Download pdf - 2008.07 Politique Sanitaire 2008-2012 Rapport CE 91

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hoce {s$cjjc| e$koce} ~k| ï}ï {ske}oioïc| mc ikäae | |}ï`k}o{sc* cjjc| |ae} yxko|c`hjkhjc`ce} }xâ|laö}cs|c|% Iks}c mc yaox jcsx| hc|aoe| laxxcl}c`ce} ïykjsï| c} ~xo| ce lae|omïxk}oae laeiax`ï`ce} ksrxcla``kemk}oae| mc haeec ~xk}o{sc* mc| ~cx|aeec| èdïc| yaoce} jcsx ï}k} mc |ke}ï |c mïla`~ce|cx c} jcsx eoycks m$ks}aeaòc |c xïmsoxc% Jc ~aom| mc jk mï~cemkelc iael}oaeecjjc |c iko} kjax| |ce}ox î jk iao| |sx jc||cxyolc| mc |ke}ï "hc|aoe| lxao||ke}| mc |aoe| `ïmola-|aloksr/ c} |sx jk |aloï}ï mke| |ae ce|c`hjc* jc|~xalbc| mcyke} xceaelcx î lcx}koec| kl}oyo}ï| ~asx ~xamodscx mc| |aoe| {so* |$oj| |ae} mo}| ¦ oeiax`cj| ¶* ec|ae} ~k| |ke| xï~cxls||oae| ïlaeaò{sc| |sx jc| oemoyoms| c} |sx jk |aloï}ï% ^kx kojjcsx|* j$oe|siio|kelc mc|aoe| kmï{sk}| k ~asx ciic} |claemkoxc mc ~xïlo~o}cx mc| ~cx|aeec| èdïc| ycx| se | |}â`c mc |ke}ï laeäsc||ce}ocjjc`ce} ~asx mc| `kjkmoc| kodsæ|* aÿ mc| xc||asxlc| laö}cs|c|* ~kx crc`~jc ba|~o}kjoâxc|* |c}xasyce} cedaxdïc| ~kx j$klls`sjk}oae mc lk| gsdï| ¦ oek~~xa~xoï| ¶%

Lc~cemke}* j$ïyajs}oae mc jk ~a~sjk}oae ms lke}ae mc Yksm ec |c joò}c ~k| î se ~bïea`âec mcyocojjo||c`ce}% \cjae jc| ~xagcl}oae| ï}khjoc| ~kx jc \LXO\* |c| ~xoelo~kjc| lkxkl}ïxo|}o{sc| |cxae} 7

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X^\QY3%2 84

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X^\QY3%2 82

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X^\QY3%2 <9

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X^\QY3%2 <4

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X^\QY3%2 =>

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X^\QY3%2 =;

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Kl}oae e¾ ? 7 âsx|soyxc jc mïycja~~c`ce} mc| |aoe| ~kjjok}oi| Ks ys ms hojke ciicl}sï* jc| ~xoaxo}ï| m‟kl}oae ~asx jk jïdo|jk}sxc la`~xceece} 7

• se xceiaxlc`ce} mc j‟aiixc * kycl ~xoelo~kjc`ce} 7

a lxïk}oae m‟sec seo}ï m‟ceyoxae ;> jo}| K mc |aoe| ~kjjok}oi| ks LBSY* ~asx jc| hc|aoe| mc |o}sk}oae| mcbks}c la`~jcro}ï 6

a mï~jklc`ce} c} ksd`ce}k}oae mc| jo}| H î jk Iaemk}oae Xoyc-Ecsyc* kycl jk lxïk}oae m‟se lce}xc mc gasx 6

a ò|c î mo|~a|o}oae mc |}xsl}sxc| m‟kllscoj |~ïloio{sc| ~asx jc| ~cx|aeec| ~asx jc|{scjjc| mc||ajs}oae| kmï{sk}c| e‟cro|}ce} ~k| ksgasxm‟bso "~xagc} ~oja}c mc 3 jo}| L mc |aoe| ~kjjok}oi| î j‟C@\ Jc\odekj c} ks}xc| ~xagc}| î mïycja~~cx/ 6

a k`ïjoaxk}oae mc| xc||asxlc| |~ïloio{sc| ce |aoe| ~kjjok}oi| ks |coe mc| bý~o}ksr mc |aoe| kods| 6• jc xceiaxlc`ce} mc| ï{so~c| àhojc| ~asx jcsx ~cx`c}}xc mc |‟kmk~}cx î j‟ïyajs}oae mc jk mc`kemc

mc| ~xaic||oaeecj-jc-| mc ~xcòâxc jodec c} m‟oe}ce|oiocx celaxc jcsx kl}oae ks~xâ| mc| ~k}oce}-c-| c} mc|oe|}o}s}oae| {so ce ae} hc|aoe 6

• jk ~asx|so}c mc| kl}oae| mc iax`k}oae * ce ksd`ce}ke} jc| iax`k}oae| mc |ce|ohojo|k}oae ms ~cx|aeecjmc| C@\ c} L@\ c} jk laaxmoek}oae mc| iax`k}oae| ~js| |~ïlokjo|ïc| ce iael}oae mc| la`~ï}celc|k}}cemsc|6

• mc| `c|sxc| m‟k~~so î j‟ce}asxkdc laeixae}ï î mc| |o}sk}oae| mc |aoe| ~kjjok}oi|* ea}k``ce} ce aiixke}mc| iax`k}oae| ksr ~xalbc| |sx jc| |aoe| mc hk|c* ce mïycja~~ke} jc xï|cks mc hïeïyajc|* cek`ïjoaxke} jc| ~a||ohojo}ï| mc xï~o} ~asx jc| ikòjjc| {so ce ae} hc|aoe* koe|o {s‟ce k~~ax}ke} jc| komc|ioekeloâxc| eïlc||koxc| 6

• ~asx iklojo}cx j‟kllâ| ksr |aoe| ~kjjok}oi|* oj |‟kdoxk ïdkjc`ce} mc ~xïyaox secoeiax`k}oae î j‟k}}ce}oae mcjk ~a~sjk}oae * ~ax}ke} |sx jc| ~a||ohojo}ï| mc xclasx| î mc }cj| |aoe|%

