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8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze

1/609

ALICE

L. BADESCU

GRAMATICA

LIMBII E,NGLEZE

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c Dv ti T c lTREc 'r' 'r F

"The

tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,s

onE

beensamething f a baxlefield,.

Anon; t l , r mdnu

:ut"

na,ob. inp

oryht

oL' t ' thot b.t , \" .n

tr ts"f i t | | \e

and

d?s.. tpl i re

F

rir

udes

1o

,r.age. ' r

Cu aceste urinte incepe

utn

d,inte numeroatele

nclrcte

fecluaten altima

treme asupra limbii engleze ctudle n Anglia.

Prima. atitudine,aceea,,prscriptil'n", steautori.tail, natmotird., ngrddird

ile numeroase eguli,

stibuind, ncd tn idealuriLe

amaticii

ld,tine

ale

secolnla;

al XVIIIlea,

$i

aparlinind azi unc;

i.naifili erwl,{te

i

rctragrade;

.ea

d,ea

doud,

tttitudinea

,,descr'ip1irn".

etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE.

Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.na este

cantolatd.

In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarc

celor

d.e

e

cantinent,

The

Royal Aca.lemf"

fiind fonddtd

n 1f68

d,e

cpeLe

Gearye

11

II-lea

&l At|glici

caclusir

p.trtu

lncurujareaartelor

pldsticc

prin

infiinlerca

unei

scali de,:L6en

i

(rearca

un.i

exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile

(ilitlilar

|lesti-

tieni in oiatd.

Incurajarea scriitoritor ilrrdsese,

,in

rctinri stribcchi, n seamu

ueeranilor

Si

a

nobiLilor

atc

garitau

in

juruL

(

rlii. reg(rle

i

arlulaa

"lhej,|r

^Irons".

Lituba

d, 'st^td o

d^,n:t .

t ;n,t , .

F,od.r, ' l

; rn,t

: i sst lplnunpl,

, tp

-r( ipgs

l:netts l , '

rat |Qa,,r 's

I :n4ts l". . inJ

' to

,o.ut2.

o , jun* sd

tnan'rp.

l intp t l "

s".otc.

,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLeE naticd.lenrecte abliga.tarii".

Od,atdnsd cu descoperirea d,iotel.egrufci.

i

a tcleriziunii

ti

eu

ftspindiree

culturii in mose

rin

intenled,iulacestar

ubiteti.

prestiliaasc

massmediA.

bah.nlo,

putctii

s-a tn(lindt sprc an

nou

nume

coresii a|linrleosd nai

a

noile et'eni-

mente,

i

nstfelEnglc.a

IIodeL

a

fast

nnnitd

"BBC

Englisll''.

FoI e curindinsd,

faplul

cd ]a BBC rorbeau, n direrft d.ialecte nglezc,

tsoane

renite

d,in

lo(tte

coLlwile

umii.

LimbaengLetd

.lfu.atil a BBC

d tncetat

de

a

mai

p

ea

i

consi-

deratd .,madelul

unic"

ti

s-a

dd.optdt ermenul

de

"SlandaftI

EULish" pentru

saianta li

)Lii

en1leze

ocatildca

rodel. llcest nume

are

sd aibi n1o.i rulle

Sanse

lc suprarieluirc, deaarecee

preteazd

a conslrut:lii eare

at

reda nusnle

muhiple.atitfaartesubtile.citFi faarteutiLe.Asttcl., tumatir&poatefi dascripli\A

snrr

p

rfr cri

t

irar.

/on,?nla,

ra

r.ccivcd pronunciation

f,4.P.r,

un tomcn

paate

ft

stard.rd sou subslandard. (cptal0le,

accepled. rchaic aa a

re, l .urac-

cepled.

r lnrcfe rhle.

pfe{eraLle

d

l,r t fcnd,

|bdcscert. obsolele, nl , i -

quuted.

sut,errnrualed. uterseded.

ld-fashioned, utwoln sdu

"i t

r{ 1es

["1'oulhcr]4.

l

js

out

cf daic";r lc. nd i , f i r i lum.

Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L

Jon.:.\1.\..

hoflssol. Erncritus

in Phonotics l tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s;

ncqte

s.ria

dN

anrirci,"i

dic

lionare tonetice

enlle.etti carc arcau

si reroLulione.e tudiul littlbii

cngleze.

' l l l . t l t lnt ihs .1 dl ia.

:

L'

-{nglii,,

lronul

lilrii

\:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6 6.

po{i-a

rveni ailt lr.trl,a ')or. .ii

li

J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(t-

r IBC,

abl" l ia1ia

runicln i rndtudi iuzi 'Di i h i tann'e:

'D

t ish Bridcastt lS

.

/?d,pler

"Iour

coat dalfs

ron

ili{rhin

cl..l" \au

simpl,:

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.oor ./trr.s". ctr o

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lFrp

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.

\L i i l r , l . i . , r i J.r"^1",. d in

i l i

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a

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pranuntiel

ori

tl,e ldbi lare pronuntic

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Se atrage at.elid.

citilotikr

c|L, rl

lnnl)a u \e.d. eduraterl ir?^vraliDri

c(tiri

za i .

cu l t . iar

uneducated:reici la l jz.1t.

i .cutr . I i r r i i

fu l t r i i :

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s,colarrz:rfe.

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lln

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-

r\Ntlrpr

(go d

rd bad):

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io nnl1nefs.

hc

hls rorre"r a

erlu{ra.a

(.rette

(un

copit)

:

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la ln

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t t in ru

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Srl f r farr.nlr si or l l . [ ia] . r . ' Fl j rrrc{ f ra rNt, i t i l de s.rde rertr ul i r .Fi t i r t i t f d t r

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t.rk.us.

itlll .t...

.afc ldmrNfri''

rp

dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r

si,at

.nttczi si ille

Dersonatjtiti

ina(rmtLr.

uhirr

sir._rlnLi.\..sh r.oli

ii

ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi. ,i turut

r"oi,

.

r . r t l

l i r .er

-sl l l ,Ll

orr i i lof .

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l j i r .sr lor

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stil .ula^ ial

:

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fof t rast . l iotr\ f rsi t i r t f

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4/609

CUIi'NT CATU CEITOR

ulrfotrne at

t& 4 efa.anstd,efatnqral. dtical

fu

inccputltLa.est.lti.

eeol

(inlo-

I

u r

t

a

notni

aLi.rului tt

(rcu.st

aul 1

p

r onu t

cl

c

p

eNnnal

\\ho

i

.

loc

(1,e

\h.)m

i

hf

t's

ne

lcnlrtr

it i l. locu

prcpo.ili

ei

d

tt n \

eth si

u

inaintea cwittLt

ui ta

N.rc se refeft

(rvlo

is it for? I|'herc ure

11ou

ani

g

holl l) etc.. ctt.,

ctt:.)este

nnsiderat core(l acum. (Yczi

fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.)

t inrclis. tot (e(a G tste &ctlm eore(tgranntlcd .rtl conrldl4t sloppy.

Gaanad,updsinplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp.

t:it.mai mu.U imp. a a(lus

i

ertindered.

or

telor Nntruse. a fispunsuiior

tnanatilabirc. a snnctelor njtrnit

IalLIe.

S-a a(eptat un aLL

oiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r

fi

the man in lhe slreet,

sintboluL :rtd ?nnului

(

tlc:

obitnuit).

Chiar

t-i

d. la &tcilrele niwftiture,

ptolctotii

ro

aisc

Ltrcla.ti

intbajsurprinzdtor.

bc

(?

intedbd un

nai\'.

-Nu

ttiu

ruflaticii

?

-

Pentu

m stLtdcnlii sainu

i. Itutr.e tirept

'old,

aegies"

:bd,

H?nt / Seeel,

lta

t&ri(i 1 u|,

toia ]u sfiltlt

L te.alulai

pftcetlent

(in

Ne\ Fl rgl is lL

rammar.

Logical

ard Hisror iral 1392

si 1696), anticlptnd

s rile d,catt utuale: " t he rul(s af |rumtudt lolie no tal ue cftept Lestate,n.nts

of

ftl(:I:

whateaers in

gen

al us. in tl

languafe is

lor

th&t et

ftdsan

granl

tat i@ll t

eotrc(t."

Litnba s. sthb hn

r

atittl r.lpiditat(.

intit striitorii dniltr

'50.'60

au deja

un

it inte.h

.

Pcnffn

strti.ini insai. e&re sint in

matea lor tnajoritate cititari.

inslt,'i. )a

lintiir n ]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici

tadilional.e llr? ncapirct

nu:csdrai

?entru

a

li

se

ontla

o ha.i

soli li si numai

rLupd

aeet:a

i. si.nr

putetl

{Ia s&nla. in

pradid,

da *hi.n xirile

prctctie

sdlt liitoare

di limb& en le.d..

