Primary Sources

Articles:

Ransom, Victor. My Story. Asbury Park Press. Print. This article written by Victor Ransom, a Tuskegee Airman interviewed by us, gave us his background story. Not only did this article explain the reasons why Mr. Ransom joined the war, but it also described how he was extremely persistent in fighting racism. By reading this article, we found Mr. Ransoms contact information, and we were able to interview him personally.

Audio:

Crawford, Arthur. The U.S. Air Force Song. The United States Air Force Band, 1938. MP3. We used this song in our Conclusion page. This song is representative of our topic because it sings of the pride of the U.S. Air Force, or what was back then the U.S. Army Air Corps. Also, this is around the time period of the Tuskegee Airmen, since the song was written just before World War II.

Books:

Dryden, Charles W. A-train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama, 1997. Print.These memoirs from a member of the Tuskegee Airmen was one of our most valuable sources; it explained the background of a young African American soldier who had a passion for airplanes and eventually utilized it when given the opportunity to fly at Tuskegee Army Air Field. His insights gave us an understanding about the difficulty of entering the program, the discrimination the Red Tails confronted, and their outstanding escort missions. We also took several quotes from this book.

Motley, Mary Penick. "The Spookwaffe." The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier, World War II. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1975. 194-257. Print.This book filled with primary interviews of the Tuskegee Airmen was also one of our most valuable sources. The interviews compiled in this book helped us understand all aspects of the Tuskegee Airmens lives, and helped us visualize ourselves as the Red Tails to place our topic in a historical perspective. These sources not only helped us understand about the rights and responsibilities involved with our topic, but also the discrimination and everyday lives of the Tuskegee Airmen.

Documents:

A bill to authorize the President to award a gold medal on behalf of Congress, collectively, to the Tuskegee Airmen in recognition of their unique military record, which inspired revolutionary reform in the Armed Forces, 2005. Library of Congress. 8 January. 2014. This bill issued by Congress summarized the achievements of the Tuskegee Airmen, such as desegregating the military. Other accomplishments similar to these led to the conclusion that the fighter group should be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Not only did this document help us with the pages of the website, but also provided interesting information to analyze.

Democracy: Double Victory at Home-Abroad, 1942. Annenburg Learner. Web. 15 January. 2014.This letter written by James G. Thompson to The Pittsburgh Courier about the suggestion to start a Double Victory Campaign was one of our key primary sources. It helped us truly understand the origins of the movement, showing that it served to ensure that democracy was enforced abroad and in the United States. Analyzing this source helped us gain knowledge about the Pittsburgh Couriers motive for getting involved in the campaign.

Five Newspapers Join Double V Campaign, 1942. New York Public Library. Web. 14 January. 2014.This newspaper from The Pittsburgh Courier, the newspaper that started the Double Victory Campaign, provided information about the great efforts of supporters of the movement. The information on the activities the people of the campaign used to encourage others to join the fight for civil rights helped us understand that people were active in attempting to spread the movement everywhere. This was done by selling Double V merchandise such as pins, songs, and stickers, and by holding Double V clubs, picnics, and contests.

Roosevelt, Eleanor. The Tuskegee Airmen, 1942. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Web. 14 January. 2014.This collection of letters exchanged by Eleanor Roosevelt and Tuskegee Army Air Field cadet Cecil Patterson showed the First Ladys involvement in the Tuskegee Airmens growth. It also provided us with information on the daily life of Tuskegee cadets.

S.Con.Res.11 - A concurrent resolution honoring the Tuskegee Airmen for their bravery in fighting for our freedom in World War II, and for their contribution in creating an integrated United States Air Force, 2005. Library of Congress. Web. 8 January. 2014.This document honoring the Tuskegee Airmen helped us understand their accomplishments: assisting in the integration of the air force, their outstanding combat record, and their achievement of inspiring numerous African Americans to pursue careers in air and space as well as the army.

Truman, Harry. Executive Order 9981, 1948. Truman Library. Web. 19 May. 2014. We used an excerpt of this document in our Final Move to Integration page. This primary source helped show what the executive orders purpose was and what Trumans goals were in desegregating the military. This document was a very valuable source, as it showed us how revolutionary integrating the military was.

Interviews (not self-conducted):

Barland, Herbert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.Explaining the travels of the Tuskegee Airmen around countries such as Italy, this interview helped us understand a different perspective from the Tuskegee Airmen. Not only were they segregated, but in several locations, they were honored as members of the best escort group in the business. This offered a new aspect of the Tuskegee Experience.

Bowman, James E. Interview by Ann Carothers. Veterans History Project. November 11, 2010. This interview of a Tuskegee Airman in the Veterans History Project gave us great insight into life as a cadet in Tuskegee Institute and various other locations in which the Red Tails were stationed. This flight officer recounted the horrible discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen faced from his personal experience, showing that almost everyone around at the time did not believe that these African American soldiers would succeed. James E. Bowman also spoke about the great achievements of the Tuskegee Airmen, and provided interesting quotes for us to utilize in the website.

Brown, Harold Haywood. Interview by Rebecca Wiggenhorn. Veterans History Project. May 15, 2010.This Tuskegee Airman told of his experiences as a cadet training for combat. As a young man in the air force, he explained the various stages of training (primary, basic, advanced) and the knowledge he acquired about piloting as he continued to learn in Tuskegee. He also explained the types of planes the airmen flew and the different locations in which cadets were stationed, helping us understand about the personal life of a pilot in Tuskegee.

Bryant, Warren. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.This engineer from Tuskegee elaborated on the Tuskegee Airmens experience in North Africa in locations such as Benghazi. He explained how many white people there were controlling, and the level of discrimination increased drastically. The physical and verbal abuse they received was described in this interview. In addition, Warren Bryant explained the effects of segregation in North Africa.

Cargill, Gilbert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014. This civilian instructors interview gave us an overview of the admission and training processes the Tuskegee Airmen had to pass. It also provided us with a description of the number of soldiers eliminated from the program, since the officials were critical in their selection of soldiers. The interview provided insight into how this selective process actually helped the Tuskegee Airmen succeed, since each individual had to have a substantial education and qualifications.

