Aquaculture Aquaculture

Zoology 1450Zoology 1450

Dr. Craig KasperDr. Craig Kasper

HCC Aquaculture ProgramHCC Aquaculture Program

IntroductionIntroduction

• Definition:Definition: Rearing of aquatic organisms Rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-controlled under controlled or semi-controlled conditions.conditions.

• Intensive Aquaculture: Intensive Aquaculture: Highly controlled, high Highly controlled, high density, RAS, raceways, confined (industrialized)density, RAS, raceways, confined (industrialized)

• Extensive Aquaculture: Extensive Aquaculture: Minimal control, lower Minimal control, lower density, ponds, third world density, ponds, third world

Properties of WaterProperties of WaterAqueousAqueous TerrestrialTerrestrial

• OxygenOxygen 0-14 mg/L0-14 mg/L 21% 21%

• TemperatureTemperature ++ 10˚C 10˚C ++ 40˚C 40˚C

• DensityDensity Variable (4˚C) Variable (4˚C) Constant Constant

• CompositionComposition Variable*Variable* Constant Constant

*“Universal Solvent”*“Universal Solvent”

Fish HusbandryFish Husbandry Introduction: What Can We Introduction: What Can We Grow?Grow?

• FoodFood—finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, frogs, algae—finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, frogs, algae

• Baitfish—fathead minnow, golden shinerBaitfish—fathead minnow, golden shiner

• Sportfish—bass, bluegill, walleyeSportfish—bass, bluegill, walleye

• Ornamentals—tilapia, goby, Ornamentals—tilapia, goby,

• Feeder fish—goldfish, shiner, minnowFeeder fish—goldfish, shiner, minnow

• Biological supply housesBiological supply houses

IntroductionIntroduction

• Professional Societies Interested in Professional Societies Interested in AquacultureAquaculture

Aquaculture JournalsAquaculture Journals

• Journal of the World Aquaculture SocietyJournal of the World Aquaculture Society

• North American Journal of Aquaculture (PFC)North American Journal of Aquaculture (PFC)

• AquacultureAquaculture

• Journal of Applied AquacultureJournal of Applied Aquaculture

• Aquaculture NutritionAquaculture Nutrition

• Aquaculture ResearchAquaculture Research

• Journal of Aquatic Animal HealthJournal of Aquatic Animal Health

• Transaction of the American Fisheries Transaction of the American Fisheries SocietySociety

Aquaculture History at SIUAquaculture History at SIU

• Cage culture of channel catfishCage culture of channel catfish

• Hydroponics and aquacultureHydroponics and aquaculture

• Intensive culture of striped bass fingerlingsIntensive culture of striped bass fingerlings

• Aquaculture using heated effluentsAquaculture using heated effluents

• Recirculating aquaculture systemsRecirculating aquaculture systems

• Hybrid striped bass aquacultureHybrid striped bass aquaculture

• HCG drug approvalHCG drug approval

• International (Peru)International (Peru)

• White bass (brood stock)White bass (brood stock)

Why Culture Fish?Why Culture Fish?

• Finite ResourceFinite Resource—overfishing and habitat —overfishing and habitat destruction destruction

• Fuel Cost $$$Fuel Cost $$$

• ProximityProximity—Farms may be closer to local markets.—Farms may be closer to local markets.

• Exclusive Economic ZonesExclusive Economic Zones

• Health Consciousness Health Consciousness (protein, FA’s, (protein, FA’s, micronutrients)micronutrients)

• Efficiency (see next slide)Efficiency (see next slide)

• Trade Deficit—$8 billion imported seafood!Trade Deficit—$8 billion imported seafood!

Feed Conversion (grain/flesh) Feed Conversion (grain/flesh)

• Beef cattle on feedlotBeef cattle on feedlot 8:18:1

• SwineSwine 3.3:13.3:1

• PoultryPoultry 2.25:12.25:1

• Rainbow troutRainbow trout 1.5:11.5:1

• TilapiaTilapia 1.25:11.25:1

• Why Why AREARE fish so efficient? fish so efficient?

Utilization of Feed and Utilization of Feed and Dietary Protein and Energy.Dietary Protein and Energy.

