Transcript
Page 1: Ethnography and Historical Research Presentation

PREPARED BY:NURUL IFFAHAZLINDABNEYNORDALILAHELNIZIANAAINUL ZAKIRAH

EDU 702 RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY(DR JOHAN EDDY LUARAN)

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The most complex of all research To obtain as holistic a picture as

possible A holistic perspective of:

A particular group of society Institution Setting Situation

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Conducted in a natural context. Emphasis on documenting everyday

experiences of individuals by observing and interviewing

Involves intimate face-to-face interactions with participants.

Reflects participants’ perspectives and behaviours.

Data is collected primarily through fieldwork experiences.

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Uses multiple data sourced including both quantitative and qualitative.

Key tools : indepth interviewing & continual observation

Within a socio-political and historical context.

Establishing rapport in a new community Researcher learn to act naturally (so

people go about their business as usual)

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Investigates a small number of cases in detail.

Uses data analysis that involve the explicit interpretation of the meanings and functions of human actions

Interpretations of people’s actions and behaviours that are uncovered through the investigation of what they actually do and the reason for doing it.

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Offers a representation or interpretation of people’s lives and behaviours.

Built on the points of understanding that occur between the researcher and participants.

Thick description Non-judgmental orientation (researcher

refrain from making value judgement) Eg of Title: Inside High School:The student

perspective/Amalan Pengetua Cemerlang

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Three major techniques:1)Triangulation2)Participant Observation3)Field notes

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• Make mental notes and record them as soon as possible after observing.

• Jot down key information.• Capture key words and phrases without a lot of

explanation.• Use a mnemonic device to help reconstruct the

observed events.• Don’t worry about grammar or other rules.• Trace what you did during the day.• Avoid the temptation to recreate dialogue

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• Describe as completely and accurately as you can all relevant aspects of the observation.

• Record your personal reactions (i.e.: reflective field notes)

• Observe and record everything you possibly can.

• Observe and look for nothing in particular.

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Historical research is the act of researching the events that have happened in history. There are many classes available for this type of research.

The definition of historical research is finding out what happened in the past. Research is done by using old newspapers, old census forms, or other historical documents. This type of research is done to understand past events.

it is a process of critical inquiry into past events in order to produce an accurate description of those event. - Wiersma (1986)

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Historical research is conducted to Uncover the unknown Answer questions Identify the relationship that the past

has to the present Record and evaluate accomplishments

of individuals, agencies, or institutions Aid in understanding the culture in

which we live

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1. Defining the problem

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3. Summarizing information obtained from historical sources

Reading and summarizing historical data is rarely, if ever, a neat, orderly sequence of steps to be followed, however. Often reading and writing are interspersed

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With regard to the contents of the document, such as :

a) Do the contents make sense?b) Could the event described have occurred at that time?c) Would people have behaved as described?d) Does the language of the document suggest a bias of any sort?

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GENERALIZATION IN GENERALIZATION IN HISTORICAL RESEARCHHISTORICAL RESEARCH

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• Historical research is that which Historical research is that which utilizes historical sourcesutilizes historical sources like documents to study events like documents to study events or ideas of the past, including or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and the philosophy of persons and group.group.

• As in all research, researchers As in all research, researchers who conduct historical studies who conduct historical studies should should exercise caution in exercise caution in generalizing from small or generalizing from small or non-representative samples.non-representative samples.

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STRENGHTS OFSTRENGHTS OFHISTORICAL RESEARCHHISTORICAL RESEARCH

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• It It can illuminate the effects ofcan illuminate the effects of key interactions key interactions within a culture within a culture

or sub-culture.or sub-culture.

• Researchers Researchers can apply scientific can apply scientific objectivityobjectivity in attempting to in attempting to determine exactly what did happen determine exactly what did happen in the past.in the past.

• Throw light on present and future Throw light on present and future trends.trends.

• Can make use of more Can make use of more categories of evidencecategories of evidence than most than most other methods (with the exception other methods (with the exception of case study and ethnographic of case study and ethnographic studies).studies).

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LIMITATIONS OFLIMITATIONS OFHISTORICAL RESEARCHHISTORICAL RESEARCH

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H• History also History also depends on valuable depends on valuable

materials materials which are which are difficult to difficult to preserve.preserve.

• CanCan only give a fractional view only give a fractional view of the pastof the past; its knowledge is ; its knowledge is never complete and derived from never complete and derived from the surviving records of a the surviving records of a limited limited number of past events.number of past events.

• Researchers Researchers cannot ensure cannot ensure representation of the samplerepresentation of the sample..

• LimitedLimited to whatever data are to whatever data are available and available and excessively relies excessively relies on secondary source of data.on secondary source of data.

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Example of historical research

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• Lydia Ann Stow: Self-Actualization in a Period of Transition– Vivian C. Fox , Worcester State College

• This paper is concerned with a crucial period of self-actualization in the life of Lydia Ann Stow (1823–1904)

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Example framing of a research question

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QUESTIONS1. What is definition of Relic? Give FOUR example

of Relic.

2. Why is it important to establish rapport with collaborators or group of society we want to do our research on?

3. What is referred to as in the technique of Triangulation?

4. What are the purposes of the researcher being immersed in the research setting? 

5. State ONE disadvantage of historical research.

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