7u, \ ,o; ;nnr \ ty t . . : . j , , .p" 'n, , i . , i

' , , .

ton

Pat .

r .1 ld

,1, tb^tp

r l "s fe

ner i -

tclegtwnali.ti.i

ui OttoJftl'5dz

i/r

"The

Fis enri.rls

l

E glish

Gramln

,',

1938,

ture r?d,e

r.1nt.1tie&

n \e.d:

"as

sotncthing

iti.ry antl derclopingund,er onlinaal

flwluaions. $omcthini hat ls founrlcnon the pastanrtpr$aris rhc$'atJ or the

futnrc,

sonethiw that is not eleags

rcnsistentar

perf.ct.

bur

,lallessing

anl,

pe.fettible

in onc

pord,,

hunlan."


5/609

(

L 1 ' i , \ t . l ) , 1t t .TE

Crunatiut

rl.e

aln

tii-ic

a

luuare

con.:eputii

e

Ld.e tat].ilianat..

,Si

t tratale apnfu

ddt taatu

lJroblet

)tt

de

Erumaticd,

p;t

,iulu

st

dc(nn

pa

fnontenp.le

runaticalc

st.Lifice

liniii engtie;i

deci trtai

?ulin

(t:t:csib;Le

(Llriarul\t

nmain.

f . . t

t ot ; :

o

tu ,

u.

t , . , .

tu, t r t i

t r

orot iat

, , a t r tnyt , :d

s;

t ,c

bozr, tnr

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. ,

. tat , . r t . .

"n. :

tn. . t

u. t t r . t , t t

.x"r , . t t " iu; , i

ranate de o&menL.)e Irtt. u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&. etaluliu tinl)ii si uanld.

S

a

urmdrit.

sd se dd,apu

tenninataSi.li

a

.tlcatti

t:it

ijdi

brit:i

;i.

cit n;ai

aptapiatd.

dc

f.nanenul

s1ud,;at.

cnsi,t;;i

it

,:d

sint t)|.'Ltc

etenlenre eosebhc

tald

de

gtatnatica

Lmbii

tot drr,.

(:uni

t

Ii:

genvt;rut.

ri.itorut

lulti

t. t e&t,

i , ,o lut

o

' [ . , t

l0

n

J

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p,r [ .

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t . . , .

: . . .

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sd

lt t

; ' , , ' t lot- . .

t t .

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t

n. ,

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t

n d l s l t l . .

t'entru

.a .agrc

tnta

srutli.rul

nt&terirlultli.

s

ao

i

tradls. ptin

un?le

emnplitirairi

ti

notc

d,esulJal, tit

mai,

trnthc d.jte ttesprc itttLtu

ti

driti.a.lid,

englptd

ti

despn

sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor

Lrad,ili)nate

enlte:rtti.

Latted.are pdragrafenu tcNn&tu

,c & inujt tul

pind.

lo

stitlitut

ti.

p{dra

tt

s.

lutea /.r.e

triniteri

de a

o prubio

n

Ia altd.

i .ntru

a

se ei.ra reperdrite.

.

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'hrs, t ' t t

d. tdt . .

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t .1;1

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la tnrcpur

f tnt

lu

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M

wrca tlepLisnle

cLitrc

utoalcj

(u

tlsitL;Lea

si d.drui& specifice

nu t.LLun..L arsnte, sd [ie sprc instruiru. intercsul

,\i

s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui

E;)TT{iRA


6/609

TABLA

DE }IATORII

Cuvlnt

cAtr citito

5

8

9l

,2t

,67

229

247

457

489

5lt

520

Cuvlnt

lnainto .,...

IIORTOLOGIA

.

Sul6tantivut

. .

. . . . . . .

-

. . .

. . , . .

t : t

Adiectiwl

Numeralu1

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . .

hepotiiia.

snn{xl

8i;u*a prcpozlli"i.

. . . .

.

Sintara tlazei.

524

5?3

626

629

BIBLIOGRAFIA

INDICE


7/609

MORFOLOGIA

lrroRPHoLocY)


8/609

SUBSTI.NTIVUi

{. CONSIDDRAT]I

G ]NEIIALE

tI,

CLASIFICARE\

;SUBSTANTIVELOR

SubstMtfo

oomue

9i

suhtstrtiYo

Foprii

.

-

p.9:

t7

t7

l

1

3

I

t i

I i

t i

srbstantive

comune

SdDstMtiYo

eoncroto

Substannve

cono.ete

t i

sub3t8ni l le

bshac1e.. . . . .

. .

. . . .

b17

It8

918

10 19

t2

7g

13

19

Sulstantiveabstractel

Sulst&ntFo

ttrdiYiduslc

si

slD$iMti{o

colcctlve ..

.

'

Srlstantive

iniliYiduale

.

sulstantive

coleotive

Nume dc

naterii

ti

de mise

conc.e

Sobltcntilo

rumer8bile

li

ncnumerrbilo

t4

19

15 19

t8

t0

t9 20

20

20

t1 20

22 2Q

2X

20

Nuniabi l i tok|

. . .

Substantiee

numtdbite

.

Caracter is t ic i . . .

. - . . . . .

.

Calcgorii

dc sulstaniive

numcrall

Substuntioe

nenrmetubite

Caracter is t ic i , . - . .

. . .

Categorii de substartive

nc ,mPribi l . , . . . . .

24 20

t8 t t

29 2t

30

?1

31

'3

2 2X

33 :r4

Numcle

spotu.ilor

Nrmele de materii sau

de mase

Nnme

dc mai.edi sau

de nase

rabile

ln

iul ..

-

. .

Produsele

naturare

Animtr le le

. . . . . . . .

.

Plantele

comesiibile.

.

. .

Numelc

de mase

ibslraole.

Nune

de mase

alshacte

nenunerabile

Catcgorii

de srbsianlive

(hnel).

T I, GENUL

SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR.

Del in i l ie l . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

Gnurile

n

sranlatic{

englczi.

. . .

llasculin

ti

leninnt

.

.

Genul,

ubsiantivelo.

are

n ic{ naliomlitatea

sau

lrovenienla

regionala

-

Genulcomun.. , . .

Exprcsid

Sranaticald

d

enxlui

.

{\..

NU]IiNUL

SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit

Col3lilorstll

gon$8|e..

Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor '

4t 26

L2

2t j

3i

,5

38 25

39 26

40 26

t6

6t

3'

62 33

63 33

87

36

49

21

27

21

90

37

91 7

92

37

93 37

95 37

i f l , l l " { i ' i

l i , ; ,

"

, i

. , j i , , ; "0' ,1

; . ror". . . ' ' i -

:

- : : : :=

. ; ; , ; ; ; ' : i ;

i " ; ; ' i ;" rd s,rEUrdr,

s.

i .

-2.

+h..h-rsnrur 'L

DerxrtTlrrrr


9/609

Lryq

snbstantive

c.ninate

a singular

n

't

sau

le

:: ,;? 33

Subslant i le

erminate

n'q.

.

. . . .

; ; i

ie

Snbstantilc

erminate

n

-th

.. . . ..

: : ;;;

.10

Plu.dl6 n

rrex

al .

; ; ;

i iJ i , i . i , ,";* i rormr, ' i . t ru"rp "'p , ' iva ly:

l i ; in l r l l isubsl int iYlecolect i le. .- . . .

l . l i

; ;

: inru

r"

'dr ' .

t lu"dl .

.

ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r,"

113

';:,

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:j ;

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d"

tn.ral

'

u

'nr

l s r l i lpr i l

.

ri'l^

i,ji,i:i'

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J";,i1 rormr,-ir-ar.cu

nt"res

ii*it

.

l:9

i0

L,o i

lu.d",

," . " , , , . , , ,1."r .

:11"

i l

PlLrJ"r l n f rrrclP

dp

r '1r '

I io

i3

i iJ"] o' i . i ; l ;

I in," s .r"

' insu

-

e

"\p".r: 'P

.

.: i l l

: '1

i ' l i" i"r , i ,r i , i ,

' ,

' " l l r rr"

"r ' r

'd

onarir :

a

au

Pto

n-n'a

g'onari

l t l i :

Fj'"ii"i a.."-i"it-

d.i

animare

. .

i;l

i;

9luralul

substaniile)or

.co

nlnse

.-

.

: ;;; re

I'luralnl numelo. })roprn. . .... . . . ;l; 60

t lJralu l

.urn.r l t " to"

"uietr . t i r . . t -

. . .