OOO%;%< Mïycja~~c`ce} m$sec ~ajo}o{sc dïxok}xo{scLae}cr}c c} cegcsr Jk ykdsc mïàdxk~bo{sc keeaelïc c} jc| lbkedc`ce}| ï~omïòajado{sc| {s$cjjc ~xaya{sc yae} àmoiocx ~xaiaemï`ce} c} msxkhjc`ce} j$kl}oyo}ï mc| |cxyolc| mc |aoe|% Oj laeyoce} mc |$ ~xï~kxcx mïgî ks lasx| mc jkjïdo|jk}sxc ce ysc mc xïseox jc| laemo}oae| {so ~cx`c}}xae} mc ikoxc iklc î lc| easycksr cegcsr% \o jc| 83mcxeoâxc| keeïc| ae} ï}ï `kx{sïc| ~kx jk yajae}ï ~ajo}o{sc mc laemsoxc sec ~ajo}o{sc `ïmola-|alokjclabïxce}c* jc| ~xalbkoec| mcyxae} ç}xc lae|klxïc| î |ae cexolbo||c`ce} |as| iax`c m$sec ~ajo}o{sc



X^\QY3%2 =8

dïxok}xo{sc {so ce ~xcemxk ~xadxc||oyc`ce} jc xcjko| c} {so ~xcemxk ce la`~}c jc| hc|aoe|~| lbadïxok}xo{sc|%

Lc}}c xïaxoce}k}oae k mïgî mï`kxxï% Kycl jc| xï|cksr mc |aoe|* jc lke}ae mc Yksm |$c|} ma}ï mc |}xsl}sxc|k~~cjïc| î laaxmaeecx jc| oeo}ok}oyc| c} jc| cedkdc`ce}| xïdoaeksr% Kycl jk ò|c ce acsyxc mc ~xadxk``c|lke}aeksr }cj| {sc HXOA|* |aoe| ~kjjok}oi| as celaxc B^LO* oj k oe}xamso} c} cr~ïxo`ce}ï mc| oe|}xs`ce}|ciiolklc| mc ~oja}kdc* lk~khjc| mc ikoxc iklc î mc| ~xahjï`k}o{sc| |keo}koxc| |~ïloio{sc|% J$bý~o}kjseoycx|o}koxc* {ske} î jso* k iko} ms mïycja~~c`ce} mc jk dïxok}xoc* sec mc| kl}oae| ~xoaxo}koxc| oe|lxo}c| mke

|ae ~jke |}xk}ïdo{sc 8>>?-8>;<% Oj ce}cem koe|o |c maeecx jc| à ce| mc lxïcx sec yïxo}khjc lsj}sxc mc jk~xo|c ce lbkxdc mc jk ~cx|aeec èdïc ks |coe ms LBSY c} m$kmk~}cx |ae mo|~a|o}oi axdkeo|k}oaeecj ks~bïea`âec ms yocojjo||c`ce}% Sec }cjjc ~xïalls~k}oae àhojo|c ïdkjc`ce} jc| bý~o}ksr xïdoaeksr%

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J$ïjkhaxk}oae m$se lkmxc lke}aekj* |k ò|c ce Ŝsyxc* |ae kmk~}k}oae* lae|}o}scxae} jk xïiïxcelc ce `k}oâxcmc mïycja~~c`ce} mc jk ~ajo}o{sc dïxok}xo{sc% âsx lc}}c xko|ae* jc Lae|coj m$C}k} ce}cem k||alocx î lc}}c}èlbc mc| xc~xï|ce}ke}| mc| moiiïxce}| òjocsr laelcxeï|* mke| sec La`ò||oae lke}aekjc ¦ Yocojjo||c`ce}mc jk ~a~sjk}oae c} |ke}ï ¶% Lc}}c la`ò||oae |cxk lbkxdïc mc laemsoxc jk xïijcroae |sx jc| ~xahjâ`c| mc|ke}ï ~shjo{sc c} |aloksr {so mïlasjce} ms yocojjo||c`ce} mc jk ~a~sjk}oae* mc ~xa~a|cx jc| `c|sxc| î~xcemxc c} jc| laemo}oae| mc jcsx o`~jke}k}oae* koe|o {sc m$ce ïykjscx j$o`~kl}%

Mke| se ~xcòcx }c`~|* oj k~~kx}ocemxk î jk La`ò||oae mc ykjomcx jc| kl}oae| ? î ;< c} jc| axoce}k}oae| {sojc| |~ïloioce}* ï}khjo| ce laelcx}k}oae kycl jc| xc~xï|ce}ke}| ms \cxyolc seoycx|o}koxc mc dïxok}xoc c} {somaeece} jc lk~ ~asx jk jïdo|jk}sxc%

Kl}oae e¾ ;> 7 Mïioeox se lkmxc lke}aekj mc xïiïxcelc ~asx jk ~ajo}o{sc dïxok}xo{sc• Jc lkmxc lke}aekj mc xïiïxcelc c|} mïioeo|as| j$ïdomc ms \cxyolc mc jk |ke}ï ~shjo{sc mke| sec

mï`kxlbc mc laelcx}k}oae kycl jc| xï|cksr mc |aoe| c} jc| ~xaic||oaeecj-jc-| mc jk dïxok}xoc c} mc jk~| lbadïxok}xoc%

• Oj cr~jolo}c j$axdkeo|k}oae mc jk ~xo|c ce lbkxdc mc| ~xahjâ`c| dïxok}xo{sc| c} ~| lbadïxok}xo{sc| }as} ce~xïlo|ke} jc| ~xoelo~c| la``se| î lbk{sc xï|cks mc |aoe| ~asx jc mïycja~~c`ce} mc| ~xo|c| celbkxdc% Oj ~xïyao} jc| àmkjo}ï| m$oe}ïdxk}oae mc| ~xadxk``c| c} ~xagc}| ce lasx| "~kx crc`~jc 7 HXOA|*|aoe| ~kjjok}oi|* |ke}ï `ce}kjc/ mke| sec ~ajo}o{sc m$ce|c`hjc mc mïycja~~c`ce} mc| |aoe|dïxok}xo{sc| % Oj mïioeo} jc| oemolk}csx| m$kl}oyo}ï| c} mc xï|sj}k}| k}}cems| ~asx jc ~oja}kdc mc jk ~ajo}o{sdïxok}xo{sc%

