Download pdf - A wealth of trust - netpublikationer.dk · BAS BOORSMA Director, Internet of Everything, North Europe, Cisco Systems Public authorities and companies around the world have embraced

Summer — autumn 2015No. 04

Tunnel with vision How the Fehmarn Belt link will change Northern Europe. / P. 16

The world of WozniackiA Danish tennis icon and her return to stardom. / P. 42

Tomorrow’s internet What happens when 1.5 trillion things are online? / P. 74

» When I hit the water, it feels like my whole body contracts «

BUSINESS

/ P. 30

Summer — autumn 2015No. 04

CULTURE FOCUS

Get the new Focus

Denmark app / P. 71

+ 24-page special report on SMART CITIES / P. 59

A wealth of trustBelief in other people is key to a strong economy/ P. 34

CITY OF TOMORROW

FOCUS on smart cities

6 Focus Denmark | Summer – autumn 2015 No. 04

No. 04Summer — autumn 2015

Date of publication: May 27, 2015Cover illustration: Graham Samuels

Focus Denmark is published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. um.dk/enAsiatisk Plads 2 DK-1448 Copenhagen K

Invest in Denmark and Innovation Director Dorte Bech Vizard [email protected], investindk.com

Public Diplomacy, Communication and Press Director Samuel Magid [email protected]

Editor-in-Chief Dorte Bech Vizard Managing Editor Mads Mariegaard, [email protected] English Editor Michael Lee BurgessEditorial Consultant Kontrabande

Advertising DG Media T: +45 7027 1155 [email protected] www.dgmedia.dk

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Distribution Sara Mejlvang Møller

Readers are encouraged to send feedback and suggestions to [email protected].

Member of the Association of the Danish Specialized Press.

Printed by PRinfo Konsortiet.

ISSN 1601-9776

Focus Denmark is Denmark’s official English-language magazine, first published in 1920 under the name “Danish Foreign Office Journal”.

The magazine is published in a limited print circulation. If you are interested in receiving the print edition (subject to availability), please write to [email protected]. All issues are also available for free in a variety of digital formats. Please see focusdenmark.dk for details.

The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs nor the Government of Denmark. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written consent of the copyright owner, with the exception of brief quotations for journalistic purposes, provided the source is acknowledged.

The city of the future 62 Guess what’s coming to town Intelligent lighting 68Saves money and cuts carbon emissions

Systems and circuits 72How the smart city works Internet of Things 74The digital infrastructure of tomorrow Profiles 78Trailblazing companies and municipalities

SMART CITIESAround the world,

companies and public authorities are striving

to tackle the challenges of population growth

and climate change by implementing sustainable,

efficient and citizen-centred solutions in urban

environments.

/ P. 59

Contents

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FEHMARNBELT TUNNEL

Summer – autumn 2015 No. 04 | Focus Denmark 7

The largest construction project in Denmark’s history provides new development opportunities for northern Europe. / P. 16

After a long descent, the Danish tennis star and former world no. 1 has made an exquisite athletic and personal comeback. / P. 42

CAROLINE WOZNIACKI

CULTUREBUSINESS

People in focus 8 Opening picture 10 Inside Denmark 12 Agenda 14 Indicators 54 Watch! 56 Upcoming 58

In brief 29 Winter swimming 30Cool kids take the plunge Trust 34The secret to a strong economy People in Denmark are among the world’s most trusting of people they do not know. Correspondent’s corner 40Clare MacCarthy of The Economist

In brief 15 Fehmarnbelt Tunnel 16An underwater beeline The world’s longest combined road and rail tunnel will link Scandinavia with northern Germany. Green growth 26Sustainability pays

In brief 41 Caroline Wozniacki 42The eternal fighter 20 years of Dogma 48Handheld anniversaryThe cinematic wave inspired by Danish directors is hailed as one of the most important of the past century.

PHOTO: DANIEL HJORTH

PHOTO: CHRISTIAN GEISNÆS/ZENTROPA/POLFOTO

ILLUSTRATION: GRAHAM SAM

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ILLUSTRATION: FEMERN A/S

PHOTO: EDGAR SU/REUTERS/SCANPIX

“Since 2012, environmental and social sustainability has resulted in better equity returns from companies.”

PEOPLE IN FOCUS

SOCIETY

SOCIETY CULTURE

FOCUS

BUSINESS

BAS BOORSMADirector, Internet of Everything, North Europe, Cisco Systems

Public authorities and companies around the world have embraced the concept of “smart cities”, which includes intelligent solutions to tackle challenges of population growth and climate change. “Danish cities are well-positioned to take advantage of this new city model,” says Bas Boorsma of the IT giant Cisco, which has established a major innovation presence in Denmark. / P. 59

People in focus

Feedback and suggestions: [email protected]

UPDATE


HELEN RUSSELLAuthor

When Helen Russell of the UK relocated to Denmark, she discovered a high level of trust in Danish society: “I’ve seen infants here who lay sleeping in their prams outside of cafes and restaurants, while their parents were inside,” says Russell, whose book on her encounter with Denmark was published in 2015. People in Denmark are among the world’s most trusting of people they do not know. / P. 34

MATS WILANDERTennis expert

Swedish tennis legend and leading tennis expert Mats Wilander won seven “Grand Slams”, the most prestigious tournaments in professional tennis. He talks to Focus Denmark about Danish star Caroline Wozniacki, whose career he has followed closely. A former world no. 1, Wozniacki has never lifted a Grand Slam winner’s trophy. “She’s going to,” Wilander predicts./ P. 46

PHOTO: DANIEL HJORTH

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LILY SØLVIG WEDEL KRAMBECK Winter swimmer

Lily Sølvig Wedel Krambeck is part of a group of 7- to 12-year-olds who dive into the icy waters of Amager Beach in Copenhagen throughout the winter. The Danish Council for Greater Water Safety estimates that Denmark has more than 93 winter swimming clubs with over 25,000 active members. Meet some of the youngest winter swimmers in this issue’s award-winning photo series./ P. 30

KIM SMEDEGAARD ANDERSENTechnical director,Femern A/S

Construction of the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel, which will link Scandinavia with northern Germany, is slated to begin in 2016. For the developer, safety is key. “Overall, the Fehmarn tunnel will be safer than a corresponding stretch of road or railway in open country. This is due to the absence of factors that often cause accidents, such as darkness, bad weather and oncoming traffic,” Andersen says./ P. 16

DANISH ORGANICSWORLD LEADING ORGANIC NATION

Organic Denmark (Økologisk Landsforening) is an association of com-panies, organic farmers and consumers in Denmark. With more than 160 member companies, we represent essentially the entire organic food industry in Denmark. We have 25 years’ experience in paving the way for organics and we are proud that Denmark is the world’s leading organic nation with an organic share of 8% and with a national goal of 60% organic in all public kitchens. Please do not hesitate to contact us for a non-committal conversation regarding the Danish organic companies, interesting cases from mar-ket development work in Denmark or to learn more about our work with export of organic food. We are always open to working together in order to pave the way for organics.

Connect with us on twitter @organicdenmark

www.organicdenmark.dk

OPENING PICTUREAttack in CopenhagenThe Danish capital city of Copenhagen was the site of an attack on 14-15 February 2015, when a man fired shots at a debate meeting on freedom of speech in the Østerbro district and later at guards in front of a synagogue in the city centre.

Two people were killed and five policemen wounded.

In the photo, taken the day after the attack, officers move flowers into the rapidly growing pile outside of the Krudttønden cultural centre, where the debate meeting took place.

This photo was shared extensively on social media in the days following the attack.

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Back issues available online: focusdenmark.dk


Inside Denmark

Who is “it” on the Danish lit scene?The Danish Literary Magazine, an English language biannual publication, features information on trends in Danish literature and the various forms of literary funding available from the Danish Arts Foundation. The magazine keeps you updated on authors and tendencies in Danish literature. Every issue of the publication is available online.

kunst.dk/english/initiatives/danish- literary-magazine

INSIDE DENMARKFive ways to stay tuned.

NOMA tweets Follow NOMA chef Rene Redzepi on Twitter for a feed filled with pictures of sophisticated Nordic cuisine and contemplations on life in general and food in particular. The 37-year-old chef was one of the pioneers in spreading the concept of “New Nordic” cuisine. Noma, located in Copenhagen, has been named the world’s best restaurant four times, most recently in 2014.

twitter.com/reneredzepinoma

Get movingMoving to a new country can prove an overwhelming and difficult challenge. The Danish organisation Copenhagen Capacity has developed an app to help you deal with all the practicalities. The Move to DK-app guides you to information on Denmark’s health care system, permits, tax system and more. It also provides a to-do list for your relocation.

talentcapacity.org/move-to-dk

Never take the last piece of cakeHow do you date in Denmark? Is the myth of Danish happiness true? Are you allowed to take the last piece of cake? Questions like these are explored in American Kay Xander Mellish’s humorous guide for foreigners living in Denmark. Mellish offers her advice in blog posts, podcasts and a book published in 2014.

howtoliveindenmark.com

Need help with your business?Knowing who is who and understanding the rules when providing services in a foreign country can be quite tricky. Therefore, the Danish Business Authority provides information to companies from other EU countries on the relevant rules and registrations in Denmark. Whether your business in the country is permanent or temporary, you can contact the authority or visit its website for advice and answers to your questions.

businessindenmark.dk

By Sara Mejlvang Møller, journalistIllustrator Graham Samuels

UPDATE

Learn the secret to world-class healthcare Healthcare DENMARK is your gate-way to Danish healthcare expertiseand innovation. Our aim, as a public-private partnership, is to benchmarkbest practices within healthcare, internationally.

This is our invitation to you: Come experience the efficiency of one ofthe world’s most innovative health-care sectors for yourself.

Here, you will learn how Denmarkhas increased public satisfactionwith healthcare services and im-proved productivity and quality in thesector while successfully keeping health expenditures in check.

Yes, it is free

The goal of Healthcare DENMARK is not tosell or promote any specific product or solu-tion, but to communicate the strongholdsof Danish healthcare, such as an impressive92% patient satisfaction rate for admittedpatients and 96% for outpatients.

Accepting our invitation is your guaran-tee to meet only the most relevant people, organizations, and companies relating toyour specific professional interests.

Healthcare DENMARK attracts healthpoliticians, decision-makers and journaliststo experience Danish healthcare solutions

in practice and meet the people behind. Our network is an extensive pool of publicsector, private companies, and other actorsin the area of healthcare – all dedicated to providing excellent and efficient healthcareas well as sharing best practices across borders and professions.

If you would like to learn more about ourworld-renowned healthcare, we can assistyou with tailoring a visiting program, settingup meetings, arranging access to otherwiseoff-limits people and areas within both thepublic and private sectors, as well as withlocal accommodation and transportation.

Healthcare DENMARK has a national andpolitical mandate to provide this service to relevant top and management level professionals, journalists, and politicians working with healthcare.

For free.

Just a click away

Visit www.healthcaredenmark.dk to learnmore about some of the world’s best andmost innovative healthcare companies andproviders or to request to meet these stake-holders in person. They are future-proofinghealthcare sectors around the world. Trustus; you want to learn how.

Backing this public-private initiative is apartner group of the key actors within Danish healthcare: including the Ministry ofHealth, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Business and Growth, Danish Regions, Region of Southern Denmark, theConfederation of Danish Industry, the Danish Chamber of Commerce, COWI, Falck,KMD, and Systematic.

Her Royal Highness Mary, Crown Princessof Denmark is patron of Healthcare DENMARK.

Quality of life in DenmarkAccording to the EU, Denmark ranksamong the leading European countries in terms of the population’s satisfactionwith their lives in general and with healthcare services (Quality of Life in Europe 2012 – ranking among the 27member states):

Life satisfaction and happiness: #1

Satisfaction with health: #2

Access to healthcare: #2

Health services: #4

12345

In Denmark our focus on putting the patient first – combined with efforts to

improve efficiency and quality – has resulted in a wide array of innovative solutions. I sincerelybelieve Danish solutions and expertise can havea positive impact on global health.Her Royal Highness Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark

’’

ADVERTISEMENT


By Regner Hansen, journalist

UPDATE Agenda

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“It’s a very big day for the town of Viborg. The biggest ever.”Mayor Torsten Nielsen, following the announcement of the American IT giant Apple’s decision to establish one of its largest data centres in the world – an €850m project – near the town of Viborg in Jutland, Denmark.

12%Danish energy consumption fell by 12% from 2007 to 2013 (actual consumption). The latest figures indicate that this downward trend will continue in 2014, driven by the ongoing efforts of energy companies to reduce consumption.

Source: Danish Energy Agency

“It’s okay. Made my own!”Phil Lord, co-writer and co-director of The Lego Movie, on Twitter after realising that the movie did not receive an Oscar nomi-nation in the Best Animated Feature Film category.

In the latest annual Michelin Guide, published in February 2015, Danish restaurants earned a total of 21 Michelin stars – four more than in 2014. Three Danish restaurants can boast a two-star rating: Noma, Geranium and Restaurant AOC.

“Since the turbines arrived, people have come in droves.”Henning Holm, president of Thy Tourism Association, on the influx of tourists to the National Test Centre for Wind Turbines in the northwestern Jutland town of Østerild. A visitor centre in Østerild featuring knowledge about wind energy and wind turbines is under construction and scheduled for completion by the end of 2015.

Source: The Technical University of Denmark

Per Kirkeby, internationally renowned Danish painter, in an interview with Danish daily Politiken. At the age of 76, he has been forced to stop painting due to a brain injury caused by a fall.

Mette Lykke, 34, co-founder and CEO of the exercise app Endomondo, speaking to the Danish magazine in 2014. Lykke faced countless challenges before the app became an overwhelming success with nearly 20 million users. In early 2015, she sold Endomondo to the American sportswear company Under Armour for $85 million.

Sources: Alt for damerne and other media

€17,000,000The EU has pledged up to €17m in support for the construction of a new electric ferry to service local routes to and from the small Danish island of Ærø. Residents and the business community of Ærø hope that the project will mark the start of a new industry – the building of green, electric-powered ferries.

Source: Green Ferry Vision

21 “I have some pretty good pictures in my

head. I can see them in there. But I can’t

make them. It’s very painful.”

“It’s been an uphill battle at times.”

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Get the free Focus Denmark app at the App Store or Google Play.


“We will see growth and development, both near the link and in the two metropolises of Øresund City.” Page 16

In brief Page 15Fehmarnbelt Tunnel Page 16An underwater beeline Green growth Page 26Sustainability pays

Maritime companies going greenAround 40 Danish maritime companies and organisa-tions have launched the “Blue INNOship” collaboration to develop technology for reducing emissions of en-vironmental contaminants, including carbon dioxide, sulphur oxide and nitrate oxide. Set to run until 2019, the initiative aims to strengthen the “blue economy” and bolster competitiveness through innovative green technology solutions. Project participants include the maritime companies MAN Diesel & Turbo, Alfa Laval Aalborg, A.P. Møller – Mærsk and Torm, as well as sev-eral Danish universities.

From milk to beveragesDutchman Cees 't Hart has made a career of selling drinkable prod-ucts. On 15 June 2015 Hart will take over as CEO of the Danish brewing com-pany Carlsberg A/S. From 2008 until the move to Carlsberg, Hart was CEO of one of the world’s largest dairy companies, Dutch-based Royal FrieslandCampina; he also previously worked at the food company Unilever. Carlsberg sought out Hart’s international experience and strong results to help the company continue its global expansion in the beer and soft drink markets.carlsberg.com


Lego now the world’s largest toy makerThe Danish company Lego is now the world’s largest toy manufacturer in terms of revenue. In the first half of 2014, Lego reported revenue of €1.54 billion, rep-resenting 11% growth. Lego thereby surpassed its closest rival, the US company Mattel. Known for the Barbie doll, Mattel saw a decline in revenue during the same period. Lego’s results were boosted by the success of The Lego Movie. The company is currently enjoying double-digit growth in Europe, Asia, North America and South America.lego.com

IT assistance for the homelessThe Danish company Zendesk has joined a range of IT companies moving into San Francisco’s low-income Tenderloin neighbourhood. The city offers compa-nies attractive tax privileges for establishing operations in Tenderloin – on the condition that they also perform charitable work in the neighbourhood. Zendesk has been among the most active companies in the Tenderloin Technology Lab, which serves the relatively large number of homeless people in the neighbour-hood. An app developed by Zendesk functions on simple mobile phone models, making it easier for the homeless to find information about soup kitchens, places to sleep, medical care and much more.zendesk.com

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Bridges and tunnels

Tunnel with visionConstruction of the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel is slated to

begin in 2016, linking Scandinavia with northern Germany and providing new development opportunities for all of northern

Europe. When completed, it will be the world’s longest combined road and rail tunnel.

