Transcript
Page 1: 1 What is Ecology? copyright cmassengale. 2 Organisms and Their Environment copyright cmassengale

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What is Ecology?What is

Ecology?

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Page 2: 1 What is Ecology? copyright cmassengale. 2 Organisms and Their Environment copyright cmassengale

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Organisms and Their Environme

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Organisms and Their Environme

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Page 3: 1 What is Ecology? copyright cmassengale. 2 Organisms and Their Environment copyright cmassengale

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What is Ecology??What is Ecology??What is Ecology??What is Ecology??

•The The study of interactionsstudy of interactions that take place that take place between between organisms and their organisms and their environmentenvironment..

• It It explainsexplains how living how living organisms organisms affectaffect each other each other and the world they live in.and the world they live in.

•The The study of interactionsstudy of interactions that take place that take place between between organisms and their organisms and their environmentenvironment..

• It It explainsexplains how living how living organisms organisms affectaffect each other each other and the world they live in.and the world they live in.

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Habitat & NicheHabitat & NicheHabitat & NicheHabitat & Niche•HabitatHabitat is the is the place a plant place a plant or animal livesor animal lives

•NicheNiche is an is an organism’s organism’s total way of total way of lifelife

•HabitatHabitat is the is the place a plant place a plant or animal livesor animal lives

•NicheNiche is an is an organism’s organism’s total way of total way of lifelife

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The Nonliving The Nonliving EnvironmentEnvironmentThe Nonliving The Nonliving EnvironmentEnvironment

• Abiotic factorsAbiotic factors- the - the nonliving parts of an nonliving parts of an organism’s organism’s environment.environment.

• Examples Examples include air include air currents, temperature, currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.moisture, light, and soil.

• Abiotic factors Abiotic factors affect an affect an organism’s life.organism’s life.

• Abiotic factorsAbiotic factors- the - the nonliving parts of an nonliving parts of an organism’s organism’s environment.environment.

• Examples Examples include air include air currents, temperature, currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.moisture, light, and soil.

• Abiotic factors Abiotic factors affect an affect an organism’s life.organism’s life.

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The Living EnvironmentThe Living EnvironmentThe Living EnvironmentThe Living Environment

•Biotic factorsBiotic factors- all the - all the living organisms that living organisms that inhabit an inhabit an environment.environment.

•All All organisms depend organisms depend on others directly or on others directly or indirectlyindirectly for food, for food, shelter, reproduction, shelter, reproduction, or protection.or protection.

•Biotic factorsBiotic factors- all the - all the living organisms that living organisms that inhabit an inhabit an environment.environment.

•All All organisms depend organisms depend on others directly or on others directly or indirectlyindirectly for food, for food, shelter, reproduction, shelter, reproduction, or protection.or protection.

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

BioticBioticcopyright cmassengale

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

AbioticAbioticcopyright cmassengale

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

AbioticAbioticcopyright cmassengale

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

BioticBioticcopyright cmassengale

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Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization

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What are the Simplest Levels?

What are the Simplest Levels?

•AtomAtom•MoleculeMolecule•OrganelleOrganelle•CellCell•TissueTissue•OrganOrgan•SystemSystem

•AtomAtom•MoleculeMolecule•OrganelleOrganelle•CellCell•TissueTissue•OrganOrgan•SystemSystem

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• EcologistsEcologists have organized have organized

the interactions an organism the interactions an organism takes part in into takes part in into different different levels according to levels according to complexitycomplexity..

• EcologistsEcologists have organized have organized the interactions an organism the interactions an organism takes part in into takes part in into different different levels according to levels according to complexitycomplexity..

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11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization•Organism:Organism:

An individual An individual living thing that living thing that is made of is made of cells, cells, uses energy, uses energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops

•Organism:Organism:An individual An individual living thing that living thing that is made of is made of cells, cells, uses energy, uses energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops

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22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization•Population:Population:

A group of A group of organisms, all organisms, all of the of the same same speciesspecies, , which which interbreedinterbreed and live in the and live in the same place at same place at the same the same timetime..

•Population:Population:A group of A group of organisms, all organisms, all of the of the same same speciesspecies, , which which interbreedinterbreed and live in the and live in the same place at same place at the same the same timetime.. copyright cmassengale

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33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization•Biological Biological

Community:Community:All the All the populations populations of different of different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same time.time.

•Biological Biological Community:Community:All the All the populations populations of different of different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same time.time.

