Download ppt - CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Geography GCSE Revision Edexcel Specification A

CDunne/TYork (c)2008CDunne/TYork (c)2008

Geography GCSE RevisionGeography GCSE Revision

EdexcelEdexcelSpecification ASpecification A


Getting Organised!Getting Organised!

E.G. Mon Tues Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

16/04

23/04

30/04

07/05

14/05

21/05


The Economic World

Economic Systems Farming Secondary Industries Sectors of Industry Characteristics of Farming Factors affecting location of

secondary activities Employment structure as an indicator of differences between countries

How farming is changing

ICT in Bracknell

How patterns change over time EU - CAP Informal/ Formal industry

Case Studies Rice farming in the

Philippines EU changes in UK

Bracknell Fiat in Brazil


Economic Activities:1. Commercial and Subsistence Farming Systems2. How Farming is Changing

Economic World PRIMARY ACTIVITY

Farming as a System

Inputs•Sunlight•Rainfall / water supply•Land / soil•Labour (workforce)•Capital (money)•Seeds / fertiliser / pesticides•animals

Processes•Cultivation of crops e.g. ploughing, irrigation•Rearing of animals

Outputs• Crops• Animals• Animal

products e.g. milk /

meat• Outputs:a) To sellb) Farmer’s

own use

Feedback

Factors Affecting FarmingSocial & Economic Factors•Labour•Capital (money•Technology•Markets•Government

Environmental Factors•Climate•Relief•Soil

Do you know your case studies?Intensive Wet Rice Farming PhilippinesEU Changes in the UK (CAP)

Types of Agriculture1. Enterprise:•Arable•Pastoral•Mixed2. Intensity of Production:•Intensive•Extensive3. Subsistence/Commercial

CAP – Make sure you know what is this and what changes it brought:DiversificationSet-asideQuotas

List examples of other primary activities.


Classification of FarmingClassification of Farming

SpecialisationSpecialisation1.1. Arable –Arable –2.2. Pastoral –Pastoral –3.3. Mixed –Mixed – Economic Status:Economic Status:1.1. Commercial farming -Commercial farming -2.2. Subsistence farming –Subsistence farming – Intensity of Land Use:Intensity of Land Use:1.1. ExtensiveExtensive2.2. IntensiveIntensive


Types of Farming – Types of Farming – Global General KnowledgeGlobal General Knowledge

Type of Farming Example

Nomadic Hunting Aborigines, Australia

Nomadic herding Maasai in Kenya

Shifting cultivation Amerindians in Amazonia

Intensive subsistence agriculture Rice farming in the Ganges Delta

Plantation agriculture Sugar cane in Brazil

Livestock ranching (commercial pastoral) Beef on the Pampas

Cereal cultivation Canadian Prairies

Mixed farming Netherlands

Mediterranean agriculture Southern Italy

Irrigation Nile Valley, California

Unsuitable Sahara Desert


Factors Affecting FarmingFactors Affecting Farming

Physical Factors

Relief Soils

RainfallTemperature


Factors Affecting FarmingFactors Affecting Farming

Human Factors

Government aid Fertiliser

Mechanisation

Marketing

Size of farmCompetition for land


Common Agricultural PolicyCommon Agricultural Policy

Created in 1962Created in 1962 Aims:Aims:

1.1. To protect farmers’ incomesTo protect farmers’ incomes

2.2. To ensure reasonable and steady To ensure reasonable and steady prices for consumersprices for consumers

3.3. To increase production to provide To increase production to provide sufficient food suppliessufficient food supplies


CAP achieved by …CAP achieved by …

1.1. Grants and subsidies – money for Grants and subsidies – money for farmers who farm in difficult areasfarmers who farm in difficult areas

2.2. Price support – a guaranteed Price support – a guaranteed minimum price for agricultural minimum price for agricultural produce (may cause surplusesproduce (may cause surpluses

Very expensive – sustainable?Very expensive – sustainable?


Case Study: How is Farming Case Study: How is Farming Changing?Changing?

