Download ppt - 2/08 Presentation on Biodiesel and Yokayo Biofuels

Biodiesel:Biodiesel:

The Fuel, the Industry, and The Fuel, the Industry, and the State of the Movementthe State of the Movement

Kumar PlocherKumar Plocher

2/082/08

What’s in the Jar?What’s in the Jar? “ “Biodiesel” is the trade Biodiesel” is the trade

name for fatty acid methyl name for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)esters (FAME)



Biodiesel is any kind of Biodiesel is any kind of fatty acid that has been fatty acid that has been permanently thinned permanently thinned through through transesterificationtransesterification..




A particular biodiesel’s A particular biodiesel’s source oil is known as its source oil is known as its “feedstock”“feedstock”




A particular biodiesel’s A particular biodiesel’s source oil is known as its source oil is known as its “feedstock”“feedstock”

Biodiesel can be dark or Biodiesel can be dark or light, and comprises many light, and comprises many different colors and many different colors and many different smellsdifferent smells

TransesterificationTransesterification

The basic ingredients for 1 L of biodiesel The basic ingredients for 1 L of biodiesel production, using the simplest possible production, using the simplest possible method:method:

o 1 liter of virgin, uncooked vegetable oil1 liter of virgin, uncooked vegetable oilo 200 milliliters of methyl alcohol (methanol)200 milliliters of methyl alcohol (methanol)o 5 grams of Sodium Hydroxide (lye)5 grams of Sodium Hydroxide (lye)

Yields approximately 1 L biodiesel,Yields approximately 1 L biodiesel,

200 milliliters glycerol byproduct200 milliliters glycerol byproduct


1.1. The lye is dissolved into the The lye is dissolved into the methanol to produce sodium methanol to produce sodium methoxide.methoxide.



2.2. The sodium methoxide is The sodium methoxide is introduced into the vegetable oil.introduced into the vegetable oil.



2.2. The sodium methoxide is The sodium methoxide is introduced into the vegetable oil.introduced into the vegetable oil.

3.3. The mixture is agitated for The mixture is agitated for approximately 15 minutes.approximately 15 minutes.


1.1. The lye is dissolved into the methanol The lye is dissolved into the methanol to produce sodium methoxide.to produce sodium methoxide.

2.2. The sodium methoxide is introduced The sodium methoxide is introduced into the vegetable oil.into the vegetable oil.

3.3. The mixture is agitated for The mixture is agitated for approximately 15 minutes.approximately 15 minutes.

4.4. The mixture is given time to settle into The mixture is given time to settle into biodiesel and glycerol byproduct.biodiesel and glycerol byproduct.

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

The triglyceride molecule is “cracked” into a The triglyceride molecule is “cracked” into a glycerol molecule and three estersglycerol molecule and three esters

The esters re-attach to methanol molecules, The esters re-attach to methanol molecules, forming methyl estersforming methyl esters

A crude glycerol byproduct is createdA crude glycerol byproduct is created

In the Real World…In the Real World…Not all feedstocks are created equal, and

often times the cheapest and easiest to acquire are, in many ways, the hardest to work with.

Feedstocks that are higher in Free Fatty Acids (i.e. used fryer oil), known as FFAs, require a titration that determines how much extra lye is needed to compensate for the oil’s acidity.

Feedstocks that are really high in FFAs may require alternatives to lye, alternative amounts of alcohol, and different production processes entirely.

Yokayo Yokayo TransesterificationTransesterification

A typical batch of Yokayo Biofuels biodiesel:A typical batch of Yokayo Biofuels biodiesel:

o 1100 gallons of screened, heated, dewatered, filtered used fryer oil1100 gallons of screened, heated, dewatered, filtered used fryer oilo ~275 gallons of methanol (varies, based on titration), split into 2 ~275 gallons of methanol (varies, based on titration), split into 2

stages (i.e. 230/45)stages (i.e. 230/45)o ~140 lbs. of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH; varies, based on titration), ~140 lbs. of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH; varies, based on titration),

split into 2 stages (i.e. 120/20)split into 2 stages (i.e. 120/20)

We mix for 2 hours, settle for 1 1/2 hours, drain the glycerol, and then We mix for 2 hours, settle for 1 1/2 hours, drain the glycerol, and then do the second stage, which is another 2 hours of mixing followed by do the second stage, which is another 2 hours of mixing followed by overnight settling. The reaction is done around 130 deg F, at overnight settling. The reaction is done around 130 deg F, at atmospheric pressure, in a stainless steel reaction vessel. A simple atmospheric pressure, in a stainless steel reaction vessel. A simple test for conversion completion is performed before the batch is test for conversion completion is performed before the batch is deemed finished. Sometimes, 3 or more stages are necessary.deemed finished. Sometimes, 3 or more stages are necessary.