. .

j : ' .

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nnmelo.

dc l , terc. .

. .

. . .

-

,

: : t

60

i 'i"

'.

"t'"'

1"r",

.

. :.. .

::;

ii

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r l

l lor

par l i

J '

rorbi"P

'ul '

'

r "r \d

v.

CAZLL

SUTISTANTMLOR

-

. .

189

6?

co.. ;o4-. , i , :

,no. ,"

.

: : : : : : l ; j ;

L Ll,J. f

J

, ' r t ,ant i \ " .

, , , , . , ,

l iomiist i rul

. . . . . . , ._. .

. . . , . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . , , . .

198

6lt

D.ri r i1 jc. . . .

.

: l# 3B

{ucl i i . . . . . -

.

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; i ; 64\ominatirnl \ooaur'

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. . .

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.

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66

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, .

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eran

{t.

ca.ut

Pofsie

.

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28

66

rormi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

.

. :

: : . ' . ' ' , '

331 33

t4

14

'0ia

12

80

i2

. . . . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . .

283

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1t

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ia

Drl i rd , . . . .

. .

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3n8

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10/609

srrBsTAN:cl 'IJI,.SUMAR

VI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI

REFERITOARE

LA SUBSTANTIV . . .

. . .

15

_.L 4a

7A

Substantiwl

adjeotivat

Chdinearrv inte lo.

.

-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .

Func$ile substantiftlui

VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR

Dsde&.r

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . .

Alixatia . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

P iefk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suf i :

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

Dpr ivdFa re8r,8 ie6.

. .

. .

REducerea

.. . . . . . . . . . .

Atternanl

lonetice

Abrevierea.. . . . . . . .

. .

SclimDew

cslogorlei

8flm3uodo.

.

. . . . . . . . .

CoDpurcrm

. . . . .

Sui6tertive

tele$opate

944

345

347

357

359

360

36t

368

373

a?4

482

383

384

399

40t

7A

19

19

80

80

80

80

a2

a4

84

85

86

88

89


11/609

SUBSTANTIVUL

(TI IE NOUNi

I. CONSID$n-{TII

ENnBALE

Dcl in i l ic .

Sub' lsnl i ru l

psl"par"

H

d"

\orbir - " r rp doru' l1F: '

o[ ' i t r la l ' '

P ' in

.obiFcla '

s^ inrel .g.

po plan

er"r I I i ' J1.

f i in lPl"

planlc l"

lu"rur ' r '

tn.u: i r i l . . . "

l i "n i la. . l

' r i la

n^ l iuni lp.

-hs

'a

l i i l '

F l '

e\ rcrFnlo pp plcn' r r rpor :

A,

' ,os. l

idml

h' l

rd l

rP ' l r "

'

i 6 l

'

I "a '

sr

II. CLASIFICARE,\

S1]B

STA]['I\\-EL

OR,

A.

SLTBS'IANTI\iE

ON{UNE

I

SUBSTANTIVE

PROPI\II

s3

s4

$t

$6

s7

1) SubstantiTele

omulle

,obiectelor'

de

acelali

fel:

(aat , ' tLc 'n

\ , , , t

/

-er '

.

l i indi .

r -d

1' r ' r r r^r

dos

tn '

I

oPle

bi .d

l lo lFr

Inmrly

2,

Subsraot i\cLc

topri i

(Prop'I AodnrJ

num-s'

un. obi.cl(

Jeosbin-

dul de loale

cFlelalte

obiectc'

din acceo:i

ategorrF. ubslsalrvele

roprrr

sp

s.r iu

.u

ioit iald

maju."uldr

9i

denumesn

iintp

locuri

(oumrrr.

eogralr 'e

in

rcnere),

nal ional i l6 i

substanl iva

i

adjP. l i \e) .

aqlrp

$r.gal ,a\ rr

srp

enl

ur, icalp'.

urassre,

laifun"

elc.

(toldedunadc

gen fFmrnrnl l

is tor ic" ,

oper i l r ter"r" .

s l i iDl i t icp.

r l is l i

e e l ' . .

anumilP

r lu la lun ercdr lrp '

onorif i .c, prole. ionalFsi cul luraie. nlrpprjcd'r i m;r ' i dF labrirarrc Pr'

lunile

anuiui

qi

zilele

sipi5mlnii

etc :

cur nLchaFsl

B.n NP\ is

T 11

Vot

d'

Jcr i "

n^nub"

thp

IL Di .

' i "L

: j lerpt 4p. l '1.

lno aon

Ro{1nia

Tlr ; l8 in

5pn'n

ldtron'

iii-ii Romanian

Eulole

^-inar

Rolls Roxce

l'lie

W{ oi

lhe Roses

B.itish

Aeroslace

Airdali Group

Obs.roalLi :

tJnele

"ub. lanl i F

prnpr i i

au

dc\" '

i l subsrsnl i rc

romunF si

ca al

p

sc

srr iu r : r in i r i r l i

mnusculd

'

FFr ,

t

lF

dis l i 'g '

dF nrrmel"

propr i i r "sn" l r te:

d) obip. l . numjte dupa Iocul t le orrginc:

o bpdtrn

u

a/ ; l dp

n.Ldn:

l topr iu

:

r

S 'd

' .

c l :

\11_J

f

nF

nl

"

n ' rmle

unu'

\mhr.r , ' rdt

Jd

al ip l r , i f l in/ r l r .

J. I LonJl ' .

AncIT

, t , ,a l : nor ie lnnl

Clr ina

. ," i i " , .

t

. i " .d.

, i "

cor i r r '

/

'

o in I '

l 'nur

' l

n

, : r

' i l

; ; . ; , ,

" "

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nl

e i . lu

' l

l ,

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r ' ro cul l

gF i |d

oi r

a i l

J

r i

4

n\ ; -

t)imint sccuddl

din .\nglia)

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r ' l i i bp s" f l ' r

^ r

i r r i 1r" .1 '

r ' '

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n i J

r 'a

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n in i l

71,"

r l ,1\y

t t rJ.

' . . ' r .

Jp" . r .

in l - lp

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ub. . .ar" rv.o

n

n

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ln , : r

r r ru l

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nr

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n.e ic i c:" \ i : j , , " ;

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s i " ; -

i i : . . - .

L i ,

.

, - .

t , , t . r . t ; ta i

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r icr i l ,

d ' lJ

'dp

der j \a

rerbul r ,a,n/ . r r :P

'--;lli'i..-et'"..

nnmele

trnor unsaDc

de

pc

coastr

Caiiiofri'i


12/609

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ss

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1:

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155

155

1t5 15i

760

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t'iotozi ie rehtivl

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FoR\I-\nI^

ADJECTIVELOR

-

..

I ter irercs

. . . .

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7S9

,-90

150

l r t

156

l i6

Ji i

t9l

A'|j..tir.

cu

t

t

Lc. esntir

".

Sxi ixo.. . . .

. . .

- , . . .

Dul lr trea

consoanoi

inalo

-..

.

-e

-

ntut

lilral

t9t 157

30ri80t

s08

809

i94

,94

t96

i57

137

l i )

,l6tf

' l6 l

'10:

16t

164

1Cl

Schndbired

rtsorici

grrmatlcal

t97

1i9

793

l5t

,99 la8

800

l i9

814

818

819

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szt

Pdticipii

adFciivate

-qubstantile

adjcctiralt.

. ..

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-substantile

adJccurarr.

. ,.

\trle adjeclivate . . .

\ , t terbr nr i

'

\ r l r .o lu '

r"

nFr ' l ' r '

'u

bloJr"

d.

' l j '

l '

(

oDprn.rcn

. . .

. . .

ADJECTITELN

DIINR]TINATIYE

sAU

PRO\OUL\-q.I,X

,\diecli{clc losostve

r\dieclircle

ilcmof

slratire

rldjecti ele

rntoogau e

Adicctirele rcl'rtivc

Adjf.ii lc

neiloLArile-


116/609


117/609

114

{

013

LocuI iuned

adie. t iaald

(Adj 'ct inl

Phrcse)

Loou't 'uDea

"

."-

ua "Ji"uriii'"ons

t dinlr-un

grup

de

crroli"te

eie

p""aic"t coreiuatc

impreun;

au'\.aloare

de adictil':

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r-a

i 's

,

r to,

6, 'dPn

r" r l

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L

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h"

aPa

in{o";n L

a1

"v'n in;

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sl

d 'nr '

\l'h-"r:e is Ure io\el lent to Martdn?

lli'.:nt

vou

folnil

arvole

glad la

h?:]P

ou?