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By Morten Andersen, journalist

S ince the 1930s, Danish politicians and engineers have dreamt of a “beeline” con-necting the capital city of Copenhagen

and the German city of Hamburg. The longstanding dream of a direct and fast

link between the two cities is approaching re-alisation, as the Fehmarn Belt project will soon break ground, creating new development op-portunities for all of northern Europe.

The 18km Fehmarnbelt Tunnel will be the world’s longest combined road and rail tunnel. Using the tunnel will be 160km shorter by train or car compared to the only existing land route, which crosses over the island of Funen and through the peninsula of Jutland (see map page 18). Travel between Copenhagen and Hamburg will be cut to less than three hours by train, while drivers will save at least an hour com-pared to today’s options.

Following a clarification stage examining the pros and cons of choosing a bridge or tun-nel, the developer Femern A/S, which is owned by the Danish state, recommended a tunnel solution to the Danish parliament. Assuming that the construction act is passed by the Dan-ish parliament and the necessary approval is secured in Germany, construction is expected to begin in 2016 and will take approximately 7 years to complete.

Positive experiences with immersed tunnelGood experiences from the Øresund Bridge between Zealand (where Copenhagen is locat-ed) and Sweden contributed to the developer’s choice of the tunnel solution. The Danish-Swed-ish link opened in 2000 with a two-lane motor-way and a railway track in both directions. The Fehmarn tunnel will have the same capacity.

Business Bridges and tunnels

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The Øresund Bridge (see page 23) comprises a tunnel to the west and a bridge to the east, which at 4.05km is the world’s second-long-est immersed tunnel, surpassed only by the Transbay Tube Tunnel in San Francisco. The Fehmarnbelt Tunnel will be three times longer than the current American record holder.

An immersed tunnel is built using compo-nents that are sailed out to sea and lowered to the seabed. The earliest immersed tunnels date back more than 100 years. Around 150 im-mersed tunnels exist worldwide.

Experiences from the Øresund Bridge show that it is possible to build an immersed tunnel with minimal impact on the surrounding hab-itat. The disturbance of vegetation and wildlife caused by its construction proved to be short-lived, while the diversity of species and biomass has now returned to pre-construction levels.

A gigantic construction projectAnother environmental advantage – which also applies to bridges – is the enormous reduction in fuel consumption and carbon emissions resulting from travellers and goods taking the direct route.

The Øresund Bridge has also proved finan-cially sustainable. As expected, the link resulted in increased transport between Denmark and Sweden compared to the days when ferries were the only option. This traffic boost gener-ates additional revenue for the company behind the link and ensures that the public cost of the large-scale project will be recouped in just a few decades.

The positive technical experiences relating to construction of the tunnel portion of the Øresund Bridge, coupled with the financial and environmental benefits, inspired the decision to build a tunnel all the way across the Fehmarn Belt. It will be the largest Danish construction project ever.

A typical tunnel component will measure 217 metres long and weigh 72,000 tons. The tunnel will comprise 79 of these standard com-ponents, plus 10 special components with other dimensions.

The increased traffic resulting from the Feh-marnbelt Tunnel will also necessitate infrastruc-tural upgrades in Denmark and Germany. In par-ticular, the Danish Storstrøm Bridge (see page 23) connecting Zealand and Falster will face challenges. Therefore, the Danish parliament has decided to build a new Storstrøm Bridge, which will be the third-longest in Denmark at 4km. Construction of the bridge is expected to take place between 2016 and 2021.

A boost for northern europeThe Fehmarnbelt Tunnel will significantly contribute to growth and employment in north-ern Europe. The construction project will be tendered as four main contracts. The first two involve the tunnel itself, divided into a north section from the Danish town of Rødby heading south, and a south section from the German town of Puttgarden heading north. The third

Fehmarn in Figures

Expected beginning of construction: 2016

Expected construction time: 7 years

Tunnel length: 18km

Length of a standard tunnel component: 217 metres

Weight of a standard tunnel component: 72,000 tons

Distance saved between Hamburg and Copenhagen: 160km (compared to the only existing land route)

Tunnel passage time by car: 10 minutes (at 110 km/h)

Tunnel passage time by train: 7 minutes

The Fehmarnbelt Tunnel will be the largest construction project in Denmark’s history.

Beeline by carBy using the Fehmarnbelt tunnel, drivers will save at least an hour between Copenhagen and Hamburg compared to the only existing land route, which crosses over the island of Funen and through the peninsula of Jutland.

IN OUR APP:WATCH FEHMARNBELT TUNNEL VIDEO

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Bridges and tunnels


contract covers construction of the tunnel’s en-trances and exits, while the fourth contract cov-ers what is popularly called “moving dirt” and in industry jargon is called dredging. Surplus dirt, sand and gravel from the tunnel construc-tion will be used to build man-made islands and beaches. A number of consortia have been prequalified to bid on each of the contracts.

The project will also provide a long-term boost in growth and employment for northern Europe. Experience shows that construction projects that reduce the time and difficulty of travel and trade generally lead to an increase in these activities.

The precise extent of this impact is hard to predict, however.

“We will see growth and development, both near the link and in the two metropolises of Øresund City (Copenhagen and the southern Swedish cities of Malmö and Lund, ed.) and Hamburg ... but the development ... will not go as quickly as we have seen with the Øresund Bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö, for ex-ample,” says University of Copenhagen professor Christian Wichmann Matthiessen, lead author of a report on the subject. He points to the fact that the administrative, cultural and mental barriers between Denmark and Germany are larger than those between Denmark and Sweden.

Making Danish-German commuting possibleAccording to the report, virtually no residents on the Danish or German sides of the coming link currently commute to the other country. However, commuting will be seen once the tun-nel opens.

“Commuters are important to regional development, as they are carriers of the social and cultural contacts required for collabora-tions that generate economic and social value in the border region,” states the report. “On the whole, we expect a trend towards an integrated

info

COWi has 6,100 employees in 101 offices worldwide. COWI is performing environ mental assessments in connection with the Fehmarn project and has also served as a consultant on the Hong Kong – Zhuhai – macao immersed tunnel and the planned suspension bridge across the strait of messina between sicily and the Italian mainland, which has a free span of 3,300 metres.

cowi.com

isC, originally an acronym for International steel Consultants, is now just known by these three letters, as the company also provides consulting services regarding many other materials. of the company’s 230 employees, 70% are civil engineers or similarly qualified. IsC served as a consultant on the Great Belt Bridge (photo) and the west bridge that is part of the Øresund Bridge between Denmark and sweden. one of the company’s current projects is the 2km sundvall Bridge on sweden’s east coast.

isc.dk

PHoto: mIKlos sZaBo/Femern a/s

PHoto: ulrIK JantZen/sCanPIx

Fixed linksDenmark’s geography features a wealth of islands, peninsulas, sounds and other inland waters conducive to the construction of bridges and tunnels.

over the years, many Danish companies have utilised skills developed domestically in this industry for their export business.

among these companies are COWI, Ramboll and ISC (see top of spread).

Business


“On the whole, we expect a trend towards an integrated Copenhagen-Hamburg corridor, where real estate prices will increase and new localisation patterns will materialise.”

— Report by Christian Wichmann Matthiessen, University of Copenhagen

Copenhagen-Hamburg corridor, where real estate prices will increase and new localisation patterns will materialise.”

According to the report, Copenhagen and Hamburg are certainly major cities in the region, yet they are second tier cities in an international perspective: “But if these two cities can establish a collaboration that ties together their econo-mies and development – in close cooperation with the larger northern German cities – then this united city system will enter the top tier of global centres, joining Amsterdam, Milan, Brus-sels and Singapore.”

Danish, German and international compa-nies considering investing or establishing op-erations in the region will benefit greatly from the coming link. The tunnel will both facilitate employees’ travel between Scandinavia and central Europe, and aid companies’ recruitment processes. Key factors in this regard include improved commuting options and the ability to quickly return to one’s home country if, for example, an employee chooses to move from northern Germany to Denmark.

Drivers passing through the tunnel at 110 km/h will be able to make the trip in ten short minutes, while train passengers will zip through in just seven minutes.

strong focus on safetyDespite the short travel time, many people will instinctively cringe at the thought of driving so far in a tunnel under water.

“Overall, the Fehmarn tunnel will be safer than a corresponding stretch of road or railway in open country. This is due to the absence of

factors that often cause accidents, such as dark-ness, bad weather and oncoming traffic,” says Kim Smedegard Andersen, technical director at Femern A/S.

Ventilation is a key aspect of safety in the tunnel. Imagine a large number of cars at a standstill in the tunnel with their engines run-ning; the pollution from exhaust fumes would gradually build to the point of becoming a health hazard. The tunnel will therefore be equipped with a large number of jet fans that can draw air in or out as needed.

“Most of the time, the ventilation system will not be running, because it will not be needed. The vehicles in the tunnel will push air out of the tunnel and draw fresh air in, thereby preserving air quality most of the time. The mechanical ventilation will be activated if, for example, an accident stops traffic,” explains Andersen.

He adds that the solution with the majority of ventilation being provided by the vehicles’ own movement is largely made possible by stricter environmental regulations in the EU:

“Cars and lorries emit far lower volumes of both carbon oxides and nitrogen oxides than

ramboll has 12,500 employees in 300 offices in 35 countries. the company is a consultant for Femern a/s and was also a consultant on the approximately 4km tunnel section of the Øresund Bridge, which connects Denmark and sweden (photo). the ramboll list of references also includes the Queensferry Crossing, which will connect edinburgh and Fife in scotland and is currently the largest ongoing bridge construction project in northern europe.

ramboll.com

Three consulting firms with a long list of references in the fixed link industry

Tunnel aheadConstruction of the Fehmarnbelt link is slated to begin in 2016, and preparations are well under way.

PHoto: lars BaHl/sCanPIx

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just five to ten years ago – and this trend will increase in coming years. The stricter EU regula-tions have caused a major shift towards energy efficient vehicles.”

Coloured lights to break the monotonyThe engineering firm Ramboll, a consultant for the developer, has focused on preventing driv-ers from being lulled into inattentiveness by a monotonous tunnel. At regular intervals, the or-dinary white lights illuminating the road will be replaced by 50-metre-long stretches of coloured lighting. The first stretch comes at 1km into the tunnel. As drivers approach the middle of the tunnel, the distance between coloured sections will gradually decrease to just 180 metres be-tween the two middle stretches of coloured light-ing. After passing the midpoint of the tunnel, the intervals will gradually increase once more.

The coloured lighting stretches will alternate between purple, blue, green and yellow. To en-sure that drivers are able to see the brake lights of cars ahead, none of the sections will be lit with red lighting.

The tunnel will have a total of 22 coloured zones. The lighting will also grow progressively brighter and sharper until drivers reach the mid-dle of the tunnel. Combined with the varying length of intervals between coloured sections, the colours help give drivers a sense of how close they are to the other side of the tunnel.

The overall aim is to ensure that drivers have a varied experience while passing through the tunnel. The engineering firm hopes that drivers will “have an experience of driving through a mountainous area with many small tunnels (...) where the landscape changes in the same way as when driving on normal roads.”

An underwater beelineWhen dreaming of the direct link in the 1930s, few could imagine that it would be possible to build a bridge or tunnel across the Fehmarnbelt; instead, they envisioned a ferry service. World War II delayed the project, but in 1963 the “bee-line” became a reality in the form of a ferry be-tween Rødby and Puttgarden. The ferry sails to this day, but operations will likely cease when the tunnel opens.

More than ever before, the new tunnel will fulfil the age-old dream of a direct link between Copenhagen and Hamburg – even if its route along the Fehmarnbelt seabed would surely come as a great surprise to those who first envi-sioned such a link.

A nation of bridge buildersWith 78 inhabited islands (2009) plus the peninsula of Jutland, Denmark’s geography is conducive to bridge building – an activity the nation’s people have engaged in throughout history. Here are five of the most prominent bridges in the country.

Z e a l a n d

COPENHAGEN

Business

Fehmarnbelt Tunnel(in preparation stages)

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4

5


1 Little Belt Bridge

the road bridge between Jutland and Funen is called “the new little Belt Bridge” by Danes – the old bridge is now used for rail traffic. The 1.7km suspension bridge is supported by main cables that hold up a large number of vertical cables. opened in 1970.

2 Vejle Fjord Bridge

the bridge over Vejle Fjord is a classic example of a concrete box girder bridge. the bridge deck rests on 18 concrete bridge piers and each bridge section is 110 metres long. the 1.7km Vejle Fjord Bridge opened in 1980.

3 storstrøm Bridge

the road and rail bridge connecting Zealand and Falster opened in 1937. at 3,210 metres, the bridge was the longest in europe for nearly 30 years. the Danish parliament has now decided to build a new storstrøm Bridge, with construction expected to begin in 2016.

4 The great Belt Bridges

the 254-metre-tall pylons on the east bridge, a 6.8km suspension bridge, are among the highest points in Denmark. the link also includes the west bridge – a 6.6km steel girder bridge – and an 8km tunnel. storebaelt.dk/english

5 Øresund Bridge

the link between Denmark and sweden combines a 7.8km cable-stay/steel girder bridge and a 4km immersed tunnel comprised of 20 components. opened in 2000.

uk.oresundsbron.com

The key to our successBeing able to meet customer demands through sound business practice

Scandic Food A/S is a subsidiary of Good Food Group A/S, a family-owned company founded in Denmark in 1951. We have our deep roots in Denmark. A country that for decades has been known worldwide for its high level of food

safety and food quality. The principles of Danish food manufacturing are used in all of our factories.

Skælskør Frugtplantage® By Appointment to The Royal Danish Court

Scandic Food A/SStore Grundet Allé7100 Vejle - Denmarkwww.scandic-food.com

Sweet enough already“You don’t need to add lots of sugar to something that is deliciously sweet as it is”. The Streamline jams are prepared with 30% less sugar than standard jams and 40% more fruit are packed into the jars. The Streamline brand is one of our brandsguaranteeing good quality to consumers and customers around the world.

Significant advantagesThe Danica non-dairy toppings have significant advantages such as high volume, better stability when whipped and perfect texture for beautiful cake decoration. Scandic Food has developed a specialty assortment customized to meet the needs of professional bakers and patisseries.

PRODUCER - DENMARK


Green growth

SUSTAINABILITY INCREASES

YOUR MARKET VALUE

Over the past two years, equity returns from listed companies with a strong sustainability profile far exceeded those of companies

in general, according to an analysis by the Danish financial institution Nykredit. This new and internationally groundbreaking

analysis provides the most convincing evidence to date that it pays to invest in environmental and social sustainability.

By Bjarke Wiegand, journalist

A surprising recent analysis by the Danish finan-cial institution Nykredit (see box) found good motivation to become environmentally and socially sustainable – even for those whose sole aim is financial gain.

Nykredit compared sustainability and fi-nancial performance data for more than 5,000 global, publicly traded companies. The results showed a surprisingly clear correlation between the companies’ ESG ratings – an assessment of how they manage environmental, social and governance risks – and their equity returns. Over the past two years, the companies with the highest ESG ratings have also provided the best equity returns (see graph).

“This marks the first time that we have seen such a clear correlation between ESG ratings and equity returns,” says Søren Larsen, Head of Socially Responsible Investments at Nykredit.

“Companies with a higher ESG rating have quite simply created more value within the past two years.”

The result is surprising, as no previous study could establish proof that it pays to invest in sustainability.

On paper, long-term investments in social and environmental sustainability have long been a logical – and desirable – recipe for stable and long-term economic growth. But in the real world, serious market errors such as inadequate valuation of natural resources and pollution have devalued the business case for sustainable

INFO

“ESG: A new equity factor” Analysis by Henrik Dahl and Søren Larsen from the Danish financial institution Nykredit.

The authors analysed a large database of ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) ratings and found that ESG has emerged as a priced factor in equity markets since 2012.

20 pages. Nykredit, 2014.

nykredit.com


BUSINESS

investment. As a result, short-term profit opti-misation remains the most prevalent business model in the market economy.

Nykredit’s analysis thereby represents an en-couraging indication that this unfortunate logic is beginning to subside.

As Peter Kjærgaard, Chief Investment Officer at Nykredit, concludes: “The analysis indicates that sustainable investment today is not just something you should do for your conscience. Since 2012, environmental and social sustaina-bility has resulted in better equity returns from companies.”

An era of economic transitionNykredit’s analysis, one of the most comprehen-sive of its kind, coincides with a wide range of analyses and indicators reflecting that the world is currently in a time of transition where envi-ronmental and social sustainability are evolving from “nice to have” to “need to have” in a com-mercial context. Sustainability is quite simply becoming a decisive factor for companies’ com-petitiveness and investors’ equity returns.

Drawing on the recognised MCSI index, Nykredit examined more than 5,000 listed com-panies from around the world.

