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Career Development

and

Community

Serviceryan elbert gan

Career Development

• Career refers to the activities and positions involved in vocations, occupations, and jobs as well as to related activities associated with an individual’s lifetime of work.

Career Development• Work, on the other hand, is

defined as an activity that produces something of value for oneself or others (Reardon, et.al., 2000).

Career Development• This description of work does

not only point out to work for which one is paid a salary, but also unpaid work that includes volunteering for a community project (Zunker, 2012).

Career Development• Career development is an on-

going process of gaining knowledge and improving skills that will help an individual to establish a career plan.

Significance of Career Development

• most students do not plan for their future

• They just follow the crowd• Influenced/ forced by parents

and/or peers• Temptation from current trends

Significance of Career Development

• We spend most of time working:

• About 40 years or 80,000 hours of our lifetime is spent working.

The Vocational Choice Theory(John Holland)

• Career interests are an expression of the individual’s personality.


• people can be described as a combination of two or more of six types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.


• In the career choice and development process, people search for environments that would allow them to exercise their skills and abilities, and to express their attitudes and values.

Happenstance(John Krumboltz)

• Happenstance—a term that refers to maintaining an exploratory attitude while encountering unexpected events.


• indecision is an unavoidable yet acceptable condition, but should be labelled as “open-mindedness”


• The uncertainties in our lives make it impossible to have a specific plan laid out in advance. Career development (and even teaching) should take on the role of encourager of exploration.

Self-concept Theory of Career Development

• Proposed by Donald Super

• The focus of this theory is on how careers unfold over the life span. Super suggested that career choice and development is essentially a process of developing and implementing a person’s self-concept.


• People differ in their abilities, personalities, needs, values, interests, traits, and self-concepts.

• People are qualified, by virtue of these characteristics, for a number of occupations.


• Each occupation requires a characteristics pattern of abilities and personality traits.

• Vocational preferences and competencies, the situations in which people live and work and hence, their self-concepts change with time and experience.


• The process if changed, may be summed up in a series of life stages.

• The nature of the career pattern is determined by different factors.


• Self-concept is a picture of who we are and what we are like. It is a blend of how we see ourselves and how we would like to be seen. It is how we think others view us both subjectively or objectively.


• Life Span refers to the length of one’s career. Stages:

• Growth (0-15)

• Exploration (15-25)• Establishment (25-45)• Maintenance (45-65)• Disengagement (65-over)


• Career is defined as the combination of life roles that one plays at a given life stage.

Value-based Career Decision Making

• Values serve as standards by which people evaluate their actions and the actions of others. Simply put, values direct our behaviour in specific directions and toward particular goals.


• Brown theorized that values are shaped by genetics and environment—as a result of genetic and environmental influences, specific values become more important than others. As values become crystallized and prioritized, people use them to guide and explain their behavior.


• Values are solidified in the early adult years and tend to remain stable over time; however, age, experience, and traumatic life events can modify them. Good decision making will be difficult or impossible if one is not yet able to identify one’s values.

Social CognitiveCareer Theory

• proposed a mutually influencing relationship between people and the environment

• based on the critical relationship among self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and personal goals in the career decision-making process


• Self-efficacy (Lent, 2005) is a dynamic set of beliefs that are linked to particular performance domains and activities. It means that people believe in their abilities to accomplish goals and help in determining the actions that they will take.


• It is one’s beliefs about one’s sense of self-efficacy that determines whether one is willing and motivated to pursue a career or educational path.


• The main concept in social cognitive theory is that an individual’s actions and reactions, including social behaviors and cognitive processes, in almost every situation are influenced by the actions that individual has observed in others.


• The main concept in social cognitive theory is that an individual’s actions and reactions, including social behaviors and cognitive processes, in almost every situation are influenced by the actions that individual has observed in others.


• People express interest in certain career and academic pursuits if they think that can perform well in them and if, at the same time, they think that pursuing these careers will lead to outcomes they desire.

Community Service

• Community service is a form of experiential education which intertwines with classroom instruction and critical reflection. It has two goals: service to the community and student learning.

Community Service• Through their participation,

students can clarify values and develop both self-awareness and self-efficacy. It allows students to acquire and develop professional skills, including teamwork, critical thinking, problem solving, communication, and leadership skills

Community Service• Furthermore, community service

often provides students with opportunities related to their majors and career interests. As students provide service to the community, they explore career options and opportunities and gauge their readiness for the workplace.

Community Service• Students can use their

experience to seek clarity about their career choice and to finalize their career decision.

Synthesis• On a daily basis, teachers confront

complex decisions that rely on many different kinds of knowledge and judgment and that can involve high-stakes outcomes for students’ futures.

Synthesis• To make good decisions, teachers

must be aware of the many ways in which student learning can unfold in the context of development, learning differences, language and cultural influences, and individual temperaments, interests, and approaches to learning.

Synthesis• Teachers need to know how to take

the steps necessary to gather additional information that will allow them to make more grounded judgments about what is going on and what strategies may be helpful.

Synthesis• Above all, teachers need

to keep what is best for the child at the center of their decision-making.