Bangladesh: Country status of

implementation towards the

INDC

Country partners

Dr. Nurun Nahar

Deputy Chief

Programming Division

Bangladesh Planning Commission

Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh

Md. Reazat Hossain

Executive Engineer

Rajshahi City Corporation, Rajshahi

Ministry of Local Government, Rural &

Co-operatives, Bangladesh

23 June 2017

Country profile

Name: People’s Republic of Bangladesh

Population: 162 million Area: 143,998 Sq Km Capital: Dhaka Language: Bengali Religion: Islam Life expectancy: Male 69 years & Female 70 years Source: World Bank

Current Context

Goldman Sachs: BRICS and beyond

(2007) Included in the ‘Next-11 emerging markets’

after the BRICS countries JP Morgan Report ‘Frontier Five’ (2007)

Included in their ‘Frontier Five’ as a potential

emerging market

Bangladesh achieved 5 out of 8 MDGs by 2015. Now a

whole-of government approach with strong leadership from

PMO.

Bangladesh received UN FAO awards for outstanding

progress in fighting poverty & hunger (2013)

South-South Award for achievement in women & children’s

health (2013)

The UN’s Champions of the Earth Award (Sept

2015)

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Climate Change and Bangladesh

• "To come to Bangladesh is to see that climate change is most severely affecting the people who have contributed least to causing the problem" said Mary Robinson, an international personality of environmental movement and a renowned proponent of safe earth, during a keynote speech at a roundtable meeting on 'Climate Change: Rights and Justice' hosted by BRAC University in the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka.

• The rising concentrations of GHG in the atmosphere are bringing considerable changes to climate for example rise in global mean temperature by 0.4-0.8°C and average annual rate in sea level by 1-2 mm in the last century.

Bangladesh’s vulnerability to CC

• Bangladesh is the largest delta of the world. Its rivers and floodplains, which make up 80% of the country, support life, livelihoods and the economy.

• The country faces major inter-related delta challenges in water safety, food security and socio-economic development and is prone to natural calamities such as floods, cyclones, and droughts.

• The mean economic cost of climate change by 2100 is about 9% of GDP under business as usual (BAU) scenario- investment-GDP ratio needs to be increased by 4% (ADB, 2014)

• The government is implementing a wide range of measures to make Bangladesh more resilient to Climate Change

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Climate Change: Bangladesh Context

7

• Not only temperature, change in the global climate has adverse effect on Bangladesh seasonal change and its foreseeable trend has raised the question of absolute existence of Bangladesh.

• Due to Sea Level Rise, salt water is encroaching further and further inland leading to the devastating upset of our nature.

• Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries of the threat to climate

change. IPCC report suggests, a one-metre rise in sea levels would flood 29846

sq km (total area of Bangladesh is 147570 sq km) of Bangladesh and make 14.8

million people landless.

• Bangladesh's population is 160 million and per capita greenhouse emission is

0.32. This contribution to global carbon emissions (0.35%) is less than its share

in world GDP.

• But it is paying higher prices for the consequences of climate change associated

with higher GHG concentration in the atmosphere.

• The frequency and intensity of natural disasters has rapidly increased.

• The total loss and damage from climate induced disasters and hazards have

negative impact on GDP growth

Country Change and Bangladesh

8

Insights and recommendations on implementing

and achieving INDC of Bangladesh

INDC formulation

• In September 2015, Bangladesh

submitted its Intended Nationally

Determined Contribution (INDC) to the

UN Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC).

• The INDC describes Bangladesh’s plans

for tackling greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions and adapting to unavoidable

climate change.

• In the INDC, Bangladesh committed to

reduce GHG emissions in the power,

industry and transport sectors by 5%

below ‘business-as-usual’ GHG

emissions by 2030.

• 15% below ‘business-as-usual’ GHG

emissions by 2030 if sufficient and

appropriate support is received from

developed countries.

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INDC formulation (continued)

• Present government of Bangladesh has made a new wave in the reformation of environmental policy to save Bangladesh.

• Current potential demand of energy in Bangladesh is more than 7000 MW where supply is around 4500 MW.

• The economy of Bangladesh has been growing at a rate of 6-7 percent from last few years . Target growth by 2020 is 8%

• These are causing rise in energy demand which in turn increases Green House Gas (GHG) emission.

• Bangladesh's GHG emission from energy sector is relatively low as most of the power is generated from natural gas which causes low carbon emission.

• The current contribution of renewable energy is 1%

• The government is planning to increase the share of renewable sources in total power generation by 10% in 2020.

