Download pdf - Bayan (Bagong Alyansang Makabayan) vs. Zamora

8/13/2019 Bayan (Bagong Alyansang Makabayan) vs. Zamora

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VOL. 342, OCTOBER 10, 2000

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Bayan (Bagong Alyansang Makabayan) vs. a!o"a

#.R. $o. 13%&'0. Oob*" 10, 2000.+

BAA$ (Bagong Alyansang Makabayan), -$/ VA MOVEME$T, BO TOMAMLLAME$A (gl*s5a 5l565na n7*86*n75*n*), BO ELMER BOLOCA$ (n5*7

C:" o; C"5s o; * 5l.),


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REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV 5s a s6*5al 6"ov5s5on a a66l5*s o "*a5*s D5 5nvolv* * 6"*s*n* o;;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s o" ;a5l55*s 5n * 5l5665n*s. n7*" 5s 6"ov5s5on, *on:""*n* o; * *na* 5s only on* o; * "*:5s5*s o "*n7*" o!6l5an* D5* ons5:5onal "*:5"*!*ns an7 o ons57*" * ag"**!*n b5n75ng on *5l5665n*s. *5on 2&, A"5l* >V ;:"8

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*" "*:5"*s a G;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s, o" ;a5l55*sI !ay b* alloD*7 5n *5l5665n*s only by v5":* o; a "*ay 7:ly on:""*7 5n by * *na*, "a5;5*7 by a

!aHo"5y o; * vo*s as 5n a na5onal "*;*"*n7:! *l7 ;o" a 6:"6os* 5; so"*:5"*7 by Cong"*ss, an7 "*ogn5*7 as s: by * o*" on"a5ng sa*.

a!* a!* V5s55ng o"*s Ag"**!*n *5on 2&, A"5l* >V o; * Cons5:5onso:l7 a66ly o * V5s55ng o"*s Ag"**!*n.Jn7o:b*7ly, *5on 2&, A"5l*>V, D5 s6*5;5ally 7*als D5 "*a5*s 5nvolv5ng ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s,o" ;a5l55*s, so:l7 a66ly 5n * 5nsan as*. To a *"a5n *@*n an7 5n a l5!5*7s*ns*, oD*v*", * 6"ov5s5ons o; *5on 21, A"5l* V D5ll ;5n7 a66l5ab5l5y D5"*ga"7 o * 5ss:* an7 ;o" * sol* 6:"6os* o; 7**"!5n5ng * n:!b*" o; vo*s

"*:5"*7 o oba5n * val57 on:""*n* o; * *na*, as D5ll b* ;:"*" 75s:ss*7*"*:n7*".

a!* a!* a:o"y Cons":5on 5s a ;5n*ly85!b*77*7 6"5n56l* 5n sa:o"yons":5on a a s6*5al 6"ov5s5on o" laD 6"*va5ls ov*" a g*n*"al on*.J 5s a;5n*ly85!b*77*7 6"5n56l* 5n sa:o"y ons":5on a a s6*5al 6"ov5s5on o" laD6"*va5ls ov*" a g*n*"al on*. L*@ s6*5al5s 7*"ogan g*n*"al5. T:s, D*"* *"* 5s 5n* sa!* sa:* a 6a"5:la" *na!*n an7 also a g*n*"al on* D5, 5n 5s !oso!6"**ns5v* s*ns*, Do:l7 5nl:7* Da 5s *!b"a*7 5n * ;o"!*", * 6a"5:la"

*na!*n !:s b* o6*"a5v*, an7 * g*n*"al *na!*n !:s b* ak*n o a;;*only s: as*s D55n 5s g*n*"al lang:ag* D5 a"* no D55n * 6"ov5s5on o; *6a"5:la" *na!*n.

a!* a!* a!* T*"* 5s no5ng 5n *5on 2&, A"5l* >V a "*:5"*s ;o"*5gn"oo6s o" ;a5l55*s o b* sa5on*7 o" 6la*7 6*"!an*nly 5n * 5l5665n*sJD*n


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no 75s5n5on 5s !a7* by laD, * Co:" so:l7 no 75s5ng:5s.JMo"*ov*", 5 5ss6*5o:s o a"g:* a *5on 2&, A"5l* >V 5s 5na66l5abl* o !*"* "ans5*nag"**!*ns ;o" * "*ason a *"* 5s no 6*"!an*n 6la5ng o; s"::"* ;o" **sabl5s!*n o; a !5l5a"y bas*. On 5s so"*, * Cons5:5on !ak*s no75s5n5on b*D**n G"ans5*nI an7 G6*"!an*n.I C*"a5nly, D* ;5n7 no5ng 5n

*5on 2&, A"5l* >V a "*:5"*s ;o"*5gn "oo6s o" ;a5l55*s o b* sa5on*7 o"6la*76*"!an*nly 5n * 5l5665n*s. 5s a ":75!*n 5n l*gal *"!*n*:5s aD*n no 75s5n5on 5s !a7* by laD, * Co:" so:l7 no 75s5ng:5sJb5 l*@ non75s5ng:5 n* nos 75s5ng:5"* 7*b*!os.

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REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV.


