Presentation made by:Presentation made by: Ms. Archika BhatiaMs. Archika Bhatia

COMPUTER SYSTEMCOMPUTER SYSTEM

ORGANISATIONORGANISATION

Definition of ComputerDefinition of Computer

Electronic Device

Accepts and stores input

Manipulates result

Outputs results

Under direction of stores programs and instructions

Characteristics of ComputerCharacteristics of Computer

Speed

Accuracy

Diligence : not afflicted to tiredness, monotony, lack of concentration like human beings.

Reliability

Versatility : can work with different types of data like sound, graphics, audio.

Memory

What is Data and InformationWhat is Data and Information

Data is raw factsex: India, 200, 4, Cricket, Wicket

Information is meaningful and arranged form of dataex: India’s score in Cricket is 200 for 4 wickets.

Hardware refers to physical components that can be seen and touched. E.g. CPU, Memory, I/O devices.

HARDWAREHARDWARE

SOFTWARESOFTWARESoftware is a set of programs that make the Hardware of the computer run.

Program is a set of instructions.

FIRMWAREFIRMWARE

LIVEWARELIVEWARE

Firmware is like prewritten program that is permanently stored in read-only memory. BIOS ( Basic Input Output Services ) instructions are an example of firmware.

It is the term generally used for the people associated with and benefited from the computer system.

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

TIME PERIOD : 1940's-1950's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Vacuum Tubes

SIZE AND SPEED : Huge, taking up entire rooms, Slow speed

LANGUAGE USED : Machine language

COST : System and working cost very high.

OTHER FEATURES : Used a great deal of electricity.

Generated a lot of heat.

Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

EXAMPLE : UNIVAC and ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator )

Structure of a Vaccum

Tube

UNIVAC

ENIAC

FIRST GENERATION

SECOND GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1950's- 1960's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Transistors

SIZE AND SPEED : Lesser size and increased speed

LANGUAGE USED : Assembly language and languages like COBOL and FORTRAN

COST : Cost decreased

OTHER FEATURES : More efficient and reliable.

Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.

Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604

UNIVAC 1108

IBM 1401

TRANSISITORS

THIRD GENERATION

TIME PERIOD : late 1960's-1970's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit

SIZE AND SPEED : Size Lesser and speed further increased

LANGUAGE USED : Operating System was developed.

COST : Cost decreased further

OTHER FEATURES : Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.

Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

EXAMPLE : IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell – 6000 series, CDC – 1700.

IBM 360/50

FOURTH GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1970's-today

TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed

LANGUAGE USED : High Level Languages like PASCAL, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA

COST : Reduced Cost

OTHER FEATURES : Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.

Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

EXAMPLE : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh

The Macintosh 128K, the first Macintosh, was the first

commercially successful personal computer to use images, rather

than text, to communicate.

Intel 4004D microprocessor

FIFTH GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1990's -today

TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed

LANGUAGE USED : Based on Artificial intelligence

COST : Reduced Cost

OTHER FEATURES : Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

EXAMPLE : Parallel Inference Machine

Note : Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.

Note : Voice Recognition is the field of computer science that deals with designing computer systems that can recognize spoken words.

Hybrid Computers:

Uses both digital and analog qualities.

e.g. Digital thermometer

Digital Computers:

Work with digits or numbers.

Types of ComputerTypes of Computer

Analog Computers:

Works on measurement of

physical phenomenon like breath, rotation, electric effects,

voltage.

e.g. ECO, ECG, measuring

distance traveled in KM. In car,

Speedometer in car.

Classification of Digital Classification of Digital ComputersComputers

Size and Purpose wise:

Supercomputer

Mainframe

Minicomputer

Microcomputer

Embedded

Purpose wise:

General Purpose:one that can work on different types if programs.

Special purpose:one that is designed to perform a specific task.

SUPER COMPUTERSUPER COMPUTERThe fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed

for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations.

For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer.

Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, , nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

Characteristics  

Powerful   Expensive   Dedicated to one purpose - weather, satellites, military    Used by large governments or very large companies   Can be used by thousands of people at the same time   Very large - fill rooms

Example: PARAM by CDAC and PACE ( Processor for Aerodynamic Computation and Evaluation ) by ANURAG ( Advanced Numerical and Analysis Group )

Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can perform 70.7 trillion calculations per second,

making it the fastest machine known so far.

MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME In the early days of computing, mainframes were huge

computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor.

As the size of computers has decreased while the power has increased, the term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server. You'll still hear the term used, particularly in large companies to describe the huge machines processing millions of transactions every day.  

Characteristics:      Expensive     Powerful and fast     Is not limited to one job     Used by business and small government

organizations

Example: IBM 3090/60, CDC 6600

The main difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs simultaneously.

MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER Another term rarely used anymore, minicomputers fall

in between microcomputers (PCs) and mainframes (enterprise servers).

Minicomputers are normally referred to as mid-range servers now.  

Characteristics:      Smaller than mainframe      Can do several jobs at once      Can be used by many people at one time      Used by small companies

Example: PDP-11, VAX

PERSONAL COMPUTERPERSONAL COMPUTER The term microcomputer, also known as

personal computer (PC), or a computer that depends on a microprocessor.

A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (read-only memory and random access memory), placed on a motherboard.

Example:  desktop, notebook, laptop, handheld devices.

Charcteristics: developed in 1980 designed for single user not very powerful or expensive found in homes

EMBEDDED COMPUTEREMBEDDED COMPUTER

Embedded within the circuitry of appliances such as T.V., washing machines, wrist watches, etc.

Programmed for a specific task.

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTEREVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

The development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies and man's need to quantify.

Let us look at some of the important milestones in the evolution of computers.

ABACUSABACUS

The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in Babylonia.

PASCAL’S ADDING PASCAL’S ADDING MACHINEMACHINE

In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal , a French mathematician invented a calculating machine named as Adding Machine.

This machine was capable of doing Addition and Subtraction. This device is known as the First Calculator of the world.

LEIBNITZ’S LEIBNITZ’S CALCULATORCALCULATOR

In 1671 AD, Gotfried Leibnitz, a German Mathematician improved the Adding machine and made a new machine capable of performing multiplication and division also.

BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINEBABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINE

Charles Babbage was a British mathematician. In 1822, he designed a machine called Difference Engine. It aimed at calculating mathematical tables.

Since the technology was not so advanced at that time this machine could not be made.

BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINEENGINE

In 1833, Charles Babbage designed a machine called Analytical Engine. It had almost all the parts of a modern computer. Unfortunately, this machine could not be built because of lack of technology. His designs remained a concept.

His great designs earned him the title of ‘FATHER OF COMPUTERS‘.

LADY ADALADY ADA

Lord Byron's daughter, Ada, Countess of Lovelace, suggested to Babbage that he use the binary system in his machine.

She wrote programs for his analytical engine in 1840, becoming the world's first computer programmer.

HOLLERITH’S TABULATING HOLLERITH’S TABULATING MACHINEMACHINE

Hollerith, a Mathematician, invented a fast counting machine named Tabulating Machine in 1880.

This machine was used by American Department of Census to complete their 1880 census data.

MARK I MARK I COMPUTERCOMPUTER

Howard Aiken of Harvard University in USA joined hands with the company IBM.

He developed a computer named Mark I in 1943.

It could perform mathematical operations very fast.

It could perform one operation per second.

ENIACENIAC

The first electronic computer ENIAC was developed in 1946 by a team lead by Professor Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania in USA.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was very huge and very fast.

It could solve 5000 operations per second.

INTEL 8080 PROCESSORINTEL 8080 PROCESSOR

In 1974 the Intel 8080 processor was introduced - it became the basis for the first personal computers.