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Collaboration among national and

international policies • Government of Bangladesh is the main stakeholder of taking protective

measurement against climate change.

• Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Agency (SREDA), established as a focal point for sustainable energy development and promotion, ‘sustainable energy’ comprising renewable energy and energy efficiency.

• SREDA supports capacity building, technology development, and market development sufficient to boost the share of electricity generated from renewable energy technologies.

• All power utilities, Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), other interested government departments, private agencies and NGOs are to develop renewable energy development programmes for implementation throughout the country.

• However, under the both vertical and horizontal integration, Government is encouraging private sectors to form Public-Private Partnership to expedite control of emission of GHG and implement alternative sources of renewable energy.

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Lon

g Te

m P

lan

Perspective Plan (2010-2021)

Me

diu

m t

erm

Pla

ns

Five Year Plans:

6th FYP (2010-2015)

7th FYP (2016- 2021

Clim

ate

Ch

ange

:

NAPA 2008, BCCSAP 2009 (now being updated)

National Communications,

NAP (ongoing)

Climate finance-BCCTF, BCCRF, NDA for GCF, CPEIR

NDC Sector Action Plans

SDG Mapping

Relevant policy scenario

Sectoral policies to achieve goals

• INDC builds on existing strategies and programs of

Bangladesh like – Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and

Action Plan (BCCSAP), Power Sector Master Plan, National

Sustainable Development Strategy, National Adaptation Plan

(NAP), National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) etc.

• The BCCSAP, which is currently being reviewed and updated,

includes Programme ten under Theme five, which covers

‘Improving energy consumption pattern in transport sector and

options for mitigation’.

• Specific actions under Theme five include : (1) promotion of low cost public transport modes such as rapid transit,

(2) reducing the use of fossil fuels by improving the efficiency of energy

usage,

(3) review of political, institutional and fiscal planning and

(4) substitution of bio-fuels, fossil fuels as appropriate.

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• Bangladesh Government with the help of Private

Organizations declared that Kyoto protocol objectives related

to global warming cannot be accomplished only through

control measures that physically reduce the volume of

emissions, but also through absorption / sequestration

mechanisms that remove the gases from the atmosphere.

• Due to vulnerability of Bangladesh for climate change,

Government decided to reduce GHG emission from its own

end.

• There are different policy intervention instruments for

reducing greenhouse gas emission: creation of property

rights, market based incentives (a tax, emission trading

scheme), different forms of regulation, subsidies etc.

• Climate Fiscal Framework can bring about the necessary

policy for NDC implementation.

Sectoral policies to achieve goals (cont.)

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Sectoral policies to achieve goals (cont.)

• Regulations are most common form of interventions to reduce

GHG emission like renewable energy target, light bulbs,

specifying production technology or input to use or not to use

etc.

• The most common strategy which is an excellent example for

the whole world in this connection is to introduce and expand

SOLAR Energy.

• Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are in use throughout the

country with over 600,000 household-level installations having

capacity of about 35 MW.

• For the proliferation of solar energy, Bangladesh is regarded

as the second highest country in the world.

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Sectoral policies to achieve goals (cont.)

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Finances for INDC implementation

• Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is

mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong

wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good

opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity

generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind

turbines at Feni and Kutubdia.

• Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification

based electricity. More common biomass resources available

in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick,

animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane etc.

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Opportunities

• Bangladesh government’s favorable attitude toward

renewable energy is demonstrated by the preferred tax and

duty treatment of such equipment.

• Government has supported energy investments by

establishing IDCOL (Infrastructure Development Company

Ltd), an independent (private) finance body and a key

driver in financing power plants and renewable energy

investments.

PIM Stakeholders

Office of the CAG

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Prime Ministers Office NEC

ECNEC

Strategic

Guidance

Planning Commission Ministry of

Planning M/O

Finance

GED Program

ming Division

4 Sector

Divisions IMED

Foreign Aided

Projects Audit Direc. (FAPAD)

ERD FD

Line Ministries and Divisions

Autonomous Bodies Agencies/Departments

Project Design

and

Implementation

BBS

Resource

mobilization,

budgeting

PPP Office

BOI

BEZA

Strategic

planning, budgeting apprais

al

8/3/2017 Local governments

INGO/NGO/CSO Private sector

Fund allocation in ADP

Annual Development Programme (ADP)

( 30% of national budget)

17 Sectors

Water Others RD and RI Agriculture

Development Assistances

Local Government Institutes (LGI):

Urban LGI, Rural LGI

irrigation Crops Forest Livestock & Fisheries

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LG system in Bangladesh

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Budgets and Expenditure Findings from CFF

During FY 2011/14 the allocation of climate dimension budget was an average 21.79% of total budget, 3.9% of GDP.