Kl}oae e¾ ;; 7 @c}}xc ce ~jklc mke| lbk{sc xï|cks mc |aoe| sec laaxmoek}oae dïxok}xo{sc• Jk laaxmoek}oae dïxok}xo{sc o`~jo{sc jc| |cxyolc| mc |aoe| ba|~o}kjocx| kods|* mc xïkmk~}k}oae*

k`hsjk}aoxc| c} la``seks}koxc|* koe|o {sc mc jaedsc msxïc* la`~xo| jc| |}xsl}sxc| oe}cx`ïmokoxc| c}jc| |cxyolc| m$axoce}k}oae c} mc joko|ae% Cjjc c|}keo`ïc ~kx se `ïmcloe dïxok}xc as ~| lbadïxok}xc %\k ò||oae c|} mc ikyaxo|cx jc mïycja~~c`ce} mc j$ïykjsk}oae dïxok}xo{sc* koe|o {sc jk laaxmoek}oae c} jklae}oeso}ï mc jk ~xo|c ce lbkxdc mc| ~k}oce}-c-| èdï| ixkdojc| î }xkycx| j$ce|c`hjc mc| oe|}o}s}oae|% K

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Kl}oae e¾ ;8 7 Ykjaxo|cx jc| `ï}ocx| mc jk dïxok}xoc c} xceiaxlcx jk iax`k}oae• Jk iax`k}oae as jk mï|odek}oae* mke| lbk{sc xïdoae* m$sedïxok}xc ce lbkxdc ms mïycja~~c`ce} c} mc

j$keo`k}oae mc jk laaxmoek}oae xïdoaekjc c|} sec `c|sxc ~xoaxo}koxc î xïkjo|cx m$olo 8>;8%



X^\QY3%2 =<

• ^kxkjjâjc`ce}* jc lkmxc lke}aekj mc xïiïxcelc mao} ~xïyaox* ce joce kycl jc| `c|sxc| ~xïysc| ~kx jcLBSY mke| |ae ~jke |}xk}ïdo{sc ce `k}oâxc m$ce|codec`ce} ce xk~~ax} kycl jc yocojjo||c`ce}* jcmïycja~~c`ce} m$sec |}xk}ïdoc mc iax`k}oae ~asx j$ce|c`hjc mc| `ïmcloe| "~kx cr% xc|~ae|khjc|m$C@\* `ïmcloe|-lae|coj mc| L@\* `ïmcloe| mc ~xcòcx xclasx|/ c} ks}xc| ~xaic||oaeecj-jc-| mc jk|ke}ï c} ms |alokj "oeioxòcx| c} oeioxòâxc|* ~b |oa}bïxk~cs}c|* cxda}bïxk~cs}c|* k||o|}ke}-c-| |aloksr c}|alokjc|* keo`k}csx| c} keo`k}xolc|* c}l%/ laelcxeï-c-| ~kx jk ~xo|c ce lbkxdc mc ~k}oce}-c-| èdï|* celajjkhaxk}oae kycl jc| |aloï}ï| ~xaic||oaeecjjc|% Mc| `c|sxc| oelo}k}oyc| ~csyce} celasxkdcx jc| ~jke|mc iax`k}oae mc| `ïmcloe|* mc| ks}xc| |aodeke}-c-| c} ms ~cx|aeecj m‟keo`k}oae laelcxeï-c-| kioem$k`ïjoaxcx jc eoycks dïeïxkj mc la`~ï}celc| ce dïxok}xoc c} ~| lbadïxok}xoc mke| lbk{sc xïdoae% Ae~cs} `ce}oaeecx î lc} ïdkxm jc mo~jý`c ce ï}smc| kykelïc| ce dïxae}ajadoc-dïxok}xoc ~xa~a|ï ~kx j$Clajc mc Jk \asxlc* {so lae|o|}c ce sec iax`k}oae oe}cxmo|lo~joekoxc asycx}c î }as-}c-| jc|~xaic||oaeecj-jc-| mc jk |ke}ï c} {so ~cx`c} mc xï~aemxc ksr crodcelc| mc iax`k}oae o`~a|ïc| ksrlkmxc| |aodeke}-c-| mc| C@\ î ò||oae| dïxok}xo{sc c} ~| lbadïxok}xo{sc% Oj iksmxk ks||o ~xïyaox mc|iax`k}oae| mc hk|c ce ~| lbadïxok}xoc* mc lasx}c msxïc* kioe m‟k`ïjoaxcx xk~omc`ce} jc| la`~ï}celc|mc| ~xaic||oaeecj-jc-|* ̀ ç`c eae mo~jý`ï-c-|%

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Kl}oae e¾ ;= 7 K||sxcx jc ~oja}kdc mc jk ~ajo}o{sc dïxok}xo{sc c} jc |soyo |}k}o|}o{scJk mïioeo}oae c} jc |soyo mc jk ~ajo}o{sc dïxok}xoc maoyce} xc~a|cx |sx mc| c|}o`k}oae| lboiixïc| mc| hc|aoe|* mc|kl}oyo}ï| c} mc| xï|sj}k}|% ]xao| ~xoaxo}ï| |ae} omce}oioïc| ~asx jk jïdo|jk}sxc 7• {ske}oiocx j$o`~kl} c|}o`ï mc jk lxao||kelc c} ms yocojjo||c`ce} mïàdxk~bo{sc| |sx jk |ke}ï mc jk