MSCI’s Intangible Value Assessment (IVA) database rates companies based on a range of environment, social and governance criteria of importance to the companies’ long-term sustainability. Factors assessed include carbon emissions, resource consumption, waste man-agement, working conditions, safety, business ethics and corporate governance. The compa-nies are then awarded an ESG rating according to their performance in comparison to compa-nies in the same industry.

The best companies earn an AAA rating, the next best AA, and so on. The companies deemed to be the poorest equipped for envi-ronmental, social and governance risks in their industry are given a CCC rating.

The innovative element of Nykredit’s anal-ysis is that it tracked portfolios of companies

“Companies with a higher ESG rating have quite simply created more value within the past two years.” — Søren Larsen, Nykredit Sustainability pays

Equity returns from portfolios of ESG-rated companies

AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC

Double up for elite sustainabilityAverage equity returns from portfolios of ESG-rated companies, 2012-2013

Equity returns over the past two years of companies in the recognised MSCI ACWI IMI index correlate directly to the companies’ rating in social and environmental sustainability: the higher the ESG rating, the higher the equity returns.

Note: Companies are rated according to ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) criteria. The best companies earn an AAA rating, the next best AA, and so on.

Source: “ESG: A new equity factor”. Nykredit, 2014.

The average equity returns from the highest rated companies in the MSCI ACWI IMI index in 2012-2013 were double that of the companies with the lowest rating in organisational preparedness for environmental and social risks.

Note: Companies are rated according to ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) criteria. The best companies earn an AAA rating, the next best AA, and so on.

Source: “ESG: A new equity factor”. Nykredit, 2014.

1.0

1.1

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1.5

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2012 2013 2014

AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC

22.87%21.00%

18.11%15.67%

13.85%12.05% 11.71%


Green growthBUSINESS

PHOTO: MIK ESKESTAD/POLFOTO

Editorial partnership

Focus Denmark collaborates with Scandinavia’s leading independent think tank, Mandag Morgen, which contributed this article.

with the same rating, rather than individual companies. Individual companies’ ratings vary over time as a natural part of organisations’ on-going development.

Nykredit therefore compiled portfolios of companies with the same ESG rating in the MSCI database on a monthly basis for the pe-riod 2007-2013. The average growth and equity returns of each portfolio were then calculated.

Looking at this timeframe as a whole, there appears to be no distinct correlation between ESG rating and financial performance. But by focusing on the last two years, the correlation emerges very strongly: the portfolios’ average equity returns correspond directly to their ESG ratings. The AAA portfolio earned the highest equity returns, followed by AA, A and so on. In 2012-2013, the average equity return of compa-nies in the AAA portfolio was twice the amount of CCC-rated companies (see bar chart page 27).

“This is a very solid indication that we are now in a time of transition, where social, envi-ronmental and economic sustainability begin to intertwine and correlate,” says Larsen.

Sustainability as an equity performance factorThe analysis has encouraged Nykredit to use sustainability as a more systematic analysis instrument for understanding the companies it invests in, as well as an instrument in the devel-opment of new investment portfolios.

For example, the “Global Focus Equities” portfolio consists of 30 to 50 stocks based on a global screening of special “quality stocks”, which are chosen according to the following criteria:

• Market value, i.e. the total value of the compa-ny’s shares must be great enough to allow for trading without price drops.

• Companies must not be too indebted or leveraged.

• Companies must have high and stable returns on invested capital.

As an experiment, Nykredit used the ESG rat-ing to create four model portfolios of these qual-ity stocks to test how ESG rating can be used to increase returns in the Global Focus Equities portfolio. To limit and compensate for the fact that companies fluctuate between ESG ratings, the model portfolios are composed of compa-nies that fall within the following, broader ESG rating ranges: AAA-AA, A-BBB, BB-B and CCC.

“The analysis indicates that sustainable investment today is not just something you should do for your conscience.” Peter Kjærgaard, Nykredit

The same distinct trend emerges here in terms of the portfolios’ average equity returns over the past two years.

The portfolio of AAA-AA rated companies clearly outperformed portfolios with lower rat-ed companies. The CCC portfolio stood out in particular as the least profitable.

This trend led Nykredit to exclude CCC-rat-ed companies from the Global Focus Equities portfolio.

“We have done this to deliver even better re-sults for our customers and we are pleased that we can contribute to positive development as a side benefit,” says Peter Kjærgaard (photo). He adds that Nykredit will continue to increase its focus on companies’ management of ESG-relat-ed issues in connection with investments. And Kjærgaard sees a clear trend towards more and more investors going the same way.

“Would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people?” Page 34

In brief Page 29Winter swimming Page 30Cool kids take the plungeTrust Page 34The secret to a strong economyCorrespondent’s corner Page 40

In brief

The first Arctic settlersThe Arctic region around the North Pole was the last area on Earth inhabited by humans. Danish research has now shown that Paleo-Eskimos settled in the brutally cold region 5,000 years ago. These findings derive from DNA analysis of current and former residents of various parts of the Arctic region, conducted under the leadership of Professor Eske Willerslev from the University of Copen-hagen. The Paleo-Eskimos were an independent people who migrated from Siberia in Russia, across the American continent to the Arctic.geogenetics.ku.dk

Afghanistan efforts shift focusThe relationship between Afghanistan and the inter-national community is entering a new phase, as the Afghans assumed sole responsibility for the coun-try’s security in 2015. This shift is also evident in Denmark’s new strategy for Afghanistan 2015-2017, which puts an even stronger emphasis on develop-ment. The Danish efforts include political dialogue, a high level of development assistance to promote employment, education and good governance, and humanitarian assistance. Denmark will also train, advise, support and give financial assistance to the Afghan army and police.afghanistan.um.dk

Danish elderly care home opens in ChinaAs part of the growing national interest in elderly care outside of the family, China has turned to Den-mark for its expert knowledge in the field. On 1 October 2015, a Danish elderly care home will open in the Jinshan district near Shanghai, with about 100 care home places, 400 senior housing units and a large activity centre. The care facility is designed by the Danish organisation Dansk Diakonhjem. Accord-ing to the organisation’s director, the Chinese au-thorities chose to collaborate with Denmark because they believe that care staff in Denmark treat individ-uals with respect, while providing high-quality care.diakon.dk

Roskilde Festival expands with folk high schoolRoskilde Festival in Denmark, one of the largest annual music festivals in Eu-rope, has a reputation for cultivating new trends. The association behind the festival is now going even further to stimulate cultural and social creativity by founding a folk high school, a non-profit boarding school for adults, in the town of Roskilde. Funding for the project comes from proceeds from the festival, in addition to grants from foundations and Roskilde Municipality. Construction of the folk high school, which will have a capacity of 100 students per semester, is expected to be completed in autumn 2017. The tradition of folk high schools in Denmark dates back to the 1800s.roskilde-festival.dk



ILLUSTRATION: COBE/MVRDV


Winter swimming

Throughout the cold Danish winter, a group of 7- to 12-year-olds clench their jaws and dive into the ice-cold water at Amager Beach, just a few kilometres from Copenhagen city centre. They are just some of the thousands of Danes

who enjoy the popular activity of winter swimming (see box page 33).

The ASS Isbjørn (Polar Bear) winter swimming programme was founded in 2003 by the after-school care centre

Amager Strand Sejlinstitution.

Daniel Hjorth’s photos of the winter swimmers, all taken just as they exited the water, earned him the Gold award in the “interpretive eye”

category of the prestigious College Photographer of the Year Competition.

Cool kids


Viggo Plehn Prehn, 9: “I look forward to earning my first winter swimmer diploma.”

Lea Fjeldgren Rischel, 7: “It’s like my body says to me: ‘You can do this – I know that you can do it.’”

Jonathan Ryskov Aagesen, 9: “When I hit the water, it feels like my whole body contracts.”

‹ Lily Sølvig Wedel Krambeck, 8: “I’m not looking forward to spring, because that will be the end of winter swimming.”

SOCIETY


Carl Ryskov Aagesen, 12: › “The cool thing about winter swimming is that

your body gets so cold that when you come out of the water, you can’t even feel the cold air.”

Vigga Nielsen, 9: “I started winter swimming because I wanted to try something new and exciting.”

Dicte Haveløkke Tomassen, 7:“I think it’s been really fun. It was hard to get started in the beginning, but I just took it one day at a time and kept going.”

Winter swimming


SOCIETY

IN OUR APP:VIDEO ABOUT WINTER SWIMMING IN COPENHAGEN

INFO

Winter swimmingSwimming in cold water is

common in many parts of the world, but it is particularly

popular among Danes.

The Danish Council for Greater Water Safety estimates that Denmark has more than 93 winter swimming clubs with over 25,000 active members.

Many more participate in winter swimming outside of

these clubs.

The strong interest can be explained in part by the “kick” it gives, followed by a sense of

physical well-being.

The Danish Council for Greater Water Safety has issued

eight winter swimming tips, including that you must never swim alone and that you must

always check the swimming conditions and location of

lifesaving equipment.



SOCIETY

People in Denmark are among the world’s most trusting of people they do not know.

This high level of trust, closely intertwined with Denmark’s welfare model and non-corrupt institutions, contributes to strengthening

the nation’s economy. Trust is also an attractive factor for foreign companies wanting to do

business in Denmark.

The invisible resource


Trust

By Regner Hansen, journalist Illustrator Graham Samuels

Danish-based Falck, the world’s largest rescue company with operations in 45 countries, points to a leadership model based on trust as a reason for the company’s continued growth. Delegating responsibility has produced more self-reliant employees and boosted efficiency.

This trust also enhances the well-being of Falck employees, leading to fewer sick days and making them less likely to seek jobs elsewhere.

Middelfart Sparekasse, a regional savings bank headquartered on the island of Funen, has garnered numerous accolades as one of Den-mark’s best workplaces and continuously scores high in customer satisfaction. Trust resides at the heart of the bank’s approach. For exam-ple, client advisers are authorised to set the interest rates on loans, based on the belief that they know the local market best.

These examples are far from isolated cases. A new survey of more than 1,000 executives in Denmark, conducted by the Confederation of Danish Industry, shows that 92% of respondents be-lieve that trust is very important or extremely important to their com-pany’s competitiveness.

This high degree of trust is very familiar to Kamila Kozikowski of Mex-ico, finance director at Pfizer Denmark,

INFO

Measuring trust in society

Aarhus University professor Gert Tinggaard Svendsen has compiled a ranking of trust in society in 86 countries (see page 37).

He compared data from the World Values Survey, a global research project on people’s values, and SoCap, a research project on social capital headed by Svendsen himself.

Trust is simply a measurement among a representative sample of a country’s population of how many people answer “1” to the following question:

Generally speaking, would you say that:

1) most people can be trusted, or that

2) you need to be very careful in dealing with people?

a subsidiary of the US-based pharmaceutical company. Kozikowski came to Denmark almost two years ago after previous stints in the United States and Switzerland. She describes this trust as a pleasant feature of the Danish business world.

“The approach here is very direct. There’s an open dialogue about the task at hand and then the relevant employee is assigned responsibility for performing it, without constant monitoring or reminders. Meanwhile, management should always be prepared to provide guidance and assistance if a problem should arise. Things get done quickly this way,” says Kozikowski.

Trust in the business community is just one category of trust, a strangely intangible commodity. Other categories include general social trust, defined as trust in people you have not previously met, and trust in institutions – government, public administration, police and judiciary. Each of these categories reinforces one another.

“Nordic exceptionalism”Trust is such a cornerstone of the Danish wel-fare society, business world and economy that Danes are considered to be the most trusting people in the world. Denmark topped the list of 86 countries in a study of trust in society, while the four other Nordic countries also placed in the top ten.

The ranking, compiled by Aarhus Univer-sity political science professor Gert Tinggaard Svendsen, draws in part on data from World Val-ues Survey, a global research project on values.

“In Denmark and other countries with a high level of equality in society, there is a very high level of trust.”— Eric M. Uslaner, University of Maryland


Despite very limited natural resources, Den-mark is among the world’s most prosperous nations. Svendsen deems that up to a quarter of this wealth can be attributed to trust; this is the part that economists cannot otherwise attribute to production capacity, infrastructure, education or innovation.

“Trust saves a lot of bureaucratic problems and control activities,” he says.

Svendsen also notes that even though Danes hand over a large portion of their personal income in taxes, they are not overly concerned about the risk of benefit fraud, whereby others improperly receive public benefits from the state.

“Apparently, only a limited minority cheat. And Danes are happy to pay high taxes because they feel that they receive something in return. They don’t have the concerns about health care and children’s education seen in many other countries.”

Other international trust researchers, includ-ing American Eric M. Uslaner and German Peter Graeff, reach the same conclusion that trust is widespread in Denmark and the other Nordic countries and therefore has a special value.

“In Denmark and other countries with a high level of equality in society, there is a very high level of trust. Citizens feel that what hap-pens to others can also happen to themselves. Therefore, they are happy to pay high taxes and are very willing to contribute – beyond charity – to making society even better. There is a sense of collective responsibility,” says Uslaner, a pro-fessor of government and politics at University of Maryland, College Park.

Uslaner speaks of a “Nordic exceptionalism” in this area; he has conducted his own study of countries and trust, in which Denmark and Sweden share first place. In countries with high inequality, Uslaner says that trust rarely extends far beyond family and close friends.

Safety net provides securityLeaving London behind, Helen Russell of the UK relocated to a small town in Denmark in 2013 with her husband, who had been hired by the toy manufacturer Lego.

“I’ve seen infants here who lay sleeping in their prams outside of cafes and restaurants, while their parents were inside,” says Russell, whose book on her encounter with Denmark, The Year of Living Danishly, was published in 2015.

The couple have had a child in Denmark, thereby experiencing the country’s free public health service. She also points to the strong so-

cial safety net as being of key importance to the high level of trust in society.

“The social safety net means that everyone feels well treated, so they trust that others will also behave properly,” says Russell.

The welfare state is one of the three main ex-planations researchers cite for the high level of trust, the other two being cultural heritage and political stability. A welfare state offers benefits for all, including free education, free health care and economic redistribution to families with children, the elderly, the poor and the ill, which likely results in fewer social conflicts and less crime. Some researchers also point to well-func-tioning public institutions, including the police and judiciary.

In a comparison published by the Danish Ministry of Justice Research Office in Septem-ber 2014, Denmark has the next highest score among more than 30 European countries in terms of public trust in the police, and tops the ranking of public trust in the judiciary.

For more than 30 years, police sergeant Rud Ellegaard has worked in the Copenhagen district of Vesterbro. He believes it is important for police officers to be visible in the streets and to main-tain a dialogue with the local population, which in his case includes a small group of people who are socially marginalised, grappling with issues such as homelessness or mental illness. Ellegaard remains attuned to the fact that these people may have experienced violence in their lives.

“If you give people an understanding of your job as a cop, it increases their trust in you and they may be more inclined to come to you with their concerns,” he says. Ellegaard recently received an award for his many years of excel-lent service, which he accepted with surprise and the words: “I’m just doing my job”.

A peaceful nookOther trust experts hold that trust – and thus the welfare state – is a culturally determined phenomenon built up over time. According to this perspective, social trust is primarily learned

LIST

The world’s most trusting countries

Denmark tops the list of 86 countries in a ranking of trust in society.

The ranking was compiled by professor Gert Tinggaard Svendsen from Aarhus University in Denmark.

The list is from 2005, but according to Svendsen it remains accurate, as trust in societies evolves very slowly.

Read more about the ranking in the box on page 36.

Denmark

Norway

Sweden

Finland

The Netherlands

New Zealand

Canada

Australia

Indonesia

Iceland

“Trust saves a lot of bureaucratic problems and control activities.”

— Gert Tinggaard Svendsen, Aarhus University

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SOCIETY


Trust

during childhood from parents and teachers, potentially bolstered by participation in volun-tary associations, and lasts for a lifetime.

Other scholars point to the historical aspect of trust. The Nordic region has been a relatively peaceful nook in Europe, free of devastating wars and bloody revolutions.

“Denmark and the other Nordic countries have had the stability needed for democratic development over a long period and they were early in the establishment of a stable political system supported by the population. People are largely able to act according to their free will, while social norms provide an organised way of helping people they don’t know,” says Peter Graeff, professor of sociology at Kiel University in Germany.

A high degree of trust is associated with a low level of public bureaucracy and almost non-existent corruption. Citizens do not neces-sarily have to know the right people to succeed. In this merit-based system, people have access to social mobility in terms of education and jobs, according to their abilities.

Equal opportunities also promote strong competition, which contributes to economic growth. Companies that offer the best prices or the highest quality win the orders. The end re-sult is a more efficient and effective society.

Denmark so strongly reflects the preceding description that it scored best among 175 coun-tries on the organisation Transparency Interna-tional’s 2014 list of perceived corruption in the public sector. Three other Nordic countries were in the top five.

