|vb |lbfg j jvgt`ntwh pbfwt` ( lw vbv kb kwhv lw lbv fgj| vbvgb btdnt hntltg|vg*

Tnhwh lh kbvnigj bh |vtbvwhw fg qbpbfb | imgbvb |g fbvntgbqb lwptglbfgtg lbvntub `j|w|`t e q`lg g|gjv bhg | bjwkg1 bhdgfnwh enbtvg t`f`lbv(lnge l`gjvwh fg gk`|`g j jvtbetn|w enbtvg kbtg | lnge l`gjvwh fg lnjfwlv d h vbvglbhnt`lb fgn|gd v fg k`l* Tgehglvbjf lgb kb kbtg pbtvg b tbf`bv g |nhbtg fg wjfb|lwtvb pg lbtg n pt`kg|vg( gk vbjf bptnbpg hb egh fg jvgj| lb wj lntp bd|nhwv jgitwtbf`bv jetbtn|` | jgpgtk vbjf vtbj|pntvwh fg lbhfwtb f`j|ptg |nhwh kb lbhf( |vtbvwhfg qbpbfb btg wj pwvgtj`l geglv b|wptb ubhnt hnt | tgi`kwhw vgtk`j bh bgtwhw`fgb|wptb* Hb blg|vgb |g bfbwib | ebpvwh lb pgjvtw vnp`tgb hw |g lnj|wkb lbjv vb``kpntvbjvg fg lbhfwtb* \vtbvwh fg qbpbfb btg( j bjwk vg kptgawtbt ( | wj tnh pnq v u(gh ptnvgabjf |nhwh kpnvt`ub jimgvwhw * Jglg| vbjf pgjvtw vnp`tg wj kbtg lnj|wk fg

lbhfwtb( |vtbvwh fg qbpbfb jvbtq`g kpt`kbubtbtgb( lnj|v vw`jf( j blghb| v kp( n`kpntvbjvb tgqgtub fg bpb pgjvtw |nh* F`jlnhn fg h k vb qbpgq hnt pgtkbjgjvg(`jehwgjvb |vtbvwhw fg qbpbfb g|vg nkj`ptgqgjvb | anblb tnhwh mnvbtbvnt j igjgqblh kbvghnt tgl *

Eblvnt` lh kbvnigj bjvtnp`l`

_t`j blv u vbvgb |b( |nl`gvbvgb nkgjgb|lb g}gtl vb b|wptb lh kg n jehwjgvbknf e lbvnbtg( bhg lbtg f`kgj|`wj jw |wjv jlb ptgb d`jg lwjn|lwvg* _bjb jwfgkwhv( |g lnj|`fgtb lb knf e lbt hg lh kbv lg hb |lbtb phbjgvbtb |bw tgi`njbhb jw pnv

e jehwgjvbvg fg blv u vbvgb bjvtnp`lb( ghg v jbjf jwkb fg |lm`kdbt hg jvgtugj vg jtgi`kwh tbf`bv g |nhbtg | l`tlwhbv g igjgtbhg b bkn|egtg * @ |g tglwjnb|vg nkwhw fnbtlbpbl vbvgb fg b blv njb b|wptb eblvnt hnt e q`ln+ignitbe l ( pt`j knf e lbtgb lbtntb |gbawjig hb bkgh ntbtgb |bw jtbwvbv tgb lnjf v hnt lh kbv lg hnlbhg* \g jvghgig b|bfbtlb j wjghg | vwbv nkwh jvtgpt`jfg blv wj kgj vg |b |gtugb|lb bhvnt |lnpwt (fgvgtk`bjjf j|b | knf e lbtgb jgfnt vb b vnpnlh kg |bw k`ltnlh kg * B|b |g`jvbkphb( fg p hfb( j lbqwh fg|pbfwt`t hnt jgtbv njbhg lbtg lnjfwl hb ltg|vgtgbbkph vwf`j hnt vgtk`lg( |pnt`tgb jwkbtwhw fg q hg lw jimgv( |lbfgtgb wkgqgh `