~a~sjk}oae yksmao|c ce }cx`c| mc hc|aoe| ce |}xsl}sxc| c} kl}oyo}ï| mc |aoe| "8>>2-8>>?/* ~so| oe}ïdxcx mâ| 8>;> jc| xï|sj}k}| mke| jk ~jkeoiolk}oae lke}aekjc 6

• mïioeox mc|oemolk}csx| |}kemkxm| m$kl}oyo}ï c} mc xï|sj}k} î ~xamsoxc mke| lbk{sc xïdoae ~asx jc |soyomc jk ò|c ce ~jklc c} mc| ciic}| mc jk ~ajo}o{sc lke}aekjc dïxok}xo{sc 6

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• Oj laeyoce} ïdkjc`ce} mc ~asx|soyxc jc~xadxk``c mc `koe}oce mc j‟c`~ja khojo}ï mc| oeioxòcx| c}oeioxòâxc| k||o|}ke}-c-| jkelï ce 8>>4% ^xâ| mc 8>> ~xaic||oaeecj-jc-| |ae} ~a}ce}ocjjc`ce} laelcxeï-c-|% Oj |‟kdo} mc jcsx aiixox jk ~a||ohojo}ï m‟kl{sïxox jc| la`~jï`ce}| mc iax`k}oae eïlc||koxc| ~asx





X^\QY3%2 =3

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• âsx sec ~ïxoamc m‟cr~ïxo`ce}k}oae mc 8>>2 î 8>;>* mcsr`ïmcloe| k||o|}ke}-c-| ce ~ïmok}xoc ~kx keeïc ~csyce} hïeïiolocx m‟sec iax`k}oae ks lkhoec} ms ~xk}oloce% Lcjjc-lo |‟kjodec |sx jc àmâjcm‟k||o|}kek} ~asx jc| dïeïxkjo|}c|% Lc ~xagc}-~oja}c |cxk ïykjsï kioe m‟ï}khjox |ae s}ojo}ï%

• Ce ~kxkjjâjc* ce lajjkhaxk}oae kycl j‟Oe|}o}s} seoycx|o}koxc mc xclbcxlbc c} m‟ce|codec`ce} ce `ïmcloec

dïeïxkjc "OS@D/* koe|o {s‟kycl jc| xï|cksr mc `ïmcloe| cro|}ke}|* oj iksmxk mïycja~~cx jc| ~a||ohojo}ï|~asx jc| `ïmcloe| mc |c iax`cx ce `k}oâxc mc `kekdcm lkxc c} |as}ceox jc| `ïmcloe| {so |asbko}cxae}|soyxc mc }cjjc| iax`k}oae|%

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Kl}oae e¾ ;? 7 Mïycja~~cx se | |}â`c m$oeiax`k}oae lke}aekj |sx jk mïàdxk~boc `ïmolkjcJ‟k`ïjoaxk}oae ms | |}â`c m‟oeiax`k}oae lke}aekj* ce labïxcelc kycl jc ~xagc} mc xcdo|}xc iïmïxkj mc|

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xïdoae| ~ïxo~bïxo{sc| * moiiïxce}c| `c|sxc| |}xsl}sxcjjc| yae} ç}xc crkòeïc| ce lajjkhaxk}oae kycl jk\Y@ c} |c| xc~xï|ce}ke}| xïdoaeksr% Oj c|} ea}k``ce} ~xïys m$ï}smocx jk ò|c ce ~jklc mc ¦ `ko|ae| mcjk dkxmc ¶* ce lajjkhaxk}oae kycl lcx}koe| bý~o}ksr ~ïxo~bïxo{sc|% Se ~xcòcx ~xagc} mcyxko} yaox jc gasxmke| jc Lbkhjko|% Mc| `c|sxc| m‟oelo}k}oae mc| ks}axo}ï| jalkjc| yo|ke} î ikyaxo|cx j$oe|}kjjk}oae mceasycksr lkhoec}|* yaoxc jc xc`~jklc`ce} mc `ïmcloe| {so lc||cxkoce} jcsx ~xk}o{sc ce ~ïxo~bïxoc*maoyce} ç}xc ceyo|kdïc|%

• Ce ~kxkjjâjc* sec easycjjc lk`~kdec m$oeiax`k}oae |sx jc xclasx| î jk Lce}xkjc }ïjï~baeo{sc mc|`ïmcloe| mc dkxmc mcyxk ç}xc jkelïc% Lc es`ïxa seo{sc ~cx`c} ce ciic}* ~kx se }xo mc| k~~cj| k||sxï~kx ms ~cx|aeecj oeioxòcx |~ïlokjc`ce} {skjoioï* sec `cojjcsxc axoce}k}oae mc| ~k}oce}-c-| ~asx jc| lk|eae sxdce}| koe|o {s$se `cojjcsx kllâ| ksr `ïmcloe| mc dkxmc c} î jk xï~ae|c oeioxòâxc 8=b!8= mc|lce}xc| `ïmola-|aloksr%

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OOO%8%< \as}oce î jk xcjâyc `ïmolkjc ce òjocs ba|~o}kjocx Lae}cr}c c} cegcsr Jk xcjâyc `ïmolkjc ba|~o}kjoâxc ~a|c se ~xahjâ`c {ske}o}k}oi ce xko|ae m‟se mïiolo} ks eoycks mc jk iax`k}oae~xï-dxkmsïc* m‟sec ksd`ce}k}oae mc j‟kl}oyo}ï ljoeo{sc djahkjc c}* mke| sec àoemxc `c|sxc* mc| xc|}xol}oae|k~~ax}ïc| ~kx jk jïdo|jk}oae iïmïxkjc {so joò}c jk msxïc ms }xkykoj bchma`kmkoxc î 3> bcsxc|% Ce ciic}* mc~so|mc ea`hxcs|c| keeïc|* jc ea`hxc mc `ïmcloe| iax`ï| ce \so||c moòesc "2>3 ce ;?2>* lae}xc 3?= ce8>>9/% Lc mïiolo} c|} kl}scjjc`ce} la`hjï ~kx se xclasx| lxao||ke} î mc| `ïmcloe| ï}xkedcx|% Jkiïòeo|k}oae mc jk `ïmcloec* kycl sec mc`kemc ~js| ixï{sce}c mc }c`~| ~kx}ocj|* kllce}sc ïdkjc`ce} lc~bïea`âec mc ~ïesxoc% ^kx kojjcsx|* jk msxïc à ceec mc }xkykoj mc| `ïmcloe|-k||o|}ke}| c} k||o|}ke}c| ce\so||c c|} celaxc mc 3=*8 b!|c`koec |cjae jk I@B* lc {so c|} |asyce} moiiolojc`ce} laelojokhjc kycl jc|xc|~ae|khojo}ï| c} jc| k}}ce}c| ikòjokjc| àmcxec|% Lc| ïjï`ce}| xcemce} eïlc||koxc j‟kma~}oae mc `c|sxc|yo|ke} î |as}ceox jk xcjâyc `ïmolkjc ce òjocs ba|~o}kjocx% Sec ~kx}oc mc lc| `c|sxc| |ae} ~xïysc| mke| jc