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614

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ddjet t rvulni

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sie

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pp

rere

l l

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pot\re li d.tributl

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to

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pre(licatie

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7 got readll i^ a lerY

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of Resuh' )l

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\ ' P" inr

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l l r

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c0llPAnAlrr

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p^" le I i

r 'al izst i

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i .,"1,

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his

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l

iie w6 the aatas,workma^ in thc laclory

f

[ler health

lad

been

growing

tJelr?/ d

balrd'"

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it $as Des,

6t lundav

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tle art

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118/609

COMPANATh

ADJECTIVXI]OR

2)

O compara_tie

oate

i fdcutndin

rrri

punctc

de vedero:

a,

pentru

a se

aftLa egalitateai

lle

b 6 lizl ds

Jane.

0.,)

pentru

a se

^rdLa

saperioritatc&i

TI" i3

i i ,d. / t , ,di

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lle

is

Ure fttud,r,

ol

al l

c/

pentru

a se ari|a inferLorihtea..

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js

less nt4

than Janc.

lle

is

nDr

g,,/os

lia.l as Jue.

He is,,,,p

i.ds, Ilad

oI alr.

3) Pe plan gramatical

se

deosebescrei

grado

de

comparatio:

a)

gddul

pozitie,

clnd adjectivulnu

a suferit nici

o comparalie:

l 6

{

624

s

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s

62G

s

tig?

i 628

s 69$

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bcautiful

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a-rar i

o in (u,cire ntr-un

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sun"

q

,: : i r l

r ior .du

inlFr ior

araluiJ

'

\ f f lmc'

t r in

gradut

pozit iv.

sau

egsl

;u

arebiJ:

coldaf

n,fe

beatrtitnl

tsnrerio.iratet

lcsr cold

/ss

ieanriiut

linfu.iorjtarct

as

cold n

ds

beauliiui

as

(csatitare)

not

solos cotd as

noi

ro/as biniiliil as

i

r.riortrab)

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grddul

snpLr lot i . . jnd

adject ivul exp

mi o tnsr l i re

tn

gradul

cel

S

ft

mar t l)8t t sxu cel mar srdzul :

most

beantjlnl

lsuDerioriiate)

lctBt

Ieauliiul

(inlerlorilale)

SLrperlativul

poate

fi :

, .

c ')

.s.up"t lo. t i r . r . , to, , r .

ind

a\pr imi

erddul

.al

mai tnalt sau

,

pl

msi s

.rzu'

. :

r , : tJ

ar

rneu: inr Inur

ot, tF. l i1

inmpsrr ' tp

c' l at 'F obiFcto sau

lr . t impl

Hc is

ou. @sr .'italr.

tracto. driver.

, i"r

q

r,

, r"

I"^t

src.". . lut

ot

, t ,p

, r ld idarp. .

I

h.rv" b

.n

r.

ry

. t l

0l t $rpI but I I . r t " , / j l roday,

c"

).superlatte

bsolut,

lnd arati o tnsusire

ntr-un

grad

nalr ldri stabili

S

(i:t:i

lea urei

comparaliidirecte:

,ca,.sr

Fathol

Tldnt

y"u

lof

)^ . r

rd. ,

/ jnJ

I ,

pr .

l l , y {

rn aorr

" ,

L

r^

I ' im.

Shp ; , .o"t ar,d.a."

Superldt ivul

bsolut, nel i t ic l se

deoseheste

e

cet relat iv.sip

n

acfert:

.

t j : ]1

sup' la

i u l rbsolu l .

i ind d" .nr ipLiv.

r" , ,

"pnrul

p"

adierr i r .

nsr." i rea

xof l

mcr i dp ar. . ta al l inJu-." pp I ,r imutptan st inLpr" .utu i l up"r .Ler ivule l i tn

ar" , . . rn,u l

p"

sdr"rbI l

/ r r r , . r i

rqta

Ajp ' imt,

d. . ,F l . tL-

tn

, :arF

.

and obic,

' IrrF

5 r l ,"

4osr

,h,athc

ot

rh.

boohsn th"

l ibrr j .

tSuD""t.et1

\ l le

h

I

thn 4o: l , , \ "p. t i rx

larp.

l< 0"a. rbs.r

H .

r"Trk

tq

nost

tnlert : .s.

(sup"r l

o l r r ,

rvezi

5

638

i

6i3


119/609

120

6];

collPAltATL\

DE S

l Pli Rl

o ll

lTr\TE

icolljl-\illSoN

oI sLrllr'IoRl

lY)

G3{i

Corilarati{ul

.sj

supcrlatil'ul

do

superioritale

-se

ormeazl

ln doxli

uo'ltrrj'

(tupi

curn

adjeciivcle

sint

scufie

sau

lungr'

t i : l ; - \ . t r l i$r l i to lo sr ' l r l . n i "nF' 'u

i \ "1-

-

r

' "n

^u

'on' f r r ' ' ' i " . : i

_ ' r

,n" '

r , r .ut , "r lu ' i ' raJ 'u

la l l

,J jF '

i \u l

|

"J

l to/r"vrr '

^ '1rsI

r r r ' r

sau flerionard

satoli):

VioleL

is

a

rdl,

girl

lPoTitir)

\ .1.

is

r / , .

'n

\

" r l

l r '

In lJr

r"

\ ro . L

r t"

r " .1.r u l

I r f r

r" .

i r .

suip" |

r I

li:Js LJ. Adiectileto

lu

gi

primesc

adveit)cle

'?'rc

(lenlru

oonfnratil-)

-: l

,nsl

(pentru

superlai i rJi

are

lrrecedi i

dject i \ul

in

gr idul

fozit iv

(metoda

1al i t i ia

'au

n; l l " \ ionJr.

hJr '

r : ) :

M\. sor

is iut?lliaezl

(Po7ltirl

N; : ,1 r" , ;o ' " , ' /1,r , ' h'1 1\ l " rL

r"" l '

p"r '

' l r

- .n - / ' ,

r '

buiBt t uo\ '

n

'

16'

i orr r t

Lrr l icat i i

cxacte

n

rrrN.mta

onrlrar l i ;

iLLjecrivelor

lnt

in]poFihi l

df

. l1 l i , , . t1diul :n crr- ,n

r t is l i rn la

in

r- ld

i '

rual

"

l l r r r '

l

"

nrar u io ' rz

r I

. , ' t " o io- t , " ' - " . r0 ' .

l^ rm"lor

'

L ' / ' l r

' -

'

^n

r

' / i "

"r

r ' - "r : i

'

h i i r . i r I

on"

{

rr l

l " , . ; " ; l

lo l "

-s,

p"nr.u

crpl i . i l r i .

^"

' '

d-r rn ' i

o

l ru ' rualre

rntpns":r

crescindi

in uzanla

curent,a.

' ' - in

' . . 'nrr i '

I

i i

. t l '

L ion."n,

'spi 'u l ' r l

' " " rnd11l iFi

d j t ' ' i \ " lor

"

l -

cvr

- l

.1u exocdi f t l

uma..u

p\pmplo

nd"roni"

t ' le

1" lu ' '

' en

rel

pFntf l r

,caI

sir

aibi'trasate

unele

reperc,

ahiar

nstabile,

'

ontradr'torri

onErhrcc

arl

aDruF

,1, . f inth l 5eamrd" dr i rp l"erpu.e mai jo. . i r ror i ivor in l r ln i L ler tsur ' l l " -

' iur .

nrpr imor i

dr t"r i le,

o l ' i . i i

'onl rJr i :

dsr

rLr

\of

r i "a

5J.rru

rc, inL4rp: l

sau sn

ie acuzati

de

ipsi de con.idersl ic

ent lLrnt ' rLocutnn'

nt

tn'

$ttL

he on thc

safesidc.

ri

639

a. colrP,rRrTll

-LDJltfrrvrloR,

sorr-rirrl

lcolrlAHr'sor

[

sH0tr'\D'lljcrlvul)

,{cessLd

categorie

cuprindc:

z I adiccti']e

monosilabice

;i ili;;ii";i;

ai";i,ai.,

"'-i".t"

ir\'a'

'L ,

'r, r'

-o",

-ro'rc

si

srle

. i l -Ld' ,d: ' i . .u r r ' - , ' r , ,1 p" nr irr ' i laba:

,7

nim-roa""

adj t ' r i \p

b/s/ /di ' "

'u ' ' 'pnlul

ln

Ll r

n

I

srr lDJ:

di adjectirelc

trisilabicc

ct

preii\

negati\.

l\Iai{fitatea

acesLor

adjcctive

au ambclc

forn]'

tl conparalie:

o11,

,*oro

i ' .r

sul i r" lo- ' ' ; i - ' t r ' r r-

F" ' i

[ot" 'o

Fl , t0] ' i :

b) h

l

t 'onoru

Dxemllc

UrnlLoarele

adjecl,ive

fofireazii

irr tnod

norma]

conrparati{ul

iIL

-cr

ii

suDerlativul

ln

-esl:

'

1) Adicctilele

ile

o si

guri

lil^bti

(

nnosilabtte)l

lnrc

ga.r

thitr,

otc

- . leuer

- . Icar$l

-

htter

-

lattcsr

garcr

-

g.xesl

olear

l l rc tuplel

.iear

lat

ga),

610


120/609

2)

Adjectirclo

de

aloui

sital,c

D8ildrfu,

erminate

n

-y

fi

_ay:

bu:.

