Tourism

Unit 3 – June 6th 2014

TouristA person who stays for more than a day in place that is not his or her usual environment for any purpose

TourismTourism means all the activities that tourists take part in, and the services that support them.

Domestic touristPeople who go on holiday in their own country.

International touristPeople who go to another country for their holiday

Leisureuse of free time for enjoyment

Types of Tourism

• Holiday – annual leave, short break• Sporting event e.g. Brazil World Cup• Festival e.g. Glastonbury• Pilgrimage• Staying with friends and family• Business meeting• Conference• Educational Trip• Medical treatment

Lack of Data

• Assessing the amount of each type of tourism is difficult• Travel agents and credit card companies keep records

however many people book their own not only for holidays but also sporting events and festivals

• There is even less information available about visits to friends and relatives because of their informal and impromptu nature

• Even international tourism is sometimes hard to measure• Many border crossings within the EU (European Union)

are no longer controlled so people crossing from Germany to France for example will not be recorded

Growth of tourism in the past 50 years

Growth of

Tourism

EconomicMore disposable

income

CommunicationMass media

Greater awareness

TransportFaster

Cheaper

PoliticalEasy border

control

SocialPaid leave

More leisure time

Tourist Attractions - EnvironmentalClimate – plenty of sunshine, good snow conditionsBeaches – clean sand, safe swimming, good surf

Protected areas – national parks, nature reserves

Scenery – attractive, spectacular

Wildlife – game animals, birds, whales

Tourist Attractions - Human

Cultural heritage – museums, galleries, temples and archaeological sitesLocal cuisine – special food, good

restaurants

Conference centres – meeting halls, accommodation for businessAccess – quality of transport

connections, ease of local travel

Low crime rateRecreational facilities

e.g. golf courses

The Butler Tourist Resort Life Cycle Model

Exploration

•Very few tourists or facilities

•Undeveloped

•Adventure tourism

•Lots of interaction with locals

Involvement•Tourist numbers increase

•Local people start to become involved in tourism

Development

•Numbers of tourists increase rapidly

•Large hotel chains build up to date facilities

•Locals go out of business

•Package holiday

Consolidation•Maximum number of tourists

•Facilities now starting to look out of date

•Package holiday

Stagnation

•Resort loses popularity

•Tourist numbers decrease

•Some hotels and shops go out of business

Rejuvenation•Investment in new attractions and facilities

•Resort might change focus towards business tourism

Decline

•No new attractions provided

•Much of the property is up for sale

•Hotels converted into old peoples homes

•Day trips or weekends only

Blackpool on the Butler Model

• 1800 = exploration. Only wealthy people• 1846 = involvement. New railway means many

people now able to visit• 1870 = development. Workers get annual holiday.

The tower, promenade, piers, amusement arcades, theatres and music halls built.

• 1918 – 1939 = consolidation. Popularity continued, one of Europe’s leading resorts

• 1960 = decline. Package holidays to Spain now more popular, few new attractions

Benidorm on the Butler Model

• 1954 = exploration. Small fishing village but new major has a plan for development.

• 1960 = involvement. Suddenly became very popular with British tourists because of guaranteed sunshine

• 1960’s – 70’s = development. Large hotel chains arrive, skyscrapers, theme parks, pubs, clubs and restaurants

• 1990’s onwards – consolidation. Benidorm remains as popular as ever. Still attracts maximum numbers of tourists.

Attitudes to Tourism

• Tourist – obviously pro tourism but attitude could change depending on whether the holiday is good or not

• Local - might be ‘anti’ tourism because of noise and congestion or pro because of job opportunities

• Hotel owner – pro tourism because he can maximise profits

• Travel agent – clearly pro tourism to maximise holiday sales and profits

• Government – mainly pro tourism because it generates foreign investment and creates jobs

Impacts of TourismSocial – people and culture Economic – money and jobs Environmental - nature

• Demand for locally produced souvenirs

• Drunk people fight in the street at night

• Discos and bars open til tale and very noisy all night

• Farmland is lost, some farmers lose their jobs.

• Food supplies reduced• People in national parks

forced to leave their homes• Tourists eat and drink the

local food• Teach people traditional

crafts and life skills• Local people are observed

in their native habitat

• Jobs in hotels and bars• House prices increase too

fast• Low paid seasonal holiday

jobs only• Money for hospitals and

schools• Builders get a lot of work• Cost of building rises• Infrastructure (water and

power supplies) improve• Cost of living for local

people rises• Foreigners get jobs instead

of locals• Foreign investment• Poorly paid service jobs• Money from tourism goes

to other countries not to local people

• Wildlife has died• Litter on beaches• Habitat destroyed• Birdlife has flown off• Animals get put off

feeding, drinking and mating because of disturbances

• Pollution of beaches and sheltered bays

• Lots of minibuses on the dirt tracks creates dust and soil erosion

• Hot air balloon gas burners made a lot of noise

• Vegetation cleared for new hotels

• Endanger the survival of rare plants and animals

The Multiplier Affect

Tourism

Spare cash

Demand forluxury items

More tour operators

Govgets moremoney

Hotels

Good image

Infrastructure

Area becomes more attractiveTourists spendmore money

Impacts of Tourism in Nepal (LIC)

Social• Young men have left the village to become porters or guides• Not enough men left to work the farms. Women take over• Tourists bring western foods, diet and health improves• Electricity supplies in more homes• Schools built, education improves

Economic• Men have set up businesses in the capital• Wages are good enough for people to be able to build or improve

houses• Basic food prices rise

Environmental• Forested areas are being cleared as more wood for fuel is needed

Ecotourism – The Galapagos IslandsEcotourism – The Galapagos Islands• The islands are famous because there are animals there that are not found

anywhere else in the world. Enabled Charles Darwin to form his theory of evolution.

How Tourism is Managed?• They only visit on small boats of 10-16 people which are owned by locals• Only allowed to visit certain places on the islands• Have to pay a £25 fee that goes towards conservation of the islands• Visitors are educated in how to protect and conserve island life while they are

there• Cost is very expensive so puts off mass tourismBenefits• Ecotourism offers jobs for the locals without damaging the environment.• Local people run small hotels and provide for the needs of tourists not hotel

chains• Companies run by locals to provide boat trips around island• Money earned stays with the locals rather than going to large hotel chains• Improves locals quality of life