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X^\QY3%2 =9

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Kl}oae e¾ 88 7 âsx|soyxc jc| kl}oae| mc ~xïyce}oae mc| `kjkmoc| lkxmoayk|lsjkoxc| c} `c}}xc ceŜsyxc jc ~xadxk``c ¦ Äk `kxlbc + Hasdcw ~js|* `kedcw òcsr ¶• Jc| `kjkmoc| lkxmoayk|lsjkoxc| |ae} jk ~xcòâxc lks|c mc jk àxhomo}ï c} mc àx}kjo}ï ce \so||c% Oj |$kdo}

mael mc ~asx|soyxc c} mc ~ïxceeo|cx jc| kl}oae| mcmï~o|}kdc mc| xo|{sc| lkxmoayk|lsjkoxc| mke| jk~a~sjk}oae yksmao|c î j$komc ms ~xadxk``c ¦ Hojke ) Lae|coj| |ke}ï ¶%

• Jc ~xadxk``c lke}aekj ¦ Äk `kxlbc + Hasdcw ~js|* `kedcw òcsr ¶ k ~asx ahgcl}oi mc ~xaàsyaox se ceyoxaeec`ce} ikyaxkhjc î jk |ke}ï ~asx j$ce|c`hjc mc jk ~a~sjk}oae* ea}k``ce} ~kx jk ~xaà}oaem$sec kjo`ce}k}oae ï{sojohxïc c} m$sec kl}oyo}ï ~b |o{sc xïdsjoâxc% ^kx lc hoko|* oj yo|c î à ce c} jaed}cx`c jk moòes}oae mc| `kjkmoc| lbxaeo{sc|% Lc ~xadxk``c c|} jkelï ce kyxoj 8>>2% Oj mao} ç}xc~asx|soyo c} xceiaxlï mke| jc| keeïc| î yceox%



X^\QY3%2 =4

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mxc||cxk jk jo|}c mc| ï}khjo||c`ce}| ba|~o}kjocx| xc}ces| c} {so ~xïlo|cxk jc| `kemk}| mc ~xc|}k}oae|k}}xohsï| koe|o {sc jc| laemo}oae| î xc`~jox ~asx ~asyaox ce hïeïiolocx 6

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j$ïyajs}oae mc| mï~ce|c| ba|~o}kjoâxc| î lbkxdc mc j$k||sxkelc ahjodk}aoxc c} ms lke}ae* mc `kå}xo|cx jcmïycja~~c`ce} c} jk xï~kx}o}oae mc| ï{so~c`ce}| ba|~o}kjocx|* m$k||sxcx j$ï{so}ï mke| j$kjjalk}oae mc|xc||asxlc| ksr bý~o}ksr c} mc ycojjcx î jk {skjo}ï c} î j$ïlaeaòlo}ï mc| ~xc|}k}oae|%



X^\QY3%2 33

Jc| lbkedc`ce}| {so mcyxae} ç}xc k~~ax}ï| ~kx xk~~ax} î jk |o}sk}oae cro|}ke}c eïlc||o}cxae} sec kmk~}k}oaemc| hk|c| jïdkjc|% Se C@^J |cxk ~xï|ce}ï î lc}}c ioe ks Dxkem Lae|coj mke| jc lasxke} ms mcsroâ`c|c`c|}xc 8>;>%

Kl}oae e¾ <2 7 Xïiax`cx jc| àmkjo}ï| mc ioekelc`ce} mc j$bïhcxdc`ce} `ïmola-|alokj • Jk xïyo|oae JK@kj |sx jc ioekelc`ce} mc| |aoe| mc jaedsc msxïc mao} ç}xc ò|c ce Ŝsyxc% Sec

kmk~}k}oae mc| hk|c| jïdkjc| lke}aekjc| c|} mael eïlc||koxc* ce ~kx}olsjocx ~asx mïioeox jc|lae|ï{scelc| mc jk jcyïc ~kx}ocjjc mc jk ~xa}cl}oae }kxoikoxc%

• Jc xcgc} mc jk JC@\ ce 8>>3 k jko||ï asycx}c jk {sc|}oae m‟se | |}â`c mc ioekelc`ce} kmï{sk} mc|oeixk|}xsl}sxc| mc| C@\% Oj |$kdo} mael mc mïioeox se | |}â`c seoiax`c c} bkxàeo|ï ~asx j$ce|c`hjc mc|C@\* {s$oj| |aoce} î hs} omïkj as la``cxlokj c} {s‟oj| |aoce} ~xa~xoï}koxc| as jalk}koxc| mc|oeixk|}xsl}sxc| s}ojo|ïc|% J‟ahgcl}oi dïeïxkj c|} m‟ah}ceox ~js| mc |as~jc||c mke| j‟kjjalk}oae mc| à ce|c} ~js| mc labïxcelc mke| jc| àmkjo}ï| ms lae}xýjc ~kxjc`ce}koxc%

Lc| easycjjc| hk|c| jïdkjc| lke}aekjc| |cxae} ~xï|ce}ïc| ks Dxkem Lae|coj ce 8>;>-8>;;%