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a!* a!* Con755ons B*;o"* M5l5a"y Bas*s, T"oo6s o" a5l55*s May B* AlloD*7.J*5on 2&, A"5l* >V 75salloDs ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s, o" ;a5l55*s 5n *o:n"y, :nl*ss * ;olloD5ng on755ons a"* s:;;55*nly !*, v5 (a) 5 !:s b*:n7*" a "*ay (b) * "*ay !:s b* 7:ly on:""*7 5n by * *na* an7, D*n so"*:5"*7 by Cong"*ss, "a5;5*7 by a !aHo"5y o; * vo*s as by * 6*o6l* 5n a

na5onal "*;*"*n7:! an7 () "*ogn5*7 as a "*ay by * o*" on"a5ng sa*.

a!* a!* n*"na5onal LaD E@*:5v* Ag"**!*ns =o"7s an7 "as*s T*6"as* G"*ogn5*7 as a "*ayI !*ans a * o*" on"a5ng 6a"y a*6s o"aknoDl*7g*s * ag"**!*n as a "*ay.JT5s Co:" 5s o; * ;5"! v5*D a *6"as* G"*ogn5*7 as a "*ayI !*ans a * o*" on"a5ng 6a"y a*6s o"aknoDl*7g*s * ag"**!*n as a "*ay. To "*:5"* * o*" on"a5ng sa*, *n5*7 a*s o; A!*"5a 5n 5s as*, o s:b!5 * VA o * n5*7 a*s *na*;o" on:""*n* 6:"s:an o 5s Cons5:5on, 5s o ao"7 s"5 !*an5ng o *

6"as*.

a!* a!* a:o"y Cons":5on =*ll8*n"*n*7 5s * 6"5n56l* a *Do"7s :s*7 5n * Cons5:5on a"* o b* g5v*n *5" o"75na"y !*an5ng *@*6 D*"**n5al *"!s a"* *!6loy*7, 5n D5 as* * s5gn5;5an* :s aa*7 o *!6"*va5ls.J=*ll8*n"*n*7 5s * 6"5n56l* a * Do"7s :s*7 5n * Cons5:5ona"* o b* g5v*n *5" o"75na"y !*an5ng *@*6 D*"* *n5al *"!s a"* *!6loy*7,5n D5 as* * s5gn5;5an* :s aa*7 o *! 6"*va5ls. s lang:ag* so:l7b* :n7*"soo7 5n * s*ns* *y av* 5n o!!on :s*.

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n*"na5onal LaD T"*a5*s E@*:5v* Ag"**!*ns V5s55ng o"*s Ag"**!*n Aslong as * VA 6oss*ss*s * *l*!*ns o; an ag"**!*n :n7*" 5n*"na5onal laD,* sa57 ag"**!*n 5s o b* ak*n *:ally as a "*ay.JMo"*ov*", 5 5s5nons*:*n5al D**" * n5*7 a*s "*as * VA only as an *@*:5v*ag"**!*n b*a:s*, :n7*" 5n*"na5onal laD, an *@*:5v* ag"**!*n 5s as b5n75ng

as a "*ay. To b* s:"*, as long as * VA 6oss*ss*s * *l*!*ns o; an ag"**!*n:n7*" 5n*"na5onal laD, * sa57 ag"**!*n 5s o b* ak*n *:ally as a "*ay.

a!* a!* a!* =o"7s an7 "as*s A "*ay, as 7*;5n*7 by * V5*nnaConv*n5on on * LaD o; T"*a5*s, 5s Gan 5n*"na5onal 5ns":!*n onl:7*7b*D**n a*s 5n D"5*n ;o"! an7 gov*"n*7 by 5n*"na5onal laD, D**"*!bo75*7 5n a s5ngl* 5ns":!*n o" 5n Do o" !o"* "*la*7 5ns":!*ns, an7Da*v*" 5s 6a"5:la" 7*s5gna5on.IJA "*ay, as 7*;5n*7 by * V5*nna Conv*n5onon * LaD o; T"*a5*s, 5s Gan 5n*"na5onal 5ns":!*n onl:7*7 b*D**n a*s 5n

D"5*n ;o"! an7 gov*"n*7 by 5n*"na5onal laD, D**" *!bo75*7 5n a s5ngl*5ns":!*n o" 5n Do o" !o"* "*la*7 5ns":!*ns, an7 Da*v*" 5s 6a"5:la"7*s5gna5on.I T*"* a"* !any o*" *"!s :s*7 ;o" a "*ay o" 5n*"na5onalag"**!*n, so!* o; D5 a"* a, 6"oool, ag"**!*n, o!6"o!5s 7F a"b5"ag*,ono"7a, onv*n5on, 7*la"a5on, *@ang* o; no*s, 6a, sa:*, a"*" an7!o7:s v5v*n75. All D"5*"s, ;"o! :go #"o5:s onDa"7, av* 6o5n*7 o: a *na!*s o" 5l*s o; 5n*"na5onal ag"**!*ns 5nl:7*7 :n7*" * g*n*"al *"! "*ayav* l5l* o" no l*gal s5gn5;5an*. C*"a5n *"!s a"* :s*;:l, b: *y ;:"n5s l5l*!o"* an !*"* 7*s"565on.

a!* a!* a!* n 5n*"na5onal laD, *"* 5s no 75;;*"*n* b*D**n "*a5*s an7*@*:5v* ag"**!*ns 5n *5" b5n75ng *;;* :6on sa*s on*"n*7, as long as *n*go5a5ng ;:n5ona"5*s av* "*!a5n*7 D55n *5" 6oD*"s.JT:s, 5n 5n*"na5onallaD, *"* 5s no 75;;*"*n* b*D**n "*a5*s an7 *@*:5v* ag"**!*ns 5n *5"b5n75ng *;;* :6on sa*s on*"n*7, as long as * n*go5a5ng ;:n5ona"5*s av*"*!a5n*7 D55n *5" 6oD*"s. n*"na5onal laD on5n:*s o !ak* no 75s5n5onb*D**n "*a5*s an7 *@*:5v* ag"**!*ns *y a"* *:ally b5n75ng obl5ga5ons:6on na5ons.