Downs, Walter. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.Lieutenant Colonel Walter Downss interview introduced us to the Tuskegee Airmens combat abroad. The interview contained accounts of the the battles of the fighter squadrons. In this interview, we sensed the pride of a Tuskegee Airmen who stated that the Red Tails were the first to sink a German destroyer. Also, the soldier explained the qualifications needed to enter the Tuskegee program.

Fuller, Samuel. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.This interview provided lots of information on Tent City and an interesting description of it through eloquent language. Additionally, it gave information on the Tuskegee Airmens entrance into Detroit, where the Tuskegee Airmen faced great discrimination. It described one of the riots going on in one of the segregated army bases, showing us the violence that occurred at the time. Samuel Fuller also offered information on the missions the Tuskegee Airmen went on to escort bomber planes in Italy, which helped us understand the risks they took.

Hill, Charles A. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.This interview from Charles A. Hill was mainly about the Tuskegee Airmens experience overseas. He explained their missions in detail, as well as small details about daily life on the base. Charles A. Hill explained numerous facts about how the Air Force was segregated, and how the Tuskegee Airmen were called the Spookwaffe to mock the German Luftwaffe. Overall, this interview helped us understand the aspect of daily life overseas.

Jefferson, Alexander. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.This interview explained the start of the Tuskegee flight program all the way to missions the Tuskegee Airmen completed in places such as Ploesti and Ramitelli in Italy. The soldier showed how numerous soldiers were extremely nervous during the different stages of training, and that it was exhilarating to fly abroad. He also elaborated on the details of various planes the Tuskegee Airmen flew throughout their training and missions.

Jones, Ralph. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.Sergeant-Major Ralph Joness interview described the point from which the Tuskegee flight program started. He not only elaborated on the appearance of Tent City, the cluster of tents in the airfield while construction was going on, but the first instructors as well. The fact that all of the instructors were white introduced us to the discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen faced.

Kennedy, Earl. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.Lieutenant Earl Kennedys recollection described the overall Tuskegee Experience: daily life, discrimination, and missions. He also helped us understand the impact of the black press on soldiers abroad and how numerous Tuskegee Airmen perused the Pittsburgh Courier even though it violated rules on the base. This Tuskegee Airmans interview also provided quotes for us to utilize throughout our website.

Nutt, Ambrose B. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.Corporal Ambrose B. Nutts interview helped us understand the process by which Tuskegee Airmen were accepted into the flight program. He also articulated how the officers were extremely meticulous in their choice of cadets, and how numerous talented people were rejected. This Tuskegee Airman was also able to describe the unceasing discrimination he confronted almost everywhere. This interview provided us with information and quotes for our website.

Peoples, Henry. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.Lieutenant Colonel Henry Peopless interview described the Tuskegee Experience overall. From Tent City to different planes flown by the Red Tails to missions in Italy, this account was abundant with details. It truly helped us understand the perspectives of the Tuskegee Airmen.

Pitts, Robert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web January. 21. 2014.This intelligence officers account of the Tuskegee Experience elaborated on the discrimination the Red Tails faced. Several minor details were mentioned, such as the way the Tuskegee Airmen had to move to the back of buses and the rule that they could not possess The Pittsburgh Courier or any other inflammatory material. This interview offered us insight into the discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen endured and protested against in subtle ways.

Personal Interviews:

Holmes, Milton. Personal Interview. 12 April. 2014. We were able to interview Reverend Milton Holmes, a Tuskegee Airman, in his own home. Reverend Holmes story was so inspiring to us, since he grew up in a poor community and worked his way to Tuskegee, Alabama, where he trained as a pilot. Reverend Holmes gave us a plethora of information on how the tests to enter Tuskegee were the most difficult ones he had ever taken. In addition, he explained how the training he completed was extremely challenging and required much skill. Not only did he explain this, but he also explained his strong views on discrimination in America. Our interview with Reverend Holmes gave us a true idea of the hypocrisy of segregation in America and how the Tuskegee Airmen took great risks in fighting in World War II.

McGee, Charles. Telephone Interview. 13 April. 2014. We interviewed Colonel Charles McGee, a Tuskegee Airman who engaged in combat missions abroad. Colonel McGee was able to describe his training experiences vividly, as well as details about the discrimination he confronted. He was also able to tell us the reasons why he chose to join the Army Air Corps despite the fact that he knew he would be discriminated against. Colonel McGee truly gave us insight into the perspective of a Tuskegee Airman and showed the patriotism and courage these airmen had in serving America.

Ransom, Victor. Personal Interview. 4 April. 2014.We interviewed Second Lieutenant Victor Ransom, a Tuskegee Airman who participated in the Freeman Field Mutiny. Mr. Ransom gave us information about his personal background and details of how he decided to join the Army Air Corps. In addition, Mr. Ransom described his experience in the Freeman Field Mutiny, a protest in which one hundred and one African American officers entered a white officers club and were arrested. Mr. Ransom helped us understand why the Tuskegee Airmen were so determined to fight racism at home.

Pictures:

"1st Lt. Lee Rayford...who has returned to the United States from Italy where he served with the 99th Fighter Squadron. The nature of his assignment here has not been announced. Other pilots formerly assigned to the 99th now back in America include 1st Lts. Walter I. Lawson, Charles W. Dryden, Graham Smith and Louis R. Purnell." N.d. 208-NP-6EEE-1. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 25 January. 2014.We used this picture of Lieutenant Lee Rayford seated in his plane in our Home page. This photograph shows that the Tuskegee Airmen were not only excited to go on missions abroad, but to return from them safely. Lieutenant Rayford, as can be seen here, is grinning with the thought of how much he has accomplished.

A Courier driver appears to give the latest scoop to a reporter. N.d. Photograph. Power in Black and White, University of Pittsburgh. Web. 18 May. 2014. This photograph of a Pittsburgh Courier reporter alongside a driver was used in our Spearheading Civil Rights page. This image showed us that by driving around and accumulating the latest news, Courier workers were able to spread the daily news to African Americans around the country.

