Disruptive what? Shifting to ‘we-learning’
Gráinne Conole, University of Leicester2nd October 2013
63rd ICEM ConferenceSingapore
National Teaching
Fellow 2012 Ascilite fellow 2012EDEN fellow 2013
About me…
• Irish but living in England• PhD in Chemistry• Two girls (15 and 18)• Professor of Learning
Innovation at the University of Leicester
Institute of Learning Innovation
• Research• Teaching• Supervision• Consultancy• Visiting scholars• Institutional advice
http://www.le.ac.uk/ili
Outline• Disruptive technologies or
pedagogies?• Why e-learning?• E-learning timeline and back to the
future• Emergent technologies• Pick and mix
– Digital literacies and identity– Pedagogical approaches– OER and MOOCs– Learning analytics– Mobile learning– Social media and open practices
Disruptive technologies or pedagogies?
Why e-learning?
• For learning– Potential to support interaction, communication
and collaboration– Developing digital literacy skills– Promoting different pedagogical approaches– Fostering creativity and innovation– Connecting students beyond the formal course
• For life– Preparing students for an uncertain future– Improving employability opportunities– Increased importance of technology in society
E-Learning timelineM
ultim
edia
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urce
s
80s
The
Inte
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and
the
Web
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Lear
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yste
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Res
ourc
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Mob
ile d
evic
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Gam
ing
tech
nolo
gies
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cial
and
par
ticip
ator
y m
edia
04
Virt
ual w
orld
s
05
E-bo
oks
and
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t dev
ices
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urse
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Lear
ning
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ign
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Lear
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ects
94
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/interp/rectorsconference2012/files_en/index2_en.html
Back to the future…
http://gizmodo.com/16-classic-films-that-got-future-tech-right-1184346443
Back to the future: Wearable technology
Total recall: Self driving cars
Space odyssey 2001: Skype
Minority report:Touch interface
Space odyssey 2001: Siri
A glimpse of the future…
• MOOCs• Tablet computing• Games and gamification• Learning analytics• 3D-printing• Wearable technologies
http://tinyurl.com/horizon2013
Innovating pedagogy
• MOOCs• Badges to accredit learning• Learning analytics• Seamless learning• Crowd learning• Digital scholarship• Geo-learning• Learning from gaming• Maker Culture• Citizen inquiry
http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/innovating/http://www.menon.org/matel/
Red or blue pill?
Social media and open practices
Digital Literacies and identities
OER and MOOCs
Pedagogical approaches
Learning analytics
Mobile Learning
Pedagogical approaches
Drill & practiselearning
Inquiry learning
Situated learning
Immersive learning
Drill and practise learning
Inquiry-based learning
• Promoting inquiry-based approaches for Science –nQuire tools
• Developing public understanding of Science - iSpot
Situated learning
Archeological digsMedical wardsArt exhibitionsCyber-lawVirtual language exchangeBeyond formal schooling http://www.jibbigo.com/
SWIFT – Learning in virtual worldsFeatures:• Harnesses imagination• Experiential learning• Creates learning context• Computer as personal tutor
Example applications:• Practical subjects• Language practice• Abstract concepts• Artistic creation
Paul Rudman
Immersive learning
A
ConstructivistBuilding on prior knowledgeTask-orientated
SituativeLearning through social interactionLearning in context
ConnectivistLearning in a networked environment
From E- to ‘We-pedagogy’ Mayes & De Freitas, 2004Conole 2010
E-trainingDrill & practice
Inquiry learningCollective intelligenceResource-based
Experiential, Problem-based Role play
Reflective & dialogic learning, Personalised learning
Flashlets App Springpad App
Solve Outbreak App
Social media & MOOCs
AssociativeFocus on individualLearning through association and reinforcement
Flashlets app
Springpad curation
Outbreak App
OLDS MOOC
Individual Social
Information
Experience
A pedagogical meta-model
Conole, et al., 2004
Non Reflective
Reflective
Individual Social
Information
Experience
A pedagogical meta-model
Jarvis, 1972
Non Reflective
Reflective
Individual Social
Information
Experience
A pedagogical meta-model
Dewey, 1916
Non Reflective
Reflective
Individual Social
Information
Experience
A pedagogical meta-model
Laurillard, 2002
Non Reflective
Reflective
Mapping e-Pedagogies to technologies