Feed CompositionFeed Composition EfficiencyEfficiency

AnimalAnimal ProteinProtein EnergyEnergy ME-Protein Feed ME-Protein Feed Protein gain/ Protein g Protein gain/ Protein g

(kcal/(kcal/ ratio ratio Efficiency g protein gain/Mkcal Efficiency g protein gain/Mkcal

(%)(%) ME g)ME g) (kcal/g) (kcal/g) (gain/feed) consumed (gain/feed) consumed MEconsumedMEconsumed

Catfish 32Catfish 32 2.7 2.7 8.5 8.5 0.84 0.84 0.36 0.36 4747

Chicken 18Chicken 18 2.8 2.8 16 16 0.48 0.48 0.33 0.33 2323

CattleCattle 11 11 2.6 2.6 24 24 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 66

Why Lower Energy Why Lower Energy Requirement?Requirement?

• Don’t have to maintain body Don’t have to maintain body temperature (heat increment, or HI)temperature (heat increment, or HI)

• Less energy to maintain position Less energy to maintain position (neutral buoyancy).(neutral buoyancy).

• Lose less energy in protein catabolism Lose less energy in protein catabolism and excretion of nitrogen (85% of waste and excretion of nitrogen (85% of waste nitrogen passes out gills).nitrogen passes out gills).

• Livestock use bacteria to convert carbs. Livestock use bacteria to convert carbs. to protein—not efficient, but cheap!to protein—not efficient, but cheap!

Aquaculture Species of InterestAquaculture Species of Interest

• Catfish (Catfish (Ictalurus punctatusIctalurus punctatus))

• Hybrid striped bass (Hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilisMorone saxatilis X. X. M. M. chrysopschrysops))

• Rainbow trout (Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss))

• Tilapia (Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticusOreochromis niloticus))

• Freshwater prawn (Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergiiMacrobrachium rosenbergii))

• Baitfish Baitfish

Channel Catfish Channel Catfish ((Ictalurus punctatusIctalurus punctatus))

Channel Catfish Channel Catfish

• Status of IndustryStatus of Industry-largest aquaculture industry in U.S.-largest aquaculture industry in U.S.

->610 million pounds (2003)->610 million pounds (2003)

-mostly in Mississippi Delta Region-mostly in Mississippi Delta Region

-1-1stst finfish production in U.S.! finfish production in U.S.!

• Culture SystemsCulture Systems -primarily ponds (economy of scale)-primarily ponds (economy of scale)

-some reared in cages, pens, raceways-some reared in cages, pens, raceways

Channel Catfish (cont.)Channel Catfish (cont.)

• Environmental RequirementsEnvironmental Requirements-Live in wide range of temperatures-Live in wide range of temperatures

-Grow best in waters 80-90°F-Grow best in waters 80-90°F

-Tolerant to low dissolved oxygen (-Tolerant to low dissolved oxygen (<< 5 ppm). 5 ppm).

• Availability Availability -Fingerlings of all sized can be purchased -Fingerlings of all sized can be purchased

-Easy to spawn-Easy to spawn

Channel Catfish (cont.)Channel Catfish (cont.)• Growth Rates and ProductionGrowth Rates and Production

-Two growing seasons (spring-fall) using 4-6” fingerlings -Two growing seasons (spring-fall) using 4-6” fingerlings to reach market size (1 ¼ lbs.)to reach market size (1 ¼ lbs.)

-10” fingerlings will get there in one season!-10” fingerlings will get there in one season!

-2000 lbs/acre w/o aeration.-2000 lbs/acre w/o aeration.

-4000 lbs/acre with aeration.-4000 lbs/acre with aeration.

Channel Catfish (cont.)Channel Catfish (cont.)

• Cost of ProductionCost of Production -cost about $0.55-0.65/lb-cost about $0.55-0.65/lb

to produceto produce

-Seel whole for ~$0.80-0.85/lb-Seel whole for ~$0.80-0.85/lb

Channel Catfish (cont.)Channel Catfish (cont.)

• MarketsMarkets-Well established and highly competitive (mature)*-Well established and highly competitive (mature)*

-Fee fishing lakes-Fee fishing lakes

-Niche markets-Niche markets

-Illinois prisions and other state institutions-Illinois prisions and other state institutions

*Production and transporting products to market*Production and transporting products to market

Channel Catfish (cont.)Channel Catfish (cont.)

• FutureFuture-Prices will reamin low due to volume-Prices will reamin low due to volume

-Local markets can still be penetrated-Local markets can still be penetrated

-Strains suitable for colloer climates needed!-Strains suitable for colloer climates needed!

-Out-of-season spawning may be beneficial-Out-of-season spawning may be beneficial

-Foreign competition becoming more apparent -Foreign competition becoming more apparent (Imported (Imported BasaBasa and and Tra Tra from Vietnam has from Vietnam has influenced market, 2001). influenced market, 2001).

-Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) has been -Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) has been enacted to help market US products. enacted to help market US products.