“Corruption is a bridge to nowhere. If politi-cians and public officials misuse public money that they are entrusted to administer, trust suffers as a result. There is a close correlation between the two. The same is true if doctors take their pay without going to work, or if police officers put fines in their own pockets. In countries with high

“If you give people an understanding of your job as a cop, it increases their trust

in you and they may be more inclined to come to you with

their concerns.” — Rud Ellegaard, police sergeant

corruption, up to 20-30% of the state budget can be plundered in this way,” says Dieter Zinnbau-er, senior programme manager at Transparency International’s international secretariat in Berlin.

A country without cor-ruption is a predictable system for companies and saves them the added expense of bribery. Denmark’s friendly regu-latory environ-ment is also reflected by its fourth place standing in the World Bank’s 2014 rankings of the ease of do-ing business in countries around the world.

Good for businessThe trust study conducted by the Confederation of Danish Industry in November 2014 shows that company executives find it re-warding to abide by agreements with customers regarding delivery time, price and quality. This increases the probability of return customers, while the trust-based relationship eliminates the need to put a lot of conditions into writing.

Open and honest communication is also fruitful in relation to both customers and em-ployees, say the executives. For example, a CEO cannot demand internal cutbacks while splurg-ing on an expensive company car.

Executives also find that clear targets pro-mote trust internally in business organisations – and that trust increases employees’ job satis-faction, productivity and the quality of the com-pany’s products and services.

“You can have trust in company organisa-tions with a certain hierarchy, but I believe that Danish companies have an advantage with their horizontal management structure and ability to make quick decisions at lower levels. As knowl-edge-intensive work accounts for an ever-grow-ing share of overall production activities, it becomes more difficult for management to be involved in all processes. A modern company performs best by being flexible and quick,” says Annette Thornberg, senior adviser at the Con-federation of Danish Industry.

SOCIETY

INFO

“Trust”Book by Gert Tinggaard

Svendsen, Aarhus University.

The book explains how the Danes’ trust in people they do not know contributes to

making the country one of the richest in the world.

58 pages. Aarhus University Press, 2014.

en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/t/trust

Thornberg adds that trust is also an attrac-tive factor for foreign companies investing in Denmark or setting up operations in Denmark, given its multifaceted contributions to business efficiency and success.

Too much trust?But is trust categorically good in every respect? Critics argue that the high level of trust in Den-mark also has some negative consequences. For example, since 1968 Danes have provided basic personal data to the state’s nationwide civil regis-ter, which is exceptional in an international per-spective. Danes willingly provide information about their own health and other private mat-ters to the authorities, without necessarily being aware of who can access this confidential data.

Marc Sørensen, a German doctor living in Denmark since 2008, concedes that this compre-hensive health data is a goldmine for research into diseases, but he is otherwise sceptical about the lack of public concern about potential misuse of sensitive personal data.

“There is strong institutional trust in Den-mark, which can lead people to hand over responsibility to the system for something they

should take a greater personal interest in,” says Sørensen, who points to both the specific respon-sibility for private data and the broader respon-sibility for health and other personal matters.

Digital preparedness in Denmark is high, as evidenced by the transition in 2015 to full digital communication between the public adminis-tration and citizens/businesses. However, critics say that this may also increase the risk of data leaks, misuse and even hacking.

Meanwhile, Gert Tinggaard Svendsen from Aarhus University adds that the greatest threat to trust is found in a different arena. He warns against the trend of implementing quality control among public officials with the stated purpose of increasing their efficiency on the job – an extension of the New Public Management approach to change and modernisation in the public sector.

In a society with a high level of trust like that in Denmark, control will not increase the quality of employee performance, but instead diminish it. As Svendsen says:

“Control displaces trust. Control is extremely expensive.”

COPENHAGEN POST - DENMARK’S LEADING SOURCE FOR NEWS IN ENGLISH!

WHO ARE WE? COMMUNICATION TO EXPATS IN DENMARK. More than 200.000 expats exist in our target audience. They include diplomats, university researchers, corporate professionals, teachers, students, relatives, tourists as well as online visitors from outside Denmark. The common denominator: They do not read or understand Danish.

POST operates with an editorial staff of journalists with skills obtained in an English speaking country, and residence in Denmark long enough to understand the country and its inhabitants.

POST operates www.cphpost.dk a free ONLINE news service with articles about Danes and Denmark in and out of the country. ONLINE receives more than 200.000 unique visitors per month and supplies services such as cultural calendars and archives.

WEEKLY is a traditional printed edition consisting of 32 pages with occasional

guides and supplements on education, relocation and special subjects about countries and their relationship to Denmark. Published every Thursday with a print run of 10.000 and distributed to subscribers in corporate, hotels, agencies and individuals and some complimentary recipients.

DAILY is a free news bulletin distributed by e-mail each day to subscribers at 2am in the form of an A4 brief with info about upcoming day. A quick glimpse is all you need to know about the day’s weather, international news, Danish news as well as providing a link to ONLINE or print. Used by hotels for their morning breakfast guests and by corporations as intranet info to non-Danish staff.

POST serves the international community real-time, daily and weekly whilst delivering commercial information/advertising to a group of consumers that is otherwise difficult to reach.

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and my London editors were busy soliciting comments from across the globe. I put in a call to Marianne Jelved, Denmark’s then economy minister. She rang back inside 30 minutes, hap-pily answered all my questions and I filed her comments to the paper. Having filed the story so comprehensively and so quickly, my editors thought I was some sort of wizard. I most cer-tainly wasn’t – just the lucky beneficiary of Den-mark’s brand of glasnost. (But I never did tell the editors that!)

This relaxed and easy-going interaction isn’t a uniquely Danish trait. It’s also very clearly the norm in the other Nordic countries too.

A colleague in Copenhagen, for example, re-cently popped up to Oslo to interview Norway’s Queen Sonja about her art collection for the Wall Street Journal. His accompanying photog-rapher addressed the queen by her first name as she posed with her paintings, and my colleague followed suit. The cosy atmosphere was further underlined by an embroidered cushion casually strewn on the sofa – it was emblazoned “It’s tough being King”. Patently, some sort of family joke that the royals saw no reason to hide from the prying eyes of the press.

But while the sad necessity of the threat of terror has forced the authorities to up the general level of security, their determination to remain in close contact with press and public re-mains intact. They’ve simply adopted new and creative methods of engagement – Denmark’s politicians are among the world’s most prolific users of Twitter, for example. This determina-tion to stay true to democracy and decency is a credit to all concerned and the best possible response to these troubled times.

BIODenmark has always been marked by a special degree of openness that visitors from abroad of-ten find striking. A few years after I moved here, I remember accompanying two colleagues from The Irish Times to a temporary press centre in Christiansborg Palace, the seat of parliament, the occasion being one of the European Union referendums.

Rather than trekking around to the main entrance in the pouring rain, I just found a back door and beckoned to my colleagues to follow me. Accustomed to armed guards outside parlia-mentary buildings in Ireland and elsewhere, the pair were amazed at how we simply wandered about the corridors of the epicentre of Danish democracy – no questions asked.

These days, of course, things are different. Get-ting into Christiansborg means undergoing that strict security routine so irritatingly familiar to us all from airports. The exigencies of balancing safe-ty with accessibility in an age of terrorism have made their mark in all sorts of places. The offices of Jyllands-Posten (the newspaper that printed the Muhammad cartoons in 2005) are arguably the world’s best-protected for a newspaper – an unfortunate necessity of the times we live in.

But once inside any of these well-protected institutions, the Danish sense of informality remains intact. This willingness to engage with the public and freely share information has served me very well in the thirty-odd years I’ve worked here. Indeed, it got me off to a great start when I began working for the Financial Times in 1998.

On my very first day as the FT’s “eyes in Den-mark”, a major financial story broke in Brussels

Clare MacCarthy Irish journalist.

Has lived in Denmark since 1986.

A former bureau chief for Dow Jones in Copenhagen,

she has also served as Denmark correspondent for

The Financial Times.

Today, she reports on Nordic affairs for The Economist.

“Denmark’s politicians are among the world’s

most prolific users of

Twitter.”

In each issue, Focus Denmark invites a foreign correspondent to share his or her impressions of Denmark.

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By Clare MacCarthy

Correspondent’s cornerSOCIETY


In brief By Regner Hansen, journalist

In brief Page 41Caroline Wozniacki Page 42The eternal fighter20 years of Dogma Page 48Handheld anniversary

“Trier is nervous about everything in life, except for making movies – the rest of us feel the opposite.”Page 48

New TV drama about financial crimeThe Danish Broadcasting Corporation, renowned for TV dramas such as The Kill-ing, Borgen and The Bridge, will soon be unveiling a new series about financial crime called Follow The Money. While the series premieres in Denmark in Janu-ary 2016, international critics already enjoyed a well-received sneak preview of the first two episodes during the Berlin International Film Festival in February 2015. The cast and crew include: head writer Jeppe Gjervig Gram, conceptual director Per Fly and actors Nikolaj Lie Kaas (photo) and Natalie Madueño. dr.dk/salg

A fifth Viking fortress discoveredDanish schoolchildren have been taught that four Viking Age “ring fortresses” are found in Denmark – but that four has just become five. Archaeologists recently discovered a fifth ring fortress near Køge south of Copenhagen. The Vallø Ring Fortress (Vallø Borgring) measures 145 metres in diameter and had access to the sea via an inlet. The fortress was likely commissioned by the Danish king Harald Bluetooth, as the other four ring fortresses are dated to his reign in the late 900s. These fortresses provide a greater understanding of how Denmark emerged as a kingdom in the Middle Ages.danmarksborgcenter.dk/en

Nordic food in the airportDenmark and the Nordic countries have made their mark on the international dining map in recent years. Foreign visitors can enjoy a bit of Nordic food upon setting foot on Danish ground, as Copenhagen Airport recently opened two new restaurants featuring Nordic fare: Aamanns serves a refined and modern take on the traditional Danish open-faced sandwich, while Gorm’s offers mod-ernised pizzas that often feature Nordic ingredients. cph.dk/en

Vocalist breaks bordersThe Danish singer Mø, known internationally for songs such as Pilgrim and Waste of Time, recently garnered additional international acclaim. Mø is among the recipients of the European Border Breakers Awards 2015, the EU music award for “the best new pop and rock”, given annually to 10 artists or bands who made an international breakthrough with their debut album. Mø, whose given name is Ka-ren Marie Ørsted, debuted in 2014 with the album No Mythologies To Follow.europeanborderbreakers awards.eu

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Tennis

She’s seen it all during her ten years in professional tennis, including a 67-week stint as the world’s number one ranked player. Following a professional fall from grace and a headline-making break-up, she made an exquisite athletic and personal comeback in 2014. The only thing left for Caroline Wozniacki is to win one of the sport’s four “Grand Slam” tournaments.

By Christian Mohr Boisen, journalist

At the start of 2015, Caroline Wozniacki aptly summarised her career is one short sentence: “It’s not a sprint, it’s a marathon.”

The 24-year-old Dane took a witty saying frequently used to describe life to explain what a tennis season is all about. Yet this little titbit of pop philosophy is quite poignant in the case of Caroline Wozniacki. After a fairy-tale start to her career, she endured some challenging years filled with harsh press criticism. But now she’s back, on top of her game and making waves in women’s tennis – and the reference to a mara-thon was more than just metaphorical.

THE FABULOUS

CAROLINEWOZNIACKI

Danish champion at the age of 14The fairy tale began in Hans Christian Ander-sen’s hometown of Odense, Denmark, where Caroline Wozniacki was born to Polish parents in 1990. Her father Piotr, who is also her coach, originally moved to Denmark to play profes-sional football. He played for the local club, B1909, in Denmark’s next highest division in the late 1980s. However, it quickly became clear that his daughter Caroline had the family’s brightest athletic potential and talent. She began playing tennis at the age of four, winning the Danish championships for the first time when she was just 14. The following year, one week after her 15th birthday, she debuted as a professional on PH

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the WTA tour (the worldwide professional ten-nis tour for women). By the end of her first year on the tour, she had already won the unofficial junior world championships, the Junior Orange Bowl. Before turning 16, she was the Wimble-don girls’ singles champion, making her the first Dane in 60 years to win a title in what many consider to be the world’s most prestigious ten-nis tournament.

Wozniacki’s rise to stardom continued with her true breakthrough into the women’s elite, making the finals of the 2009 US Open – one of the four “Grand Slams”, the biggest tennis tour-naments in the world. She took the world by storm, earning the nickname “Miss Sunshine”

“A Grand Slam is the only thing lacking on my CV and I would love to have that.” — Caroline Wozniacki, tennis player

Caroline WozniackiBorn on 11 July 1990 in Odense, Denmark

Residence: MonacoHeight: 177cmWeight: 63kg

Nicknames: Miss Sunshine, Caro, Wozzy

Idols as a child: Steffi Graf and Martina Hingis

Professional tennis player since 2005.

Caroline Wozniacki’s mother Anna played on the Poland women’s national volleyball

team.

Caroline Wozniacki’s little brother, Patrik, was formerly a professional footballer in

Denmark.

Caroline’s last name in Denmark is Wozniacki, after her father, Piotr. Her proper

name in Polish is Woźniacka, as she is female. Polish media

often write her name as Karolina Woźniacka.

BIO


Tennis

in the media due to her smile and optimistic na-ture. Wozniacki became the most talked-about Dane in the global press. Meanwhile, expecta-tions continued to grow in line with her results. In 2010, she moved up to first place in the world rankings thanks to her many victories and points earned in WTA tournaments. Everything looked extremely promising and according to the media, it was only a matter of time before Miss Sunshine would win the first of many Grand Slam titles. She spent 67 weeks as the world’s top-ranked tennis player and currently has 23 titles on her CV.

Engagement called offBut Wozniacki’s ascent came to an end. She started the 2012 season as the world’s number one player and ended the year as number ten. She faced fierce criticism in the media as she remained in the tenth spot throughout the 2013 season. Wozniacki’s great talent and early success had caused expectations to soar; when she failed to meet these expectations, com-mentators and experts criticised their former darling for being too predictable in her game. The criticism also extended beyond her abilities on the court. Television and newspaper pundits blamed her relationship with the Northern Irish golfer Rory McIlroy for impeding her ambition.

The couple got engaged on New Year’s Eve 2013 and had announced a wedding to be held in November 2014. The invitations had already been sent out, but in May of that year, Rory McIlroy ended the three-year relationship by issuing a press release.

In a television interview in the United States four months later, Wozniacki said:

“I was shocked. I thought at least it would be face to face or something, but there was noth-ing. It was a phone call and I didn’t hear from

him again. It was very hard because he made it very public from the start. He put out a press release and all of that, so it just got put in my face.”

Back in styleDefeat after defeat to much lower-ranked oppo-nents followed in the wake of the break-up. One month after the press release, Wozniacki was eliminated from Wimbledon by the unseeded Czech Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová. Wozniacki tumbled down the world rankings. The media used words like “fiasco”, “stagnated” and “wast-ed potential” to describe her situation. However, Wozniacki remained driven to show why she is

FACTS

Caroline Wozniacki’s results

Highest world ranking: Number 1 (67 weeks total)

WTA titles: 23

Best finish in Grand Slam tournaments:

US Open: Final (2009 and 2014)

Australian Open: Semifinal (2011)

French Open: Quarterfinal (2010)

Wimbledon: Fourth round (2009, 2010,

2011 and 2014)

Early startCaroline Wozniacki had just turned 15 when she debuted as a professional tennis player.

PHOTO: KAARE SMITH/SCANPIX

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a year. But on that November day, she had not arrived in New York to play tennis. She was lit-erally there to run a marathon – an unheard-of endeavour for an athlete among the world’s elite in another sport. The symbol of her comeback – in tennis and her personal life – is the picture of a smiling Caroline Wozniacki crossing the finish line of the New York Marathon in November 2014 with the media of the world watching. In her first marathon ever, Wozniacki ran an impressive time of 3:26.33. Waiting to greet her at the finish line was the world’s best women’s tennis player, Serena Williams, who just a short time later tweeted: “Is it normal to cry when someone finished marathon? So proud of you caro @CaroWozniacki #nycmarathon”. With her run, Wozniacki also raised more than $81,000 for the New York-based children’s charity “Team for Kids”. Miss Sunshine was back and had once again won the heart of world.

In early 2015, she was back in the top five of the women’s tennis world rankings. After ten years in professional tennis, the only crowning achievement still eluding the talented Dane is to win a Grand Slam tournament. Despite her undeniable determination to win a Grand Slam, Wozniacki still finds satisfaction in her tremen-dous success to date. As she told The Guardian:

“A Grand Slam is the only thing lacking on my CV and I would love to have that. You never know, I might finish my career and not have won one but at the end of the day, I can always look back and say I gave it my all and that’s all you can do. If you’d asked me when I started playing, if you said this is what I’m going to achieve, I would have taken it with open arms.”