Pedagogies• Problem-Based Learning (PBL)• Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL)• Didactic (Did)• Reflection (Ref)• Dialogic Learning (Dial)• Collaboration (Collab)• Assessment (Ass)• Communities of Practice (CoP)• IBL – social• User-Generated Content (UGC)
Technologies• Virtual Worlds (VW)• Google• E-Books• Blogs, e-Portfolios• Discussion Forums (DF)• Wikis• MCQs• Google+• Twitter• Youtube
Social
Individual
Informal Formal
Information
Experience
A pedagogy framework
Social
Individual
Informal Formal
Information
Experience
Social
Individual
Informal Formal
PBL/VWDial/forumCollab/Wiki
IBL/TwitterCoP/Google+Dial/Skype
Ref/BlogIBL/GoogleUGC/YouTube
Ref/e-PortfolioDid/e-BookAss/MCQs
Social
Individual
Informal Formal
Information
Experience
Experience
Information
Informal Formal
PBL/VWRef/e-PortfolioDial/Forum
Ref/BlogCoP/Google+Dial/Skype
IBL/TwitterIBL/GoogleUGC/YouTube
Coll/WikiDid/e-BookAss/MCQs
Mapping m-Pedagogies to technologies
Pedagogies• Problem-Based Learning (PBL)• Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL)• Didactic (Did)• Reflection (Ref)• Dialogic Learning (Dial)• Collaboration (Collab)• Assessment (Ass)• Communities of Practice (CoP)• IBL – social• User-Generated Content (UGC)
Tech/app/platform• ‘Solve Outbreak’• iTunesUCourse, Futurelearn• E-Books, iTunesU, TEDTalks• Springpad, Tumblr• Facebook group or page • Google doc• Google forms quiz in context• Scoop.it, Group blog, • Twitter (FB, Google+)• Youtube, SoundCloud,
Instagram, Vine
Study calendarsE-booksLearning resourcesOnline modulesAnnotation toolsMind mapping toolsCommunication mechanisms
Mobile learning
From E-Learning to M-Learning• More than just mobile e-learning
– Anytime, anywhere for the learner (efficiency)– Enables learning in special location (i.e. fieldwork)
• New affordances of mobile– Small and compact– Personal– Capturing sound, video, image– New tech i.e. augmented reality– Wearable tech
Peacekeeper student using supplied iPad and course app – Security, Conflict & International Development Masters Distance
Other Leicester examples
One iPad per medical undergraduate:•Paperlessness, Personalised•Anywhere•Medical references and apps for clinical settings
Masters of International Education:•Personalised learning environment•Accessibility•iBooks Author to create iBook
Flexibility and mobility
Small, compact size
Readability
Easy on the eyes
Access from a single device without internet
Portability Capacity
Long battery life
Continue reading, Bookmark
Photo by Kzeng on Flickr
Photo by Yummy Pancake on Flickr
Digital literacies: definition
• Set of social practices and meaning making of digital tools (Lankshear and Knobel, 2008) Socio-cultural view of digital literacy
• Continuum from instrumental skills to productive competence and efficiency
http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC67075_TN.pdf
Digital literacy skills
http://edudemic.com/2013/04/important-21st-century-skills/
Creativity
Multi-tasking
Performance
Simulation
Appropriation
Play
Distributed cognition
Judgment
Collective Intelligence
Transmedia Navigation
Networking
Negotiation
Jenkins et al., 2006
Identity, presence and interactionInteraction
Identity Presence
Identity
• How you present yourself online
• How you interact and communicate with others
• Facets– Reputation– Impact– Influence– Productivity– Openness
http://www.flickr.com/photos/easegill/8481750456/
My digital identity
Presence• Presence (markchilds.wordpress.com)
– Mediated presence • “being there” • immersion
– Social presence • projection of ourselves• perception of others
– Copresence • being somewhere with others
– Self presence • or embodiment
http://www.flickr.com/photos/deadair/4250153736/
Interaction
• Moore’s (1989) transactional distance: – Learners and teachers– Learners and learners– Learners and content
• Hillman et al. (1994)– Learners and interface
http://www.flickr.com/photos/easegill/8481750456/
Dangers of online interaction
http://e4innovation.com/?p=782
Online interaction and communication is great but there is a darker more sinister side… here is the story of my recent experience
OER and MOOCs
• Over ten years of the Open Educational Resource (OER) movement
• Hundreds of OER repositories worldwide
• Presence on iTunesU• 2012 Times year of the MOOC
Podcasts - iTunes U
The OPAL metromap
http://www.oer-quality.org/
Evaluation shows lack of uptake by teachers and learnersShift from development to community building and articulation of OER practice
POERUP outputs
• An inventory of more than 300 OER initiatives http://poerup.referata.com/wiki/Countries_with_OER_initiatives
• 11 country reports and 13 mini-reports http://poerup.referata.com/wiki/Countries
• 7 in-depth case studies• 3 EU-wide policy papers
The emergence of MOOCs
• CCK08 – Connectivist MOOC (cMOOC)– Siemens, Downes and Cormier– Evaluation (Fini, 2009)
– http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/643/1402• Emergence of large-scale xMOOCs• UK-based FutureLearn• What are MOOCs?