Aerial view of Tuskegee Army Air Field from an altitude of 4,000 feet. 8 May 1944. Photograph. Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell Air Force Base. This picture of Tuskegee Army Air Field was used in our Origin page. The photograph showed us how large the airfield was, and how it was isolated. It was astounding to find that Tuskegee Airmen had actually trained in it.

Airman in advanced trainer. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of a Tuskegee Airman climbing onto plane in advanced training was used in our Origin page. The picture showed us how proud the airmen were as they were training; the mans face in this picture clearly shows his ecstasy in flying a plane.

African American foot soldier. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of an African American Soldier in World War II was used in our African American Soldiers page. We learned that African Americans other than the Tuskegee Airmen participated in World War II from this picture, and that some of them were foot soldiers.

African American soldiers crouched around with a white officer, 1946. Photograph. U.S. Department of Defense. Web. 22 January. 2014.We used this picture of African American soldiers with a white officer in our Red Tails page. This photograph showed us that African American and white soldiers often worked together in the Armed Forces, such as taking care of wounded soldiers.

African American soldiers of the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry Regiment. N.d. Illustration. National Park Service. Web. 22 January. 2014.This painting of African American soldiers in the Civil War was used in our Background page. This illustration showed us that African Americans fought in separate units in the Civil War.

African American soldiers with white soldier. N.d. Photograph. U.S. Department of Defense. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of African Americans soldiers with white soldiers was used in the slideshow of our Discrimination page. This shows that many African American units had white officers, and that African Americans and white soldiers did fight together on the battlefield.

Alston, Charles. Illustration. BACKING THE ATTACK ON ALL FRONTS!!! N.d. Memorial Hall Museum Online. Web. 22 January. 2014.We used this poster about the black press on our Supporting the Campaign page. We thought that this poster was symbolic of how the black press was truly a huge force in fighting for civil rights and informing others about the war during the 1940s.

A. Philip Randolph. N.d. Illustration. United States Department of Labor. Web. 13 April. 2014.We used this picture of A. Philip Randolph in our Final Move to Integration page. This painting of this influential civil rights leader showed us how people such as Martin Luther King Jr. were not the first civil rights advocates.

A. Philip Randolph to Harry S. Truman, with attached White House memos, July 7, 1948, Official File, Truman Papers, 1948. Photograph. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Web. 21 January. 2014.This letter to President Truman from the Committee Against Jim Crow in Military and Training was used in our Accomplishments page. We took an excerpt from this letter and magnified it, showing that a March on Washington was proposed even before Martin Luther King Jr. It also showed that the civil rights movement started at this time, too.

A Tuskegee Airmans flight documents, 1946. Photograph. National Park Service, Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site. Web. 22 January. 2014.This photograph of a Tuskegee Airmans flight documents was used in our Fighting for America page. This document shows that the Tuskegee Airmen were rated in terms of skills and were placed into different groups of pilots, such as commercial pilots and bombardiers.

Benjamin O. Davis and another airman. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 22 January. 2014.This photograph of Benjamin O. Davis and another airman was used in our Fighting for America page. This picture showed us that the Tuskegee Airmen were ready to take numerous risks on missions, as can be seen from the facial expressions of Benjamin O. Davis and another airman.

Benjamin O. Davis Jr. in a plane. N.d. Photograph. FAMU Libraries Subject Guides. Web. 21 January. 2014.This picture of Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was used in our Origin page. Benjamin O. Davis looks very determined and excited for a taste of victory in this picture, so we felt that it symbolized what the Tuskegee Airmen felt while embarking on missions.

"Capts. Lemuel R. Custis (left) and Charles B. Hall, of the 99th Fighter Squadron of the U.S. Army Air Forces, chat while on leave in New York City. Their all-Negro squadron first went into action in North Africa on June 4, 1943, and is now closely supporting Allied ground forces advancing in Italy. The fighter group flies all types of combat missions--bomber escort, dive bombing, patrol for beachheads, and strafing. In one year, the squadron has made more than 3,000 sorties and has shot down 17 planes, scored 3 probables and damaged 6 other planes." Ca. June 1944. 208-MO-120H-29054. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 25 January. 2014.We used this picture of two Tuskegee Airmen, Captain Lemuel R. Custis and Captain Charles B. Hall, in our Home page. This picture of two famous pilots showed us that both Tuskegee Airmen admired one another and congratulated each other for their accomplishments.

Carnegie Library, Tuskegee Institute, Ala. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 22 January. 2014.This photograph of Tuskegee Institute was used in our Background page. The photograph showed us how the Tuskegee Institute really looked in the early parts of the 20th century, and showed us how much effort Booker T. Washington put into creating the school.

Charles Hall. N.d. Photograph. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Web. 21 January. 2014.This picture of Charles Hall was used in our Accomplishments page. The quiet yet determined look on Charles Halls face shows that although the Tuskegee Airmen may have been discriminated against, they still ended in victory.

COLORED ONLY, 1942. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 13 April. 2014.We used this photograph of a segregated building in our "Final Move to Integration page. We felt that this picture portrayed how segregated facilities looked in the 1940s, and how African Americans felt the need to fight against this as a result.

Double V advertisement. 1942. Advertisement. Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 21 January. 2014.This Double Victory Campaign advertisement was used in our Double Victory page. This advertisement on the Double V Campaign showed us that models were also used as a method of spreading the word of the campaign.

Double Victory Campaign Symbol. N.d. Photograph. New York Public Library. Web. 21 January. 2014.This depiction of the Double V emblem was used in our Double Victory page. This photograph of the Double Victory symbol showed that the African American press was getting ready to start a revolutionary movement that would inspire civil rights advocates.

Double V logo, 1942. Photograph. Memorial Hall Museum Online. Web. 22 January. 2014.This picture of the Double V logo was used in our Rights page. The logo of the Double Victory Campaign showed that its supporters were striving for true democracy, as can be seen from the picture of the eagle spreading its wings behind the two vs for victory.

Eleanor Roosevelt with Chief Anderson, 1941, 1941. Photograph. Air Force Historical Research Agency. Web. 21 January. 2014.We analyzed and utilized this photograph of Eleanor Roosevelt with Chief Anderson in our Discrimination page. We thought that this picture showed how not all white people were prejudiced towards African Americans, and a shining example of this is Eleanor Roosevelt.