Kl}oae e¾ <? 7 Xïiax`cx jk dasycxekelc mc j‟komc c} mc| |aoe| î maòlojcCe `k}oâxc m$axdkeo|k}oae ms mo|~a|o}oi* se ~xagc} mc jao ~ax}ke} |sx sec easycjjc axdkeo|k}oae mc j$komc c} m|aoe| î maòlojc mke| jc lke}ae mc Yksm k ï}ï ò| ce lae|sj}k}oae% Lc ~xagc} xï~aem ksr crodcelc| xï|sj}ke}mc| lbkedc`ce}| ~ajo}o{sc| c} mc| àmoiolk}oae| jïdkjc| oe}cxycesc| mc~so| j$kma~}oae* ce ;?94* mc jk jao |sx

j$A@\Y% Oj oe}xamso} se ~xalc||s| mc mïlo|oae {so maeec sec ~jklc ~js| o`~ax}ke}c ksr la``sec| c} ksrxïdoae|% Oj ljkxoioc ïdkjc`ce} jc ~oja}kdc c} jk dasycxekelc ms mo|~a|o}oi* mke| jc hs} mc iklojo}cx jk ò|c ceŜsyxc mc| mïlo|oae| ~xo|c|* jk `kå}xo|c mc| laö}| c} jc lae}xýjc mc| xï|sj}k}| ah}ces| }as} ce `koe}ceke} jkmïjoyxkelc mc ~xc|}k}oae| mc {skjo}ï% Jc Lae|coj m‟C}k} kxxç}cxk jc lkjcemxocx k~xâ| crk`ce ms xï|sj}k} mc jklae|sj}k}oae%

Kl}oae e¾ => 7 Xïiax`cx jk dasycxekelc mc jk ~xïyce}oaeJc Lae|coj m$C}k} ce}cem xcyaox jk dasycxekelc mc jk ~xïyce}oae* |c| àmkjo}ï| mc ioekelc`ce} c} jc xýjc mc|moiiïxce}c| la`ò||oae| kl}oyc| ce jk `k}oâxc% \cjae jc easycks mo|~a|o}oi* oj k~~kx}ocemxk ks Lae|coj m$C}k}m$kxxç}cx jc| ~xoaxo}ï| lke}aekjc| ce `k}oâxc mc ~xaà}oae mc jk |ke}ï c} mc ~xïyce}oae* jc| |}xk}ïdoc| î`c}}xc ce Ŝsyxc c} jc hsmdc} kllaxmï î lbk{sc mï~kx}c`ce} ~asx xïkjo|cx jc| kl}oae| xcjcyke} mc |kxc|~ae|khojo}ï% Oj |c iaemcxk î lc} ïdkxm |sx jc| ~xa~a|o}oae| {so jso |cxae} }xke|ò|c|* yok jc M\K\* ~kx jkeasycjjc is}sxc La`ò||oae lke}aekjc mc ~xaà}oae mc jk |ke}ï c} mc js}}c lae}xc jc| kmmol}oae| {so |cxk

oe|lxo}c mke| jk jao |sx jk |ke}ï ~shjo{sc% Jc| mï~kx}c`ce}| |cxae} {ske} î csr lbkxdï| mc `c}}xc ce Ŝsyxcjc| |}xk}ïdoc| lke}aekjc| kxxç}ïc| ~kx jc Lae|coj m$C}k}% Ce ~js| m$se hsmdc} ~xa~xc* oj| ~asxxae} ïdkjc`ce}|ajjolo}cx jc| moiiïxce}| iaem| lke}aeksr cro|}ke}|% Jc Dxkem Lae|coj ksxk j$allk|oae mc |c ~xaeaelcx |sx lc}}c easycjjc dasycxekelc ~kx j$oe}cx`ïmokoxc mc jk xïyo|oae mc jk jao |sx jk |ke}ï ~shjo{sc {so jso |cxk|asò|c msxke} jc 8 â`c |c`c|}xc 8>>2 c} {so ~xa~a|c jk lxïk}oae mc jk La`ò||oae lke}aekjc mc ~xaà}oaemc jk |ke}ï c} mc js}}c lae}xc jc| kmmol}oae|% Lc}}c easycjjc la`ò||oae xïseo} jc| la`~ï}celc| mc }xao|la`ò||oae| cro|}ke}c| 7 jk La`ò||oae lke}aekjc mc ~xïyce}oae* jk La`ò||oae lke}aekjc mc jk Må`c mcj‟kjlaaj c} jk La`ò||oae lke}aekjc ~asx jk ~xïyce}oae c} jk js}}c lae}xc jk }arola`keoc%

OOO%3%8 \}xk}ïdoc| ce ikycsx mc jk {skjo}ïLae}cr}c c} cegcsr Jk {skjo}ï c|} ks lŜsx mc ea`hxcsr mïhk}|% Moiiïxce}c| mï`kxlbc| ae} m‟axc| c} mïgî ï}ï ce}xc~xo|c| ~kx jcM\K\ mke| lc ma`koec* ea}k``ce} ~kx j‟oeiax`k}oae î jk ~a~sjk}oae |sx mc| }bâ`c| la``c jc| mxao}| mc|~k}oce}-c-|* ~kx jk |sxycojjkelc crcxlïc ~kx jk LOYC@\ ce lc {so laelcxec jc| C@\ as ~kx jk xïyo|oae mc|lxo}âxc| laelcxeke} jc| ks}axo|k}oae| m‟cr~jao}cx jc| ï}khjo||c`ce}| |keo}koxc|% Jc xceiaxlc`ce} mc lc|`c|sxc| c|} oemo|~ce|khjc ~asx ~cx`c}}xc î j$C}k} mc gascx |ae xýjc mc dkxke} ms hae iael}oaeec`ce} ms| |}â`c%