Hybrid Striped Bass Hybrid Striped Bass ((Morone chrysops Morone chrysops X X M. saxatilisM. saxatilis))

Hybrid Striped Bass (Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone Morone chrysops chrysops X X M. saxatilisM. saxatilis))

• Hybrid between an anadromous (striped) and Hybrid between an anadromous (striped) and a freshwater (white) bass.a freshwater (white) bass.

• Sunshine bassSunshine bass (reciprocal cross)- (reciprocal cross)- Morone Morone chyrsopschyrsops ♀ ♀ X X M. saxatilis M. saxatilis ♂♂ is current industry is current industry leader. leader.

• Palmetto bassPalmetto bass (original cross) (original cross) Morone Morone saxatilissaxatilis ♀ ♀ X X M. chrysops M. chrysops ♂♂. Less popular due . Less popular due to need for large females.to need for large females.

Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.)Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.)

• Industry status:Industry status:-Rapidly growing (huge potential)-Rapidly growing (huge potential)

-12 million lbs. produced in 2002-12 million lbs. produced in 2002

-most produced near coasts (CA, NC, SC)-most produced near coasts (CA, NC, SC)

• Culture SystemsCulture Systems-Raised in ponds (NC, SC) and recirculating -Raised in ponds (NC, SC) and recirculating

aquaculture systems (RAS, CA)aquaculture systems (RAS, CA)

-Can be reared in cages & raceways (not much -Can be reared in cages & raceways (not much here).here).

Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.)Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.)

• Environmental RequirementsEnvironmental Requirements-Grow rapidly at70-80°F, but as low as 45°F.-Grow rapidly at70-80°F, but as low as 45°F.

-Needs aeration (4000 lbs./acre)-Needs aeration (4000 lbs./acre)

• AvailabilityAvailability-fingerlings and fry can be purchased (2x $$ as -fingerlings and fry can be purchased (2x $$ as

catfish)catfish)

-spawning relatively complicated (small hatchings, -spawning relatively complicated (small hatchings, green water for larvae, hybridization by manual green water for larvae, hybridization by manual spawing)spawing)

Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.)Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.)

• Growth Rates and ProductionGrowth Rates and Production

-Two growing seasons from fry to market size (1.-Two growing seasons from fry to market size (1. 5 5 lbs.)lbs.)

-Can produce 2000 lbs./acre without and 4000 lbs./-Can produce 2000 lbs./acre without and 4000 lbs./

acre with aeration.acre with aeration.

• Markets Markets

-Most sold whole on ice (still a white tablecloth fish!)-Most sold whole on ice (still a white tablecloth fish!)

-Some market demand in Chicago and St. Louis-Some market demand in Chicago and St. Louis

-Niche markets (restaurants, value added)-Niche markets (restaurants, value added)

-Stocking as a sportfish (but only large ones > 4lbs.)-Stocking as a sportfish (but only large ones > 4lbs.)

Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.)Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.)• Markets Markets

-Most sold whole on ice (still a white tablecloth fish!)-Most sold whole on ice (still a white tablecloth fish!)

-Some market demand in Chicago and St. Louis-Some market demand in Chicago and St. Louis

-Niche markets (restaurants, value added)-Niche markets (restaurants, value added)

-Stocking as a sportfish (but only large ones > 4lbs.)-Stocking as a sportfish (but only large ones > 4lbs.)

Rainbow Trout Rainbow Trout ((Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss))

• Status of industryStatus of industry-Second largest species produced in the U.S.-Second largest species produced in the U.S.

-55 million pounds of 12” food-sized fish alone-55 million pounds of 12” food-sized fish alone

(~$50 million U.S.)(~$50 million U.S.)

-Idaho production-Idaho production

is 90% of industry.is 90% of industry.

(Lots of water!)(Lots of water!)

Rainbow Trout Rainbow Trout ((Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss))

Rainbow Trout (cont.)Rainbow Trout (cont.)

• Environmental RequirementsEnvironmental Requirements-Require cold water (<70°F)-Require cold water (<70°F)

-Grow best in 57-59°F (tight range!)-Grow best in 57-59°F (tight range!)

-Donaldson strain—does well at warmer temp -Donaldson strain—does well at warmer temp (65°F).(65°F).

-Not tolerant to low D.O. -Not tolerant to low D.O.

-Trout are not very-Trout are not very

robust fish.robust fish.

Rainbow Trout (cont.)Rainbow Trout (cont.)

• AvailabilityAvailability-Limited in Illinois-Limited in Illinois

-Purchase from out of state (requires permit)-Purchase from out of state (requires permit)

-Must purchase from Great Lakes Basin state-Must purchase from Great Lakes Basin state

-Disease control a major issue...may limit -Disease control a major issue...may limit purchase options.purchase options.