Extract from the Declaration of Independence, 1776. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 18 May. 2014.This excerpt from the Declaration of Independence was used in our Discrimination page. This excerpt shows the text stating that all men are created equal, when in the 1940s, all men were not nearly equal. We learned about the irony of the situation of discrimination by reading this extract.

Fax, Elton. Come, let us take counsel together! Attend NAACP Wartime Conference for Total Peace, 1944. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 13 April. 2014.We used this advertisement for a NAACP conference in our Final Move to Integration page. This picture showed us how numerous anti-segregation conventions were held by numerous organizations, such as the NAACP.

First pilots to become Tuskegee Airmen. N.d. Photograph. West Virginia State University. Hartford, Connecticut. Web. 21 January. 2014.We used this photograph of the first five cadets in Tuskegee in our Origin page. It was truly amazing to see this picture of the first five cadets to graduate. This almost dramatic picture helped us understand the greatness of the feat of allowing African Americans to join the war.

First Tuskegee Airmen. N.d. Photograph. Tuskegee University. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of the first Tuskegee Airmen is used throughout our website, serving as a header. We felt that this picture truly showed how the Tuskegee Airmen were proud and excited to serve their country, as can be seen from their facial expressions. We thought that this picture is truly the epitome of American patriotism.

"Fliers of a P-51 Mustang Group of the 15th Air Force in Italy `shoot the breeze' in the shadow of one of the Mustangs they fly." Left to right: Lt. Dempsey W. Morgan, Jr.; Lt. Car roll S. Woods; Lt. Robert H. Nelson, Jr.; Capt. Andrew D. Turner; and Lt. Clarence P. Lester. Ca. August 1944. 208-NP-6XXX-1. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 25 January. 2014.This picture of a group of Tuskegee Airmen was used in our Home page. This picture showed us that the Tuskegee Airmen worked together to create different strategies to utilize in their missions.

Freeman Field Mutiny, 1945. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 22 January. 2014.This rare photograph of the Freeman Field Mutiny was used in our Rights page. One of the only pictures of the Freeman Field Mutiny, this photograph showed us that chaos ensued after more than one hundred Tuskegee Airmen were arrested after entering a white officers club.

Harry Truman, half-length portrait, seated at desk, facing front, holding pencil. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 13 April. 2014.We used this picture of President Truman in our Final Move to Integration page. From this photograph, we learned how President Truman was portrayed as a hardworking president, since he is shown writing intently.

High-ranking officers standing at attention, 1953. Photograph. U.S. Department of Defense. Web. 18 May. 2014.This photograph of African American officers was used in our Discrimination page. This shows that African Americans are clearly capable of achieving high military status, and further proves the irony of the situation of segregation in America.

"Howard A. Wooten." Graduated December 1944 from Air Corps School, Tuskegee, AL. Ca. December 1944. 18-T-44-K-17. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 25 January. 2014.We used this portrait of a Tuskegee Airman, Howard A. Wooten, in our Home page. From this picture, we were able to see what a Tuskegee Airman truly felt when he graduated from the program. As can be seen, Mr. Wooten seems serious but has a new satisfaction for the work he has done.

Huff, Edgar. The creation of a cadre of African-American noncommissioned officers brought rapid promotion to those who had the abilities, as Edgar Huff, shown here as a first sergeant, the Marine Corps needed. Some especially meritorious mature men were advanced two grades on successive days to place talented leaders in positions of

responsibility in field organizations. N.d. Photograph. The Right to Fight: African American Marines in World War II, Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Web. 18 May. 2014. We used this picture of African American Marines in our African American Soldiers page. This photograph showed us that since Marines were needed in war, many African Americans were accepted as Marines and given higher-ranking positions.

Inkspots singing Yankee Doodle Tan, 1942. Photograph. Memorial Hall Museum Online, Carnegie Museum of Art. Web. 22 January. 2014.This photograph of the vocal group Inkspots singing Yankee Doodle Tan was used in our Spearheading Civil Rights page. This picture showed us that Double Victory songs were made to advertise the campaign, in addition to merchandise and articles.

Integrated Army, 1948. Photograph. U.S. Department of Defense. Web. 23 January. 2014.We used this photograph of an integrated unit in our Impacts page. This photograph of an integrated unit in the Navy showed that due to the struggles of the Tuskegee Airmen, African American soldiers everywhere were beginning to gain equal rights.

Integrated soldiers, 1947. Photograph. U.S. Department of Defense. Web. 22 January. 2014.This picture of integrated soldiers was used in our Integration of the U.S. Army page. We found in this picture that several white soldiers in the picture had enthusiastic looks on their faces, showing that perhaps some white soldiers did not mind working alongside African American soldiers.

Jackie Robinson. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 22 January. 2014.This photograph of baseball player Jackie Robinson was used in our Spearheading Civil Rights page. The determined look on this baseball players face shows that Jackie Robinson was persistent in pursuing his goal of being a famous African American athlete.

Keep Us Flying. Color poster. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Web. 21 January. 2014.This poster asking to buy war bonds was used in our Double Victory page. This picture showed us that the editors of the Courier were looking for new and innovative ways to improve upon the campaign.

Liberman, Howard. United We Win. N.d. Color poster. National Archives. Web. 21 January. 2014.This poster, United We Win, was examined and used in our slideshow in the Discrimination page. We thought that this picture of an African American man and a white man working together showed that it was ironic that Americans were sending the message that both should be equals, yet segregation was still prevalent.

"Members of the 99th Fighter Squadron of the Army Air Forces, famous all-Negro outfit, who are rapidly making themselves feared by enemy pilots, pose for a picture at the Anzio beachhead. In the foreground, head bared, is 1st Lt. Andrew Lane." Ca. February 1944. 80-G-54413. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 25 January. 2014.This picture of several Tuskegee Airmen gathered together was used in our Home page. This photograph showed us that although the Tuskegee Airmen were extremely courageous and bold, they were often anxious before missions, too.