, l p j

i \ .h

.

Drl

m. t \

elrsy

likely

sicktl:,

etc.

Exemple:

Dusy

-husier

_busiest

easy - e8ie. _eastcsf.

: " ,1J ' .v

.

t r ndt ," r

t . i6ndr ip.

. . i , . \ t

r

" | 'Lt

. t

loncly

-ton,"lier

_I0rclesr

Observal ie

,,,,f;:ii#ix::,,fr::fi:;::l::;': :';i:,i:,:'nparaLi,

i

superra'if,

u

refc

s

64

r ' , / ml j i l i

b leJ

i ' r j - .r i \ ' t ' r

tnar ,s; tdb; , . .

127

s

641

n"r,,,ul

,'iIfi

adjectil'cre

Islrd'ir'

tcrninate

n

$

8,rs

sii|I

-y

s&u

J3l, acirentuate

pe

'

6t+

l.id r

i

6{l-r

s

616.

s

617

arg_ry

locc.i

glad

iliifr' Y

'x . tx

l l j i

risk-\'

"1,""v

.J

adjcctivele r/J;1aDi.c.

.orminate

n

-er, -Ie,

-ow,

-sotne

i

-urc:

biticr

teebl.

hollo*

g.L,esome

' i" l

i "n : i

humt. t"

. . '

lo$

sol4

noble

stall,,w

wholcsomo

tend.r

srD[e

vc]ror,

;illlli:.

",".

dl alte

cltcra adjec1,i1.e

isilabice

cn

acccntulpe

prinm

tabd:

..r r"

qlier

ni le

,rretr

rcal

s

'ppie

lteasui

siupid,

tc.

,/

nuneroase

adjeotivo

r;rlturri, .jn

act:t:ntul

c

Ltitna

si.tabd:

ibsurd

.oDcjsr

.cmdte

dF.reet

minute:

Irrolound

totitc

sinccre,

ctc.

. / l

. 'a ;" , , ; ,

. la

+.. : to l , .

. t ,

r . t :

n .n, , , j1orr i ,. r_-oa . j / ( r : t r.1. . t bt . t la i . t . , t

r

.1rr

ru

ro. t

ior .

Et,

t r in

,r t i \ r r . :

nnkindly

tiaba..ng1ezl:

nue .t.

oa.Zesr.

ar

nr Srr\

aioi

a(ljectiv (cu

lrononlia

dilrtr.le

roc.n

l

lormelc

llcxionare

silt ori..grariatc

r

. -

r r idt . l r

xt

rJ,r . t l

{ :

mi i s.ul l e5rp


121/609

t9t

urt.rD,

lt.Pleasant

insrxfd

unl.;i,nv

rniidlJ

insi"..r,. er,.

f r . : $hrr \u

unho|t ;

'

t rnhary

"s

inpoini

-

i'n

pol't-

imPatitEsl

l i lg l l rcepl i i :

adjecl ive

ono' s i.

bis i lubiu

u

gradede compara,l io

or'

rnate analitic (lumai cu more i most):

4o.d

Lmunosi labld

; ; ; : ;

l ; : i ; ; .

ia"r .

t , "

t . .

t -

s i t .

t "o \ ' I

, . '

.oanl

n ' rdr" rc"nru.

onth" , . b i ,o- . ,

b

r ' " . r .

1

r a do. , r

\ ' laL ' r '

41rrr r

I t r rm' id

r '

) ror

I

d"

(- '

) :01

1"t '

' ' '1d

r .n;r

.1

"

' r '

ta" ' t

' l

p '

l - lurn

'

r " '

i

' "

(a '

' :

t r '

l ' r ,

,x l j "cf i rp l .prnJnal i reroDirr r i l r .uprer i \u l

n' . ' t

: l

ut

otat

^ ' l

n

'

r '

, i i , [

\nr f .Fr" ,o-rprr l l i " i

adiF" ' : \ ,1^-

nJ du

to '

. lahi l i r ' r "

i r r ' n

l ]Jn

t l ' r , rez i . ' . . r lur ,aan'rmi

- ,r i ror i i

.

r

t

u

n

.

.

j

u

'

io

c"

Tr mud

r '^ rnr l

'^-

-

nJrat;"

d ' l i ,c l i i " lor

h i . . i lobi"pm,i

nbi : rru i t"

'e

i r , '

'u

3

l ' r r r l

iu-r ' 'n lor

l

l : "n i* r i ' i - "

qi

-Fv,, ,np. lnd "J j . . r iv" l "

b i" i l ib i"

mir

pu{ i ' r ohi- ' ru i r"

'

' r r . 'd"1.

d"

""mi i ra ir"

u d j , r ruru l

^t 'n" lur

I

' r lp) i iorr" r '

unirnr i

'

'u

" 'n '

l t ; l ln 'ceea ce

pri. .c,ste

djectivele

u ambele

orme

de comperati l ' l i

super'

lativ.

aleqerea

irt.e icestea

esle

in D:trc

mnsurn

dictate

de eulonie,

riLn:-

exrres;''iiite.

Pe linsi aceasta.

n

lir a

votbiid si

l

preferato fornele llcrii(-

naie.

pe

cind in

ldba Lterard

se lotosesc

nrai mult fomele

oonstNite

'-

tnarL i nost.un. l . adiFc

\p.u

nusn n

"\c lu ' rv

l i lpr l rd

-

'J

onl;qa"

b;:a" l

hd

sir7u". t" . av in, i .

aEr um

.-a aru

"r

'

i649r. '

mJr torm' la

nFrl ' \ ion1'

Li;2

.

3) ,{.lto

pn4i de vorbiro ailjedirrte

sc conformeazi

acelorasi

uzanle

rl

\ lho

l i \ r on

t lc rpp' . loor '

l ldr r ' .vn"5r

$

6

l f .

. l i r lp. , LrnuLr ' .

Ou

tlfu

inchdcs ihc

proauction

oi

lhc cl,i.,r,

witfs

\1'eren't l.he

littlc bov's

{ords the

4)

Concluzie.

In engleza

onternporani

au

sparl tiparele

in comparat:-

rdieciivelor,

pe

lingi

mon;-

;i

l0isilabele

lcxionat,

lotme

ca

nlore

lat1'

n1't'

.oi|t.

n"r, obt".

niro

prau ,

not

sutl

au

n1r"

hat.

n

'lauda

-

rulrt" i

uulp l in" .

'nplcorul^s i ;o, le

" Bl lC

-,b ior

kn"" bud

n'o'" o" '1

.

t"ore

'

t inaar.

no.t w'tr-al, ' t*d.

na\t

tr l l ' ih lar d.

n,oJ

'r ' t l

dt 'ssd

-

plra

iormFle n i / { s i -pd ru gradr dp ,.rnparal i ' l ln \ io rHr 'z ro0l- ' rpbrrr '

r , i r r , r r i im. dov ' d indu-se

uirant i

l rd i

ler i ' iL ; r ' 'p i "1r"

l i

i r lpr" idr) l '

elocvente

i

lraparrte cind

se abat

dt la ltorn{

decit

conlornindu-se,

curnni:

acesteia. iete

de fapt, era

noului. a

ruper;i iuturor

ldnludlor,

a

incercini

:

oelor

nlai indrezn ;

fi

,,trnsnite".

din care

izbucnesc

adesea

dei

genirl

Excnple:

\ ' \ onc ot thc

'nnsl

aood ,a/

h4t

L

t

r ' r l"r '

\111

"

'

1" t , ' ' J

I t th. lo" t

' t ' -

tnrb ' to l

11" ' t t

o \ b 'c ' ' l

ro i

'

th"C

n;t

'

" t

DorF bc" f - tnosn

lon- thP.L

- , , i44

l l

l \ r l l r . l t , .

,Pt1" , ) .

