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Prepared by: Mohamad Izzat bin Rozali

Training Guide: Mr Rengaraj C.

Manager: Mr Gokul Jothiraman

Setpoints of

Individual Steps

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Batching steps that require

setpoints

Pressure tests

Sterilization-in-Place (SIP)

Empty SIP

Full-Vessel SIP

• Media Sterilization

• Disinfection

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Pressure Test

Initial Pressure Test, Vessel Pressure Test I (VPI) &Vessel Pressure II (VP II)

Test SP 1.40 bar

Test Time 30 min

Dep SP 0.1 bar

Air Flow SP 30 LPM

Test Hyst 0.1 bar

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Sterilization

ESIP and FSIP

Heating 1 90 °C

Heating 2 121 °C

Cooling 1 90 °CCooling 2 30 °C

Holding Time 1 (FSIP) 30 min

Total Holding Time (FSIP) 60 min

Sterilisation Time (ESIP) 60 minBack Pressure SP 1.3 bar

Air Flow SP 30 LPM

Dep SP (ESIP) 0.1 bar

Heating Hyst 0.1 °C

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pH, Temperature,

Pressure and LevelTransmitter –  Basic

Principles of Operation

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pH Transmitter

Probe consists mainly of measuringelectrode and reference electrode

The measuring electrode developsa potential (voltage) directly

related to the hydrogen ionconcentration of the solution.

The reference electrode provides astable potential against which themeasuring electrode can be

compared.

Both electrode contain KCL buffersolution that has constant H+ concentration

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pH Transmitter (cont’d) 

If:

H+ conc. inside solution > H+ conc. insideelectrode

Potential difference = Positive

Acidic

H+ conc. inside solution < H+ conc. insideelectrode

Potential difference = Negative

Basic

H+ conc. inside solution = H+ conc. insideelectrode

Potential difference = Zero

Neutral

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Temperature Transmitter

Using a thermocouple

consists of two wires of dissimilarmetals or alloys joined at theirends, with a potentiometer (or

a voltmeter) connected in oneside of the circuit.

Measuring junction

Reference junction

measuring junction in the environment whose

temperature is to be measured.

reference junction

kept at a fixed, known

temperature

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Temperature Transmitter

(cont’d)  Works by the difference in the conductivities of

the two wire materials at a measuredtemperature

Difference of the temperature between themeasuring junction and reference junction willcreate an electric current

Increase in temperature –  increase voltage

Decrease in temperature –  decrease voltage

Temperature of the medium can be determinedfrom the current voltage strength.

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Pressure Transmitter

Via a pressure transducer

device which converts an appliedpressure into a measurableelectrical signal

2 main parts

elastic material which will deformwhen exposed to a pressurizedmedium (diaphragm)

a electrical device which detectsthe deformation.

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Pressure Transmitter (cont’d) 

Types of transducers:

Resistive pressure transducer

strain gauges bonded to thesurface of the diaphragm

any change in pressure will causea change in the electricalresistance of each strain gauge

Variable capacitance pressuretransducer

capacitive plate bonded to oneside of the diaphragm andanother capacitive plate bondedto an unpressurized surface.

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Level Transmitter

Using principal of RF signalapplied to capacitance circuit

An insulated electrode acts asone plate of capacitor and

the tank wall acts as the otherplate.

Capacitance is dependent onthe amount of product inside

the tank: an empty tank has lower

capacitance

a filled tank has higher

capacitance.

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Level Transmitter (cont’d) 

Measures by applying an RF signalbetween the conductive probe andthe vessel wall.

The RF signal results in a very lowcurrent flow through the dielectricprocess material in the tank from theprobe to the vessel wall.

When the level in the tankdrops/increase, the dielectric

constant drops/increase causing adrop/increase in the capacitancereading.

The capacitance reading will thenbe translated into a certain level

unit.

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DO Transmitter

Probe has thin organic membranecovering a layer of electrolyte andtwo metal electrodes.

Oxygen diffuses through themembrane at a rate proportional toits partial pressure

Higher oxygen partial pressure will increase

the diffusion rate

Oxygen is reduced at the cathode

and the current is measured converts measured current into

concentration units.

Diffusion current is directlyproportional to the concentration of

dissolved oxygen

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References http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/pressure-

sensors-types-working?page=2 

http://www.sensorsone.co.uk/pressure-measurement-glossary/pressure-transducer.html  

http://www.sensorland.com/HowPage037.html  

http://enggyd.blogspot.in/2011/01/ph.html  

http://coep.vlab.co.in/?sub=33&brch=91&sim=449&cnt=1 

http://www.endress.com/eh/home.nsf/#products/~level-measurement-principle-capacitive  

http://www.smartec.nl/pdf/SPDprinciples.pdf  

http://en-co.wika.de/upload/OI_A_10_en_de_fr_es_6240.pdf  

https://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/Temp

eratureSensors