"Members of the Nation's first Negro Navigation Cadets, who will receive their commissions in the Army Air Forces on February 26th, visited City Hall as guests of Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia this afternoon. They are shown on the steps of City Hall as the mayor greeted their commanding officer, Maj. Galen B. Price." February 16, 1944. Acme. 208-PU-113M-26. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 25 March. 2014.This photograph of Tuskegee Airmen graduates was used in our Home page. These graduates seem to be giddy with the excitement of having finished the famous flying program at Tuskegee Institute, and are ready for a new challenge: fighting abroad.

Memorial of the Freeman Field Mutiny. N.d. Photograph. Indiana Historical Bureau, Jackson County, Indiana. Web. 18 May. 2014. We used this photograph of a marker showing where the Freeman Field Mutiny occurred in our Discrimination page. This photo commemorates Freeman Field, and it taught us a little about the history of Freeman Field.

Milton Holmes. Photograph. We personally took this photograph of Reverend Holmes in his home when we interviewed him. We placed this picture in our Interviews page as well. The experience of interviewing Reverend Holmes and being able to take this photograph was astounding.

Newspaper headline stating President Trumans signing of Executive Order 9981, 1948. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 21 January. 2014.This picture of a newspaper headline stating the desegregation of the military was used in our Integration of the U.S. Army page. This historic headline shows that the integration of the military was all over the African American press, or in this case, the Chicago Defender. Showing that African Americans around the country must have been excited about this news, this excerpt from a newspaper helped us understand how the desegregation of the Armed Forces was extremely exciting.

Noel Parrish. N.d. Photograph. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Web. 21 January. 2014.This picture of Noel Parrish was used in the slideshow of our Discrimination page. The photograph of Colonel Parrish showed that he, similar to Eleanor Roosevelt, was not prejudiced towards African Americans the way many others were.

Official U.S. Army Air Force Training Command photograph of 20 Tuskegee Airmen posing in front of a plane. N.d. Photograph. National Park Service: Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site. Web. 22 January. 2014.We used this photograph of Tuskegee Airmen posing in front of a plane in our Responsibilities page. This shows that the Red Tails were proud that they accomplished so much in the air, since they took numerous photos of themselves in front of planes.

One of the airmen receives an award at the Tuskegee Army Air Field, 1942. Library of Congress. Web. 22 January. 2014.This picture of an officer handing a Tuskegee Airman an award was used in our Red Tails page. We learned from this picture that some Tuskegee Airmen were recognized within their bases for outstanding accomplishments.

Participants in the Double V Campaign gathered, offering posters, 1942. Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington. Web. 22 January. 2014.We used this photograph of participants of the Double V Campaign in our Spearheading Civil Rights page. We felt that this picture showed that families spread the Double Victory Campaign by informing others about the movement and sharing Double V merchandise.

Picture of a Tuskegee Airman about to escort bombers. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 22 January. 2014. This photograph of an airman about to escort bombers was used in our Fighting for America page. Captain Andrew Turner, the pilot in this picture, is shown as being quite excited to start a mission. This shows that the Tuskegee Airmen were proud and excited to serve their country.

Picture of Bill Clinton pinning a star on Benjamin O. Davis Jr.s uniform, 1998. Photograph. U.S. Department of Defense. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of Bill Clinton decorating Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was used in our Accomplishments page. We felt that this photograph showed that the Tuskegee Airmen were only recognized for their service much later in time.

Picture of Tuskegee Airmen sitting on plane. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 21 January. 2014.We used this photograph of Tuskegee Airmen sitting on a plane in our Red Tails page. The picture of the Tuskegee Airman in this poster showed us that the Red Tails were active participants in the campaign and that the Pittsburgh Courier used them as advertisements.

"Pilots of a U.S. Army Air Forces fighter squadron, credited with shooting down 8 of the 28 German planes destroyed in dog-fights over the new Allied beachheads south of Rome, on January. 27, talk over the day's exploits at a U.S. base in the Mediterranean theater. Negro members of this squadron, veterans of the North African and Sicilian campaigns, were formerly classmates at a university in the southern U.S." February 1944. 208-MO-18H-22051, 1944. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 25 January. 2014.We used this photograph of a group of Tuskegee Airmen in our Conclusion page. This picture showed us how the Tuskegee Airmen valued spending time with other airmen and how they truly showed team spirit.

Pittsburgh Courier article and buttons. N.d. Photograph. Newseum. Web. 21 January. 2014.This Pittsburgh Courier article was used in our Double Victory page. We learned from this photograph that the Double Victory Campaign was advertised by making buttons, articles, and much more.

Pittsburgh Courier article marking the start of the Double V Campaign, 1942. Newspaper. Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 21 January. 2014. This Pittsburgh Courier article stating the beginning of the Double V Campaign was used in our Double Victory page. This campaign article showing the start of the Double V helped us understand that this would be the beginning of the revolutionary concept of peaceful protest.

Pittsburgh Courier asking about quality of Double V Campaign, 1942. Newspaper. Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 21 January. 2014.We used this photograph of a Pittsburgh Courier advertisement in our Double Victory page. This campaign article showing the start of the Double V helped us understand that this would be the beginning of the revolutionary concept of peaceful protest.

President Harry Truman. N.d. Illustration. The White House: President George W. Bush, Washington. Web. 22 January. 2014.This painting of Harry Truman was used in our Integration of the U.S. Army page. In this picture, we found that President Truman has a determined look on his face, showing that he was most likely a persistent man.

Roger Terry. N.d. Photograph. Indiana Military, Indiana. Web. 18 May. 2014.This photograph of Roger Terry, a Tuskegee Airman who was arrested and discharged in the Freeman Field Mutiny, was used in our Discrimination page. This picture showed us that some Tuskegee Airmen were too bold for the War Departments standards and were dishonorably discharged.

Rowe, Abbie. Photograph. March on Washington For Jobs and Freedom (August 1963), 1963. National Park Service. Web. 23 January. 2014.This picture of the March on Washington was used in our Impacts page. This photograph showed us that the determination of the Tuskegee Airmen was also found in civil rights advocates about twenty years later.