a!* a!* a!* n 5s H:"5s755on, D* av* "*ogn5*7 * b5n75ng *;;* o;*@*:5v* ag"**!*ns *v*n D5o: * on:""*n* o; * *na* o" Cong"*ss.Jno:" H:"5s755on, D* av* "*ogn5*7 * b5n75ng *;;* o; *@*:5v* ag"**!*ns*v*n D5o: * on:""*n* o; * *na* o" Cong"*ss. n Co!!5ss5on*" o;C:so!s vs. Eas*"n *a T"a75ng, D* a7 oas5on o 6"ono:n* G@ @ @ * "5g o;* E@*:5v* o *n*" 5no b5n75ng ag"**!*ns D5o: * n**ss5y o; s:bs*:*nCong"*ss5onal a66"oval


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4&

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV o; * 19%' Cons5:5on a *


20/111

ag"**!*n alloD5ng * 6"*s*n* o; ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y "oo6s on 5l5665n* so5l !:sb* G"*ogn5*7 as a "*ay by * o*" on"a5ng sa*.IJ=5 * lo:7 o;:n*"a5ny s5ll ang5ng on * *@a l*gal ;o"* o; sol* *@*:5v* ag"**!*ns:n7*" .. ons5:5onal laD, 5s Co:" !:s s"5k* a bloD ;o" * sov*"*5gny o;o:" o:n"y by 7"aD5ng a b"5g l5n* b*D**n * 75gn5y an7 sa:s o; a "*ay 5n

on"as D5 a sol* *@*:5v* ag"**!*n. oD*v*" D* !ay D5s 5, * VA, as asol* *@*:5v* ag"**!*n, anno l5!b o * sa!* lo;y *5g a * 75gn5y o;a "*ay an "*a. Cons*:*nly, 5 ;alls so" o; * "*:5"*!*n s* by *. 2&,A". >V o; * 19%' Cons5:5on a * ag"**!*n alloD5ng * 6"*s*n* o;;o"*5gn !5l5a"y "oo6s on 5l5665n* so5l !:s b* G"*ogn5*7 as a "*ay by *o*" on"a5ng sa*.I

ECAL CVL ACTO$ 5n * :6"*!* Co:". C*"5o"a"5 an7 "o5b55on.

T* ;as a"* sa*7 5n * o65n5on o; * Co:".

Ro!*o B. go an7 V5o"5a #. 7*los R*y*s ;o" 6*55on*" 5n #.R. $o. 13%%0.

E:log5a M. C:*va ;o" 6*55on*" B.

Ra!on A. #onal*s ;o" LCO$A.

=5gb*"o E. TaNa7a an7 Lo"*no TaNa7a ;o" 6*55on*"s -ov5o R. alonga,=5gb*"o E. TaNa7a, "., Aga65o A. A:5no, -ok*" . A""oyo, an7 R*n* A.V. ag:5sag.

T*o7o"* O. T* ;o" 6*55on*"s Avan*Na, 5!b:lan, an57a7,


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Con;"on5ng * Co:" ;o" "*sol:5on 5n * 5nsan onsol57a*7 6*55ons ;o"*"5o"a"5 an7 6"o5b55on a"* 5ss:*s "*la5ng o, an7 bo"n* by, an ag"**!*n ;o"g*75n * :"n o; * las *n:"y b*8

44

44

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATE


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V5a *s* onsol57a*711 6*55ons ;o" *"5o"a"5 an7 6"o5b55on, 6*55on*"sJasl*g5slao"s, non8gov*"n!*nal o"gan5a5ons, 55*ns an7 a@6ay*"sJassa5l *ons5:5onal5y o; * VA an7 5!6:* o *"*5n "*s6on7*ns g"av* ab:s* o;75s"*5on 5n "a5;y5ng * ag"**!*n.

=* av* s5!6l5;5*7 * 5ss:*s "a5s*7 by * 6*55on*"s 5no * ;olloD5ng

V o; * Cons5:5on


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a. * *:al 6"o*5on la:s* :n7*" *5on 1, A"5l* o; * Cons5:5on

b * 6"o5b55on aga5ns n:l*a" D*a6ons :n7*" A"5l* , *5on %

. *5on 2% (4), A"5l* V o; * Cons5:5on g"an5ng * *@*!65on ;"o! a@*san7 7:5*s ;o" * *:56!*n, !a*"5als, s:66l5*s an7 o*" 6"o6*"5*s 5!6o"*7 5noo" a:5"*7 5n * 5l5665n*s by, o" on b*al;, o; * A"!*7 o"*s

11 M5n:* R*sol:5on 7a*7 -:n* %, 1999.

4'%

4'%

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV 5s a66l5abl* ons57*"5ng a * VA as ;o" 5s s:bH* * 6"*s*n* o;;o"*5gn !5l5a"y "oo6s 5n * 5l5665n*s. R*s6on7*ns, on * on"a"y, !a5na5n

a *5on 21, A"5l* V so:l7 a66ly 5nas!: as * VA 5s no a bas5nga""ang*!*n b: an ag"**!*n D5 5nvolv*s !*"*ly * *!6o"a"y v5s5s o;n5*7 a*s 6*"sonn*l *ngag*7 5n Ho5n !5l5a"y *@*"5s*s.

