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INDEX:
Aim
Certificate
Acknowledg
ement
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography
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AIM:
To determine the faradays
law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper
wire wound over an iron rodand a strong magnet
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CERTIFICATE
Thisis to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION has been
successfully completed by KARTHIK PREMANAND of
Class XII ROSE in partial fulfillment of curriculum of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION(CBSE) leadin to the a!ard of annual e"amination of the
year #$%#$%'(
I)TER)*+ EX*,I)ER TE*CHER I)&CH*R-E
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SCHOO+ SE*+ PRI)CIP*+
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I thank my teacher Mrs.
VEMURI who has assigned me this term paper tobring out my creative capabilities.
I epress my gratitude to my parents for being acontinuous source of encouragement for all theirfinancial aid.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided to me by
the library staff of !"# !$"R"%I &U!#I' ('$))#.
My heartfelt gratitude to my classmates and for helping meto complete my work in time.
arthik Prema nand
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APPARATUS
1. Insulatedcopper wire
2. A iron rod
3. A strong magnetand
4. A light emittingdiode (LED)
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INTRODUCTION:
Faraday's law of induction is a basic lawof electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic
field will interact with an electric circuit to produce
an electromotive force E!F"# It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers$ inductors$ and many
types of electrical motors and generators#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently
by !ichael Faraday and %oseph &enry in ()* however$
Faraday was the first to publish the results of his e+periments#Faraday e+plained electromagnetic induction using a concept he
called lines of force# These e,uations for electromagnetics are
e+tremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how many natural physical phenomena in our universe
arise and behave# The ability to ,uantitatively describe physical
phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding of
our universe$ but it also ma-es possible a host of technological
innovations that define modern society# .nderstanding Faradays
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_force8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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Faradays /aw is the result of the e+periments of the English
chemist and physicist !ichael Faraday # The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneously
in () by Faraday in /ondon and %oseph &enry$ an American
scientist wor-ing in 0ew 1or- $ but Faraday is credited for the law
since he published his wor- first # An important aspect of the
e,uation that ,uantifies Faradays /aw comes from the wor- of
&einrich /en2$ a Russian physicist who made his contribution to
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Faradays /aw$ now -nown as /en2s /aw$ in ()3 Institute of
Chemistry"#
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Faradays law describes electromagnetic induction$ whereby an
electric field is induced$ or generated$ by a changing magnetic
field# 4efore e+panding upon this description$ it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the concept of fields$ as well as
the related concept of potentials#
Faraday's first e+perimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction August 56$ ()"$ he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or 7torus7 an arrangement similar
to a modern toroidal transformer" to induce current
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_transformer8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment
8ome physicists have remar-ed that Faraday's law is a single
e,uation describing two different phenomena9 the motional
E!F generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire
see /orent2 force"$ and the transformer E!F generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field due to the
!a+well:Faraday e,uation"# %ames Cler- !a+well drew attention
to this fact in his (; paper
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to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in
some modern te+tboo-s#
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THEORY:
!agnetic flu+9
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The magnetic flu+ often denoted > or >4" through a surface is
the component of the 4 field passing through that surface#
The 8I unit of magnetic flu+ is the weber ?b" in derived units9
volt@seconds"$ and the C8 unit is the ma+well# !agnetic flu+ is
usually measured with a flu+meter$ which contains measuring
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre_gram_second_system_of_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre_gram_second_system_of_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in
the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flu+#
If the magnetic field is constant$ the magnetic flu+
passing through a surface of vector area 8 is
where 4 is the magnitude of the magnetic field the magnetic flu+
density" having the unit of ?bBm5 Tesla"$ 8 is the area of the
surface$ and is the angle between the magnetic field lines and
the normal perpendicular" to 8#
For a varying magnetic field$ we first consider the magnetic flu+
through an infinitesimal area element d8$ where we may consider
the field to be constant
9
From the definition of the magnetic vector potentialA and
the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flu+ may
also be defined as9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes'_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes'_theorem8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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where the line integral is ta-en over the boundary ofthe surface 8$ which is denoted D8#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integral8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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/A?9
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states9
The induced electromoti.e force in any closed circuit is e/ual
to the neati.e of the time rate of chane of the manetic
flu" throuh the circuit(
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the
closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire$ and is invalid in
other circumstances as discussed below#A different version$
the !a+well:Faraday e,uation discussed below"$ is valid in
all circumstances#
?hen the flu+ changesbecause 4 changes$ or because the wire
loop is moved or deformed$ or bothFaraday's law of induction
says that the wire loop ac,uires an E!F $ defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop
the unit of E!F is the volt"# E,uivalently$ it is the voltage that
would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit$
and attaching a voltmeter to the leads#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_induction#.22Counterexamples.22_to_Faraday.27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Faraday_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_induction#Maxwell.E2.80.93Faraday_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_induction#.22Counterexamples.22_to_Faraday.27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Faraday_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_induction#Maxwell.E2.80.93Faraday_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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According to the /orent2 force law in 8I units"$
the E!F on a wire loop is9
where E is the electric field$ 4 is the magnetic field a-a magnetic
flu+ density$ magnetic induction"$ d is an infinitesimal arc
length along the wire$ and the line integral is evaluated along the
wire along the curve the conincident with the shape of the wire"#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integral8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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The !a+well:Faraday e,uation
states that a time@varying
magnetic field is always
accompanied by a spatially@
varying$ non@
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conservative electric field$ and vice@versa# The !a+well:
Faraday e,uation is
where is the curl operator and again Er$ t" is the electric
field and 4r$ t" is the magnetic field# These fields can generallybe functions of position r and time t#
The four !a+well's e,uations including the !a+well:Faraday
e,uation"$ along with the /orent2 force law$ are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism#
Therefore it is possible to 7prove7 Faraday's law starting with
these e,uations# Faraday's law could be ta-en as the starting
point and used to 7prove7 the !a+well:Faraday e,uation
andBor other laws#"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_vector_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_vector_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_vector_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism8/13/2019 117344333 Phy Investigatory Project
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