Soldiers in primary and basic training. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of the airmen in primary and basic training was used in our Origin page. This picture showed us how the Tuskegee Airmen were studying extremely difficult material, as one can see the concentration in their faces. It also showed how ludicrous the idea of African Americans not being able to train was--clearly, their capabilities were way beyond what people expected.

The Buffalo Soldiers. N.d. Photograph. Buffalo Soldiers of the American West. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of the African American Buffalo Soldiers was used in our African American Soldiers page. The picture showed us how the Tuskegee Airmen were not the first African American unit to be created.

The NAACP logo. N.d. Digital image. NAACP New Orleans Branch, New Orleans. Web. 22 January. 2014.The NAACP logo shown on this website was used in our Spearheading Civil Rights page. From this picture, we learned that the NAACP was founded in 1909.

The Pittsburgh Courier Logo, 1942. Digital image. Albany State University. Web. 23 January. 2014.We used this picture of The Pittsburgh Courier logo on our Responsibilities page. From this picture, we learned about how newspaper headings from the 1940s looked like.

Tuskegee Airmen briefing. N.d. Photograph. Tuskegee Airmen National Museum. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of a preflight briefing was used in our Origin page. The picture shows a briefing before a mission, and showed us that the Tuskegee Airmen were determined to gain victory in their missions to prove that the stereotypes about African Americans were wrong.

Tuskegee Airmen Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony, 2001. Photograph. The White House: President George W. Bush. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of the Tuskegee Airmens Congressional Medal Award Ceremony was used in our Accomplishments page. Since this occurred more than half a century later, this photo shows that the Tuskegee Airmen were only recognized for their accomplishments much after the Tuskegee Experiment.

Tuskegee Airmen Inc. Symbol. N.d. Photograph. Tuskegee Airmen Inc., Tuskegee, Alabama. Web. 21 January. 2014.This picture of the Tuskegee Airmen logo was used in our Origin page. The symbol of the Tuskegee Airmen helped show us how the Tuskegee Airmen are still active in sharing their stories.

Tuskegee Airmen standing at attention in front of a white officer. N.d. Photograph. National Archives. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photograph of the Tuskegee Airmen lined up in front of a white officer was used in the slideshow of our Discrimination page. This picture shows that the Tuskegee Airmen served under the command of a white officer, and that they always had to be respectful towards their superiors.

United States. U.S. War Department. The Use of Negro Manpower in War. Washington: Army War College, 1925. Print. We used a page of The Use of Negro Manpower in War in our African American Soldiers page, and read and analyzed the document. This document helped us understand the white peoples perspective on having African Americans participate in the war effort.

Victor Ransom, 2014. Photograph. We used this picture of Mr. Ransom in our Interviews page. We personally took this photograph of him in his Brooklyn home. In this picture of Second Lieutenant Ransom holding a photograph of himself as a young Tuskegee Airman, one can see that Mr. Ransom is very proud of his accomplishments.

Washington, Booker Taliaferro. Cheynes Studio. Photograph, ca. 1903. LC-USZ62-49568, 1903. Photograph. Library of Congress. Web. 23 January. 2014.We used this photograph of Booker T. Washington in our Tuskegee Institute page. This photograph showed us the quiet determination of the man who founded Tuskegee Institute. Without him, the 99th Pursuit Squadron would have not been created.

Waterhouse, Charles. A black American served with the Marines when Gen George Washington fought the Battle of Princeton in January 1777. N.d. Illustration. The Right to Fight: African American Marines in World War II, Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Web. 18 May. 2014.This painting of an African American soldier fighting in George Washingtons army in the Revolutionary War was used in our African American Soldiers page. From this picture, we learned that African Americans willingly fought in the Revolutionary War, and many were promised freedom if they did so.

W.E.B. Du Bois, 1919. Photograph. NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom, Library of Congress. Web. 18 May. 2014. This photograph of W.E.B. Du Bois was used in our African American Soldiers page. The persistent and serious look on W.E.B. Du Bois face shows that he was determined to fight to the last man.

White officer in front of Tuskegee Airmen, ready for departure. N.d. Photograph. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Web. 21 January. 2014.This photo of the Tuskegee Airmen ready to leave abroad in front of a white officer was utilized in our Discrimination slideshow. This shows that African Americans had to respect their superiors and that the Red Tails were obliged to their white officers.

Why Should We March?, 1941. Poster. Library of Congress. Web. 22 January. 2014.We used this poster promoting the March on Washington in our Supporting the Campaign page. We learned from this poster that a March on Washington was proposed by A. Philip Randolph, and that he as well as other civil rights leaders were determined for this movement to be one of the largest in American history.

Videos:

The Negro Soldier. Dir. Stuart Heisler. U.S. War Department, 1943. Film. This film from 1943 contains lots of primary footage from World War II as well as reenactments. The Negro Soldier introduced us to the perspectives of African American soldiers and citizens in the 1940s. Providing information on the roles of African American soldiers from the Revolutionary War to World War II, the film helped us create numerous pages in our website.

Wings for this Man. Perf. Ronald Reagan. Army Air Forces, 1945. Documentary.This documentary contained a plethora of footage of the Tuskegee Airmen training and fighting abroad. President Ronald Reagan narrated this documentary, speaking mostly about the discrimination the Red Tails were forced to overcome and their challenging training experience. We used a clip from this documentary.

Websites:

Elliot, Ray. "Ray Elliot - 1939-1945: "Two Wars to Win"" First Person Oral Histories. Memorial Hall Museum Online, n.d. Web. 14 Jan 2014.This website filled with primary pictures and audio interviews aided us in gaining an understanding of how the Double V Campaign impacted soldiers lives. This information came from an African American soldier in World War II named Ray Elliot who explained the role of the Double V Campaign. His recollections helped us understand why the black press was so successful.

Secondary Sources

Articles:

African Americans in World War II: Fighting for a Double Victory. N.d. National WWII Museum, New Orleans, Louisiana. Web. 2 January. 2014.This source gives a brief overview of the experience of African American citizens and soldiers in World War II. It provides information on the Double Victory Campaign and how its supporters fought for civil rights at home and abroad.