T* 19%' 5l5665n* Cons5:5on ona5ns Do 6"ov5s5ons "*:5"5ng * on:""*n*o; * *na* on "*a5*s o" 5n*"na5onal ag"**!*ns. *5on 21, A"5l* V, D5*"*5n "*s6on7*ns 5nvok*, "*a7s

24 232 CRA 110 S1994.

2& - . anos vs. $o"D*s O"5*n A5"l5n*s, 210 CRA 2&, 21 S1992.

4%2

4%2

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV, 6"ov57*s

GA;*" * *@65"a5on 5n 1991 o; * Ag"**!*n b*D**n * R*6:bl5 o; *5l5665n*s an7 * n5*7 a*s o; A!*"5a on*"n5ng M5l5a"y Bas*s, ;o"*5gn!5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s, o" ;a5l55*s sall no b* alloD*7 5n * 5l5665n*s *@*6:n7*" a "*ay 7:ly on:""*7 5n by * *na* an7, D*n * Cong"*ss so "*:5"*s,"a5;5*7 by a !aHo"5y o; * vo*s as by * 6*o6l* 5n a na5onal "*;*"*n7:! *l7;o" a 6:"6os*, an7 "*ogn5*7 as a "*ay by * o*" on"a5ng a*.I

*5on 21, A"5l* V 7*als D5 "*a5*s o" 5n*"na5onal ag"**!*ns 5n g*n*"al, 5nD5 as*, * on:""*n* o; a l*as Do85"7s (2Q3) o; all * M*!b*"s o; *

*na* 5s "*:5"*7 o !ak* * s:bH* "*ay, o" 5n*"na5onal ag"**!*n, val57 an7b5n75ng on * 6a" o; * 5l5665n*s. T5s 6"ov5s5on lays 7oDn * g*n*"al ":l* on"*a5*s o" 5n*"na5onal ag"**!*ns an7 a66l5*s o any ;o"! o; "*ay D5 a D57*va"5*y o; s:bH* !a*", s: as, b: no l5!5*7 o, *@"a755on o" a@ "*a5*s o"os* *ono!5 5n na:"*. All "*a5*s o" 5n*"na5onal ag"**!*ns *n*"*7 5no by* 5l5665n*s, "*ga"7l*ss o; s:bH* !a*", ov*"ag*, o" 6a"5:la" 7*s5gna5on o"a66*lla5on, "*:5"*s * on:""*n* o; * *na* o b* val57 an7 *;;*5v*.

n on"as, *5on 2&, A"5l* >V 5s a s6*5al 6"ov5s5on a a66l5*s o "*a5*s

D5 5nvolv* * 6"*s*n* o; ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s o" ;a5l55*s 5n *5l5665n*s. n7*" 5s 6"ov5s5on, * on:""*n* o; * *na* 5s only on* o; *"*:5s5*s o "*n7*" o!6l5an* D5 * ons5:5onal "*:5"*!*ns an7 oons57*" * ag"**!*n b5n75ng on * 5l5665n*s. *5on 2&, A"5l* >V ;:"*""*:5"*s a G;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s, o" ;a5l55*sI !ay b* alloD*7 5n *5l5665n*s only by v5":* o; a "*ay 7:ly on:""*7 5n by * *na*, "a5;5*7 by a!aHo"5y o; * vo*s as 5n a na5onal "*;*"*n7:! *l7 ;o" a 6:"6os* 5; so"*:5"*7 by Cong"*ss, an7 "*ogn5*7 as s: by * o*" on"a5ng sa*.

5s o:" ons57*"*7 v5*D a bo ons5:5onal 6"ov5s5ons, ;a" ;"o! on"a755ng*a o*", a:ally sa"* so!* o!!on g"o:n7. T*s* ons5:5onal 6"ov5s5onsbo *!bo7y 6"as*s 5n

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* n*ga5v* an7 :s, a"* 7**!*7 6"o5b5o"y 5n !an7a* an7 a"a*". n6a"5:la", *5on 21 o6*ns D5 * la:s* G$o "*ay @ @ @,I an7 *5on 2&ona5ns * 6"as* Gsall no b* alloD*7.I A7755onally, 5n bo 5nsan*s, *on:""*n* o; * *na* 5s 5n75s6*nsabl* o "*n7*" * "*ay o" 5n*"na5onal

ag"**!*n val57 an7 *;;*5v*.

To o:" !5n7, * ;a a * "*s57*n "*;*""*7 * VA o * *na* :n7*"*5on 21, A"5l* V, an7 a * *na* *@*n7*7 5s on:""*n* :n7*" *sa!* 6"ov5s5on, 5s 5!!a*"5al. o" 5n *5*" as*, D**" :n7*" *5on 21, A"5l*V o" *5on 2&, A"5l* >V, * ;:n7a!*nal laD 5s "ysall5n* a *on:""*n* o; * *na* 5s !an7ao"y o o!6ly D5 * s"5 ons5:5onal"*:5"*!*ns.