At the finish lineAfter her first marathon ever, Caroline Wozniacki was greeted by American tennis player Serena Williams.

“Is it normal to cry when someone finished marathon? So proud of you caro @CaroWozniacki #nycmarathon”— Serena Williams, tennis player, on Twitter

known as one of the greatest fighters in tennis. She has always loved proving people wrong. The reaction came on the court. Wozniacki bounced back in style.

“You can choose two ways of looking at things: you can either feel sorry for yourself and lay down and cry or you can actually learn from it and move on and find all the positives in it. I found I was very strong in a tough situation and actually turned it into something positive and something that could also help me for the future,” said Wozniacki in an interview with The Guardian at the US Open tournament in September 2014, where she reached her first Grand Slam final since 2009. Although she lost the final to Serena Williams, it was a great per-sonal triumph. Wozniacki found herself amidst a cascade of popular support that would only continue to grow.

The eternal fighter“It’s not a sprint, it’s a marathon.” Wozniacki ex-pressed this sentiment in January 2015.

Like many times previously during her 10 years in international tennis, in November 2014 Wozniacki travelled from her home in Monaco to New York. She is on the road about 300 days

PHOTO: DERIK HAMILTON/USA TODAY SPORTS/SIPA USA/SCANPIX

PHOTO: ALASTAIR GRANT/AP/POLFOTO


TennisCULTURE

By Christian Mohr Boisen, journalist

How would you rate Caroline Wozniacki in the world elite? How good is she?She is most probably among the five or six best women in the world throughout the year and throughout her career in consistency, winning tournaments and results.

Do you think that she has already fulfilled her potential?Not even close. She might have fulfilled her po-tential in her level, but there’s no way that she has fulfilled her potential in winning tournaments; she’s going to win much more. She’s very young still. She will have better results the longer she plays. She’s going to win a Grand Slam, I am sure.

What do you like about her game?I like that she fights for everything, fights for every point, fights in every match. I like that her attitude is very positive. I like the way that she’s extremely fit and she’s a real professional.

Were you surprised that she made it to the final of the US Open Grand Slam tournament in 2014?I was surprised at how much she had improved her game during the last year, very positively surprised. There’s a lot of pressure on Caroline Wozniacki, there has been for a long time. For some reason, a lot of people want her to be the best player in the world and for her to win a Grand Slam.

How did she improve her game last year?She’s improved her forehand, she’s improved

her serve, she’s improved her movement be-cause she’s fitter than before. The best and worst thing that has happened to Caroline Wozniacki is that she was number 1 in the world without winning a Grand Slam. It’s obviously fantastic to be number one in the world, but then people say “She hasn’t won a Grand Slam so is she real-ly number one in the world?”

Do you think that there is one particular Grand Slam that she is more likely to win? The US Open in August/September for example, as she has reached the final twice?I think it’s the US Open or the Australian Open. I think she needs a bigger serve for grass courts. It’s possible on clay but on clay I think you need to have big shots and play powerful tennis

these days. On hard courts you can be a great mover and you can get the ball back in play and you can attack when there’s a chance, so I think that hard courts are most

probably her best surface.

Mats Wilander, born 1964, is now a commentator for the television network Eurosport, where he has his own show, “Game, Set & Mats”. He won seven Grand Slam singles titles from 1982-88.

Tennis legend:

“Wozniacki is going to win a Grand Slam”Swedish tennis expert Mats Wilander has followed Caroline Wozniacki closely throughout her career. He predicts that she will one day lift the winner’s trophy at one of the four Grand Slams, the most prestigious tournaments in professional tennis.

“The best and worst thing that has happened to Caroline Wozniacki is that she was number 1 in the world without winning a Grand Slam.”— Mats Wilander, tennis expert

PHOTO: STANISLAV ZBYNEK/AP/POLFOTO

Denmark.dk — Your gateway to Denmark

Looking for information about Denmark? Then explore the universe of Denmark.dk and treat yourself to a kaleidoscope of knowledge about Denmark and

the Danes through videos, articles, blogs and more.

The easy-to-navigate website offers you everything you need to know – or a quick link to where you can find it. Whether you need specific details on working or investing in Denmark or are surfing for fun, then visit Denmark.dk – your fast track to the facts.

Presented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark

THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF DENMARK

Denmark.dk Denmarkdotdk Denmarkdotdk

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By Jeppe Villadsen, journalist

With his innate timing and sense for captivat-ing the world’s attention, controversial Danish director Lars von Trier took the stage in March 1995 during a celebration of 100 years of cinema at the historical Odéon Theatre in Paris and be-gan throwing red leaflets into the audience.

This spectacle marked the first announce-ment of the “Dogma Manifesto”, launching what would become the biggest innovation in film since the French New Wave around 1960.

With ten dogma rules, outlined in a “vow of chastity” (see top of page 50), von Trier and three other Danish directors behind the man-ifesto called filmmakers to arms in a battle against predictable plots, superficial action and cosmetic and technical effects. A Dogma film must always be shot on location, without scenery or props, the camera must be handheld and the use of a musical score is prohibited. The

20 years after Dogma:

How four directors changed the world of cinemaThis year marks the 20th anniversary of the handheld cameras and insistent realism of the Dogma school of filmmaking. The cinematic wave inspired by Lars von Trier and three other Danish directors has been hailed as one of the most important of the 20th century.

ambition was to cut to the bone, shining the spotlight on the actors and the story rather than on the media itself.

“It’s about forcing a unique artistic expres-sion by establishing rules, limitations and obsta-cles. Dogma seeks to provide liberation through submission to restraints,” says Danish film scholar Peter Schepelern from the University of Copenhagen.

Titanic eraThe Dogma idea arose in a time when the film industry was dominated by Hollywood blockbusters with huge budgets featuring giant lizards, extravagant battle scenes and sinking Titanic steamers. To wit: the spring and summer of 1995 saw the premiere of films such as Wa-terworld, Die Hard 3, Batman Forever and Apollo 13. Von Trier’s Dogma Manifesto stunt in Paris happened just three days after the premiere of the epic disaster film Outbreak.

10 Danish Dogma films

The Celebration (1998)Thomas Vinterberg

The Idiots (1998) Lars von Trier

Mifune (1999)Søren Kragh-Jacobsen

The King is Alive (2000)Kristian Levring

Italian for Beginners (2000)Lone Scherfig

Truly Human (2001)Åke Sandgren

Kira’s Reason (2001) Ole Christian Madsen

Open Hearts (2002)Susanne Bier

Old, New, Borrowed and Blue (2003)Natasha Arthy

In Your Hands (2004)Annette K. Olesen

Widespread acclaimThe first Dogma film, The Celebration by Thomas Vinterberg, became an overwhelming artistic and commercial success.


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Brothers in spirit From the left: Thomas Vinterberg, Søren Kragh-Jakobsen, Lars von Trier and Kristian Levring. The photo was taken in 1999.

Top right, left page: A “Dogma certificate” signed by Dogma’s founding four directors as proof that a film was made in compliance with the Dogma manifesto.

The directors behind the Dogma manifesto called filmmakers to arms in a battle against predictable plots, superficial action and cosmetic and technical effects.

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The Dogma directors sought to disprove any perceived corollary between budget size and quality. They painted the manifesto as an emer-gency rescue effort. Dogma provided a way for a small country with small film budgets to make a virtue out of necessity. Schepelern also points to inspiration taken from the Ten Command-ments, which prohibit a range of actions as well.

“The Dogma concept embodies clearly mas-ochistic traits: Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinter-berg sat down and discussed which elements of the filmmaking process were most indispensable – which bans would hurt the most – and then chose these very bans. This is also where the religious connotations of the terms ‘dogma’ and ‘vow of chastity’ are clearest,” says Schepelern.

The first Dogma film was Thomas Vinter-berg’s The Celebration (1998), an overwhelming artistic and commercial success. The film reaped scores of international film awards, including the New York critics’ and Los Angeles critics’ awards for best non-American film of the year, and the Jury Prize at the world’s largest film fes-tival in the French city of Cannes. The Celebra-

tion is second only to the Dogma film Italian for Beginners as the most-seen Danish-language film ever in the United States and Europe.

Next followed Lars von Trier’s The Idiots (1998) and Søren Kragh-Jakobsen’s Mifune (1999), both of which also won many awards and reached an international audience. An array of Dogma movies were made over the following years, both in Denmark and abroad in countries such as France, the United States, Spain, Argenti-na, South Korea, Norway, Italy, Switzerland and Belgium.

The grainy and shaking scenes irritated some filmgoers, but many found Dogma to be the most exciting thing to happen in film since the New Wave in the late 1950s and early 60s. Renowned German director Wim Wenders ex-pressed his certainty that Dogma will eventually be seen as one of the most important events in late 20th century European film.

Artistic liberation On multiple occasions in cinematic history, di-rectors have joined forces to set new norms and

Flying start1995: Lars von Trier launches the Dogma school of filmmaking by throwing leaflets into the audience at the Odéon Theatre in Paris, France. From the documentary The Purified by Jesper Jargil.

Handheld endeavourDirector Lars von Trier on the set of The Idiots, one of the first four Dogma films.

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create a wave of innovative films. Such move-ments have arisen in Russia, Germany, Italy and, perhaps most famously, in France, as François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol and Jean-Luc Godard gave birth to La Nouvelle Vague. But unlike previous movements, “Dogma95” was accompa-nied by an originally orchestrated PR campaign with unprecedented media and popular impact.

Dogma may have been a gimmick, but no one can deny that the four Dogma broth-ers – Lars von Trier, Thomas Vinterberg, Søren Kragh-Jacobsen and Kristian Levring – made a significant mark on the filmmaking process and the finished product with Dogma. To the directors, Dogma became an artistic liberation. As the media around them increasingly focused on budget sizes, massive amounts of cast extras, groundbreaking special effects and celebrities, Dogma unexpectedly drew attention back to the art and craft of filmmaking.

“Dogma influenced Danish and interna-tional film by leading filmmakers away from the massive technical apparatus and towards spontaneity and immediacy. Dogma also – and perhaps most importantly – liberated the actors. Conventional films force actors to perform in tiny chunks, while the Dogma directors allowed them to act for up to 20 minutes without inter-ruption,” says Peter Schepelern.

The so-called Dogma Secretariat, founded to promote the concept, closed down in 2002. A total of 276 films were registered as Dogma films on Dogma95’s website before the closing. Many of the original Dogma directors felt that the manifesto had become a new genre formula, contrary to the original intentions, and that it was time to seek out new pastures.

Did Dogma serve as the artistically cleansing process envisioned by the Dogma brothers? Or was it more of a PR stunt, joke or provocation? In hindsight, the answer to both of these ques-tions is likely yes. Dogma was a bit of all these things – and more.

The Idiots (1998) Lars von Trier’s Dogma film depicts a group of young people in search of their “inner idiot”.

2

The sound must never be produced apart from the images or vice versa. (Music must not be used unless it occurs where the scene is being shot.)

3

The camera must be hand-held. Any movement or

The 10 vows of chastity – or Dogma rules

1

Shooting must be done on location. Props and sets must not be brought in (if a particular prop is necessary for the story, a location must be chosen where this prop is to be found).

immobility attainable in the hand is permitted.

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The film must be in colour. Special lighting is not acceptable. (If there is too little light for exposure, the scene must be cut or a single lamp be attached to the camera.)

5

Optical work and filters are forbidden.

6

The film must not contain superficial action. (Murders, weapons, etc. must not occur.)

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INFO

Five portals to the Danish film industry

Danish Film InstituteDFI is Denmark’s national agency for film and cinema culture. The institute supports the development, production and distribution of films. dfi.dk

Film CityA decommissioned barracks near Denmark’s capital of Copenhagen is home to a number of the country’s leading film and media companies, including Zentropa. filmbyen.dk

Zentropa EntertainmentsFilm company founded by Lars von Trier and Peter Aalbæk Jensen in 1992. Produced two of the first four Dogma films: The Idiots and The King Is Alive.zentropa.dk

Nimbus FilmFilm company founded in 1993. Produced two of the original four Dogma films: The Celebration and Mifune. Thomas Vinterberg, who directed The Celebration, is also a former co-owner.nimbusfilm.dk

Nordisk FilmNordisk Film, founded in 1906, is one of the world’s oldest film companies. In 2008, the company purchased half of the shares in Lars von Trier’s company, Zentropa.nordiskfilm.com

“Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg sat down and discussed which elements of the filmmaking process were most indispensable – which bans would hurt the most – and then chose these very bans.”– Peter Schepelern, University of Copenhagen

Mifune (1999)The third Dogma film stars two of Denmark’s most well-known actors, Anders W. Berthelsen and Iben Hjejle.

The Celebration (1998)A key scene in the first dogma film is the protagonist’s speech on the occasion of his father’s 60th birthday.

7

Temporal and geographical alienation are forbidden. (That is to say that the film takes place here and now.)

8

Genre movies are not acceptable.

9

The film format must be Academy 35 mm.

10

The director must not be credited.

Read more:dogme95.dk

A Dogma film must always be shot on location, without scenery or props, the camera must be handheld and the use of a musical score is prohibited.

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Film

Since the Dogma projects of the late 90s and until today, the four directors behind the concept have evolved in very different directions, while continuing to attract international interest.

Søren Kragh-Jacobsen

The versatile humanist

Connoisseurs of the television series Borgen know that the series’ conceptual director – the director who established the visual style and directed the first episodes – is Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, the oldest of the four Dogma brothers, now aged 68. Kragh-Jacobsen is one of Denmark’s most prolific, beloved and versatile directors.

His career began with seven years working as an electrician, followed by a number of years working in children’s television. He then went on to a successful career as a singer and songwriter before finally becoming a filmmaker.

The many achievements of the multi-talented Søren Kragh-Jacobsen were not necessarily in the cards when he was diagnosed with dyslexia at a young age and later became an electrician’s apprentice. Often described as modest and down to earth, his adaptation of the children’s book Rubber Tarzan won the prestigious UNICEF Award in 1982, while his Dogma film Mifune won the Silver Bear at the 1999 Berlin Film Festival and gained high acclaim throughout Europe. Warmth and understated humour are common threads in Kragh-Jacobsen’s films, which are characterised by an unsentimental sympathy for others.

His other films include The Island on Bird Street (1997), What No One Knows (2008) and, most recently, The Hour of the Lynx (2013). Kragh-Jacobsen has also directed a variety of Danish television series in recent years; in addition to Borgen, he has directed episodes of The Eagle and The Protectors.

Kristian Levring

The unknown Dogma brother

Not until his latest film, 2014’s The Salvation, did 58-year-old director Kristian Levring reach a wider audience – a feat accomplished with something as rare as a Danish western.

Levring has always been an outsider in Danish film, making just five feature films during his career spanning more than 30 years.

The internationally-oriented director grew up in France and Switzerland, trained as an editor at the National Film School of Denmark and debuted as a feature film director with the dystopian Shot From the Heart (1986). The film was such a big flop that Levring turned instead to directing commercials, becoming a top-paid director of visually decadent commercials for companies such as Coca-Cola, Microsoft, BMW and Mercedes. He has since left the advertising industry, but not before directing around 600 commercials, of which 25 were honoured with awards.

Levring’s inclusion among the Dogma brothers in 1995 surprised film industry insiders, as he had only made commercials and a single, unsuccessful feature film up to that point. But Lars von Trier knew Levring from the National Film School of Denmark and felt that he had a strong visual style. As the fourth Dogma brother, he wrote and directed The King Is Alive (2000), a film about a group of tourists stranded in the Namibian desert.

THE DOGMA BROTHERS, AFTER DOGMA

PHOTO: LEIF TUXEN/SCANPIX

PHOTO: PER ARNESEN


CULTURE

Lars von Trier

Introverted exhibitionist

Controversial films such as Nymphomaniac and Antichrist have led film buffs around the world to love – or hate – the Danish director Lars von Trier.Before, during and after Dogma, von Trier has been a pillar of Danish film. Ever experimental and innovative, he has demonstrated a proven ability to deliver epic films with casts featuring A-list stars such as Nicole Kidman, Charlotte Gainsbourg and Willem Dafoe.

Abstruse, phobic and mythicised: Von Trier often appears in the media as a provocative crock, but in private he is both shy and reserved. Dogma colleague Thomas Vinterberg has said that “Trier is nervous about everything in life, except for making movies – the rest of us feel the opposite.”

Von Trier was the Dogma group’s ideologue, cracking down on his Dogma brothers for breaking the vows of chastity. For example, he scolded Vinterberg ruthlessly for circumventing the rules by hanging a towel in a window to dim the light in a scene. Yet in true, ambiguous von Trier style, he also said that Dogma shouldn’t be taken too literally, but rather as an ideal to be pursued.

With Dogma, the Danish screenwriter and director who had been making films since the age of ten was hailed as the saviour of cinematic art. But it was neither the first nor the last time von Trier set new standards for film aesthetics.