                     

Rainbow Trout (cont.)Rainbow Trout (cont.)• Growth Rates and ProductionGrowth Rates and Production

-Requires 12 months at 59°F for 1.5” fingerlings.-Requires 12 months at 59°F for 1.5” fingerlings.

-6” fingerlings can reach market size (1 lbs.) in 6 -6” fingerlings can reach market size (1 lbs.) in 6 months.months.

-Production depends upon water flow rates.-Production depends upon water flow rates.

(raceway production = very high production rates)(raceway production = very high production rates)

~2000 lbs./acre in ponds~2000 lbs./acre in ponds

• Cost of ProductionCost of Production-Limited in Illnois as food (temperature dependent -Limited in Illnois as food (temperature dependent

early harvest dictates this...)early harvest dictates this...)

-Fee fishing and niche markets-Fee fishing and niche markets

Lake McDonald in Glacier National Park

Rainbow Trout (cont.)Rainbow Trout (cont.)

• FutureFuture-Best potential might be for fee fishing.-Best potential might be for fee fishing.

-Double cropping following a warm water -Double cropping following a warm water species?species?

Tilapia (Tilapia (Oreochromis Oreochromis niloticusniloticus))

Tilapia (Tilapia (Oreochromis Oreochromis niloticusniloticus))

• Status of IndustryStatus of Industry-Rapidly growing, but imports still much cheaper!-Rapidly growing, but imports still much cheaper!

-17 million pounds produced (1997); compared -17 million pounds produced (1997); compared to 249 million pounds imported!to 249 million pounds imported!

--Primarily due to lower labor in foreign countriesPrimarily due to lower labor in foreign countries..

-Production scattered throughout U.S.-Production scattered throughout U.S.

TilapiaTilapia• Culture SystemsCulture Systems

-Primarily raised in indoor water recirculating systems-Primarily raised in indoor water recirculating systems

-Some ponds in the -Some ponds in the South.South.

TilapiaTilapia• Environmental RequirementsEnvironmental Requirements

-Tropical species; will not overwinter in Northern -Tropical species; will not overwinter in Northern States (Illinois, Indiana).States (Illinois, Indiana).

-Grow best at 85-90°F, often die below 65°F.-Grow best at 85-90°F, often die below 65°F.

-Tolerant of low oxygen and poor water quality...-Tolerant of low oxygen and poor water quality...

• AvailabilityAvailability-Fingerllings and fry can be -Fingerllings and fry can be

purchasespurchases

--EasyEasy to spawn.... to spawn....

horse trough+water+fishhorse trough+water+fish

ADM Tilapia Hydro farm

TilapiaTilapia

• Growth Rates and ProductionGrowth Rates and Production-Can reach market size (1.25 lbs.) in 6 months!-Can reach market size (1.25 lbs.) in 6 months!

-Can be reared at high densities -Can be reared at high densities

(0.5 to 1 lb/gal water).(0.5 to 1 lb/gal water).

Typical prices for Tilapia products Typical prices for Tilapia products sold in the U.S. (August 1999.)sold in the U.S. (August 1999.)

Pond-side/Pond-side/ProcessorProcessor

$/kg$/kg

Wholesale Wholesale

$/kg$/kgRetail $/kgRetail $/kg

Whole live Whole live fishfish

2.20-6.602.20-6.60 2.80-7.502.80-7.50 4.00-10.004.00-10.00

Whole frozenWhole frozen 1.10-2.001.10-2.00 2.00-2.352.00-2.35 2.20-5.002.20-5.00

Whole freshWhole fresh 2.30-3.002.30-3.00 3.00-4.003.00-4.00 4.00-9.004.00-9.00

Fillets, freshFillets, fresh 5.00-7.005.00-7.00 6.00-8.006.00-8.00 8.00-12.008.00-12.00

Fillets, Fillets, frozenfrozen

4.80-6.754.80-6.75 5.50-7.805.50-7.80 7.00-11.007.00-11.00

TilapiaTilapia• MarketsMarkets

-Many sold live to Asian markets -Many sold live to Asian markets

(New York, Toronto and Chicago.)(New York, Toronto and Chicago.)

-Wal-Mart and other chains -Wal-Mart and other chains

are becoming large carriers.are becoming large carriers.

-Becoming common in the -Becoming common in the

restaurant scene.restaurant scene.

-Niche markets-not as many due to low profit margin.-Niche markets-not as many due to low profit margin.

TilapiaTilapia

• FutureFuture-Production expected to continue to increase. -Production expected to continue to increase.