On * Dol*, * VA 5s an ag"**!*n D5 7*;5n*s * "*a!*n o; n5*7a*s "oo6s an7 6*"sonn*l v5s55ng * 5l5665n*s. 6"ov57*s ;o" * g:57*l5n*s ogov*"n s: v5s5s o; !5l5a"y 6*"sonn*l, an7 ;:"*" 7*;5n*s * "5gs o; * n5*7a*s an7 * 5l5665n* gov*"n!*n 5n * !a*" o; "5!5nal H:"5s755on,!ov*!*n o; v*ss*l an7 a5""a;, 5!6o"a5on an7 *@6o"a5on o; *:56!*n,!a*"5als an7 s:66l5*s.

n7o:b*7ly, *5on 2&, A"5l* >V, D5 s6*5;5ally 7*als D5 "*a5*s5nvolv5ng ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s, o" ;a5l55*s, so:l7 a66ly 5n * 5nsanas*. To a *"a5n *@*n an7 5n a l5!5*7 s*ns*, oD*v*", * 6"ov5s5ons o; *5on21, A"5l* V D5ll ;5n7 a66l5ab5l5y D5 "*ga"7 o * 5ss:* an7 ;o" * sol* 6:"6os*o; 7**"!5n5ng * n:!b*" o; vo*s "*:5"*7 o oba5n * val57 on:""*n* o; **na*, as D5ll b* ;:"*" 75s:ss*7 *"*:n7*".


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5s a ;5n*ly85!b*77*7 6"5n56l* 5n sa:o"y ons":5on a a s6*5al 6"ov5s5on o"laD 6"*va5ls ov*" a g*n*"al on*. L*@ s6*5al5s 7*"ogan g*n*"al5. T:s, D*"* *"*5s 5n * sa!* sa:* a 6a"5:la" *na!*n an7 also a g*n*"al on* D5, 5n 5s!os o!6"**ns5v* s*ns*, Do:l7 5nl:7* Da 5s *!b"a*7 5n * ;o"!*", *6a"5:la" *na!*n !:s b* o6*"a5v*, an7 * g*n*"al *na!*n !:s b* ak*n

o a;;* only s: as*s D55n 5s g*n*"al

4%4

4%4

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV, * 6"ov5s5on 5n * la*" a"5l* "*:5"5ng "a5;5a5on by a !aHo"5yo; * vo*s as 5n a na5onal "*;*"*n7:! b*5ng :nn**ssa"y s5n* Cong"*ss as

no "*:5"*7 5.

As o * !a*" o; vo5ng, *5on 21, A"5l* V 6a"5:la"ly "*:5"*s a a "*ayo" 5n*"na5onal ag"**!*n, o b* val57 an7 *;;*5v*, !:s b* on:""*7 5n by al*as Do85"7s o; all * !*!b*"s o; * *na*. On * o*" an7, *5on 2&,A"5l* >V s5!6ly 6"ov57*s a * "*ay b* G7:ly on:""*7 5n by * *na*I

A66ly5ng * ;o"*go5ng ons5:5onal 6"ov5s5ons, a Do85"7s vo* o; all *!*!b*"s o; * *na* 5s l*a"ly "*:5"*7 so a * on:""*n* on*!6la*7 bylaD !ay b* val57ly oba5n*7 an7 7**!*7 6"*s*n. =5l* 5 5s ":* a *5on 2&,A"5l* >V "*:5"*s, a!ong o*" 5ngs, a * "*ayJ* VA, 5n * 5nsanas*Jb* G7:ly on:""*7 5n by * *na*,I 5 5s v*"y ":* oD*v*" a sa576"ov5s5on !:s b* "*la*7 an7 v5*D*7 5n l5g o; * l*a" !an7a* *!bo75*7 5n*5on 21, A"5l* V, D5 5n !o"* s6*5;5 *"!s, "*:5"*s a * on:""*n*o; a "*ay, o" 5n*"na5onal ag"**!*n, b* !a7* by a Do85"7s vo* o; all *

4%'

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57/111

4%'


!*!b*"s o; * *na*. n7**7, *5on 2&, A"5l* >V !:s no b* "*a*7 5n5sola5on o *5on 21, A"5l* V.

As no*7, * Gon:""*n* "*:5"*!*nI :n7*" *5on 2&, A"5l* >V !:s b*ons":*7 5n "*la5on o * 6"ov5s5ons o; *5on 21, A"5l* V. n a !o"* 6a"5:la"lang:ag*, * on:""*n* o; * *na* on*!6la*7 :n7*" *5on 2&, A"5l*

>V !*ans a a l*as Do85"7s o; all * !*!b*"s o; * *na* ;avo"ably vo*o on:" D5 * "*ayJ* VA 5n * 5nsan as*.

n7*" *s* 5":!san*s, * a"*" 6"ov57*s a * *na* sall b* o!6os*7o; D*ny8;o:" (24) *nao"s.30 =5o: a 5ng* o; 7o:b, Do85"7s (2Q3) o; 5s;5g:"*, o" no l*ss an s5@**n (1) !*!b*"s, ;avo"ably, a5ng on * 6"o6osal 5san :n:*s5onabl* o!6l5an* D5 * "*:5s5* n:!b*" o; vo*s !*n5on*7 5n*5on 21 o; A"5l* V. T* ;a a *"* D*"* a:ally D*ny8"** (23)5n:!b*n *nao"s a * 5!* * vo5ng Das !a7*,31 D5ll no al*" 5n any

s5gn5;5an Day * 5":!san* a !o"* an Do85"7s o; * !*!b*"s o; **na* on:""*7 D5 * 6"o6os*7 VA, *v*n 5; * Do85"7s vo* "*:5"*!*n 5sbas*7 on 5s ;5g:"* o; a:al !*!b*"s (23). n 5s "*ga"7, * ;:n7a!*nal laD 5sl*a" a Do85"7s o; * 24 *nao"s, o" a l*as 1 ;avo"abl* vo*s, s:;;5* so aso "*n7*" o!6l5an* D5 * s"5 ons5:5onal !an7a* o; g5v5ng on:""*n* o* s:bH* "*ay.

av5ng "*solv*7 a * ;5"s Do "*:5s5*s 6"*s"5b*7 5n *5on 2&, A"5l* >Va"* 6"*s*n, D* sall noD 6ass :6on an7 7*lv* on * "*:5"*!*n a * VA

so:l7 b* "*ogn5*7 as a "*ay by * n5*7 a*s o; A!*"5a.