The now 59-year-old director debuted with The Element of Crime (1984) and made his international breakthrough with Breaking the Waves (1996). His other films include the innovative musical Dancer in the Dark (2000), in which the singing scenes were filmed with 100 stationary video cameras. He followed this up with the films Dogville (2003) and Manderlay (2005), which were filmed with the set simply drawn in chalk on a stage floor.

Von Trier’s latest work can be seen in the trilogy Antichrist (2009), Melancholia (2011) and Nymphomaniac (2013).

Thomas Vinterberg

Life of the celebration

Director Thomas Vinterberg’s latest film The Hunt was nominated for an Oscar in 2014, garnering his biggest international exposure since his major breakthrough in 1998 with the first Dogma film ever released, The Celebration.

Vinterberg demonstrated the enormous potential of Dogma filmmaking with The Celebration. Following its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival, more than 1,000 of the world’s leading film critics gave a ten-minute standing ovation.

From his early beginnings, Vinterberg was seen as a prodigy, becoming the youngest student ever admitted to the National Film School of Denmark in 1989 at the age of 20. His final student film, considered one of the school’s best ever, was named the year’s best film school film in Europe and 23-year-old Vinterberg won the corresponding award for best director.

The Celebration earned widespread acclaim, with filmmaker Steven Spielberg calling it “one of the best movies I’ve ever seen”. His two subsequent films, It’s All About Love and Dear Wendy, neither of which is a Dogma film, remained overshadowed by The Celebration. Not until 2010’s Submarino and The Hunt two years later, both of which are Danish language films, did Vinterberg enjoy a comeback by returning to his forte: portraying authentic, wounded and vulnerable people under pressure.

PHOTO: CLAUS BECH/SCANPIX

PHOTO: CHRISTIAN GEISNÆS/ZENTROPA/POLFOTO


Indicators

By Astrid Schou, journalist

INDICATORSFacts and figures providing a snapshot of Denmark’s current economic and demographic makeup.

According to the World Bank’s 2014 Ease of Doing Business Index, Denmark offers Europe’s most business-friendly regulations, followed by Norway, the United Kingdom and Finland. Globally, Denmark is ranked fourth on the list.

One in eight 18-24 year-old Danes in the labour force were unemployed in 2013, giving Denmark the fourth lowest rate of youth unemployment in the EU. The EU average for the year was 22.8%.

The most popular Danish film in Denmark’s cinemas in 2014 was the thriller Fasandræberne (The Absent One), based on the novel by Jussi Adler-Olsen. The film sold 764,002 tickets in Denmark.

In 2013, an average Dane used 107 litres of water a day – a 22% decline compared to 1997.

1. Singapore2. New Zealand3. Hong Kong SAR, China4. Denmark5. Korea, Rep.6. Norway7. United States8. United Kingdom9. Finland10. Australia

Source: World Bank

Source: Eurostat

Source: DANVA

Source: Danish Film Institute

7.6%Germany

8.4%Austria

10.4%Netherlands

12.5%Denmark

12.7%Malta

14.1%Luxembourg

18.7%Estonia

19.2%Czech Republic

19.6%Finland

20.3%United Kingdom

22.8%EU average

764,002

107 liters

One in eight 18-24 year-old Danes in the labour force were unemployed in 2013.


UPDATE

StatBank Denmark statistikbanken.dk

Danmarks Nationalbank nationalbanken.dk – Statistics

Eurostat ec.europa.eu/eurostat

STATS

Denmark European Union (28 countries)

2002 2012

EU BRIC

In 2013, 55% of Denmark’s exports went to EU countries – seven percentage points lower than in 2005. Meanwhile, 8% of exports went to the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China), or three percentage points more than in 2005.

Danes lived to an average age of 79.4 years in 2012, slightly under the EU average of 79.6 years. The life expectancy of Danes increased by 3 years in the period 2002-2012, slightly exceeding the EU average of 2.5 years.

With 120 breweries, Denmark boasts one brewery per 46,689 inhabitants. This is second in the EU, surpassed only by Lithuania, which has 40,711 inhabitants per brewery.

Inhabitants per brewery

1. Lithuania 40,7112. Denmark 46,6893. Austria 51,5364. Czech Republic 53,3815. United Kingdom 57,409

In 2013, 18 out of 19 Danes surfed the internet, placing Denmark fifth globally after Iceland, Bermuda, Norway and Sweden.

Source: World Bank

Source: Eurostat

Source: Ernst & Young 2013 Source: StatBank Denmark

76.4 79.4 79.677.1

62%

5% 8%

55%

Wulffmorgenthaler’s comics feature a tongue-in-cheek take on what it is like to be an American tourist in Copenhagen.



EVA BERNEKEBusiness leader

IT-boss and acclaimed board memberEva Berneke took the helm of KMD, the largest Danish-based IT company, in 2014. Berneke came from a position as group director of commercial business for the Danish telecom company TDC, where she cemented a reputation for strong strategic vision, execution skills and acumen in the business market for IT and telecom. Challenges await from the start, as KMD is a cornerstone of IT sup-port for the Danish welfare system and currently transitioning to full digitisation of all communications.

Berneke holds a Master of Science in Engineering and an MBA, and she worked internationally with the consul-tancy McKinsey before returning home to Denmark. In addition to her position at KMD, Berneke is also a board member at the toy company Lego, Copenhagen Business School and Norway-based Schibsted Media Group.

In 2014, she received the Danish Female Board Member of the Year award.

kmd.dk

CONNIE HEDEGAARDFormer EU Commissioner

A billion to spare for sustainabilityWith DKK 1 billion (approx. €135m) to support international activities, Connie Hedegaard has been appointed chair of the newly founded Kann Foundation, an environmental fund dedicated to promoting climate and sustainability initiatives around the world.

Hedegaard formerly held posts in the Danish government as Minister for the Environment and Minister for Climate and Energy, and from 2010 to 2014 she served as the EU Commissioner for Climate Action.

In a press release announcing her new chairmanship, Hedegaard says that the all-important challenge ahead is ensuring stronger interaction between economic growth on the one hand, and the climate and environment on the other.

Kann Foundation was founded by the Villum Foundation, whose endowment comes from the founder of the Danish company Velux and related compa-nies specialising in roof windows and skylights.

veluxfondene.dk

MIKAEL WULFF AND ANDERS MORGENTHALERSatirical cartoonists

Satirists become marketeersWhile the Danish satirical cartoonists Mikael Wulff (right) and Anders Morgenthaler are currently taking the US by storm with their comics, they will also soon be helping to attract American tourists to Copenhagen.

The duo, known by the name Wulff-morgenthaler, have been hired by Visit Denmark, the official source of tourism and travel guide information on Denmark, to create four comics entitled Things are far from normal in Copen-hagen. The comics feature a tongue-in-cheek take on what it is like to be an American tourist in Copenhagen.

The satire duo is quickly becoming a household name in the US, where their comic strip Wumo is published in more than 300 newspapers, including the Washington Post and Chicago Tribune. Wulff and Morgenthaler’s comics are also published in a range of major newspa-pers in Scandinavia and Germany.

visitdenmark.com/sfocph

PEOPLETO WATCH!Danish personalities worth keeping an eye on.

UPDATE

PHOTO: KMD

PHOTO: FINN FRANDSEN/POLFOTO

IN OUR APP:COMPANIES TO WATCH: DANFOSS, TRADESHIFT AND NOVOZYMESPHOTO: SØREN BIDSTRUP/SCANPIX

World wide market opportunities for agribusiness and foodAgriculture and food represent Denmark’s largest industry and innovation cluster, producing food for 15 million people, or roughly three times its own population. Foods from the farming and fisheries industries, together with goods from related agribusinesses, account for nearly one quarter of Denmark’s total exports.

A well integrated value chain, attributable to its roots in the farmers’ cooperative movement, has propelled the growth of Danish food companies into European industry leaders. With its increased focus on development of sustainable solutions in agriculture and food production, the Danish agriculture and food cluster is now taking a lead in developing renewable energy and environmental protection.

Danish products are sought after by the most demanding markets around the world, due to their comprehensively documented quality and safety standards. Complementing a long history of exporting quality agricultural products, Denmark has recently become known for its contribution to international cuisine and Danes are among the world’s highest consumers of organic foods.

Danish products are especially prominent in the markets for meat and dairy products, grass seed and grains, furs and fish products. Danish agribusinesses are leading suppliers of breeding materials as well as equipment for livestock and crop production and the food processing industry.

The Danish Agriculture & Food Council is owned and controlled by its members, representing the entire value chain from farming to the food industry and other related businesses. Its key activities include representing its members’ political interests, gaining market access and export promotion, providing advisory services and supporting knowledge and innovation.

E [email protected] W www.agricultureandfood.dk

Danish Agriculture & Food CouncilAxelborg, Axeltorv 3DK-1609 Copenhagen

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Copenhagen International Fashion Fair introduces a new and exclusive men’s collection and lifestyle section.


5-9 OctoberThe second edition of this major new event for the global maritime industry brings together shipowners, suppliers, regulators and others to explore and discover new technologies and solutions. The event includes the Danish Maritime Forum, a high-level industry summit.

Copenhagen and across Denmarkdanishmaritimedays.com

UpcomingLOREMUPDATE


MADE IN DENMARK GOLF20-23 AugustThe second annual Made in Denmark golf tournament will be held in Northern Jutland. The tournament is a stop on the European Tour, the premier professional golf tour on the continent.

Himmerland Golf & Spa Resortmadeindenmarkgolf.dk

COPENHAGEN COOKING21-30 AugustNorthern Europe’s leading food festival celebrates seasonal produce and excellent dining experiences.

copenhagencooking.com

THE FIRST DANE IN SPACE1 SeptemberDane Andreas Mogensen, 38, has been assigned to fly in the Soyuz TMA-18M spacecraft on a 10-day mission to the International Space Station. esa.int

THE HI TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY EXPO22-24 SeptemberA biennial meeting place for companies, exhibitors and visitors, arranged in close cooperation with leading Danish trade associations and partners.

MCH MessecenterHerninghi-industry.dk

BUILDING GREEN28-29 OctoberA large trade fair in Greater Copen hagen for stakeholders in sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.

ForumFrederiksbergbuildinggreen.eu

THE WORLD WOMEN’S HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIP 5-20 DecemberDenmark is set to host the 2015 World Women’s Handball Championship, an International Handball Federation event. Twenty-four teams will compete at four venues.

Frederikshavn, Kolding, Næstved and Herning ihf.info

THE NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS1 January 2016Denmark passes the presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers on to Finland. The council is the official intergovernmental body for cooperation in the Nordic region.

norden.org/en

FIND MORE EVENTS

visitdenmark.combellacentercopenhagen.dk

UPCOMINGThe second half of 2015 features a wide range of business, cultural and social events in Denmark. The following highlights a small selection of these events.

CELEBRATING CARL NIELSEN9 JuneThis year marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of Danish composer Carl Nielsen, which will be celebrated with an array of events. The highlight will be a gala concert on Nielsen’s birthday with the Danish National Symphony Orchestra, a leading interpreter of the composer.

DR Concert HallCopenhagencarlnielsen.org/en

BJØRN WIINBLAD EXHIBITION13 June 2015 – 17 January 2016Arken Museum of Modern Art, located south of Copenhagen, presents a com-prehensive exhibition of Bjørn Wiinblad’s fantastical universe of ceramics, porce-lain, posters and much more.

ArkenIshøjuk.arken.dk

COPENHAGEN INTERNATIONAL FASHION FAIR5-7 AugustA leading platform in Northern Europe for fashion. This year, the fair introduces a new and exclusive men’s collection and lifestyle section. ForumFrederiksberg ciff.dk

DANISH MARITIME DAYS

CITY OF TOMORROW

/ P. 60 – 82

FOCUS on smart cities

The city of the futureGuess what’s coming to townPage 62

Intelligent lightingSaves money and cuts carbon emissionsPage 68

Systems and circuitsHow the smart city worksPage 72

Internet of ThingsThe digital infrastructure of tomorrowPage 74

ProfilesTrailblazing companies and municipalities

Page 78

Contents

Smart cities

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Imagine receiving a message on your smartphone with specific information about today’s ideal departure time for avoiding heavy traffic on your morning commute.

LIFE IN THE SMART CITYThe world’s cities are challenged by population growth, urbanisation and climate change. City governments have no choice but to adapt. Across the globe, they are working with companies, citizens and researchers to implement the future of urban environments.

Imagine cycling with a green light at every intersection if you keep a pace indicated on the cycle path.

Imagine that the heating in your home is minimised by adapting to your behavioural patterns.

Imagine receiving a text message alert regarding potential torrential rain where you live.

Smart cities


FOCUS



I magine receiving a message on your smart-phone with specific information about to-day’s ideal departure time for avoiding heavy

traffic on your morning commute to work. And imagine having a pre-assigned, vacant parking space on arrival.

If you are cycling, imagine green lights at every intersection if you keep a pace indicated on the cycle path.

Imagine that the heating in your home is minimised by adapting to your behavioural patterns – and that the waste container is only emptied when a sensor under the lid registers that it is full.

Imagine receiving a text message alert re-garding potential torrential rain where you live, so you can close windows and doors and clear the basement floor if there is a risk of flooding.

These examples of intelligent solutions for cities are expected to become commonplace worldwide. Meanwhile, a number of cities

around the world are getting a head start. Copenhagen, Aarhus, Vejle and other Danish cities are at the forefront of those already imple-menting the future of urban environments and city services.

In November 2014, Copenhagen won the World Smart Cities Award in the Best Project category for the Copenhagen Connecting pro-ject. Utilising the collection of digital data, the project creates a green city, improves quality of life and makes the city more attractive for invest-ment. The award was presented at the Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona.

“Danish cities are well-positioned to take advantage of this new city model,” says Bas Boorsma, director for Internet of Everything, North Europe at Cisco Systems, a world leader in the development and sale of networking equipment and systems. According to Boorsma, Danish cities already meet a number of key requirements: political vision, willingness to invest financially in smart city initiatives, adept public administration and strong culture of in-novation, including flexibility and the capacity for interdisciplinary collaboration.

In the past year, Cisco has established a major innovation presence in Denmark (see page 74).

A needed changeBut what is the driving force behind the devel-opment of these digital support services? A pri-mary factor is the continued worldwide exodus from rural to urban areas, increasing the risk of congestion and intensifying the pressure on resources and the environment. Just over half of the world’s population now lives in cities, a figure that is expected to increase to two-thirds by 2050, according to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Another key factor is global climate change. The average global temperature is expected to rise by several degrees Celsius by the end of this century if no action is taken; meanwhile, cities account for three-quarters of global carbon emissions according to the UN Environment Programme.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change also warns that sea levels may rise by up to 0.82 metres – a significant change, given that three-quarters of the world’s cities are locat-ed near the coast.

Meanwhile, the frequency of torrential rains and other extreme weather events continues to grow.

Urbanisation and climate change represent major challenges for cities around the world. Intelligent solutions hold the power to improve sustainability and efficiency by collecting and analysing data from the physical environment and inhabitants. Denmark’s trailblazing cities are at the forefront of this transformative change.

“Danish cities are well-positioned to take advantage of this new city model.” — Bas Boorsma, Cisco Systems


Smart citiesFOCUS

INFO

Four centres of smart city activity in Denmark

Copenhagen Solutions LabThe City of Copenhagen’s incubator for smart city initiatives.

cphsolutionslab.dk

Smart AarhusInitiative to keep digitisation and innovation high on the agenda in the Central Denmark Region.

smartaarhus.eu

Vejle’s Resilience ChallengeTaking measures to address the consequences of climate change, as scientists predict the city will be below sea level by 2100.

100resilientcities.org

Invest in DenmarkDenmark’s official investment promotion agency.

investindk.com

“Cities are the first to feel the pain. They have no choice but to adapt.” — Martin Brynskov, Aarhus University

The exponential growth in information and communications technologies provides oppor-tunities for meeting the enormous challenges faced by cities. The core of the smart city con-cept involves collecting and intelligently analys-ing data from sources embedded in the physical environment as well as data provided directly by citizens or indirectly through their behaviour. Successful implementation of the concept ena-bles sustainable and more efficient solutions.

“Cities are the first to feel the pain. They have no choice but to adapt,” says Martin Bryn-skov, an associate professor at Aarhus University and participating researcher under the universi-ty’s Smart Cities platform.

The most important smart city sectors are energy, water, transport, waste and health. For example, a local heating circuit can significantly reduce energy waste that can be up to 40% in a conventional system. Similar benefits can be reaped through smart distribution of parking spaces in a network system; eliminating the search for vacant parking spaces can reduce time wasted during transport by up to 40%.