Gates, Henry Louis. What Was Black Americas Double War? N.d. Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 20 January. 2014.This article helped us understand the role of the black press during World War II. Filled with extensive information on the Double Victory Campaign, it assisted us in comprehending the campaigns participants courage and persistence in assuring the desegregation of the U.S. It also provided us with several quotes to use.

Hodges, Karen. Continuity or Change: African Americans in World War II. N.d. University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Web. 6 January. 2014.Addressing a student audience, this article written by a teacher gave us insight into the responsibilities of African Americans in the war; to not only fight for America, but to fight for the desegregation of the military. The information on the Double Victory Campaign shows how it clearly influenced the rights of the Tuskegee Airmen, which helped us in our Double Victory page in our website.

Piggott, Felice. Classroom Connections: World War II and the Double V Campaign (Gr. 10-12), 2013. New York Public Library. Web. 6 January. 2014.Information on the role of people involved in the Double Victory Campaign was difficult to find, but this source provided extensive information on the topic. The article portrayed how people sold war bonds, sent supplies to soldiers abroad, and had clubs to promote their cause. It also showed several primary pictures to analyze.

Pike, Brett. Discrimination Against African-American Soldiers in World War II: Racial Policies and the March to Desegregation, 2011. The University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee. Web. 6 January. 2014.When first conducting our research, this paper helped us gain a solid understanding of the contributions of the Tuskegee Airmen and other African-American soldiers to the war, which got us more excited about our topic. Also, the information on the Double Victory Campaign helped us understand that the movement was what facilitated the desegregation of the military, moving African American society a step closer to equality.

Shahid, Sharon. Power of the Black Press, 2007. Newseum. Web. 2 January. 2014.Filled with insight on the creation of the Double Victory Campaign, this article not only showed the methods in which the movement was spread, but how it truly affected the lives of African American soldiers and citizens. It also provided us with a picture and a quote to use in our Double Victory page.

Taylor, Clarence. Patriotism Crosses the Color Line: African Americans in World War II. N.d. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Web. 6 January. 2014.One of our first sources on the Double Victory Campaign, this source showed how the campaign benefited not only African American society but also the rest of America, since it supported the war effort. Showing the effectiveness of the advertisements for the Double Victory Campaign, the article explained how numerous African American and white people joined together to support the campaign.

White, Brynda. Patriotism, Courage, Discipline, Skill and Determination: Tuskegee Airmen Honored at Great Hall Reception. N.d. Library of Congress. Web. 5 January. 2014.This article provided information on the Tuskegee Airmens receival of the Congressional Gold Medal at a ceremony in the Great Hall with former President George W. Bush. Several speakers outlined the achievements of the Red Tails, showing how they were willing to sacrifice their lives for a country in which they were being discriminated. This gave us an idea of how courageous and noble the Red Tails were.

Books:

De, Capua Sarah. The Tuskegee Airmen: African-American Pilots of World War II. Chanhassen, MN: Child's World, 2004. Print.This secondary source helped us obtain an idea about the main leaders of the Tuskegee Airmen. It also helped us in creating a timeline for our topic. The book got us quite excited about the Tuskegee Airmen, and made us curious in knowing more about their achievements.

McKissack, Pat, and Fredrick McKissack. Red-tail Angels: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Walker and, 1995. Print.This book was one of our first secondary sources. It helped us gain a brief overview of our topic and guided us in creating a timeline. Written for a juvenile audience, this book helped us understand the basics of the Tuskegee Airmen.

Scott, Lawrence P., and William M. Womack. Double V: The Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen. East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 1994. Print.This book helped us dig deep into our topic by searching for certain details and analyzing them. It was an extremely valuable resource because it placed the Tuskegee Airmen in historical perspective and made unique conclusions about them. We also used several quotes from this book.

Documents:

A Brief History: Overcoming Adversity. N.d. Tuskegee Airmen Inc. Web. 2 January. 2014.This source was a small outline of the history of the Tuskegee Airmen starting from the launch of the 99th Pursuit Squadron to President Clintons approval to create the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in 1998. It helped us create a timeline for our research and offered pieces of information to research further on the Red Tails.

Haulman, Daniel. Summary of Tuskegee Airmen History. N.d. Tuskegee Airmen Inc. Web. 2 January. 2014.In the beginning of our research, this source provided a brief overview of the accomplishments of the Tuskegee Airmen. It provided information about several notable missions they achieved, as well as information about key leaders in the squadron such as Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. This source was a substantial secondary source that provoked our curiosity about the topic and led us to more research from both primary and secondary sources.

Number of Combat Missions of the Tuskegee Airmen, 2013. Tuskegee Airmen Inc. Web. 5 January. 2014.This document stated the number of missions the Tuskegee Airmen flew in total (1,491 missions), how many each squadron completed, and the locations of several notable missions. This information helped us identify the Red Tails accomplishments and why they had an outstanding flight record.

Personal Interviews:

Gates, Henry Louis. Telephone Interview. 5 April. 2014. We interviewed Dr. Henry Louis Gates Jr., a literary critic, scholar, writer, professor, and creator of the PBS documentary The African Americans: Many Rivers To Cross. Dr. Gates served as a consultant to director Steve McQueen in the movie Twelve Years a Slave and wrote an article entitled What Was Black Americas Double War?, which gave us an abundance of information about the Double Victory Campaign. Dr. Gates was able to give us insight into the determination of the Tuskegee Airmen and their reasons for joining the war, as well as information about the courage of the black press and their integral role in securing rights for African Americans. Dr. Gates was also able to articulate the patriotism of African Americans throughout history, and he also provided us with insight on how African Americans have progressed incredibly since World War II.

Jackson, Ruth. Telephone Interview. 12 April. 2014. We interviewed Dr. Ruth Jackson, the creator of the Tuskegee Airmen Archive in University of California, Riverside. Dr. Jackson provided us with a plethora of information on the discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen faced as well as insight as to how the Tuskegee Airmens efforts inspired the Civil Rights Movement, which occurred later in history. Dr. Jackson also provided us with insight into the reasons why African Americans were willing to fight despite discrimination, and why numerous white people wanted the Tuskegee Experiment to fail. Overall, Dr. Jackson truly gave us a deeper understanding of our topic and articulated the courage of the Tuskegee Airmen in serving America.