*55on*"s on*n7 a * 6"as* G"*ogn5*7 as a "*ay,I *!bo75*7 5n *5on2&, A"5l* >V, !*ans a * VA so:l7 av* * a7v5* an7 ons*n o; *n5*7 a*s *na* 6:"s:an o 5s oDn ons5:5onal 6"o*ss, an7 a 5 so:l7no b* ons57*"*7 !*"*ly an *@*:5v* ag"**!*n by * n5*7 a*s.


58/111

30 19%' Cons5:5on, A"5l* V, *5on 2.JT* *na* sall b* o!6os*7 o;D*ny8;o:" *nao"s Do sall b* *l**7 a la"g* by * :al5;5*7 vo*"s o; *5l5665n*s, as !ay b* 6"ov57*7 by laD.

31 T* 24 !*!b*" (#lo"5a Maa6agal8A""oyo) o; * *na* Dos* *"! Das o*@65"* 5n 2001 Das *l**7 V5*8"*s57*n 5n * 199% na5onal *l*5ons.

4%%

4%%

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV o; * Cons5:5on, s5ll, * "*s57*n !ay no b* ;a:l*7 o" sa""*7,!: l*ss b* a7H:7g*7 g:5ly o; o!!55ng an ab:s* o; 75s"*5on 5n so!* 6a*n,g"oss, an7 a6"55o:s !ann*".

o" D5l* 5 5s on*7*7 a A"5l* V, *5on 1, o; * Cons5:5on as

b"oa7*n*7 * so6* o; H:755al 5n:5"y 5no a"*as no"!ally l*; o * 6ol55al7*6a"!*ns o 7*57*, s: as os* "*la5ng o na5onal s*:"5y, 5 as noalog**" 7on* aDay D5 6ol55al :*s5ons s: as os* D5 a"5s* 5n * ;5*l7o; ;o"*5gn "*la5ons.&4 T* 5g T"5b:nalFs ;:n5on, as san5on*7 by A"5l* V,*5on 1, G5s !*"*ly (o) *k D**" o" no * gov*"n!*nal b"an o" ag*nyas gon* b*yon7 * ons5:5onal l5!5s o; 5s H:"5s755on, no a 5 *""*7 o" as a75;;*"*n v5*D. n * abs*n* o; a soD5ng . . . (o;) g"av* ab:s* o; 75s"*5ona!o:n5ng o lak o; H:"5s755on, *"* 5s no oas5on ;o" * Co:" o *@*"5s* 5so""*8

&4 A""oyo vs.


71/111


5v* 6oD*" . . . as no 6oD*" o look 5no Da 5 5nks 5s a66a"*n *""o".I&&

As o * 6oD*" o on:" D5 "*a5*s, * Cons5:5on lo7g*s * sa!* D5 **na* alon*. T:s, on* * *na*& 6*";o"!s a 6oD*", o" *@*"5s*s 5s6"*"oga5v* D55n * bo:n7a"5*s 6"*s"5b*7 by * Cons5:5on, * on:""*n*anno, 5n l5k* !ann*", b* v5*D*7 o ons5:* an ab:s* o; 6oD*", !: l*ss g"av*ab:s* *"*o;. Co"olla"5ly, * *na*, 5n * *@*"5s* o; 5s 75s"*5on an7 a5ngD55n * l5!5s o; s: 6oD*", !ay no b* s5!5la"ly ;a:l*7 ;o" av5ng s5!6ly6*";o"!*7 a ask on;*""*7 an7 san5on*7 by no l*ss an * ;:n7a!*nal laD.

o" * "ol* o; * *na* 5n "*la5on o "*a5*s 5s *ss*n5ally l*g5sla5v* 5na"a*"&' * *na*, as an 5n7*6*n7*n bo7y 6oss*ss*7 o; 5s oDn *":75*!5n7, as * 6"*"oga5v* o *5*" a*6 o" "*H* * 6"o6os*7 ag"**!*n, an7Da*v*" a5on 5 ak*s 5n * *@*"5s* o; 5s D57* la5:7* o; 75s"*5on, 6*"a5ns o* D5s7o! "a*" an * l*gal5y o; * a. n 5s s*ns*, * *na* 6a"ak*s a6"5n56al, y* 7*l5a*, "ol* 5n k**65ng * 6"5n56l*s o; s*6a"a5on o; 6oD*"s an7 o;*ks an7 balan*s al5v* an7 v5g5lanly *ns:"*s a *s* *"5s*7 ":75!*ns"*!a5n ":* o *5" ;o"! 5n a 7*!o"a5 gov*"n!*n s: as o:"s. T*

Cons5:5on :s an5!a*s, "o:g 5s "*ay8on:""5ng 6oD*" o; * *na*, a*aly sys*! o; *ks an7 balan*s 5n75s6*nsabl* oDa"7 o:" na5onFs 6:"s:5 o;6ol55al !a:"5y an7 g"oD. T":* *no:g, ":75!*na"y 5s * 6"5n56l* a!a*"s 6*"a5n5ng o * D5s7o! o; a l*g5sla5v* a a"* b*yon7 * a!b5 an76"ov5n* o; * o:"s o 5n:5"*.