The government spends a significant portion of its development budget on climate related projects (47.63% of ADP and 12.65% of non-development budget)

40% of climate dimension projects on average are financed non-development budget and 60% from ADP

Over the period 2011/14, 80% of all climate-related projects were financed from domestic resources and 20% from external resources

Ministry of Agriculture spend 24.8% and Local Government Division spend 18.58% of their budget on climate dimension projects/programmes

The average amount spend for the theme 5 of BCCSAP 2009, mitigation and low carbon, is 4.24% of total budget

Annual sum of US$1bn or just over 1% of GDP spent on adaptation

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MOF is undertaking project to implement the CFF and promote a climate-

finance readiness.

Mechanism to link climate finance to the local level

• Climate change has a highly localized dimension in Bangladesh.

• Ultimately people at the local level will have to face its consequences. There is a need to decentralize climate planning and finance to the local level.

• Complexity of development and climate finance has resulted in several types of funding mechanisms. But analysis and tracking down of such funds to climate sensitive investments at the local level is absent.

• Presently, the issue of climate change has not been fully addressed in the Medium Term Budgetary framework (MTBF) and the Annual Development Program (ADP) processes in Bangladesh.

• The government strategy is to integrate climate change challenges and opportunities into its national development plan/budget/programmes and local government’s development plans.

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Structure of the LCFF of a Union Parishad (UP)

1. Mission statement and main activities of UP

2. Existing strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) of the Union

3. Institutional and financial capacity of the UP to address the mission

4. Elaborated description of quantity and expenditure of action based activity/programme related to DRR, LED, CCA,

5. Priority based 5-year work plan for the Union Parishad

6. Elaborate description of the source of finance/funding of the 5-year plan

7. Sector based activities and implication of Finance in UP

8. Authority for implementing different components and 5 years’ work plan

9. Monitoring plan of climate and disaster related activities/programmes’ result

LGD is implementing LOGIC project with support from UNDP

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Activities regarding climate change for the Fulchari Union Parishad: • Construction, renovation, and uplifting of the

roads • Construction and renovation of bridges and

culverts • Uplifting homesteads, construction, and uplifting

the base of tube wells and sanitary toilets • Renovation of educational institutions, uplifting

their base and providing furniture and medicine • Campaigning towards broadcast of disaster,

construction of shelter centres, and ensuring a relief system

• Creating employment opportunities for people with disability

Some features of the LCFF of Fulchari Union

Parishad Long-term mission statement of union parishad Building an effective environment for the citizens

of the union with a view to ensuring a safe and promising standard of life

Reducing the per capita poverty rate among rural people

Creating a safe and enriched cultural environment for citizens of the union

Conservation and climate-smart agriculture approaches (global) that can

increase farmers’ productivity and adaptation to climate change, while also

providing mitigation benefits.

Conserving existing carbon stocks (in forests, peatlands, wetlands, and

soil) by avoiding carbon stock degradation and enhancing carbon

sequestration in soils, biota and long-lived products

Reducing CH4 or N2O emissions from livestock systems, for example

through improved feed and forage, animal health, manure management

and grazing management

Avoiding N2O emissions through efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer in

croplands

Reducing CH4 and N2O emissions from irrigated rice, through water and

nitrogen fertilizer management

Alternative crop management techniques, such as fertilizer microdosing

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Way forward

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Influences Desired Outcome Area Outcome Statements

Changes in political will Higher recognition of the potential, scale and range of climate change for local level adaptation and mitigation at local government level

Changes in policy • Climate policy and strategy dimensions strengthened and broadened to recognise local level adaptation more prominently;

• Local Governance Policy strengthened and broadened to recognize climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction needs in National Budgets

• Streamlining of financing local level adaptation and mitigation into a single window

Changes in business practice

• Strengthened financial budget and accounting information is available for climate related projects,at national level and at Union/Upazilla levels.

• Strengthened collaboration, cohesion and partnerships between Local Government Division, Planning Commission, Ministry of

Environment and Forest, Finance Division and Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief for a comprehensive planning, financing, implementation

• Closer linkage and co-ordination between Central and Local Government in the delivery of climate finance.

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Key potential actors

Overall Bangladesh

has the National

Government and Local Government

Moreover, different

government

agencies, institutions

and NGO/INGOs are

the key potential

actors for policy

implementation

Thanks for your kind attention! “