Pictures:

Henry Louis Gates Jr, 2006. Photograph. Harvard University Gazette. Web. 14 April. 2014. We used this picture of Dr. Gates in our Interviews and African American Soldiers page. Tuskegee Map. We interviewed Dr. Gates via telephone.

Map of Tuskegee Institute. N.d. Photograph. University of Miami Libraries. Web. 25 January. 2014.We used this picture of Tuskegee, Alabama on a map in our Tuskegee Institute page. This picture showed us where Tuskegee, Alabama is in relation to the rest of the United States.

Ruth Jackson. N.d. Photograph. University of California, Riverside. Web. 14 April. 2014. We used this photograph of Dr. Jackson in our Interviews page. We were able to interview Dr. Jackson via telephone.

Videos:

Red Tails. Dir. Anthony Hemingway. Perf. Cuba Gooding Jr., Gerald McRaney, David Oyelowo. Lucasfilm. Film. Watching the movie Red Tails helped us gain an overview of the perspectives of the Tuskegee Airmen. It also changed our first thoughts about what the Tuskegee Airmen would be like. Instead of being wary of Jim Crow, the Tuskegee Airmen were bold and adventurous. This film showed us that despite great obstacles along the way, such as discrimination, the Tuskegee Airmen were courageous and never lost sight of their goals.

The Tuskegee Airmen. Dogfights. The History Channel. 6 Dec. 2007. Documentary.This documentary on the Tuskegee Airmen featured several interviews of Tuskegee Airmen as well as footage from World War II. It provided insight into the perspectives of the original Tuskegee Airmen and their accomplishments. We used the first forty-three seconds of this documentary in our Home page.

Websites:

"About the Tuskegee Airmen." UCR Libraries Presents The Tuskegee Airmen Archive. UC Riverside Libraries, 25 January. 2014. Web. 5 January. 2014.Information from this site on the Red Tails training, their service abroad, and their leaders helped us create our Origin and Discrimination pages. The information provided gave us a better understanding of the Tuskegee Airmens achievements.

"A Campaign for Freedom." History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes. University of Richmond. Web. 1 January. 2014.In this source, there was an abundance of details on the Double Victory Campaign and how motivated African American men and women were in promoting this cause. It also shows the impact of the campaign and how it moved America a step closer to full equality in the U.S. Army.

"Airmen Overview." "Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)." U.S. Department of the Interior. Web. 1 January. 2014.This websites information on the Tuskegee Experiment and the Civilian Pilot Training Program helped us understand why the experiment was started. By showing what sparked the NAACPs request for African Americans to join the Army Air Corps, the website taught us about the attempts to integrate the army before the Tuskegee Airmen came to be.

"Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation." Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation. Department of Defense, 1985, 1985. Web. 20 January. 2014.Showing the accomplishments and impacts of the Tuskegee Airmen on the present military, this website provided a plethora of information not only on the Red Tails but on previous African American soldiers as well. The information on the history of African American soldiers helped us with our Background pages.

"Black, White & Beyond: Multiculturalism in Greater Akron, An Interactive History." Black, White & Beyond: Multiculturalism in Greater Akron, An Interactive History. University of Akron, 2008. Web. 1 January. 2014.A source on the overall history of African Americans in World War II, this website gave information on the segregation of the Jim Crow Military. It also provided information on the Double Victory Campaign, which made us more inquisitive about the topic.

Musser, Rick. "History of American Journalism." History of American Journalism. University of Kansas, School of Journalism & Mass Communications, May 2003. Web. 6 January. 2014.This source provided a brief explanation of why the Double Victory Campaign was started and the message it conveyed. It made us interested about the impacts of the campaign, and the information the site showed that despite the injustice African Americans were facing at home, they still wanted to join the war.

Nelson, Stanley. "The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords." The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords. Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 20 January. 2014.An interesting source based on a documentary about the black press during World War II, this website provided interviews from historians on the topic of the Double Victory Campaign. We were able to utilize these interviews in our research by extracting several passages and analyzing them.

"NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom Exhibition Home." NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom. Library of Congress. Web. 1 January. 2014.Providing information on the history of African Americans dating from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, this source helped us create our Background pages on our website about the history of African Americans before World War II.

"Treason?" Newspapers: The Pittsburgh Courier. Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 6 January. 2014.In this website, there was an abundance of information on the creation of the Double Victory Campaign and Hoovers attempt to quench it. These facts assisted us in creating the Double Victory section of our website.

"The Depression, The New Deal, and World War II." African American Odyssey: (Part 1). Library of Congress. Web. 1 January. 2014.This website provided information on the discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen faced while traveling in the U.S. and other countries. This helped us create the Discrimination page for our website, and gave us insight into the way the Red Tails were able to overcome racism.

"The Pittsburgh Courier: Publisher Robert Lee Vann." Newspapers: The Pittsburgh Courier. Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 1 January. 2014.This article on the history of The Pittsburgh Courier showed us how this newspaper written by African Americans inspired African Americans to join the Double Victory Campaign. It also showed us the means of spreading the campaign by creating Double V magazines, pictures, and the Double V logo.

"Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site: Tuskegee, Alabama." National Parks Service. National Park Service: Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site. Web. 5 January. 2014.Filled with information on key leaders, events, and locations associated with the Tuskegee Airmen, this site helped us obtain an overview of the Tuskegee Experience. It also provided us with a quote and information on how the Red Tails fought for the Double Victory Campaign.

"Tuskegee Airmen Facts." Tuskegee University. Tuskegee University. Web. 5 January. 2014.This site provided us with fun facts about the Tuskegee Airmen such as information on leaders Benjamin O. Davis and Colonel Parrish, and information on each separate squadron from Tuskegee. The websites information on the Red Tails missions helped us create our Accomplishments page on our website.

United States. National Park Service. "Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)." National Parks Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, 30 Apr. 2014. Web. 18 May 2014.This website written by the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site gave us information on the Tuskegee Experiment and how persistent the Tuskegee Airmen were in their goals of proving that African Americans could fly airplanes as well as any white man. It also provided videos, pictures, and the legends commonly associated with the Red Tails.