&& Co vs. El*o"al T"5b:nal o; * o:s* o; R*6"*s*na5v*s, 199 CRA 92, '01(1991) Lla!as vs. O"bos, 202 CRA %49, %&' (1991) Lansang vs. #a"5a, 42 CRAa 4%084%1 S19'1.

& 19%' Cons5:5on, A"5l* V, *5on 1.JT* l*g5sla5v* 6oD*" sall b* v*s*7 5n* Cong"*ss o; * 5l5665n*s D5 sall ons5s o; a *na* an7 a o:s* o;


72/111

R*6"*s*na5v*s, *@*6 o * *@*n "*s*"v*7 o * 6*o6l* by * 6"ov5s5on on5n55a5v* an7 "*;*"*n7:!.

&' ** Ak*:"s, M5a*l Mo7*"n n"o7:5on o n*"na5onal LaD, (Lon7on

#*o"g* All*n an7 nD5n) & *7., 6. 4& n5*7 a*s vs. C:"5ss8="5g E@6o"Co"6., 299 .. 304, 319 (193).

49'

VOL. 342, OCTOBER 10, 2000

49'


n ;5n*, abs*n any l*a" soD5ng o; g"av* ab:s* o; 75s"*5on on * 6a" o;

"*s6on7*ns, 5s Co:"Jas * ;5nal a"b5*" o; l*gal on"ov*"s5*s an7 sa:ns*n5n*l o; * "5gs o; * 6*o6l*J5s *n D5o: 6oD*" o on7: an 5n:"s5onan7 !*77l* D5 s: a;;a5"s 6:"*ly *@*:5v* an7 l*g5sla5v* 5n a"a*" an7na:"*. o" * Cons5:5on no l*ss, !a6s o: * 75s5n bo:n7a"5*s an7 l5!5s *!**s an7 bo:n7s D55n D5 *a o; * "** 6ol55al b"an*s o; gov*"n!*n!ay *@*"5s* * 6oD*"s *@l:s5v*ly an7 *ss*n5ally on;*""*7 o 5 by laD.

=EREORE, 5n l5g o; * ;o"*go5ng 75s:5s55ons, * 5nsan 6*55ons a"* *"*by


73/111

M*lo, -., Ho5n 5n * 75ss*n o; -:s5* :no.

:no, -., l*as* s**


74/111

49%

49%

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV o; * Cons5:5on. sall *"*;o"*l5!5 !y o65n5on on 5s H:g:la" 5ss:*.

T* 19%' Cons5:5on 6"ov57*s 5n *. 2&, A". >V, v5

GA;*" * *@65"a5on 5n 1991 o; * Ag"**!*n b*D**n * R*6:bl5 o; *5l5665n*s an7 * n5*7 a*s o; A!*"5a on*"n5ng M5l5a"y Bas*s, ;o"*5gn!5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s, o" ;a5l55*s sall no b* alloD*7 5n * 5l5665n*s *@*6:n7*" a "*ay 7:ly on:""*7 5n by * *na* an7, D*n * Cong"*ss so "*:5"*s,"a5;5*7 by a !aHo"5y o; * vo*s as by * 6*o6l* 5n a na5onal "*;*"*n7:! *l7

;o" a 6:"6os*, an7 "*ogn5*7 as a "*ay by * o*" on"a5ng a*.I

T5s 6"ov5s5on lays 7oDn "** ons5:5onal "*:5s5*s a !:s b* o!6l5*7 D5b*;o"* ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s, o" ;a5l55*s an b* alloD*7 5n 5l5665n**""5o"y, na!*ly (1) *5" 6"*s*n* so:l7 b* alloD*7 by a "*ay 7:ly on:""*7 5nby * 5l5665n* *na* (2) D*n Cong"*ss so "*:5"*s, s: "*ay so:l7 b*"a5;5*7 by a !aHo"5y o; * vo*s as by * 5l565no 6*o6l* 5n a na5onal"*;*"*n7:! *l7 ;o" a 6:"6os* an7 (3) s: "*ay so:l7 b* "*ogn5*7 as a"*ay by * o*" on"a5ng 6a"y.

To sa" D5, "*s6on7*ns, D5 :n"*l*n5ng "*solv*, la5! a *s* ons5:5onal"*:5"*!*ns a"* no a66l5abl* o * VA. T*y on*n7 a * VA, as 5s 5l*5!6l5*s, on*!6la*s !*"*ly *!6o"a"y v5s5s o; .. !5l5a"y "oo6s 5n 5l5665n**""5o"y, an7 :s 7o*s no o!* D55n * 6:"v5*D o; *. 2&, A". >V o; *Cons5:5on. T*y ass*" a 5s ons5:5onal 6"ov5s5on a66l5*s only o *sa5on5ng o" 6*"!an*n 6"*s*n* o; ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y "oo6s on 5l5665n* so5l s5n*