Yields approximately 1000 gallons biodiesel,Yields approximately 1000 gallons biodiesel,~300 gallons crude glycerol byproduct~300 gallons crude glycerol byproduct

What’s Next…What’s Next… The crude methyl esters (not yet “biodiesel”) go into a wash The crude methyl esters (not yet “biodiesel”) go into a wash

process.process.- 3 stage water misting with progressive agitation- 3 stage water misting with progressive agitation



The crude glycerol goes into settling tanks to recover The crude glycerol goes into settling tanks to recover biodiesel.biodiesel.

- Then on to purification or low value uses- Then on to purification or low value uses



The crude glycerol goes into settling tanks to recover The crude glycerol goes into settling tanks to recover biodiesel.biodiesel.

- Then on to purification or low value uses- Then on to purification or low value uses

The fuel is still not considered “biodiesel” until it has been The fuel is still not considered “biodiesel” until it has been dehydrated and filtered and meets the ASTM spec…dehydrated and filtered and meets the ASTM spec…

The ASTM Standard, D The ASTM Standard, D 67516751Property Method Limits Units

Water & Sediment D2709 0.050 MAX % vol. Kinematic Viscosity, D445 1.9-6.0 mm2/Sec. Sulfated Ash D874 0.020 MAX % mass Sulfur

S 15 Grade D5453 0.0015 MAX % massS 500 Grade D5453 0.05 MAX % mass

Copper Strip corrosion D130 No. 3 MAXAlcohol Content (one of the following must be met)

Methanol Content EN14110 0.20 MAX % vol. Flashpoint, closed cup D93 130 MIN ° C

Cetane Number D613 47 MIN Cloudpoint D2500 Report to Customer° C Carbon Residue D4530 0.050 MAX % mass Acid Number D664 0.50 MAX mg KOH/g Free Glycerine D6584 0.020 MAX % mass Total Glycerine D6584 0.24 MAX % mass

Phosphorus D4951 10 MAX ppmVacuum Distillation End Point D1160 360 MAX ° COxidative Stability EN14112 3 MIN hoursCalcium and Magnesium (combined) EN14538 5 MAX ppmSodium and Potassium (combined) EN14538 5 MAX ppm

Biodiesel BenefitsBiodiesel Benefits

• • Is COIs CO22-neutral-neutral


• • Is COIs CO22-neutral-neutral• • Much lower emissions than petroleum dieselMuch lower emissions than petroleum diesel



• “ • “No sulfur” fuel (can be used with catalytic No sulfur” fuel (can be used with catalytic converter)converter)




• • Domestically sourced and manufacturedDomestically sourced and manufactured




• • Domestically sourced and manufacturedDomestically sourced and manufactured • • Higher lubricityHigher lubricity




• • Domestically sourced and manufacturedDomestically sourced and manufactured • • Higher lubricityHigher lubricity • • Takes advantage of high fuel economy of diesel Takes advantage of high fuel economy of diesel

enginesengines




• • Domestically sourced and manufacturedDomestically sourced and manufactured • • Higher lubricityHigher lubricity • • Takes advantage of high fuel economy of diesel Takes advantage of high fuel economy of diesel

enginesengines • • Is only “alternative” fuel to have completed EPA Is only “alternative” fuel to have completed EPA

Tier I & II Tier I & II Health Effects TestingHealth Effects Testing



• “ • “No sulfur” fuel (can be used with catalytic converter)No sulfur” fuel (can be used with catalytic converter) • • Domestically sourced and manufacturedDomestically sourced and manufactured • • Higher lubricityHigher lubricity • • Takes advantage of high fuel economy of diesel Takes advantage of high fuel economy of diesel

enginesengines • • Is only “alternative” fuel to have completed EPA Tier I Is only “alternative” fuel to have completed EPA Tier I

& II & II Health Effects TestingHealth Effects Testing • • Is “plug and play” w/existing petroleum infrastructureIs “plug and play” w/existing petroleum infrastructure



• “ • “No sulfur” fuel (can be used with catalytic converter)No sulfur” fuel (can be used with catalytic converter) • • Domestically sourced and manufacturedDomestically sourced and manufactured • • Higher lubricityHigher lubricity • • Takes advantage of high fuel economy of diesel enginesTakes advantage of high fuel economy of diesel engines • • Is only “alternative” fuel to have completed EPA Tier I & II Is only “alternative” fuel to have completed EPA Tier I & II Health Effects TestingHealth Effects Testing • • Is “plug and play” w/existing petroleum infrastructureIs “plug and play” w/existing petroleum infrastructure • • Can be made from a wide variety of feedstocks, including Can be made from a wide variety of feedstocks, including recycled “waste”, organic crops, and über crops such as recycled “waste”, organic crops, and über crops such as algaealgae