-New markets needed for U.S. farmers (foreign -New markets needed for U.S. farmers (foreign market competition market competition high!high!))

Other Food FishesOther Food Fishes

• Status of IndustryStatus of Industry-Several speices under consideration-Several speices under consideration

-Largemouth bass, hybrid sunfish, yellow perch, -Largemouth bass, hybrid sunfish, yellow perch, flounderflounder

-Less than 1 million pounds/yr combined-Less than 1 million pounds/yr combined

• Culture SystemsCulture Systems-Generally limited to ponds-Generally limited to ponds

-some yellow perch in RAS-some yellow perch in RAS

Other Food FishesOther Food Fishes

• Environmental requirementsEnvironmental requirements-Coolwater fishes (70-80°F)-Coolwater fishes (70-80°F)

-Medium tolerance to low D.O.-Medium tolerance to low D.O.

• AvailabilityAvailability-Hybrid sunfish fingerlings readily available-Hybrid sunfish fingerlings readily available

-Feed-trained largemouth bass and yellow perch -Feed-trained largemouth bass and yellow perch limitedlimited

-Spawning more difficult than others.-Spawning more difficult than others.

Other Food FishesOther Food Fishes

• Growth Rates and ProductionGrowth Rates and Production-Largemouth bass exhibit excellent growth, but -Largemouth bass exhibit excellent growth, but

become sexually competent early!become sexually competent early!

-Same with hybrid sunfish-Same with hybrid sunfish

-Yellow perch, huge market potential, but slow -Yellow perch, huge market potential, but slow growth and market size is 4-5 fish/lb.growth and market size is 4-5 fish/lb.

• Cost of ProductionCost of Production-Not known for LMB or hybrid sunfish-Not known for LMB or hybrid sunfish

-YP...about $1.75-2.00/lb.....sell for $2.25/lb (not -YP...about $1.75-2.00/lb.....sell for $2.25/lb (not $13.00!!)$13.00!!)

Other Food FishesOther Food Fishes

• MarketsMarkets-Excellent Asian market for live LMB (NY)!-Excellent Asian market for live LMB (NY)!

-Hybrid sunfish market unknown-Hybrid sunfish market unknown

-Extreme demand for YP near Great Lakes-Extreme demand for YP near Great Lakes

-All could be used as sportfish.-All could be used as sportfish.

• FutureFuture-More research, more research, more research....-More research, more research, more research....

BaitfishBaitfish• Status of IndustryStatus of Industry

-Mature industry in AK and MO (golden shiners & -Mature industry in AK and MO (golden shiners & fathead minnows)fathead minnows)

-Infant industry in OH (suckers and emerald shiners)-Infant industry in OH (suckers and emerald shiners)

• Culture SystemsCulture Systems-Generally ponds.-Generally ponds.

-RAS in north due to cold.-RAS in north due to cold.

• Environmental RequirementsEnvironmental Requirements-Similar to catfish-Similar to catfish

-Tolerant to low oxygen (can also be held at high -Tolerant to low oxygen (can also be held at high densities)densities)

Baitfish (cont.)Baitfish (cont.)• AvailabilityAvailability

-Can be readily purchased-Can be readily purchased

-Spawning fairly easy.-Spawning fairly easy.

• Growth Rates and ProductionGrowth Rates and Production-Most can reach market size same year spawned-Most can reach market size same year spawned

-Can produce 2,000-3,000lbs./acre-Can produce 2,000-3,000lbs./acre

• Cost of ProductionCost of Production~$0.50/lb to produce~$0.50/lb to produce

-Sell for $3.50/lb live...huge profit margin!-Sell for $3.50/lb live...huge profit margin!

Baitfish (cont.)Baitfish (cont.)

• MarketMarket-Most markets saturated by large producers-Most markets saturated by large producers

-Very difficult to break in-Very difficult to break in

• FutureFuture-Industry will continue ot be dominated by large -Industry will continue ot be dominated by large

producers; however, legislation alter this by producers; however, legislation alter this by limiting transport between States.limiting transport between States.

ExoticsExotics

• OrnamentalsOrnamentals

• Feeder FishFeeder Fish

• Biological Supply HousesBiological Supply Houses

• Crayfish (Crawfish, mudbugs)Crayfish (Crawfish, mudbugs)

• ShrimpShrimp-freshwater prawn are becoming popular-freshwater prawn are becoming popular

-marine are mostly imported -marine are mostly imported

(37% of ALL imported seafood!)(37% of ALL imported seafood!)

Next time....water sources and culture systems...Next time....water sources and culture systems...