' th" thr t

. - r ' ' lu / 'a " r l {mn" ' j " ' l . r Th lr ' . .1r t rJ 5' rppl" rr ' -

1968).

'1...)

LMdon

nn:: an th. ,.t J

ro ,.,,,3 ll't

lciilinscs{

ll"a

lJohn

os|onf.

I

''""" l;

,*t"r,"*".,

,f

'

tt Inn,tah tLnr.

i' itt Pnti

i'aftt llhc tLLrcv

comcl'

t I

1906).

(Pcni

t r l t imele

l .c i . i iat ,

. i .

S

6t8r '

r l i i ' i

?1.*" ,

r1.^

l i ,anno,at

"

apa

-a

,

et .n.


122/609

COMPARATIA

..Iar

pe

cotorut

cirlii Guinncss ookof Reco s 1971,

printre

alte superla-

:i|e estedat

mostestr."

E\.ident

ce aoeste itaie nrl constituiemodele

de urmat. Ele alrartin

.nui

domFniu

l

lururor

i .pnlplor dom.niul r r i i 'orulu i ,

arc

1na.c. t

.az

u

poate

daclLsd ne edifice,

pe

unii

locindu-ne,

e

a4ii tnctntindu-ne.

B.

CO}I?AEATIA ADJECTIYXIOB I,TNGI

{COMfAIUSO\

OT I]ONC

-{DJEqIIYES)

1 0

Urm;roarplF d. ie,

ivp, . i

lar l i " ip i i

formeazr

'

L djurorul adrerbplnr

norpr

. : i

, l?ovz

rA

pdind

sradul

pozitiv:

1) adjoctirele

mai lrugi ds doud

silabe:

atiractiye

(rcativc

despoidcnt

}eautifut

cu.ious

imporl,ant

s

663

compdrativul

Si

superlativul

|

65,1

adjectiYele

i

participiile

n

$

666

S

ri".,6

Etemplul

rtlr (iive

nore atiractive nost

attractire

dependable

-more

depndnble

-nict

dpendanlc

2) numoro:rse

djective isilabice

u aceentul

e prima

silabd:

lSill.

acid .onstant

lrddent

do, l .

. ,n, , id

, .as

; dd.

-

tdr ' , te t i \ :d

tr . re" t t1. :o. . , . .

. .

rraglre

hostilc

advcNc

t.opcf

In special

adjeclivcle

bisilabice termir.rte

ln

,t.'.

-tsl, -tlc,

Jcss

Fi

-o"s:

r . r i r . Lr , i . ,

Ioolish

tnilhlcss

.toJous.

tc

Etemple:

r{ti*

more fttivf

.omic

rnorc

comic nrosl

lonrn

loolish

-

mor loolish

-

nDsl toolish

(Vzi

, i

S

611

61,61

3)

parficitiile

adjoetivate

,si

adjcctivele cu

sufi)ic

p&ticipidle:

skr l ted I ha.mirg

u rt lrdncd

.rnvnicilg. el,r.

EremVIe:

m.st. slrn

skill.d

-

morc skilled

-

nost

skiled

charming

-mo.e

cliar.i.g

-nost

cha.ning

L

x c c

p

i i :

crooked,

Ei

tritAc.l.

care

pot

aiea

lsi

formele fleriionare.

h

stilul

tatnilidr,

pentru

a se accentua si

mai mutt irieea de superlaiiv,

S

658

'Ln

er^dFF

dj, , l i \F.

tn

.pe" iat

c l"

'FrmiIdre

in

-obt - . t . - [ , ] t . - ;J

: i

- ;ng.

4.{ nu

au

.o^

pdrat ivul

n

-rr .

formear,J

oru: i

.upFrta

uL

ir

- . . . t .

a 'dFt

.J

lo.ma netlolrorArn

Jqktrdrd

-1.

'

o. j ,n lr i r

.dnd

d.s

. ' rnn'nqpc

bif lpn,.

I

f rJgLl , r

' impid. .r

s inn,n i .sr

I , r" rr 'ps,

dnmlab,pst

p

ic id. .

ss.nsinsN

.h,

pr ' . rp.

.n" ib le.r

t imidpr '

doAs"d.l

toyalest

tircdest

dninlenest. etc

Do

yo.Df

damnedat

I

He was the .asgrd6r

clild.

I

CoDptuatjvul

adverbului

nr.r.

s


123/609

659

4) ntte

ptuli do rorbire

a.dieotirate:

Thev

dal l '^mP:

F

'

bd

r:

Yo;d,

-o*

,, i '" '

"

r ' ; , ,",P

1,J1"1,',

-.

p,n.,

lle

loted

liis

nelheN

so mu

than

uncle

o him

Notd

660

Un

substantiv

sau chivalentul si\r poate ti lnsolit de douir comparattle

"""

* fo'"t""

aii".ite.

unul

terminat

tn -cr

;et

ali

cotsiruii

cu

adverbul

tn're

i; ;;;";;;i;;;

.i.teiice

(h

-,.

sau'e'r)

prccedd

pe

cea

a'alitica

{con-

struifi

cu

mo,'e

sau mosl,):

She

looked

,.ot"

a'd

m"'

e't"/ftsins

llian

erer'

ie

iii-lr'"

"ia;",

ti;

? tarc'

and

rhe

hoft

cteeet t

r\e

Lwn

Pentru

simpl j l icare

ns6,

pntru

rpdarea

dpi i

de.progresje

"ssu,pentru

*"".t"""",

adjdctivele

scurte'care

pnm'sc

jn

lnod,

obj\nuit'

trrfixul

-l

la

comparal iv

poi avea

si forma

on' l r r r i lS

'

' r

d Frbul

mote:

'

ll"i*Ti."*;:1ff?ii''i,,:T'#iixlffJl"'

t ; . f io; '

" r 'am'

f o

r"

'o ' r R

o'

om"

dd' ' r

rnot"

' tP dnt

'Pat

R;a'"i"'""ii;

,:;"

if

'i\i,"i"ii'^ :o

.

"',"

e

te)\

tu e

deld thaD

axve

S

661

oRroGRArIrl

S

662

a,

Adjccl i le le

rPrmina'" n

r o

'un 'oana'zprF"pdar

F o

siDgurd

o'a l ;

"

""-

" . r r ' l 'q i

" i . . " t r r0ra

' ldblpa/ i

onro"nJ

4ainrpa

ul i \p lor

-pr

$r

-Ps/:

t,,c

bigg"r

-

biSg'

l

r r in - hinnFr - th nnesr

ln

celelalte

cazu

(adicd

atunci

ctnd

consoana

inale

este

prcedatd

de

doua

vocale

ori

de

o alti

consoand,

au

clnd

vocala

precedenti

nu est'e

accen_

iuatl),

consoana

inalE

nu

se dubleazi:

130

sweet -sweele.

deal -

dcate.

sol t -sol ier

qniet

-quteler

663

,J

Adjectivle

ternjnale

jn

'e mut

sau in

'ee

pierd

pe

'e

linal

lnaintea

sulixelor -.I sau -sl:

nice -

nicer

lrue -

t. er

lree

r i01 ,

LJ adlc. l i F lc

jerminrra

in

_/

pre ' 'dsL

dF o

\o 'a ln neac'entust ;

/ f in- l es l ts , l , rb lsr

n l imba

pnglFTn

nr

sr in.ca

amprrcsnaJ:

-ra'etul]er

-ca'elullest

"r'-""ii"t

-cheerlull'r

-cheedullest

ordcl -cruello

o

ellest

666

dJ

' \d j i

t ive le

lernrinst"

in - i inainreasrr l ixe lor ' / :L

drJ

tazY

ln

-y

precedat

de

o consoa

i

schinbn

p-: l

drie.r

-

dricst'r

-

l3zi|r

-lazrest

r

Uniis.dirori

nr|.rpreiear.

h a|sr

caz

conpuati{ulnde

0afiind

sinonim

o

adsf,-

r . le-r , t , : , r ; -" .

n, . id

, ' , d." i

11'on'p; 'J

r\

d" ' i

ra l :

orr rnJ

) '

r 'Lrroi '

parnl , ivul l i

'

lJngl $r lat r r

t rrul

/dr lF"

tCu

trceptra

onsoarPror,

t r

_ '

"Uncori

aaris

n't

dtyet

dtYest.


124/609

COMPA&TIA

precedaL o vocali.

el se meo.tin:

-gaJe.