77/111

* Do"7 G"oo6sI 5s !*n5on*7 along D5 Gbas*sI an7 G;a5l55*sI D5 a"*6*"!an*n 5n na:"*.1 T5s ass*"5on Do:l7 7*s*"v* s*"5o:s a*n5on 5; **!6o"a"y na:"* o; *s* v5s5s D*"* 5n7**7 bo"n* o: by * 6"ov5s5ons o; *VA. ; D* :"n, oD*v*", a **7;:l *y* on * 6"ov5s5ons o; * VA as D*ll as *5n*"6"*a5on ao"7*7 o 5 by * gov*"n!*n o;;55als a"g*7 D5 5s

n*go5a5on an7 5!6l*!*na8

1 Rollo, 66. 1408141 Consol57a*7 Co!!*n, 66. 20821.

&00

&00

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV s6*aks o; * !ann*" by D5 .. "oo6s !ay b* alloD*7 o *n*"

5l5665n* *""5o"y. =* n**7 no Da5 an7 s**, *"*;o"*, D**" * .. "oo6sD5ll a:ally on7: !5l5a"y *@*"5s*s on 5l5665n* so5l on a 6*"!an*n bas5sb*;o"* a7H:75a5ng 5s 5ss:*. =a 5s a 5ss:* 5s D**" * VA alloDs s:6*"!an*n 6"*s*n* o; .. "oo6s 5n 5l5665n* *""5o"y.

To 7**"!5n* o!6l5an* o; * VA D5 * "*:5"*!*ns o; *. 2&, A". >V o;* Cons5:5on, 5 5s n**ssa"y o as*"a5n * 5n*n o; * ;"a!*"s o; *Cons5:5on as D*ll as * D5ll o; * 5l565no 6*o6l* Do "a5;5*7 * ;:n7a!*nallaD. T5s *@*"5s* Do:l7 5n*v5ably ak* :s bak o * 6*"5o7 5n o:" 5so"y D*n

.. !5l5a"y 6"*s*n* Das *n"*n*7 5n 5l5665n* *""5o"y D5 * *sabl5s!*nan7 o6*"a5on o; .. M5l5a"y Bas*s 5n s*v*"al 6a"s o; * a"56*lago :n7*" *194' R..8.. M5l5a"y Bas*s Ag"**!*n. As a"5:la*7 by Cons5:5onalCo!!5ss5on*" B5as . O6l* 5n * 19% Cons5:5onal Co!!5ss5on 7*l5b*"a5ons on5s 6"ov5s5on, * 194' R8 M5l5a"y Bas*s Ag"**!*n Das "a5;5*7 by *5l5665n* *na*, b: no by * n5*7 a*s *na*. n * *y*s o; 5l5665n* laD,*"*;o"*, * M5l5a"y Bas*s Ag"**!*n Das a "*ay, b: by * laDs o; * n5*7a*s, 5 Das a !*"* *@*:5v* ag"**!*n.14 T5s asy!!*"y 5n * l*gal


83/111

"*a!*n o; * M5l5a"y Bas*s Ag"**!*n by * Do o:n"5*s Das b*l5*v*7 o b*a sl:" o o:" sov*"*5gny. T:s, 5n * 7*ba* a!ong * Cons5:5onalCo!!5ss5on*"s, * :n!5sakabl* 5n*n5on o; * o!!5ss5on *!*"g*7 a 5sano!alo:s asy!!*"y !:s n*v*" b* "*6*a*7.1& To o""* 5s 5so"5alab*""a5on, *. 2&, A". >V o; * Cons5:5on "*:5"*s a * "*ay alloD5ng

* 6"*s*n* o; ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y bas*s, "oo6s, an7 ;a5l55*s so:l7 also b*G"*ogn5*7 as a "*ay by * o*" on"a5ng 6a"y.I n 6la5n lang:ag*,"*ogn55on o; * n5*7 a*s as * o*" on"a5ng

14 V R*o"7 o; * Cons5:5onal Co!!5ss5on (19%) S*"*5na;*" "*;*""*7 o as *R*o"7, 6. '%0.

1& B*"nas, Cons5:5on E@6l55 on VA, To7ay, May &, 1999.

&04

&04

REME CORT REORT A$$OTATEV o; * 19%' Cons5:5on a * ag"**!*n alloD5ng *

6"*s*n* o; ;o"*5gn !5l5a"y "oo6s on 5l5665n* so5l !:s b* G"*ogn5*7 as a"*ay by * o*" on"a5ng sa*.I

vo* o g"an * 6*55ons.

*55ons 75s!5ss*7.

$o*s.JT* 6"5!a"y 6:"6os* o; * o!!5ss5on*"s 5n *@6an75ng * on*6 o;H:755al 6oD*" 5s o *l5!5na* * 7*;*ns* o; 6ol55al :*s5ons D5 5n * 6as7*6"5v*7 * :6"*!* Co:" o; * H:"5s755on o s"5k* 7oDn ab:s*s o; 6oD*" bygov*"n!*n. (A""oyo vs. o:s* o; R*6"*s*na5v*s El*o"al T"5b:nal, 24 CRA 3%4S199&)

T* "*s6ons*s o :*s5ons on D**" =TOQ#ATT D5ll ;avo" * g*n*"al D*l;a"* o;* 6:bl5 a la"g* 5nvolv* GH:7g!*n allsI by o:" 6ol5y !ak*"s, ;o" D5 *y a"*ansD*"abl* o o:" 6*o6l* 7:"5ng a66"o6"5a* *l*o"al *@*"5s*sJs: :*s5ons

an7 * ansD*"s *"*o a"* no s:bH* o H:755al 6"ono:n*!*ns bas*7 on g"av*ab:s* o; 75s"*5on. (TaNa7a vs. Anga"a, 2'2 CRA 1% S199')