Kl}oae e¾ =; 7 Xceiaxlcx jc| `c|sxc| ~cx`c}}ke} mc dkxke}ox jk {skjo}ï c} jk |ïlsxo}ï mc| |aoe|• M$sec `keoâxc dïeïxkjc* oj |$kdoxk* msxke} jk ~ïxoamc 8>>2 “ 8>;8* mc~xïlo|cx c} | |}ï`k}o|cx jc|

crodcelc| mc j‟C}k} ce }cx`c mc {skjo}ï c} |ïlsxo}ï mc| |aoe| % Oj ~cs} |‟kdox mc jk }xke|ò||oae mclcx}koe| oemolk}csx|* mc jk |sxycojjkelc hk|ïc |sx mc| oe|~cl}oae|* mc jk ò|c ce ~jklc mc mïljkxk}oaem‟oelomce}| ks |coe mc| ï}khjo||c`ce}| |keo}koxc| as mc jk yïxoiolk}oae mc| {skjoiolk}oae| mc iax`k}oae mc|moxcl}oae| c} oeioxòcx|-âxc| lbci-ic| as mc ~xalïmsxc| km bal mke| lcx}koe| ma`koec| |ce|ohjc|% Lc|

`c|sxc| maoyce} ç}xc ò|c| ce ~jklc ce lajjkhaxk}oae kycl jc| oe|}o}s}oae| |keo}koxc| laelcxeïc|%





X^\QY3%2 34

OOO%3%= Lajjkhaxk}oae| kycl jc| ks}xc| lke}ae|Lae}cr}c c} cegcsr Jk lajjkhaxk}oae kycl jc| ks}xc| lke}ae| c|} mcycesc oelae}asxekhjc mke| jk ò|c ce Ŝsyxc mc }as}c| jc|~ajo}o{sc| ~shjo{sc|% Jc ma`koec mc jk |ke}ï e‟ïlbk~~c ~k| î jk xâdjc% Koe|o* jc Lae|coj m‟C}k} laemso} |k~ajo}o{sc |keo}koxc ce laelcx}k}oae kycl lcjjc mc| ks}xc| lke}ae|* ce ~kx}olsjocx jc| lke}ae| yao|oe|% Lc}}claelcx}k}oae yo|c se mashjc ahgcl}oi 7• Cjjc mao} ~cx`c}}xc* ce lk| mc hc|aoe* mc iklojo}cx j‟kllâ| ksr ~xc|}k}oae| m‟ks}xc| lke}ae| ~asx jc|

Yksmao| {so bkho}ce} mke| mc| xïdoae| ~xalbc| mc| ixae}oâxc| lke}aekjc|%• Mke| sec ~cx|~cl}oyc mc `kå}xo|c mc| mï~ce|c|* cjjc lbcxlbc î ah}ceox mc| | ecxdoc| c} mc| ïlaeaòc|

m‟ïlbcjjc ~kx jk xïkjo|k}oae m‟ï{so~c`ce}| as mc ~xagc}| mc |ke}ï ~shjo{sc la``se|%

Kl}oae e¾ =< 7 âsx|soyxc c} xceiaxlcx jc| lajjkhaxk}oae| oe}cxlke}aekjc| mke| jc ma`koec mc jk |ke}ï^js|ocsx| crc`~jc| }ïàodece} mc| lajjkhaxk}oae| m‟axc| c} mïgî oeo}oïc| 7• \‟kdo||ke} mc jk ~ajo}o{sc `ïmola-|alokjc c} mc| xï|cksr mc |aoe|* jc Lae|coj m‟C}k} ~xcem mc|

mo|~a|o}oae| ~asx iklojo}cx jk lajjkhaxk}oae ce}xc iasxeo||csx| mc |aoe| yksmao| c} iasxeo||csx| m‟ks}xc|lke}ae| "crc`~jc| 7 asycx}sxc mc jk Iïmïxk}oae mc |aoe| ms Lbkhjko| î mc| iasxeo||csx| ykjko|ke|*o`~jke}k}oae m‟se Hsxcks xïdoaekj seo{sc m‟oeiax`k}oae c} m‟axoce}k}oae ~asx jk Hxa c yksmao|c c}

ixohasxdcao|c* …/%• Ce `k}oâxc mc ~xïyce}oae* mc| ~xagc}| |‟axdkeo|ce} î j‟ïlbcjjc mc jk Xa`kemoc "crc`~jc| 7 mï~o|}kdc ms

lkelcx ms |coe* ~xadxk``c 3>& |ke}ï* …/%• Mke| jc ma`koec ba|~o}kjocx* jk lajjkhaxk}oae kycl Dceâyc alls~c sec ~jklc ~kx}olsjoâxc`ce} o`~ax}ke}c

"yaox jc| crc`~jc| xïlce}| mc j‟kllaxm mc lajjkhaxk}oae mke| jc ma`koec mc jk lboxsxdoc ax}ba~ïmo{scce}xc jc Dxas~c`ce} ba|~o}kjocx mc j‟Asc|} jï`keo{sc c} jc| Bý~o}ksr seoycx|o}koxc| mc Dceâyc c}* mc`keoâxc ~js| dïeïxkjc* mc j‟kllaxm mc xïdsjk}oae ioekeloâxc mc| kl}oyo}ï| ba|~o}kjoâxc| Yksm-Dceâyc/% Jk~ajo}o{sc ba|~o}kjoâxc kllaxmc ïdkjc`ce} hckslas~ mc ~aom| ksr xk}oaekjo|k}oae| ah}cesc| kycl Ixohasxd~kx jk xïkjo|k}oae mc j‟Bý~o}kj oe}cxlke}aekj mc jk Hxa c as celaxc î lcjjc| ~jkeoioïc| kycl jc| Ykjko|ke|mke| jc lkmxc mc jk lxïk}oae mc j‟Bý~o}kj seo{sc Xoyocxk-Lbkhjko|%