-

galest

FOnlIn Dr colrPAB,\TId

)l-0riDour, aT-tr

ar

fornre

neregulate

pentru

gradelede comparatie:

Canl.lratir

Superlalir

\1o.st

t81

Ctnd

ins[

-3,

ina] este

gay

cov

Eacepli i l

shy

sly

itl,{

wry1

ADJOCIIYE

CU

Urmdtoarele

adjctive

Pozitie

il t

l i l i le

I

litl.lesi

J

oldcsi

I

l.lihesl.

iarth.rnost

I

l ,r r lhcstr . ' . themrost

I

iitst

hindmosl,

hindcmost

I

uLmosi.

ultcrmosl

upm0sri

uupernosL

l

I

{

t

t

{

J

I

s

c66

s 667

rarc

{

hind

Urmdtoarele cuvinte,

iar la

gradele

comparaiiv

(beneath)

{ 'D)

(our)

{

(upl

cind sint la gradul pozit iv,au tunc,t ie e ad1erb,

Ei

superlativ ar

tunclie de adjeotiv:

l

compdaiivul

qi.sute.lativul

adjectivelor

,r.v

9i,,y

si t adeseo.i

ortogfatiale

ti

r

Icn

ru , .11 si , l / . ru vaoare dp

adi"cl iv.

v"u

si

{

:64

a

,

-6q

b

3td4hc"

r Ia-t

r , robdL:1,

a orieine,

.onplral i \ui ddv"" l ,ului

/o'e.sd.

dJpl

' rni i

Lori . a

l" i

/ort r /u"; t . I

f | .

un s rn:r lJLiv ormdt

dupd

.,r l*

.

npd.

i :nd la oris n.

.omoffJl i iul

aJvFrb-lui

, , jn; , "d"".

er '

un d'rblu

romp"ral ivi

ncr,

a losi sunolatiiul dverbulu

jatsn.

"rcrcn^t : t r ; ' 'an

fo, l d

or 'srDo

n"t l ,

ivF

tor 'nar.

d r, I dl . inl

dds""L'nui / , r , i

,

-p?,

cslp

ul

i .omp,mtiv

rornr '

-d

.pl

1d\"tn

)

la

n". '

tD'nort

tn l ' r ,b

'

"ngfr l


125/609

132

668

-{djactirele

rele

toare

la

pu'otele cardinal

au

urmitoarele

grade de

comparal ie:

easlmostl.

casternmost

no hmostl.

northernnost

souihm.str.

southernmost

westmostl,

w.sterndost

6t i0

ln srar i

da

a'

F' le

lorm"

mai

'

\ i

' ;

o

-cr i '

. ' l '

sunpr ls l ive

ru lorma nprc-

u la je. .onslru i

.

pr i r ' .d 'u 'arFs.upFr l l i L lu i

t? 's/

' r

'prmrne r '

la unpre

adjectire

sau adrrbel

i .d

rcrnor,

b@1.

of

r .p

n

p

nc .a.orno" '

iJ

or

lh

"I

r't\csouth{nnan

leak

ol ihe

range

\"

old.

f i ;0 C.

si

'n

l in ,b '

r

.n, n" lp

id l- ' l i \F

r ,

fo ' . t 'Pa

'o '1"d

.o" 'puo' ;

i ie

pc t . .

" i

r r ' " ' r ' r f 'a

,

rpr i '

r i

' r r r

D' s l ' 'ubt i

nt

l^rat 'o. tPquu'

apt '^n4t

-r i .

- , , , r , ' " , .

p

n

rnt . i rcn". nt ; t

d^ i ip

l ' 'n l ru

i

d i l ln ' l r \e l '

s inr

, ' rF

jr . -1.

. ,b. . ' l " rF. ;J i . i

' l ' im,

Ln

'orIo lrdr

\

'cu

'" l . r I j ' r

i r '

r '

pr int re

acesten

e af l i i

o ier ie

de ci l .cr

Lrr jnt .

Iro\.nrtP

ta le

quire urn

nmra

ld, in ' i .ar l 'Jr"

, l r^ l ' i

,

F.h

lurn; : i

i r ' l

l " 'Joru\ inru lrpo-ra ' ' :

P\nJ or

opt i

LUnl

671

i

, in, l

' - . I

I n, i l i

' r

"n"" ' /

'dra' ler:7

r

pr i -

praT' E a

numpro

(FquD' l

laLi , ;

"L.otu

- . .e

tnrr ln,. ,

orut i

in -od

"ul"r ' r ' , r

s j r ' " ia l

nrraiul

lerni

in

-

adeseori

si in ccl

masculin -

lorme

ca:

ihe

mosr

P.r/4"

it

e lat

\ t

(

dt i tut"

. s\

ine

9t,,a'des'

jnzz

brnd

a rcr /

tnique clild

I harc

neac.

seer

".ou

p"*"r

poise n anvonc

lor

hcatd

a nDa

?aled

musical

'

Giren

ler olporllnity.

she

sill do

eelg

'.DrlaDle

York

8i2

obse

alii asupra

adiectirelor

cu

gratle

le

comp&rafie

eregulati

I t t

6?t

1) Adjectilul

tll

(: bolnav)

are

formle

de

comparalie

neregulate

tors'

Sh"

(d.

- ,s"

\ th , l I

ca\

hF"l isr :shr

hJJ cdl led

up

lar

do ' or '

fadiJ

sh n sh"

\ " ' ak n to

noop|ar '

She

\Y.rs

u.. tZ

/@ree,

ihan

rYc thougnt"

674 2) lll si siek. Sinonirnul rlie(Livului

ll

si'e i'ft

ln

SLiA' ll

este

chi-

"''

""}".t"i;ii

i;;;al

ai atlieciivului

si(A'

anbeleadjective vindacela;inlels:

t

Fo.nc

r.r.

intrebuinlate.

'

afietu^t

:

hr1dn61

3

los.rmost

:

lae.st.

'tui.lmost:

in

the e,s

n dle

6

tapmost.:

al

lhc aerg tap.

r

tnl . tnast

-

la ,s l

I \ '?r

r i

r ' .h ' la \ t . l l

\ l : l i r j

r

111

oP.r r ' 'pra

5l


126/609

co@aRATu

183

l,ohar,. In Angtia. tll (: bolnav) este Dtrebuinlat numai

prdical,iv.

\tribu-

liv

ti

ca adjectiv

substanlivatr, este nlocuii

prin

st./r

(:

bolnav):

t l .a, l tcoti )

\ou

loJk,//

- l

l . ts l t

,

| . . ,16

'

L,1

, ,

r .s,rd' \

_

tott ibbu )

HF

F

1

.r , l

n '"n.

1p

i\

nn,, / , .1 i \p

nJ

on

",

".1l lo.\:

n"

.

(substdntie)

The

si.l musi be

cared or.

Cind lnsi sic&este ntrebuintat predicatir. lo &dsi.A are n ,{nglia nuanla

de: a avea

greatri (la propriu), (iar la

tigurat) a ii

sAtul peste

misurd de cineva

(ptdicatio

) "You

look livid. af.

you

3i.l?"

"As

st./. as a.atl

I

am alwavs sdst.l *hen I

cross he Chinnel

-

it's

alw.rls ronsh. and

I

nm such a bad sailor."3

I'n

si.ft

la;d

lire-,i)

ol

felliig

her

fo

do her

job

t.opcrry.

3)

Ani,oninrul adjertil'ului ill esle

{r.ll

sau in

good

tahlt. In bad heaLth

S

6i5

este sinonim or ill. Heahhlt nu este antonimul adjecti 'ului til. tnsnmnd

,,sdnitos"

ln sensulde a fi iniotdauna sdndtos. ezistent la holi. robust.

4) IlL ri trotst, norst poi ii i subsi,antii'e9i adverle:

I

woD't

hale

Jou

think ill ol

Jour

felioF.

lSlbst.)

l ' l l

tb in l @roe ot l , im

i l

he docsr ' l come.

{Subsi . )

Let

him do his orr .

ts isr . )

Ii wiil

80

il, $iti

Xon

il

]ou

don'l

oneX

Iour

doclor.

(Idv.)

I'o.J plaJcd

Dadly. fiona

piar.d,orra

dd Elsie

played

ao.-"l.

(,,\dv.)

Little. A littlea, fcw. A I$a

s

676

1) Lit e-

-

LittLc are cinci

lnlelesuri principale:

S

$77

O

lAlhs

\lntn

substanliv

plural) (contrar:

narn)

:

,

pu,tin(i)" (:

insu-

S

6;8

ficiont). se rclere la cantitate sdu duratd, are comparati'ul lr.rs i supeflativul

/.asl

_si

este

intrebujniat cu substantive nenumerabile

(nullle

do Inalcrii,

d

abstracl i i etc.):

lirl? donfl. htne \\ite. Utne timc. li,ri intelesl.