Smart city activities can be seen worldwide. For example, the city of Boston has begun re-al-time monitoring of personal waste in sewage for signs of impending influenza epidemics, gastrointestinal illnesses and the spread of an-tibiotics. In Hong Kong, millions of inhabitants carry a “smart card” that can be used for public transport, access to public buildings, shopping, parking and other services.

In Rio de Janeiro, youth residing in favelas (low-income neighbourhoods) are involved in a project to identify risk factors in the neigh-bourhood. Using smartphones provided by the project, they make video recordings with

embedded GPS coordinates to inform the authorities of large accumulations of waste or rainwater, damage to stairs and other facilities, and more.

The city of Barcelona has established 44 “Citizens Attention” kiosks and an open data portal. Both initiatives aim to increase the trans-parency of the city’s administration.

Paradigm shiftBas Boorsma from Cisco describes the smart city concept as a paradigm shift from central-ised, linear urban organisation towards the net-worked and circular. Whereas communication until now has been a matter solely between sender and recipient, a larger number of senders and recipients are linked together and mutually benefit from the resulting information flows.

This type of network requires a holistic and coordinated approach across a city’s adminis-trations.

“Good governance is essential,” says Boorsma.Simon Giles, director of the Intelligent Cit-

ies Strategy at the consulting and technology services company Accenture, also points to the shift to a circular economy and calls the smart city concept transformative. Instead of technol-ogy as the master, it has been made to serve development. City councils are taking the initia-tive to examine patterns in the city and citizens’ behaviour, first to define an ideal for tomorrow’s sustainable and liveable cities, and next to de-sign and organise this sweeping change.

“It takes an active city administration that is capable of listening to residents and leading the way by establishing an infrastructure and market for the new type of economy that invites companies to participate in the innovation pro-cess,” says Giles.

A pilot hub for innovationThe Copenhagen Connecting project that earned Copenhagen a World Smart Cities Award outlines a vision of smart data investments in lighting and intelligent traffic signals. By 2018, the project will reduce travel time by 10% for cyclists and bus passengers. The plan also fea-tures smart sewers and trash facilities, water management and real-time air quality moni-toring. The consultancy Ramboll estimates that Copenhagen Connecting can have an economic impact of approx. €600m, with a large part of this impact recurring annually.

Copenhagen Solutions Lab, a new munici-pal governing body, will lead the development

A vision for sustainable results todayInspiring the next generation of smart energy and water metering solutions

As the world’s leading supplier of intelligent energy and water metering solutions, we help utilities as well as energy and water providers all over the world to deliver more efficient, secure and flexible ways to measure and manage energy, electricity and water consumption.

By predicting our customers’ challenges, we give them the opportunity to run a better business and inspire to more intelligent and responsible solutions. Together, we secure a sustainable future based on intelligent metering of energy and alignment of supply and demand.

Learn more about our solutions at:

kamstrup.com


Smart cities

PHOTO: REDUX/SCANPIX

1950 2014 2050

Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Share of the world’s population residing in urban areas

30%

54%

66%

and implementation of smart city innovations across all sectors, working in close collaboration with scientific institutions, companies and the city’s inhabitants.

A key focal point of Copenhagen Solutions Lab is establishing the architecture of a Big Data Digital Infrastructure Platform for sharing data across the public and private sectors. One of the first initiatives is a trial project of equipping street light poles with Wi-Fi extenders and sen-sors in a small part of the city centre.

“The lab is a pilot hub for innovation and an entry point for companies that want to test solutions in a real smart city environment,” says Søren Nørgaard Madsen, head of projects at Copenhagen Solutions Lab.

“We want to create a marketplace for data, offering the data of the city, which may be pooled with the data of private companies,” says Madsen.

A partnership to foster ideasDenmark’s second-largest city, Aarhus, is con-ducting a similar project called Open Data Aarhus under the auspices of Smart Aarhus, a partnership of stakeholders to foster smart city ideas (see page 79).

“Smart Aarhus is about getting the most out of digitisation. It is a new division of tasks in the city; the public sector still participates but private companies and citizens play a larger part in delivering services traditionally provided by the public sector,” says Line Gerstrand Knive, business and urban development consultant at the City of Aarhus.

The Danish cities are well aware that citizen involvement is an essential component of the smart city concept. Citizen engagement involves using data generated by citizens through their actions in traffic, at the library and other loca-tions, with the aim of improving public services. Another aspect of citizen engagement is en-couraging citizens to report issues and suggest improvements directly to the public authorities using modern communications technology.

“I like their engagement of citizens in Co-penhagen and Aarhus. The citizens are the end-users,” says Léan Doody, smart cities lead consultant at Arup, an international design and engineering consultancy.

Doody also applauds the attention to priva-cy issues in the Danish cases. It is important to extract sensitive personal information from data before it is made openly available.

“The more secure citizens feel about this issue, the more willing they will be to transmit non-private data to the city administration, with the aim of making this data available to private companies and perhaps even selling this access,” says Doody.

Climate adaptationThe city of Vejle, located in the Region of South-ern Denmark, is particularly attentive to climate adaptation in its smart city activities. Located at the base of a fjord and surrounded by hills, a wide swath of the city centre is at high risk of flooding in the event of torrential rains and storms. Acknowledging that climate change ex-acerbates this risk, the city is seeking to improve its climate change resilience.

Vejle’s efforts have been recognised by in-clusion in the Rockefeller Foundation’s interna-tional network of 100 Resilient Cities. The net-work facilitates knowledge exchange between member cities, while the foundation also grants funding for members’ activities.

“We have begun the development of a pub-lic-private strategy that will also impact urban planning,” says Jonas Kroustrup, chief resilience officer in Vejle Municipality. The strategy aims to involve citizens where relevant.

All of the activities involve digital technolo-gy. Examples include a text message service that warns affected citizens of the risk of flooding; a sluice project with sensors to monitor chang-es in the fjord, making it possible to take the necessary precautions; and a digital mapping of water currents that comprises big data, top-ographical maps and recording information in

The global market for smart urban services is estimated to grow to $400 billion annually by 2020.

FOCUS

Local efforts• 50% of Danish

municipalities are engaged in smart city activities.

• 80% of Danish municipalities engaged in smart city activities will ramp up these activities in the coming years.

Source: The Danish Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Affairs

Green targets• Denmark is aiming to

become fully independent of fossil fuels by 2050.

• Copenhagen is aiming to become the world’s first carbon-neutral city by 2025.

Sources: The Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building; the City of Copenhagen

INFO

A place to grow upModels of low rise resident housing being built in New Songdo City, a newly planned “smart city” in South Korea.

the physical landscape in the event of heavy precipitation and floods, thus improving the city’s capacity to predict scenarios and prevent the most severe consequences.

Vejle is also establishing a Resilience Lab, where the municipality will develop smart city solutions and invite external stakeholders to join in partnerships (see page 78 for more Dan-ish smart city cases).

Denmark as a test bedArup, the international design and engineering consultancy, estimates that the global market for smart urban services will grow to $400 billion annually by 2020. Denmark will account for a share of this market, as the country’s cities plan to invest heavily in the years to come in intel-ligent lighting and transport systems, climate adaptation, energy renovation and retrofitting, and smart grid technology. Add to this the construction of 18 high-tech “super hospitals” nationwide, with 20-25% of the project’s €5.6 billion budget expected to be earmarked for technology implementation.

“Denmark is an ideal test bed for a wide range of smart city solutions. In the energy and environment fields in particular, Danish export companies have extensive experience of part-nerships for testing new, data-driven solutions,”

says Søren Cajus, chief consultant at the Confed-eration of Danish Industry.

Cajus adds that Denmark has already made great progress in E-Government – the digitisa-tion of communication between citizens and the public administration – and is skilled at utilising public data without compromising citizens’ privacy.

Copenhagen has already emerged as an incubator for smart city start-ups and nearly 250 companies are involved in smart city activities. The city’s resolution to be carbon-neutral by 2025 is a key driver of innovation. Copenhagen also has a high degree of digitisation, with unique access to public data sources.

“We can help foreign companies with matchmaking in terms of partners and com-petencies. We can help find test facilities and experts to document tests. And we can provide information on opportunities for economic support,” says Marianna Lubanski, director of investment promotion and clusters at Copenha-gen Capacity, the city’s official organisation for business development.

Copenhagen Capacity aims to support the continued development of Copenhagen’s smart city activities while pointing the way to the sus-tainable, efficient and citizen-centred city of the future.



Smart cities

A PLACE TO SEE THE LIGHTCities around the globe are exploring street lighting upgrades to save money and cut carbon emissions. A recently opened test facility near Copenhagen features nearly 10km of streets and bike paths illuminated with lighting products from more than two dozen companies.

Intelligent lamppost The street lights of the future

can be controlled with an iPad, here illustrated by Niels Levi

of Philips on a bicycle lane outside Copenhagen.

of roads and paths near Copenhagen are used for full scale testing of outdoor lighting solutions

“We technicians have a tendency to get too technical when explaining the possibilities. Here in the Living Lab, our customers can see and experience LED lighting and dimming.”— Jesper Primdahl, Thy-Mors Energi

9.2KM

FOCUS

By Annemarie Zinck, journalist

I f you’ve ever bought a compact fluorescent light bulb or one of the newer LEDs, you may have been surprised to find its light brighter

or cooler, changing the appearance of a familiar room such as your kitchen.

The same is true of street lighting in cities – but the range of choices is much more compli-cated. The market holds scores of lighting sup-pliers to choose from, all touting innovations in technology and energy efficiency. Factors such as trees or the texture of nearby buildings can unpredictably affect the characteristics of urban lighting. Meanwhile, street lighting products are becoming increasingly intertwined with the promising yet dizzying array of “smart city” technologies for managing traffic, wastewater and other urban challenges.

To help cities and utility companies navigate through the jungle of street lighting products, DOLL – the Danish Outdoor Lighting Lab –

opened a test facility in autumn 2014. Situated in a drab industrial park 20km outside Copen-hagen, the DOLL Living Lab serves as a giant outdoor showroom for the latest designs in city street lighting. One of its primary goals is to help municipal officials from Denmark, across Europe and beyond see the lights for them-selves in a real urban environment.

I had the opportunity to take a tour of DOLL’s Living Lab and its nearly 10km of streets and bike paths lit by products from more than two dozen companies. As the sun went down, the lights came up. The lights – an array of rec-tangles, squares, circles and halos – were fixed to poles tall and short, some with round and others with octagonal shafts. Certain lights emitted cold white light, others warmer yellow-ish light; meanwhile, decorative lights outside a bike-path tunnel treated passersby to a shower of psychedelic colours.

Green thinking abounded, with power sources such as solar panels and tiny wind turbines. Others had lamp posts containing bat-teries either above or underground. Along one bike path, the lights remained dim until sensors registered the presence of a jogger, then bright-ened sequentially, following the runner down the path and dimming again to save energy once he had passed.

With cities around the globe now looking at street lighting upgrades to save money and cut greenhouse gas emissions, it’s important that local officials understand their choices, says Flemming Madsen, head of secretariat at DOLL. In Denmark, Madsen notes, municipalities are not only responsible for street lights, but also schools, sports facilities, day care centres and homes for the elderly. “Municipalities are our foremost group of clients,” he says. “They really operate a lot of lighting in the public space.”

Three labs for lightsDOLL is not simply one lighting lab, but actually three, seeking to make Denmark a global leader in LED lighting for both outdoor and indoor uses. DOLL is a consortium comprising three partners: the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Albertslund Municipality and Gate 21, which itself is a partnership between local authorities, private companies and research institutions.

One DOLL facility is the “Quality Lab”, where all aspects of lighting quality and perfor-mance can be measured in one of Europe’s lead-ing photonics research environments. Based on


street lights in Copenhagen are set to be replaced with LED lighting

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The future of urban lightingDOLL – Danish Outdoor Lighting Lab – is a new platform that aims to create energy savings and more intelligent indoor and outdoor lighting.

DOLL focuses on Smart City solutions capable of addressing the challenges presented by rapid urbanisation around the globe. In this context, an extensive street lighting network can serve as a key infrastructural element for the smart cities of tomorrow.

At DOLL’s Living Lab in Albertslund near Copenhagen, manufacturers and prospective buyers conduct full scale testing of various outdoor lighting solutions on 9.2km of roads and paths in an industrial park. All lighting in the Living Lab is controlled from a visitors and control centre.

Living Lab is designed for companies that work with lighting, intelligent control and Smart City solutions.

lightinglab.dk

IN OUR APP:WATCH DOLL LIVING LAB VIDEO

PHOTO: KATINKA HUSTAD/POLFOTO

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testing performed here, municipal governments and other clients can verify the claims made by LED manufacturers – and lighting companies can secure a DOLL stamp of approval on their products as proof of testing and verification by a neutral authority.

The second facility is a “Virtual Lab”, where lighting manufacturers and their customers use 3D animations to simulate different lighting solutions in different environments. This ena-bles the testing of different technologies while still in the development phase. In the future, DOLL hopes to make this service available remotely. “You’ll be able to sit anywhere in the world and access DOLL on your screen,” Madsen says. “We can provide you with images and tests and you can ask questions. We are truly global, so we can bring in situations and challenges from all over the world and simulate them.”

Then there’s the new outdoor “Living Lab” in Albertslund, the largest facility of its kind in Europe. Big lighting companies have their own outdoor test facilities, but DOLL’s aim is to pro-vide a level playing field for small companies.

“We gladly welcome Philips, Osram, Siemens – all the big cats,” Madsen says. “But we focus a lot on offering the small and medium-sized companies an equal opportunity to show their products under the same conditions.”

“Smart city” test groundThe Living Lab is also poised to test “smart city” applications rooted in the street lighting infrastructure. Every lamp post in the outdoor lab is connected to a central network wired by US tech giant Cisco. From a control room in the industrial park’s only high-rise building, cus-tomers can test out any solutions the lighting suppliers are willing to showcase.

“Lamp posts will become like a mobile phone,” Madsen says. “In the beginning we only used the mobile phone for conversations. Now we take photos, send email, browse, watch movies and do many other things with it. The lamp posts will collect and transmit data on UV radiation from the sun, acoustic conditions and noise, humidity, temperature, traffic and air pollution. That’ll happen through the lighting infrastructure.”

At the Living Lab, I met Jesper Primdahl. He had taken the five-hour drive from high up on the Jutland peninsula – about as far away from Albertslund as you can get while still in Den-mark. Primdahl is project coordinator at Thy-Mors Energi, a company that delivers energy to

four municipalities in northwestern Denmark. He sees great potential in bringing his custom-ers – municipal engineers and buyers from large housing estates – to DOLL.

“We technicians have a tendency to get too technical when explaining the possibilities,” says Primdahl. “Here in the Living Lab, our cus-tomers can see and experience LED lighting and dimming.”

Primdahl does not expect his customers to scoop up the advanced solutions with lighting powered by solar cells or windmills. Munici-palities, he says, primarily want solutions that work now and cost little. Considering the bare budgets of the cities he works with, Primdahl believes they will find cost-efficient LED lights and dimming attractive.

Many other Danish municipalities face a pending need to replace street lights in the com-ing years – about 200,000 lights in all according to Albertslund’s mayor, Steen Christiansen. Copenhagen is currently set to replace 20,000 street lights with LED lighting as part of the city’s goal to become the first carbon-neutral world capital by 2025, while Albertslund plans to replace some 8,000 street lights over the next 10 to 15 years.

To explain Albertslund’s motivation for becoming a partner in DOLL, Mayor Chris-tiansen cites the refrain from an old Fleetwood Mac song: “Don’t stop thinking about tomor-row.” And Albertslund is already a renowned front-runner in green solutions, as the town recently won an award for energy-efficient retro-fits of existing housing.

With the lighting test centre, Christiansen hopes Albertslund can attract lighting research-ers and inspire lighting companies to open branch offices. The centre could also become a business destination for suppliers and buy-ers from around the world seeking to test and browse a wide range of full scale lighting solu-tions in one place.

“Lamp posts will become like a mobile phone. In the beginning we only used the mobile phone for conversations. Now we take photos, send email, browse, watch movies and do many other things with it.” — Flemming Madsen, DOLL

An earlier version of this article was published at Citiscope.org, a non-profit news outlet that covers innovations in cities around the world.

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Smart cities

Research Regner Hansen, journalist

A smart city is equipped with integrated digital systems and circuits. Active participants in a smart city infrastructure include the municipality, companies, scientific institutions and citizens. Smart city systems aim to improve services and resource utilisation, while engaging more actively with citizens.

WELCOME TO THE SMART CITY

Streets are lit by LED lighting, which uses minimal power and is only lit when traffic is present.

Real-time monitoring and management of traffic and parking spaces reduces congestion.

The energy in industrial, public and residential buildings is digitally controlled according to real-time needs assess-ment, thereby mini-mising waste.

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Heat and currents run-ning through industrial, public and residential buildings are digitally controlled to ensure that demand in one location is met by surplus from another.

