CLASSICAL AGE510 BC- 323 BC

Includes:

Persian Wars, Delian League/Athenian Empire, Peloponnesian War, Civil Unrest, Alexander the Great

ATHENIAN EMPIREAftermath of the Persian Wars until Peloponnesian War

479 BC-431 BC

RECAP

• Major Events of the Archaic Age? Dates?• Trade, writing, art

• Polis

• Colonization

• Government• Major forms?

• Why democracy in Athens?

• Warfare• Like in Dark Age?

• Different in Archaic-how/why?

• How did warfare influence Sparta’s development and impact the Persian War?

• How did the Persian Wars affect Greece?

DELIAN LEAGUE• Major naval power!

• New political power for the lower classes

• Delian League 477 BC- 404 BC • 477-454 Delian League• 454-404 Athenian Empire

• Major cultural center• Building projects (acropolis)• Religious festivals• Tragedies • Olympic games extended• Intellectual growth

• Medicine and philosophy

• Other democracies • Syracuse

GROWTH OF ATHENIAN DOMINATION• Conflict in the east

• Continued 449 BC

• Sparta allowed Athenian leadership

• Cimon

• Empire by force

• Cleruchies

• Greek unrest

• Themistocles vs Kimon

• Conflict with Sparta

• Spartan earthquake 462 BC

• Cimon sent help

• Expedition failed and Spartan Athenian relationship strained

• Athens reforms government more

• Delian League 477-404 BC

ATHENIAN REFORMS

• Cleisthenes

• Rearranged the tribes

• Archons chosen by lot chosen from upper classes

• Ostracisms

• Themistocles

• Archons chosen by lot from among the general population

• Ephialtes

• Archons voted from general population

• Limited areopagus

• Court system

ATHENIAN DEMOKRATIAAFTER THE PERSIAN WARS

• Pericles

• Athenian Assembly

• Met every 10 days

• Citizenship Law of 451

• Voting

• Athenian Officials

• Generals rose in prestige

• 700 government positions

• Judicial System

• Crime a civil matter

• State pay

• Jury duty, boule, assembly

• Civic functions

CULTURE AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS UNTIL THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR

POLIS

• Acropolis

• Highest point in a polis

• Serves as a fortified hill

• Agora

• Marketplace of the city

• Stoas

• Long rectangular buildings to serve as shelter and a place to discuss business

To Agora

•Agora with acropolis to the south-east and the areopagus(hill) to the south

PHYSICAL SPACE OF THE POLIS

VISUAL ART

• Archaic • Idealized• Static• “archaic smile”

• Classical • New motivation behind

development • Anti-East• Motion• Still a sense of tranquility

SCULPTURE

VISUAL ART

• Roman copy of the discobolus by Myron

ARCHITECTURE

VISUAL ART

• Pediments

• Statues under the roof of a temple

• Celebrating civility and excellence

• Grave stela

VASES

• Interested in action not contemplation

• Little personal information

• Mythological or the mundane

• Depictions of trades

• Women at work• Domestic

• Prostitution either as slaves or metics

POTTERY

Ajax and Achilles playing dice 530 BC

• Progression from abstract to naturalized human form.

Women washing clothes 470 BC

OTHER CULTURAL CONTRIBUTIONS

LYRIC POETRY•Simonides•War epitaphs

•Pindar• True excellence is found in ancestors

• “Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by That here, obeying their commands, we lie.”• -Simonides

• “And now Alcidamas gives clear proof that the power born in the blood is like the fruit-bearing fields that now, in alternation, yield mankind yearly sustenance from the ground…”

• -Pindar “Sixth Nemean Ode”

OIKOS

• Oikos: primary unit of production, consumption and reproduction

• Citizenship contingent on acceptance into the polis

• Death at 36 for women and 45 for men

• 50% mortality rate

• Women married young-age 15; 30 for men

• 20% of girls exposed at birth

• Marriage

• Girls would dedicate dolls to Artemis

• Night-time procession

• Marriage to one spouse

• Men worked outside and women inside (food/textiles0

• Separate lving quarters

RELIGION

• Characteristics• Near East connection

• Human qualities

• Role of sacrifices• Temenos

• Reciprocity:• People gave offerings to gods as a “you bless me, I’ll bless you”

• Rules, appeasement, and rituals • Gods honor: Hospitality, proper burial, humility, and shun homicide

• Offenses• Forgetting a sacrifice, violating a temple, breaking an oath

• Homicide: gods punished by casting a miasma (curse) until the murderer was punished

• Appeasements and Worship• Came from oracles, dreams, divination and prophesies

• Prayers, singing, sacrifices, propitiation

RELIGION

• Role of art

• Cults and Festivals

• Apollo

• Greater and Lesser Dionysia

• Sparta

• Eleusinian Mysteries

• Women Cults

• Daily Life

GAMES AND FESTIVALS

• Pan-Hellenic Games

• Olympian

• Nemean

• Delphi

• Isthmian

• Gymnasium

• Women

INTELLECTUAL LIFE AND EDUCATION

• No formal schooling

• Mousike• Upper class schools sponsored by parents

• Learned lyric poetry/lyre

• Both girls and boys by 6th century• Girls to become priestesses or manage family accounts

• Ceased by 18

• Cultural participation• Promote tradition, indoctrination, and social cohesion

• Sophists:• Taught art of persuasion

DRAMA AND TRAGEDY

• Dionysian Festival

• Performed over three days

• Held in late spring

• Competitive

• Three playwrights chosen to produce four plays

• A trilogy (set of tragedies) and a satyr (comedy/satire)

• The plot would involve a struggle between gods and humans and represent a political struggle concurrent in Athens

• Playwrights competed for best drama as well as the actors

FIRST (UNDECLARED) PELOPONNESIAN WAR

• First Peloponnesian War 460-445 BC• Megara allies with Athens• Corinth invades and Athens builds a wall • Sparta attempts to help but draws Athens into Boeotian affairs

• Pericles continues war against Persia until 449 BC• Athens continues to dominate• Attempts to kick Persia out of Egypt-fails• Moves treasury in 454 BC to Athens (League continues 477-404 BC)

• In 445 BC the Athenian Empire collapsed

• Collapse of the Athenian Empire• Spartan peace treaty in 445 BC• A “30 Years Peace” was negotiated with Sparta until 431 BC

• Athens still continues to build her city-state up

BREAKDOWN OF THE PEACE

• 441-439 War with Samos

• Many city-states began to rebel as Pericles was using the money to build up Athens

• Pericles responded that Greece was free of Persia

• 431 BC Athens places sanction on Megara and Potidaea

• Interferes with Corinthian trade

• Corinth appeals to Sparta

• Sparta offers compromise-Pericles refuses