She has lri&

(:

trea

pltille)

knowledgeol DnglisJi,

so she

.a.'t rad

inis boo[.

1..$

joy,

lcsr air. i.ss wo.k. lcis tngl'sn.

les.s oisc

Hc look the line

ol

lcas, resistarc

and accelteii to be

pui

on a diet.

,

b) a liulA intrebuin,tat, cu substantive nenumerabile (deci

fnre

substan-

g

67$

t iy

plural -s i grade

de comparal i r )

: . ,pul in(e)"

( :

. rceva". , ,n iqte" :s inoninr :

son1. este lntrebuinlaL cu Eubsianlivele

care nu au

plurfll:

a

til1|e

mone\,

a tiltL winc,.r

little wliile. o lnre

jnicrest

She has

d hirL

(:

cevar krowledgc or

Xnglish.

so shc ran reid thjs

)ook.

t

L

"n

.

l '

.v

' r

: I 'andb/sbp.du.d

lJ\d

/ , , , r

p

r l n j ,

J

moiPv. ] .1n.J n,

s1l iv . ,

)

|

4dn

h' , j

'n i -

hlndb.s bF.dus. h \d o 1." t"

, -

c" \al

I

monr

\ .an

a , ' , r i

ivr '

lve, i i i

S

687)

cJ lilll

(+

subst.

p1.)

:

,,mic(n)"6

se referd la

f.irsta copiilor nici

;i

a

g

660

animalelor tinere

(: pui);

are comparativul

yourger

ti

suprlarivul

Soangesl

(iD stilul familiar,lirer qi hlles4:

J im

is r l , t r ,

boJ hp k m

t,ook sFl l

i l tFr '1onr / i rd

o; ts l -

'T lF

i InAI ish)

rhar"4

CanalLt

l lap, i i , l " .D

r" ,4rs l id

d" I ranla.

s

p

L.

a

bal siilat .r

"uieri

rotdcaum de .,lu de m re:

r / / , t i / . /b intdJ" . t j \p, ,

r i r r r iv"sdun,ho'ar t"

der"rm:nar iv.r .ol iutesiof ,

s lD'

adj

. r ivp

npholr

'p

(dprprmindr i \ . ,

t \p7i S

82t .

6; \djcct ,v

del f , rninal iv

1S

821).

6

-{djectjv

calilicaliv

($

609J.


127/609

134

Tnp

snarrca

{as

lrJ ine

I ' r

/ ; r rL

o'P'

'

o

i ;

Th"

/ ; , /P '

k jd ' 5r

r rpk'd

rn ornqnr '

He

is our

/t',6'|

(onc) (Ian l

S 6 1

.r , l iah(r : ibubFl

plrL

'

mi46'

p tLin

'1rlor 'dnrrai

' l 'F ' ; i l : ' : .

1

'

" '

. . rn*

; t ,u,

t '

" ' r"hri

l ; d;m'r 's iun'

i-do1"r 'LJ"i

r^re 'd

gra4F

d'

compa-

f1L;r.ompstr ' r t ' lp ' .s 'pu1rnu' i :ar asrazrrru I s ' '13 si superldri ul

Past

(j

i

stilul

tamiiiar'

lil'61)r

' ' .

l l r l .

roo d i '1 lP

"

u1

I

ir ' t i1"

m'nd

ric

n.

rn- ,

no

t ,

"

a nJn

hl

lh ' ndnrs 'L

i :

r r" :gn,

i rr , .

"q

r, , . . " , . , f i . "1 '6 ' : , ; i . , '

, . r , r .

\D,,rp5

'h

| t

- ,oeu"

lhP r '

rd

Lown

tlrc

t?ss2'

tead

hrr l .ssrr

\o 'L j ,

l l ' r l ' iet

locrq

oi

i , i ;

, : . .

.hon+ ,"

/ - . . . .

P o\".1

I bt

j ' "

o '

/ " ' r /

t r

6

s 'J(

' lFa""

i " , . , ' " ,

t

, .

r"a' '

o" i

JU"ur

'

crnLlPrla l t r i l tne / tdes- tL ' j

T l t l i r , .5 l

lh 'nA'

ol

darrY

ne

(

C\i

J

t

nJ

t t t11"-

IFl "

'

lu

vrrsl

'

s : ' r

drr '

" run" ' ' f "

J

o nrr rnld

afecr i {6

t13' ILLLts

u

ur dxnrnutrv:

lls

dulins

lt'rle

girll

(|'.tila tur

dragi

Il

Iliess rour

li'l'

lrei'L

((le ntimioal1

bun{l)

. .shchadi l lc lnostdclSnl lulnl , i .voice' thcgalest l i lt l luugh,t l leniost iNoi lat i t '

lirlc

vars

s

e GD:i

ln

l i rLr

"

i l ryd

moderna

/J/ / c ' 'F i r lo' ' r i ' pr i r ' s t"d/ /

"u.grr ' le le

de

"" '

, " - " . i ,1 i "

t l . r t t rqisnt t t " \ t '

otunr i

' i ' l ' '

rFt '

rn

l " s impld

drrnFn5rurre

mar

"i"""

i ,

i

' ,

'olp'r '

un

'ubsrdr

l i \ ' on' rel :

IsaFaSwet l l , llchousc.mncnsna/ l?/ |h{nJox.s i i , l lcsnd]/ 's ,hoIBeI l l 'Lveev

i . / .Cuvintul

irr le

Poate

i

' " i :

ll'he

/tl,

(subsl

I caa

gile

votr

is, l'n

atraid'

loo

lirdc

(adj)

f;:'i liJ;"li$"'."'

,Fve

ome

.o ,/,r.

\ l l , r

guis

d

lor g $cl lPr^ver l r

$

riAl

S

085

|drerb

' l r " r t

l ; r ' lL_F

l t lc

I r . l . In

| ' oLsr

;;", ;;;

t.j,,

"ii::1,i,i"i'',i,";i

iiTo

A

tenlLe

r

sri\6

sp'.

'l"':hir",":

l

'::"J'.4"'1"1:',''i';'",:il'rli";"

'

|

( .

)

-

/ . I

Lrctuln

'

dupn

nm

s

*rr "1':il F.:'l; :"ll r.*:,:'"if,i ;lj:i "'." "':,'"

* , , . t

""" ' r ,

i . ' . . ' i

r "* l

n ' "- ' t ' i ' *

l i -

t '

/

v ' 'ub' r '

p l

r '

.

pulrr

s'' ':f;1;::r,,,ti.ll i j j:::,ll::ij i i;;;1,:l::,,,i,1',"1

'

, \L j ( r

l rv

rr l r r f

rL i t

rs

foql

:

l \ : r rn

r i

p l r r ra l . l " rs l 'eLrr te

:t:f.':;l

i

rl,;.1;

ti

'j

:,

',

,:1,

,;:1

,',1;,rl

d't

Dredrd'iv


128/609

coMP-AnATb

135

1l i ' l1 l" l :

nF " . j ) . ] : i

, r 'J , -or

oo, 'u l

'oncr, . ,

r : i l^ r l r

t , , t t

. i

o

[e ' . ' . , tc

arr

I '

nuanla puzrtr ir :

t I .

Lal

n id"

/ , "

.

I .u, in.

, - i , .d.

"r, t

. ,

\ l f r

l , ,nelL

l l - ' ,q

n. ,q"

' t , ,

. , i i fd

i i

n t-

" . r

. ; IL i . r ,

rp

nrd

mJd , /1 4

. '

/ , r

l r i "nds

o In,r ' l :m

de pr i

, "n i

t i^m..

.

1l

I : \

: i f t{rcr. Leasl i tc$c.t. Drt t i ind r

t1l/p

cub.,. .( . /

n, pr i .

{ fbb

n,c ar ' r r ra

pa.

r , r / : r

i -

-ub- ' .

p l . rn,n

ar. t .

/ " *

r i

/ " , . / , i in .

rn"

n" t" , , "

" ;^r

rFntr ta ' ,

lp tFr

Fi

/Fs

o'

p-n,ru

ru

n i f .

I o,Ut i ,

umF0roivul

/as ' .

rF ir :a

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alia nu se face tntre membdi

lamiliei restrtnse,

atunci ;hd

comparatia nu

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sau alunci

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o alt6

implicalie

decit, cea comparai,ivi,.

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she had an dd./

sister.

(Avea

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are

(respociil'

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dintre doi (sau

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cousin este 1n genere preferar pentru

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esurite

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,rolJ

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rirsri tnaintatd

S

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sau durati

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woman

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cel mai

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s\rari 10 l.he

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\1rr

.onld $ lli.

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I

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,ri

sub,(tantiv cu acelaqi

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