Lc| ciiax}| mc lajjkhaxk}oae| maoyce} |c ~asx|soyxc c} |c xceiaxlcx% Oj |‟kdo} koe|o* lbk{sc iao| {sc ~a||ohjc*mc ~xaio}cx m‟cr~ïxocelc| xïkjo|ïc| kycl |sllâ| kojjcsx| ~js}ý} {sc mc mïycja~~cx mc| |ajs}oae| easycjjc|~xa~xc| ks lke}ae% Jax|{sc mc }cjjc| ~a||ohojo}ï| e‟cro|}ce} ~k| as |o jc ma`koec laelcxeï eïlc||o}c seclaaxmoek}oae î se ïlbcjae xïdoaekj* yaoxc ek}oaekj* oj laeyoce} mc lajjkhaxcx kl}oyc`ce} î jk ò|c ce Ŝsyxcmc xïkjo|k}oae| |s~xklke}aekjc|* ~asx|soyke} mc| ahgcl}oi| ljkox|* xï~aemke} î se lkbocx mc| lbkxdc| ~xïlo|c} ~asyke} ç}xc o`~jke}ïc| mke| ~js|ocsx| lke}ae|* yaoxc mke| }as| jc| lke}ae| "`ïmcloec bks}c`ce}|~ïlokjo|ïc ea}k``ce}/%

Laeljs|oaeJ‟ce|c`hjc mc| kl}oae| ~xïysc| ~asx jk ~ïxoamc 8>>2-8>;8 c|} k`ho}ocsr% Lc}}c k`ho}oae c|} î jk `c|sxcmc| mïio| {so k}}cemce} jc | |}â`c mc |ke}ï |so||c c} yksmao|% Ce ~kx}olsjocx* jc| cegcsr joï| î j$kllïjïxk}oaems yocojjo||c`ce} mïàdxk~bo{sc yae} lae}xkoemxc j$ce|c`hjc mc| kl}csx| î xc`c}}xc ce {sc|}oae jcsx|àmc| mc iael}oaeec`ce}* î ikoxc ~xcsyc mc lxïk}oyo}ï c} m$oeyce}oyo}ï ~asx `c}}xc ce ~jklc mc| |ajs}oae|eayk}xolc| c} î |c àhojo|cx ~asx ~cx`c}}xc jcsx xïkjo|k}oae% Jc Lae|coj m$C}k} |$cedkdc xï|ajs`ce} mke|lc}}c yaoc c} |as}ocemxk }as| jc| ciiax}| mc| kl}csx| mke| lc |ce|%



X^\QY3%2 32

Xk~~ax} |sx jc ~a|}sjk} @kx}oec};% Xk~~cj ms ~a|}sjk}Mc~so| ~js|ocsx| keeïc|* jc| ~kx}o| ~ajo}o{sc| c} jc| ks}axo}ï| ~shjo{sc| yksmao|c| kiiox`ce} jk eïlc||o}ï mcxceiaxlcx jc| kl}oae| mc ~xïyce}oae mc| `kjkmoc| c} mc ~xaà}oae mc jk |ke}ï mc jk ~a~sjk}oae% Mke| jc lkmxcmc jk ~xcòâxc jao |sx jc| EA^\ "Easycjjc| Axoce}k}oae| mc| âjo}o{sc| \keo}koxc|/* jc lboiixc mc <# mc|mï~ce|c| mc |ke}ï ï}ko} ïya{sï la``c ahgcl}oi m$oeyc|}o||c`ce} mke| mc| kl}oae| mc ~xïyce}oae c} mc

~xaà}oae mc jk |ke}ï mae} j$ciiolklo}ï ï}ko} kyïxïc% Jc xk~~ax} oe}cx`ïmokoxc ~kxjc mc (ikoxc jk ~jklcoemo|~ce|khjc î jk ~xïyce}oae mc ̀ kjkmoc|( "EA^\* xk~~ax} mc }xke|o}oae* ;??2/%

Mc| ~xa`c||c| mc js}}c kllxsc lae}xc jc |sx~aom|* j$ahï|o}ï* jk |ïmce}kxo}ï* jk is`ïc ~k||oyc* j$kjlaaj* jc|mï~cemkelc|* jc |}xc||* jc bkxlâjc`ce} c} jk mï~xc||oae ae} ï}ï jkelïc| mke| jc lkmxc mc| ïjcl}oae| 8>>4 ks Dxkem Lae|coj c} ks Lae|coj m$C}k}* }as| ~kx}o| laeiaems|

@kjdxï lcjk* jc| lboiixc| ms \LXO\ |ae} ïja{sce}| 7 àoe| mc ;# mc| mï~ce|c| mc |ke}ï |ae} oeyc|}oc| mke| mc| kl}oae| mc ~xïyce}oae c} mc ~xaà}oae mc jk |ke}ï +

Se xïlce} xk~~ax} ~xï~kxï ~asx jc \cxyolc mc jk |ke}ï ~shjo{sc ~kx j$Oe|}o}s} seoycx|o}koxc mc `ïmcloec |alokjcc} ~xïyce}oyc iax`sjc mc| ~xa~a|o}oae| ~asx sec |}xk}ïdoc yksmao|c ce `k}oâxc mc ~xïyce}oae mc| `kjkmoc| c} mc ~xaà}oae mc jk |ke}ï% Jc xk~~ax} mïlxo} ljkoxc`ce} jc xýjc mc jk ~xïyce}oae mke| sec ~a~sjk}oae yksmao|cyocojjo||ke}c 7 ("%%%/% Jk ~xïyce}oae mc| `kjkmoc| mïdïeïxk}oyc| c|} o`~ïxk}oyc ~asx ïyo}cx* î }cx`c* j$oelk~klo}ïmc | |}â`c mc |ke}ï î xï~aemxc î jk mc`kemc mc |aoe|(% Jc xk~~ax} mï}kojjc jc| `kjkmoc| mïdïeïxk}oyc|

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• jc ioekelc`ce} mc| ~xadxk``c| c|} |asyce} joò}ï mke| jc }c`~| as oela`~jc}* c} jc| ~kx}cekoxc||ae} oeyo}ï| î mï`kxlbcx ~asx ah}ceox mc| hsmdc}| cr}xk ï}k}o{sc|* laeiïmïxksr as ~xoyï|* la`~xo|

~asx mc| ~xadxk``c| lke}aeksr gsdï | ~xoaxo}koxc| 6

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