Electric cars serve as a supple-ment to public transport. Electric car batteries are charged when there is surplus power in the grid.

In the event of torrential rain, digi-tal monitoring of precipitation and water currents makes it possible to direct water via canals to collection basins, for example in public parks.

Hospitals use digital medical equipment, telemedicine and elec-tronic patient journals to reduce the need for hospitalisation and doctor visits.


The Internet of ThingsThe concept of the Internet of Things, which emerged around the year 2000, refers to unique identifiable physical objects and their virtual representations in an internet-like structure.

The Internet of Everything (IoE) is the global IT company Cisco’s term for the next phase of development – the digital infrastructure of tomorrow – where society is even more connected in the digital network.

In the IoE, not only computers, tablets, smartphones, televisions etc. are connected to the internet, but virtually all types of things, from buildings to cars, shopping carts and packaging. People will also be connected via microscopic sensors placed on the skin, in clothing or even in pills swallowed to monitor one’s health.

Smart cities

The future of the internet The global IT company Cisco has partnered with cities across Europe and North America, including Copenhagen, to develop the digital infrastructure of tomorrow.

By Jan Aagaard, journalist

C ities around the world are in the process of developing tomorrow’s digital infra-structure.

The global IT giant Cisco has formed part-nerships with a number of European and North American cities, including the Danish capital of Copenhagen, to focus on this development (see international cases on page 75 and Copenhagen cases on page 76).

Cisco calls these activities the Internet of Everything (IoE) – an extension of the concept of the Internet of Things, which describes a dig-ital network connecting people, data, processes and things (see top of spread). Green waves Cisco’s partnership with Copenhagen, formed in 2014, includes the City of Copenhagen and the nearby municipalities of Frederikssund and Albertslund.

In the coming years, these three municipal-ities will develop and test technologies such as intelligent street lighting, green waves in traffic for busses and cyclists, and energy saving tech-nology in office buildings and private homes.

The new high-tech solutions will help Co-penhagen in a wide range of areas, including the city’s efforts to achieve its goal of becoming the world’s first carbon neutral capital city by 2025.

Copenhagen and Cisco intend to learn from each other and, in collaboration with other municipalities, companies and research insti-tutions, develop new products and solutions for traffic, parking, outdoor lighting, climate protection, the environment, energy supply and communication with citizens.

Globally, Cisco estimates that IoE in the public sector alone will generate a value of $4.6 billion over the next 10 years. The value of IoE in the private sector is estimated to be nearly three times that amount.

PHOTO: JUSTIN SULLIVAN/GETTY IMAGES/AFP/SCANPIX

Chicago:Technology to prevent crime

Public and private stakeholders in Chicago are involved in a number of Smart+Connected Community initiatives. For example, the Team Approach to Violence project helps citizens, NGOs, police and public organisations use digital technologies such as the web, mobile telephones and text messages to share information and engage in dialogue to increase security and combat violence and crime.

cityofchicago.org

New York:Touch screens show the way

The company City24/7, in collaboration with Cisco and the City of New York, has launched an interactive platform integrating information from the public sector, private companies and citizens, and making it easily accessible to citizens. Touch screens located at bus stops, train stations, shopping centres and sports facilities provide citizens with real-time information, services and offers from their immediate surroundings. The information can also be accessed via Wi-Fi from smartphones, tablets and laptop computers.

nyc.gov

Barcelona:A single operating system for the entire city

In recent years, the Spanish city of Barcelona has implemented a range of smart city programmes in areas such as environment, energy, IT and communication technologies (ICT). The city is presently working on about 80 different projects of this nature. For example, sensors are used to collect data on the city’s water resources, lighting and energy consumption. The next major step will be the establishment of a “City OS” – a comprehensive operating system where all data from many different platforms in the city will be collected and analysed.

bcn.cat/en

Nice:Sensors assign parking spaces

In the southern French city of Nice, a coalition has been formed to establish and test smart city solutions based on the Internet of Everything concept (see box). Nice is working with projects in the areas of smart circulation, smart lighting, smart waste management and smart environment monitoring. For example, the coalition has developed a “connected boulevard” with 200 sensors connected to the internet to help drivers find parking spaces and to adapt street lighting to traffic, weather and light conditions.

nice.fr

Hamburg:Managing roads, bridges and ships

The port of Hamburg is one of Europe’s largest and most important ports. To improve and monitor the management of traffic on land and at sea, the port authority began using sensors on roads and bridges several years ago. The sensors track things such as traffic congestion and provide information to drivers via digital displays and mobile applications, while ship traffic is monitored via radar and other systems. The plan is to integrate the various data into a system enabling improved road traffic management when bridges in the port area are closed due to passing ships.

english.hamburg.de

IN OUR APP:BARCELONASMART CITY VIDEO

Today, less than 1% of everything in our sur-roundings is connected to the internet; this equates to around 10 billion things out of a potential 1.5 trillion things.

The rapid development of processing power, data storage and bandwidth is helping to drive the development of IoE.

Proponents see IoE as an important tool for addressing many of today’s challenges, including population growth, urbanisation and climate change.

Critics say that IoE entails a range of serious risks, including the risk of violating privacy through increased surveillance.

Read more:internetofeverything.cisco.com

Sources: Cisco and others

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Smart cities

Frederikssund Municipality:

A NEW TOWN, FULLY ELECTRIC FROM ITS BIRTH

The new sustainable town of Vinge, located in Frederikssund Municipality outside of Copenhagen, will be built according to the smart city approach. A key element of the town will be its digital infrastructure.

In spring 2015, among a landscape of fields, meadows and marshes northeast of Copen-hagen, construction will begin on Denmark’s first fully electric town powered exclusively by sustainable energy.

When fully developed, Vinge will be home to 20,000 residents, a brand new commuter train station, a school, day care institutions, sports centres and other public facilities.

The visions for this urban development project are ambitious. Using smart, effective and sustainable solutions, the new town will estab-lish the ideal framework for a good life for its residents. Vinge will be a smart city, epitomising the spirit of the Internet of Everything (see top of page 74).

On the moveThe town of Vinge will accommodate a new commuter train station.

IN OUR APP:VIDEO OF THE NEW TOWN OF VINGE

“We’re going to build a brand new city from the ground up. This is a unique opportunity to test out some of the latest technologies and solutions in the smart city field,” says Kim Luu, technical project manager in the Vinge project.

Vinge will utilise new technology such as multi-sensors to create intelligent street lighting and ensure the best possible traffic and parking conditions.

Information stands with Wi-FiThe first phase of the project includes the estab-lishment of electronic information stands at cen-tral locations in the town. The information stands will be equipped with screens and Wi-Fi, helping to improve and facilitate communication be-tween citizens, public authorities and companies.

A fundamental approach of the Vinge pro-ject is to work with open and flexible solutions that are independent of specific suppliers and can be continuously adapted to future techno-logical solutions.

“We are creating a flexible platform where we can develop in step with the maturation of smart city solutions as they become financially viable,” says Luu. frederikssund.dk


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City of Copenhagen:

DIGITAL FIGHT AGAINST CARBON EMISSIONS

Sensors on lampposts, rubbish bins and sewer grates will play an important role in the Danish capital’s ambition to be sustainable and carbon neutral.

In the coming years, the area surrounding Copenhagen Town Hall in central Copenhagen will serve as a laboratory for testing the smart city solutions of tomorrow. The area will serve as an example of the networked, intelligent city, where a bevy of sensors and network technol-ogy collects real-time data. The huge volume of information is conveyed to a Smart City Grid and used for a wide variety of purposes, such as regulating traffic and energy consumption, and improving the city’s environment, safety and emergency response services.

Less air pollutionIn the streets surrounding Copenhagen Town Hall, lampposts, traffic lights, parking spaces and bus stops will be equipped with sensors to

Control roomCollected real-time data can be used to regulate and plan traffic, thus preventing traffic jams and delays.

continuously monitor the flow of cars, busses and cycles. This data comprises the raw data computer programs can use to regulate and plan traffic, thus preventing traffic jams and delays – and reducing air pollution.

Citizens and tourists will also have quick ac-cess to information via online services and apps that can be used for finding a parking space or choosing the fastest route through the city.

Copenhagen also plans to equip many ele-ments of the city’s infrastructure with sensors. Small sensors on sewer grates can track which streets are flooded in the event of torrential rain, while sensors in rubbish bins will help stream-line rubbish collection activities. Other sensors can monitor noise levels, water quality, carbon emissions and the condition of roads, bridges and buildings.

Increased growth and quality of life The intelligent new city will help boost quality of life for citizens while creating growth and jobs – and helping Copenhagen reach its cli-mate goal of carbon neutrality by 2025, at which time the city expects to have 20% more inhabit-ants than today.

“New technology will play an important role in solving the challenges faced by Copenha-gen in the coming years – not least in relation to population growth, traffic, environment and cli-mate. We must use the new digital, smart solu-tions to create a better and more sustainable city,” says Morten Kabell, Copenhagen’s mayor for technical and environmental affairs.

Kabell also emphasises that the municipal-ity will work with experts and interest groups to ensure that use of the new technology does not lead to a surveillance society or otherwise violate citizens’ civil rights. kk.dk

ILLUSTRATION: FREDERIKSSUND MUNICIPALITY

ILLUSTRATION: COBE

Smart cities


PROFILESCompanies and public authorities around the world are striving to make tomorrow’s cities smarter in order to tackle the challenges of population growth and climate change. Denmark is one of the countries where smart city initiatives are high on the agenda. In the following pages, we profile some of key players in the field.

ILLUSTRATION: ©SOM

From steel to sustainabilityA site in Chicago, once home to the largest steel factory in the United States and constant plumes of dark smoke rising from smokestacks, is transforming into a model for a 21st century city dedicated to liveability and sustainability. Digital tech-nology is at the heart of this transformation.

The Chicago Lakeside project, based on a design model developed by Danish engineering consultancy Ramboll, aims to supply local residents with sustainable cooling, heating and electricity, including from local renewable sources. The model also includes sustainable water and waste manage-ment, as well as energy-efficient housing.

INFO RambollUrban developmentramboll.com

Chicago Lakeside is expected to reduce fossil fuel con-sumption by 90% and water consumption by 60%, while efficient waste sorting systems will significantly reduce land-fill deposits.

“We were ignoring existing technology, seeking instead to answer the question of which technologies could help to improve the quality of life, including information technology. We built our model on the basis of Danish experience,” says Lars Ostenfeld Riemann, Group Market Director at Ramboll.



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Less invasive public worksResidential housing, public institutions and companies in cities are supplied with a range of services – water, district heating, drainage, lighting, telecommunications – that are typically routed through underground pipes and cables. Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality in Western Jutland has developed a digital platform for utility companies and the municipality to report planned construction work that involves digging. Carl Josephsen, works manager at the Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality Roads and Parks Department, explains that the common digital platform facilitates collaboration be-tween various utility companies or between utility companies and the municipality, thereby reducing costs and minimising inconveniences relating to digging work.

Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality is also engaged in other smart city activities, such as crowdmapping, which enables citizens to send municipal employees direct digital notification of potholes and other damage to the city infrastructure.

Smart talkMeeting on Open Data Aarhus, a project aimed at making data freely available in Denmark’s second largest city.

City makes data freely availableAarhus, Denmark’s second largest city, is in the process of making data collected by public authorities via Wi-Fi, GPS and sensors freely available to the general public, including the business community. The aim is to support productivity and innovation – and thus economic growth – in the city.

“It’s not only a technological change. It’s just as much a cultural change. It’s about thinking in terms of more internal transparency at the munici-pality and of new business models. By making data open, we show that it has value. We thereby make growth potential available,” says Michelle Bach Mikkelsen, project manager at Open Data Aarhus. She stresses that the involved data is cleansed of all personal data.

Open Data Aarhus releases the data through a special data portal, which also features an idea bank where users can propose the release of additional datasets.

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City of Aarhus Open datasmartaarhus.eu

Ringkøbing-Skjern MunicipalityReporting on construction workrksk.dk

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Next-generation hospital operationsThe Japanese conglomerate Hitachi recently established a Big Data Research Laboratory in Denmark as part of its expanding social innova-tion business activities. One of the laboratory’s first activities is a joint partnership with the planned Bispebjerg “super hospital” in Copen-hagen to develop IT-driven solutions. Once built, the hospital will serve more than 400,000 people in the region.

“We have good experiences with partner-ships. Denmark is advanced in its approach to its investments and is a perfect place to establish a big data laboratory,” says Hans Lindeman, Senior Vice President of Hitachi Convergence.

The Hitachi/Bispebjerg partnership will begin with studies of a variety of themes, in-cluding “next-generation hospital operations that combine data on facilities and behaviours”.

Hitachi will also develop a big data platform for Copenhagen to address challenges faced by the public sector relating to climate, environ-ment, traffic and welfare solutions.

INFO Hitachi Big Data hitachi.com

Start with Denmark

Opportunities for Smart City Solutions

www.investindk.com


Smart cities LOREMFOCUS

Big plansA new district in Copenhagen aims to incorporate electricity, heating, buildings and transport into a sustainable system.

A care home of the futureSmart technology can be a tool for promoting well-being for the elderly. Denmark’s northern Jutland city of Aalborg has incorporated this knowledge in the development of “Tomorrow’s Care Home”. Technology can also help to save resources by automating routine tasks, freeing up time for staff to focus on other activities.

For example, a “smart floor” has been in-stalled in the living room and bedroom of each housing unit at the care home, explains Bent Sørensen from Living Lab Denmark, a national platform for public-private innovation partner-ships that is working on welfare innovation in the care home. During the night, an electronic signal is sent to staff if a resident falls out of bed or presses the smart floor in a way that indicates a need for assistance with going to the bath-room. The smart floor also automatically turns on the light by the bed – and in the bathroom, if relevant.

Smart from the startA new district with 40,000 residents and 40,000 new jobs will sprout up in Copenhagen over the coming decades. Building from scratch in the Copenhagen borough of Nordhavn, urban planners are seizing the opportunity to create an area that is sustainable and equipped with smart technology from its inception.

The EnergyLab Nordhavn research and demonstration project, a key element of the new district, aims to show how electricity, heating, energy-efficient buildings and electric transport can be incorporated into an intelligent sustainable system.

Under the leadership of Technical Universi-ty of Denmark, public authorities, utility com-panies, industry representatives and research institutions are working together to develop innovative solutions for future application in sustainable, densely populated, low-energy cit-ies around the world.

“We expect that the project will lead to new patentable products and attract electro-technol-ogy companies,” says Torkil Bentzen, chairman of a development programme under the Danish Energy Agency that is funding the majority of EnergyLab Nordhavn’s budget.

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Aalborg MunicipalityCare homefremtidensplejehjem.dk

EnergyLab Nordhavn Energy solutions researchdtu.dk/english

ILLUSTRATION: COBE/SLETH/POLYFORM/RAMBOLL


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Communicating across devicesGreenwave Systems, an American company founded by Danes and with operations in Den-mark, the US, Singapore and South Korea, has developed a platform to coordinate and control a number of internet devices which, in layman’s terms, “speak different languages”.

Greenwave Systems has implemented the solution in four million homes to date. The company’s spectrum of users is now expanding from homes to businesses, public buildings and smaller urban areas using 4G LTE, the fourth generation of mobile technology.

One example of the possibilities is mo-bile-controlled LED lighting using cameras and sensors.

“Since it is now possible to communicate directly between light sources and the internet, the network can be used to make lighting in-telligent,” says Greenwave Systems co-founder and general manager for Europe, Peter Wilmar Christensen.

Such technology is known as The Internet of Things (see page 74).

In early 2015, Greenwave Systems opened a new research and development centre in Singa-pore to further expand its innovation capacity relating to The Internet of Things.

New devicesPeter Wilmar Christensen of Greenwave Systems, a pioneer within technology known as The Internet of Things.

PHOTO: THOMAS LEKFELDT/POLFOTO

INFO Greenwave SystemsInternet of Thingsgreenwavesystems.com

Copenhagen charts new territoryThe pressure on transport systems in Denmark’s capital of Copenhagen will increase in line with its constantly growing population. Therefore, the city recently invited private companies working in design and engineering to partake in the development of ideas for smart traffic solutions, in collaboration with universities and other research institutions.

“By establishing a public-private partnership for this project, we engaged the market in the innovation process and brought in a very wide range of competencies. The companies were given the opportunity to use urban space to collect data, bringing them closer to the users when devising solutions,” says Maria Wass-Dan-ielsen, programme manager in intelligent trans-port systems at the City of Copenhagen.

The innovative collaboration resulted in eight smart traffic solution proposals, some of which are now being put out to tender. The proposals include the collection of anonymised Wi-Fi data from road users’ mobile telephones to generate a real-time overview of traffic that can be used to optimise the flow of traffic.

INFO City of CopenhagenTransport solutionsinternational.kk.dk

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