Transcript
Page 1: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

CONSTRUCTIVISM

Desiree P. Dionsay

Page 2: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

What is constructivism

Constructivism is basically a theory---

based on observation and scientific

study --- about how people learn. It says

that people construct their own

understanding and knowledge of the

world, through experiencing things and

reflecting on those experiences.

Page 3: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

In the classroom

The constructivist view of learning

can point towards a number of

different teaching practices.

It usually means encouraging

students to use active techniques to

create more knowledge and then to

reflect on and talk about what they

are doing and how their

understanding is changing.

Page 4: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Constructivist teachers

encourage students to constantly

assess how the activity is helping

them gain understanding. By

questioning themselves and their

strategies, students in the

constructivist classroom ideally

become “expert learners”.

Page 5: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Consider this……

Page 6: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium
Page 7: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Key Words

Metaphors of the

Mind

Zone of Proximal

Development

Scaffolding

Discovery Learning

Key Figures

John Dewey

Jean Piaget

Jerome Bruner

Lev Vygotsky

Page 8: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Vico Giambattista Jean Jaques Rousseau

John Dewey Jerome Brunner

Constructivists:

Historical Predecessors

Page 9: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Historical Predecessor Vico Giambattista

(1668 - 1744) Italian

– “… to know means to

know how to make”

– Getting away from

memorization and

recitation

Reference: http://www.connix.com/~gapinton/

Page 10: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Historical Predecessor

Jean Jaques Rousseau (1712-1778) born in

Switzerland and died in

France.

– “emphasized learning by

doing”

– Teachers should present

problems that stimulate

curiosity and promote

learning.

Reference: http://www.wabash.edu/Rousseau/

Page 11: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Historical Predecessor

John Dewey (1859-1952)

American

– “… education is not

preparation for life it is life

itself …”

– Focus on inquiry-based

learning

– Teachers as providers of

tools, materials, appliances,…

– Teachers will guide the

learning process.

Reference: http://www.siu.edu/~deweyctr/

Page 12: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Historical Predecessor Jerome Bruner (1915- )

American

Theory of Instruction: predisposition,

structured knowledge, sequence, and

pacing rewards and punishments.

Instructional methods:

Discovery Learning, Inquiry,

Experimentation, Observation,

Interviewing, Literature search,

Summarizing, Defense of opinion

Scaffolding Theory

Spiral Curriculum

References: http://www.massey.ac.nz/~i75202/lect14/lect1499.htm,

http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.html

Page 13: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Constructivism

How does it

fit in?

Page 14: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Constructivism • Content, activity and learning

is seen as a whole.

• Learning is an active process that occurs by:

– testing a hypothesis, gathering and sharing information, and solving a problem.

• “… learning … is a process of active cognitive reorganization.”

• “… learning … is a process of acculturation …

Page 15: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Constructivists:

Two Schools of Thought

Cognitive

constructivism

Socio-Cultural

constructivism

Jean Piaget

Lev S. Vygotsky

Page 16: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium
Page 17: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Cognitive Constructivist

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss

• Learning is adaptation accomplished by:

– Acculturation

– Assimilation

– Equilibrium

• Information is organized into interrelated ideas or schemas

Reference: http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/piaget.html

Page 18: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

18

A Constructivist Approach

• Jean Piaget’s theory remains

the standard against which all

other theories are judged

– Often labeled constructivist because it depicts children as constructing knowledge for themselves

• Children are seen as

– Active

– Learning many important lessons on their own

– Intrinsically motivated to learn

Page 19: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Social Constructivism

Page 20: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Socio-cultural Constructivist

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

• Zone of proximal development (Zo-ped)

• Mediators of human actions in order to construct meaning – Technological tools

– Psychological tools

• Importance of culture and historical experience

• Experience of others 1897-1933

Reference: http://www.massey.ac.nz/~i75202/lect17/lect1799.htm

Page 21: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Vygotsky’s ZPD

Page 22: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium
Page 23: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Scaffolding Theory

• He used the term to

describe young

children's oral

language acquisition.

Helped by their

parents when they first

start learning to speak,

young children are

provided with

instinctive structures to

learn a language. Bed-

time stories and read

alouds are classic

examples

Page 24: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Spiral Curriculum

• Instead of focusing

for relatively long

periods of time on

specific narrow

topics, a spiral

curriculum tries to

expose students to a

wide varies of ideas

over and over ago.

Page 25: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Students

• Will develop cultural understanding so that they can:

– communicate adequately

– develop collaborative skills

– develop content knowledge

Page 26: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Instructor – Is viewed as a guide, manager, coach or tutor.

– Help students develop thinking and reasoning skills:

• Problem solving

• Metacognition

• Critical thinking

– Challenge learning by asking questions such as:

• Why?

• What do you mean?

• How do you know that’s true?

– Avoid giving the answer or opinion.

Page 27: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Constructivism and

Educational Technology

• Technology as:

– “a tool for the learner.”

– “an integral part of the

cognitive activity.”

– Mind tools

* Jonassen, David H. (2000). Computers as Mindtools for Schools: Engaging

Critical Thinking. (2nd. Ed.) NJ: Merrill.

Page 28: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Mind as Rhizome (MAR)

• Knowledge cannot be organized as a global system.

• The mind is dynamic, constantly changing.

• Thinking takes place through connections and interactions.

Page 29: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Metaphors we teach by All knowledge is constructed.

Multiple perspectives can be constructed.

Learning should occur in contexts to which it is

related.

Learning is mediated by tools and signs.

Learning is inherently social-dialogical activity.

Learners are distributed, multidimensional

participants in a socio-cultural process.

Knowing how we know is the ultimate human

accomplishment.

Page 30: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

“The end of human activity

is not rest, but rather richer

and better human activity.”

Rorty (1991), p. 172

Duffy, T.M. and Cunningham, R. J. Constructivism: Implications for the

design and delivery of Instruction. In: Jonnasen, D. (Ed.) Handbook of

research for educational communications and technology (170-198).

Now think about this…

Page 31: CONSTRUCTIVISM...Jean Piaget Lev S. Vygotsky Cognitive Constructivist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss • Learning is adaptation accomplished by: –Acculturation –Assimilation –Equilibrium

Thank You

for listening!

Desiree P. Dionsay

Presenter