Home Farm, West MidlandsHome Farm, West Midlands Set aside:Set aside:

1.1. EU funded scheme to reduce surplusesEU funded scheme to reduce surpluses

2.2. Farmers are paid Farmers are paid notnot to grow anything to grow anything for 5 years (left fallow)for 5 years (left fallow)

3.3. Payment = up to £300 per year!Payment = up to £300 per year!

4.4. Diversification to Caravans and B&BDiversification to Caravans and B&B

5.5. Renting land out for Grazing Renting land out for Grazing



Diversification:Diversification:

1.1. This is when farmers develop business This is when farmers develop business initiatives other than farminginitiatives other than farming

2.2. Examples:Examples:

a)a) Barns converted in to holiday cottages, Barns converted in to holiday cottages, garden centres and farm shopsgarden centres and farm shops

b)b) Tea shopsTea shops



Agribusinesses:Agribusinesses:

1.1. Large-scale, highly efficient farmsLarge-scale, highly efficient farms

2.2. Organised on scientific and business Organised on scientific and business principlesprinciples

3.3. Includes a chain of suppliers and retailersIncludes a chain of suppliers and retailers

4.4. Belongs to a group of other farmsBelongs to a group of other farms

5.5. Able to reduce cost of inputs – economies Able to reduce cost of inputs – economies of scaleof scale


Quick QuizQuick Quiz

1. Make a list of all the factors that affect farming – you mind 1. Make a list of all the factors that affect farming – you mind find it easier to split them into physical and human factors.find it easier to split them into physical and human factors.

2. What are:2. What are:a)a) Arable farmsArable farmsb)b) Pastoral farmsPastoral farmsc)c) Mixed farms?Mixed farms?3. Explain what is meant by the following:3. Explain what is meant by the following:a)a) Intensive farmsIntensive farmsb)b) Extensive farmsExtensive farmsc)c) Subsistence farmsSubsistence farmsd)d) Commercial farmsCommercial farms4. What does CAP stand for?4. What does CAP stand for?5. What is diversification?5. What is diversification?


Economic Activities:1. The location of manufacturing industries2. The location of distribution industries

The Economic World – SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

©C Dunne 2005

Industry as a System

Inputs•Raw materials•Land•Labour•Power•Transport•Capital (money)

ProcessesMaking the goods•Process•Packaging•Distribution

Outputs• Finished

product for the consumer or to other industries

• Waste products

Profit or LossProfit Reinvested

Uganda

UK

Employment Structure – label and explain. The first ‘chunk’ is primary, the second secondary and the last tertiary.

What other types of economic activity are there?

Location of IndustryWhere?Why?

Case Studies:Heavy industrye.g. iron & steel IndustryFootloose Industrye.g. Hi-tech industry Distribution Industry e.g. Argos, Stafford

Can you interpret a Triangular Graph?


Location FactorsLocation Factors

What is needed?

Large, flat site Raw materials

Energy

Transport (links)Labour

Market


High-Tech Industries High-Tech Industries Bracknell Computer DevelopmentBracknell Computer Development

Why have they located here? (Where is it exactly?)Why have they located here? (Where is it exactly?) The following may give you a few clues but make The following may give you a few clues but make

sure you have re-read the case study.sure you have re-read the case study. These may be described as ‘footloose’ because These may be described as ‘footloose’ because

they are not really restricted by the location factors they are not really restricted by the location factors of raw materials e.g. pc factoriesof raw materials e.g. pc factories

Tend to opt for locations near major route ways e.g. Tend to opt for locations near major route ways e.g. M4 / M11 corridorsM4 / M11 corridors

Also locate near university sites – research facilitiesAlso locate near university sites – research facilities Would prefer sites that area aesthetically pleasing Would prefer sites that area aesthetically pleasing

for their workersfor their workersYOU NEED TO KNOW THIS CASE STUDY!


Formal and Informal sectorsFormal and Informal sectors

What are the differences?What are the differences? What characterises an informal What characterises an informal

sector job?sector job? What is the advantage of a formal What is the advantage of a formal

sector job?sector job?


Some industries are classed as Some industries are classed as Heavy Industry e.g. Iron and Heavy Industry e.g. Iron and

steelsteel South Wales – e.g. Ebbw Vale, Merthyr TydfilSouth Wales – e.g. Ebbw Vale, Merthyr Tydfil Natural Advantages:Natural Advantages:1.1. CoalfieldsCoalfields2.2. LimestoneLimestone3.3. Iron oreIron ore4.4. Flat site (of Valley)Flat site (of Valley)5.5. River (Rhonnda) – cooling finished productRiver (Rhonnda) – cooling finished product6.6. Local settlements – work forceLocal settlements – work force7.7. Port (gateway to the British Empire – market)Port (gateway to the British Empire – market)8.8. These areas are where industry used to be but then it These areas are where industry used to be but then it

moved for several reasons.moved for several reasons.