Biodiesel “3 Things to Biodiesel “3 Things to Know”Know”

Properly made biodiesel does have some Properly made biodiesel does have some

characteristics that are good to know characteristics that are good to know about:about:


Properly made biodiesel does have some Properly made biodiesel does have some characteristics that are good to know characteristics that are good to know

about:about:

Solvent nature is not compatible with Solvent nature is not compatible with rubber fuel rubber fuel

lineslines


Properly made biodiesel does have some Properly made biodiesel does have some characteristics that are good to know characteristics that are good to know

about:about:

Solvent nature is not compatible with Solvent nature is not compatible with rubber fuel rubber fuel

lineslines Solvent nature cleans out fuel tanksSolvent nature cleans out fuel tanks


Properly made biodiesel does have some Properly made biodiesel does have some characteristics that are good to know about:characteristics that are good to know about:

Solvent nature is not compatible with rubber Solvent nature is not compatible with rubber fuel fuel

lineslines Solvent nature cleans out fuel tanksSolvent nature cleans out fuel tanks Cold weather characteristics are worse than Cold weather characteristics are worse than those of petroleum dieselthose of petroleum diesel

A Tale of Two IndustriesA Tale of Two Industries

On the one hand are big soy On the one hand are big soy corporations corporations

and big petrochemical firms, often and big petrochemical firms, often

working in partnershipworking in partnership


On the one hand are big soy corporations On the one hand are big soy corporations

and big petrochemical firms, often and big petrochemical firms, often

working in partnershipworking in partnership

Alternatively, there is a growing number of Alternatively, there is a growing number of

smaller independent companies and smaller independent companies and

cooperatives dedicated to producing cooperatives dedicated to producing

and distributing and distributing sustainablesustainable biodiesel biodiesel


CentralizationCentralization

vs.vs.

DecentralizationDecentralization

Yokayo BiofuelsYokayo Biofuels

Founded in 2001Founded in 2001

Focused on the growth of a living, local economyFocused on the growth of a living, local economy

Pioneering a sustainable, vertically-integrated Pioneering a sustainable, vertically-integrated business business

modelmodel

Biodiesel BooksBiodiesel Books

From the Fryer to the Fuel TankFrom the Fryer to the Fuel Tank, by Josh , by Josh TickellTickell

Biodiesel Homebrew GuideBiodiesel Homebrew Guide, by Maria “Girl , by Maria “Girl Mark” Mark”

AlovertAlovert The Biodiesel HandbookThe Biodiesel Handbook, by Gerhard Knothe, , by Gerhard Knothe, Jon Van Gerpen, and Jürgen KrahlJon Van Gerpen, and Jürgen Krahl Biodiesel Handling and Use GuidelinesBiodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines, by K. , by K. Shaine Tyson (NREL)Shaine Tyson (NREL) BiodieselBiodiesel, by Greg Pahl, by Greg Pahl Biodiesel PowerBiodiesel Power, by Lyle Estill, by Lyle Estill

And, for the kids…And, for the kids…

Biodiesel Web ResourcesBiodiesel Web Resourceshttp://www.fuelresponsibly.orghttp://www.fuelresponsibly.org

- the Sustainable Biodiesel Alliance- the Sustainable Biodiesel Alliance

http://www.biodiesel.infopop.cchttp://www.biodiesel.infopop.cc- clearinghouse for biodiesel homebrewers- clearinghouse for biodiesel homebrewers

http://biodieselblogs.truffula.nethttp://biodieselblogs.truffula.net- a blog aggregator, and a good place to read biodiesel news and related - a blog aggregator, and a good place to read biodiesel news and related tidbitstidbits

http://www.biodiesel.orghttp://www.biodiesel.org- the website of the National Biodiesel Board- the website of the National Biodiesel Board

http://www.ybiofuels.orghttp://www.ybiofuels.org- Yokayo Biofuels website- Yokayo Biofuels website

http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.htmlhttp://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html- Inspiring article about algae biodiesel- Inspiring article about algae biodiesel

Contact InfoContact Info

Kumar PlocherKumar PlocherPresident, Yokayo Biofuels, Inc.President, Yokayo Biofuels, Inc.

[email protected]@ybiofuels.org

1-877-806-09001-877-806-0900

(BIO)DIESEL HYBRIDS(BIO)DIESEL HYBRIDS

(Bio)Diesel Motorcycle!!!(Bio)Diesel Motorcycle!!!