Types of SoftwareTypes of SoftwareSoftware

( Set of programs that govern the operations of computer )

System Software

( Software that controls internal computer operations )

Application Software

( Set of programs to carry out operations for a specified

application )

Operating System

( Software which acts as an interface

between user and the

hardware )

Language Processor

( Software which converts

HLL progran into machine

language )

Packages

( General utility

software )

Utilities

( perform house

keeping )

Customized Software

( Tailor made

software according to user’s needs )

Anti Virus: e.g. Notron, AVG

File Management tools

Compression tools

Disk Management tools ( Disk Cleanup, Disk Defragmenter, Backup)(Disk Defragmenter speeds up disk access by rearranging the files and free space on your computer, so that the files can be stored in contiguous units and free space is consolidated in one contiguous block)

APPLICATION SOFTWARE ( PACKAGES )

Word ProcessorPresentation toolsSpreadsheet PackageDatabase Management SystemBusiness Software ( ex: School Management System, Inventory Management System, Payroll System, Financial Accounting, Hotel Management, Reservation System)

Language ProcessorsLanguage Processors

Assembler: This language processor converts the program written in Assembly language into machine language.

Compiler: This converts HLL program into machine language in one go.After the compiler is not needed. It is removed from the memory.Therefore, better memory utilization.

Interpreter: This converts HLL program into machine language by converting and executing it line by line.It must be present I memory every time program is executed. Therefore, unnecessary usage of memory.

There are three types of Language Processors:

Low Level Language

Fifth Generation

Fourth Generation

Third Generation(High Level Language)

Second Generation(Assembly Language)

First Generation(Machine Language)

FIRST GENERATION : Machine language

i.e. language of 0 and 1

SECOND GENERATION : Assembly language

Similar to English

Uses mnemonics codes

THIRD GENERATION : High Level Language

Very close to English

E.g. C, C++, Java, VB

FOURTH GENERATION : Languages for accessing databases

FIFTH GENERATION : Uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler

Used mainly in artificial intelligence research

E.g. Prolog, OPS5, and Mercury

Need For Operating System

To make computer system convenient to use

To use computer hardware in an efficient manner

It decides How to do?

What to do?

When to do?

Processor Management : maximum utilization of CPU through multiprogramming.Memory Management : organizing the memory such as to store maximum data.

Contiguous storage allocationNon Contiguous storage allocation

File Management : function is to facilitate easy creation, storage and access of files in order to enable sharing of files between programs and their protection against illegal access.Device Management : concerned with maximum utilisation of the I/O devices attached to the computer.

Functions of Operating System

Types of Operating SystemSingle User : Allows only one user to run programs at a time. E.g.

DOS.Multi-user (Distributed) : Allow two or more users to run programs at the same time. E.g. Unix, DOS.Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU. E.g. Unix, Windows XP, OS/2, Solaris.Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently. E.g. Windows XP, Unix, OS/2, Amiga, MultiFinder.Interactive (GUI) : These OS are interactive in nature. I.e they provide GUI interface to facilitate easy interaction to the user. Eg. WindowsTime Sharing : uses time sharing technique. I.e. each active user is given a fair share of CPU time.Real Time : Responds to input instantly. General purpose operating system like DOS and Unix are not real-time. E.g. CMX-RTX, CMX-TINY

Commonly used OSLinux : example of:

free software

Open Source development ( I.e. freely openly use it, modify it an redistribute it )

First released in September 1991.

Can download from www.linux.org

Windows : introduced by Microsoft in 1985. Provides GUI.

Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS) Linux : It is a Linux based OS developed by C-DAC, Chennai.Applications have been localised to enable the use of Indian languages.Bharateeya Open Ofice consists of Writer, Calc, impress, Draw

Solaris :free unix-based O.S. intoduced by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as a successor to Sun OS.

• Unix : developed in 1969 at AT&T Bell Laboratories.Multitasking and multi-user OS.