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eW3gMGqcZQc• List of MOOCs
– http://www.mooc-list.com/ • EFQUEL series of blogs
– http://mooc.efquel.org/
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
FreeDistributed global community
Social inclusion
High dropout ratesLearning income not learning outcome
Marketing exercisehttp://alternative-educate.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/audio-ascilite-2012-great-debate-moocs.html
JOLT, Vol. 9, No. 2, http://jolt.merlot.org
Dimension Characteristics
ContextOpen Degree to which the MOOC is open
Massive How large the MOOC is
Diversity The diversity of the learners
Learning
Use of multimedia Extent of use of rich multimedia
Degree of communication Amount of communication incorporated
Degree of collaboration Amount of collaboration incorporated
Amount of reflection Ways in which reflection is encouraged
Learning pathway Degree to which the learning pathway is supported
Quality assurance Degree of quality assurance
Certification Mechanisms for accreditation
Formal learning Feed into formal learning offerings
Autonomy Degree of learner autonomy
A taxonomy of MOOCs
http://e4innovation.com/?p=727
The future…
• Challenging traditional institutions
• New business models emerging
• Need for appropriate pedagogies
• Disaggregation of education– High quality resources– Learning pathways– Support– Accreditation
Digital landscapes
http://wronghands1.wordpress.com/2013/03/31/vintage-social-networking/
Open
Social
Distributed
Participatory Distributed
Networked
Complex Dynamic
Conole and Alevizou, 2010
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVOY2x81_bghttp://www.ctc.ie/2012/05/great-videos-for-social-media-and.html
User generated content
Peer critiquing
Networked
Collective aggregation
Personalised
Open
Social media revolutionThe machine is us/ing us
www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/EvidenceNet/Conole_Alevizou_2010.pdf
Open practices• Digital scholarship• Sharing and exchange of teaching ideas• Beyond the classroom• A distributed, global community• Peer critique and support• Challenging established paradigms
A personal perspective
• What are the most effective uses of mobile and online technologies for education?
http://e4innovation.com/?p=788
Learning Analytics
Measurement, collection, analysis and reporting of data about learners and their contexts, for the purposes of understanding and optimising learning and the environments in which it occurs
US Department of Education
We leave trails everywhere we go and that data is valuable (George Siemens)
Erik Duval
Contribution
• As a tool to understand learning behaviour
• To provide evidence to support design of more effective learning environments
• To make effective use of social and participatory media
Pedagogies
• Learning analytics to foster:–Assessment and feedback–Enquiry and sensemaking–Discourse
Assessment & feedback
• Importance of assessment and feedback as part of the learning process
• Issues around marking and workload• Open Mentor and Open Comment:
feedback through reflection and social networking
• Coding of feedback comments and power of Bale’s categories of group interaction
Whitelock
Enquiry and sensemaking
• New social networking spaces like Cloudworks to support dialogue and knowledge construction
• Cloudworks: object- rather than ego centric, collective aggregation and improvement, supporting collective intelligence and distribution cognition (Salomon, 1983)
• Disputational, cumulative and exploratory talk
Ferguson
Discourse
• Cohere: structured discourse and knowledge construction
• Discourse as an indicator of learning• Language as social action• Visualisation both as an analytic tool
and a means of supporting sensemaking
Buckingham Shum
Putting it all together
• Combining different forms of data analytics–VLE stats–Library analytics–Sitewide tracking–Course analytics
• Powerful new analytics tools to understand data and network connections
• Making sense of MOOCsHirst
Resources
• LAK conference site– http://lakconference2013.wordpress.com/
• Special issue of ETS – http://www.learninganalytics.net/
• Definitions– http
://learninganalytics.net/LearningAnalyticsDefinitionsProcessesPotential.pdf
• Siemens: presentation – http
://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/learning-analytics-educause
Conclusion
• Nature of learning, teaching and research is changing
• Changing roles• Technology Enhanced
Learning spaces• It’s about
– Harnessing new media– Adopting open practices
• New business models are emerging
http://www.slideshare.net/GrainneConolehttp://www.le.ac.uk/ili
[email protected]://e4innovation.com
@gconole
References• Conole, G. (2010) Review of pedagogical frameworks and models and
their use in e-learning, http://cloudworks.ac.uk/cloud/view/2982. • Conole, G. and P. Alevizou (2010) Review of the use(s) of Web 2.0 in
Higher Education. • Conole, G., M. Dyke, et al. (2004). "Mapping pedagogy and tools for
effective learning design." Computers and Education 43(1-2): 17-33.• Dewey, J. (1916). Experience and Nature. New York, Dover.• Jarvis, P. (2004). Adult education and lifelong learning. London,
RoutledgeFalmer.• Laurillard, D. (2002). Rethinking university teaching, Routledge %@
0415256798, 9780415256797.• Secker, J.(2011), http://www.slideshare.net/seckerj/information-
literacy-e-learning-and-the-changing-role-of-the-librarian• Learning Design workshop resources http://tinyurl.com/LD-workshop