How did location factors How did location factors change?change?

Empire countries gained independence – more Empire countries gained independence – more competition; market not as strongcompetition; market not as strong

Coal and iron ore reserves were becoming Coal and iron ore reserves were becoming exhausted (running out!); seams were too thin to exhausted (running out!); seams were too thin to mine or inaccessible (making it more expensive to mine or inaccessible (making it more expensive to mine)mine)

Original valley site not big enough for modern Original valley site not big enough for modern factoriesfactories

Coastal areas were better as they were the areas Coastal areas were better as they were the areas where relatively cheap imported materials were where relatively cheap imported materials were coming incoming in

There were better places in the world to make There were better places in the world to make things that were cheaper – Place like Britain got rid things that were cheaper – Place like Britain got rid of lots of their industries to countries like Brazil.of lots of their industries to countries like Brazil.


Brazil - FiatBrazil - Fiat

What is a Trans National Company What is a Trans National Company (TNC) (TNC)

Why did Fiat move from Italy to Why did Fiat move from Italy to Brazil?Brazil?

Why did Fiat expand in Brazil?Why did Fiat expand in Brazil?


Bonus KnowledgeBonus KnowledgeThe Decline of ManufacturingThe Decline of Manufacturing

De-industrialisation – the growing De-industrialisation – the growing importance of tertiary (Service and importance of tertiary (Service and Tourism) and quaternary (High tech Tourism) and quaternary (High tech Research and Development e.g. Research and Development e.g. NASA) industriesNASA) industriesPort Talbot steelworks is the only one remaining in Wales; Port Talbot steelworks is the only one remaining in Wales; Llanwern steelworks closed in 2001 (1300 jobs lost)Llanwern steelworks closed in 2001 (1300 jobs lost)


The Reason for the DeclineThe Reason for the Decline

Globalisation:Globalisation:

1.1. many companies compete on a many companies compete on a global scaleglobal scale

2.2. competition is strongcompetition is strong

3.3. constantly looking for cheaper raw constantly looking for cheaper raw materials and/or manufactured materials and/or manufactured goodsgoods


The ConsequencesThe Consequences

Coal mine / steel works closeCoal mine / steel works close High unemploymentHigh unemployment People have less money to spend on goods and People have less money to spend on goods and

servicesservices Fewer taxes and business rates paid to the councilFewer taxes and business rates paid to the council Less investment by council for education, schools and Less investment by council for education, schools and

other key servicesother key services Young people leave school with fewer/poorer Young people leave school with fewer/poorer

qualificationsqualifications People have more time, less opportunities, less moneyPeople have more time, less opportunities, less money Petty crime often increasesPetty crime often increases Environmental declineEnvironmental decline


Political ResponsesPolitical Responses

Development areas – government gives Development areas – government gives financial assistance (in what forms?)financial assistance (in what forms?)

Encouragement of new industries in the Encouragement of new industries in the area of decline:area of decline:

1.1. Retail parks – using the old steelworks Retail parks – using the old steelworks site (a bit like Bluewater – old gravel pit)site (a bit like Bluewater – old gravel pit)

2.2. Tourism – heritage site / museumTourism – heritage site / museum3.3. Manufacturing (hi-tech) – LG now located Manufacturing (hi-tech) – LG now located

there (but this brings with it other there (but this brings with it other problems. Can you think of any?)problems. Can you think of any?)


Distribution IndustriesDistribution Industries

E.g. Argos Warehouse, StaffordshireE.g. Argos Warehouse, Staffordshire Central locationCentral location Can reach any of their stores by over-Can reach any of their stores by over-

night deliverynight delivery Located on the junction 34/A51 on the Located on the junction 34/A51 on the

M6M6 Lots of space to house the huge Lots of space to house the huge

warehousewarehouse


Quick QuizQuick Quiz

Name the 4 types of industryName the 4 types of industry How does this classification help when talking How does this classification help when talking

about the employment structure and about the employment structure and development of a country?development of a country?

Briefly define/explain the term systemBriefly define/explain the term system List the important factors when considering the List the important factors when considering the

location of industrylocation of industry What is heavy industry?What is heavy industry? Which case study? Where? Why? What Which case study? Where? Why? What

happened?happened? What is a footloose industry?What is a footloose industry?