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44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization•Ecosystem:Ecosystem:

Populations of Populations of plants and animals plants and animals that interact with that interact with each other in a each other in a given area with the given area with the abiotic abiotic components of that components of that area. area. (terrestrial (terrestrial or aquatic)or aquatic)

•Ecosystem:Ecosystem: Populations of Populations of plants and animals plants and animals that interact with that interact with each other in a each other in a given area with the given area with the abiotic abiotic components of that components of that area. area. (terrestrial (terrestrial or aquatic)or aquatic)

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55thth Level of Organization Level of Organization55thth Level of Organization Level of Organization

•Biosphere:Biosphere:The The portion of portion of Earth that Earth that supports supports life.life.

•Biosphere:Biosphere:The The portion of portion of Earth that Earth that supports supports life.life.

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The BiosphereThe BiosphereThe BiosphereThe Biosphere

• Life is found in air, on Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and land, and in fresh and salt water.salt water.

• The The BIOSPHERE BIOSPHERE is the is the portion of Earth that portion of Earth that supports living things.supports living things.

• Life is found in air, on Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and land, and in fresh and salt water.salt water.

• The The BIOSPHERE BIOSPHERE is the is the portion of Earth that portion of Earth that supports living things.supports living things.

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What level of What level of organization?organization?What level of What level of organization?organization?

OrganismOrganism

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What level of What level of Organization?Organization?What level of What level of Organization?Organization?

CommunityCommunitycopyright cmassengale

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What level of What level of Organization?Organization?What level of What level of Organization?Organization?

PopulationPopulationcopyright cmassengale

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Energy Flow in an

Ecosystem

Energy Flow in an

Ecosystem

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Energy FlowEnergy FlowEnergy FlowEnergy Flow

• EnergyEnergy in an ecosystem in an ecosystem originally originally comes from the suncomes from the sun

• Energy flows through Energy flows through Ecosystems from Ecosystems from producers to producers to consumersconsumers– ProducersProducers (make food) (make food)– ConsumersConsumers (use food by eating (use food by eating producers or other consumers)producers or other consumers)

• EnergyEnergy in an ecosystem in an ecosystem originally originally comes from the suncomes from the sun

• Energy flows through Energy flows through Ecosystems from Ecosystems from producers to producers to consumersconsumers– ProducersProducers (make food) (make food)– ConsumersConsumers (use food by eating (use food by eating producers or other consumers)producers or other consumers)

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ProducersProducersProducersProducers

•SunlightSunlight is the is the main source of main source of energy for energy for mostmost life on earth.life on earth.

•ProducersProducers contain contain chlorophyllchlorophyll & can & can use energy use energy directly from the directly from the sunsun

•SunlightSunlight is the is the main source of main source of energy for energy for mostmost life on earth.life on earth.

•ProducersProducers contain contain chlorophyllchlorophyll & can & can use energy use energy directly from the directly from the sunsun

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AutotrophsAutotrophsAutotrophsAutotrophs• An Autotroph is any organism An Autotroph is any organism

that that can produce its own foodcan produce its own food supply!supply!

• Autotrophs are also called Autotrophs are also called ProducersProducers

• Plants, algae, some protists, & Plants, algae, some protists, & some bacteria are examplessome bacteria are examples

• An Autotroph is any organism An Autotroph is any organism that that can produce its own foodcan produce its own food supply!supply!

• Autotrophs are also called Autotrophs are also called ProducersProducers

• Plants, algae, some protists, & Plants, algae, some protists, & some bacteria are examplessome bacteria are examples

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Niche of a ProducerNiche of a ProducerNiche of a ProducerNiche of a Producer• Captures energyCaptures energy and and

transforms it into transforms it into organic, organic, stored energystored energy for the use of for the use of living organisms.living organisms.

• May be May be photoautotrophsphotoautotrophs using using light energy (e.g. light energy (e.g. plantsplants))

• May be May be chemoautotrophschemoautotrophs using chemical energy (e.g. using chemical energy (e.g. cyanobactericyanobacteria)a)

• Captures energyCaptures energy and and transforms it into transforms it into organic, organic, stored energystored energy for the use of for the use of living organisms.living organisms.

• May be May be photoautotrophsphotoautotrophs using using light energy (e.g. light energy (e.g. plantsplants))

• May be May be chemoautotrophschemoautotrophs using chemical energy (e.g. using chemical energy (e.g. cyanobactericyanobacteria)a)

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PhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophProducer That Captures Energy Producer That Captures Energy

from the sun by:from the sun by:– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

•Adds Adds OxygenOxygen to the to the atmosphereatmosphere

•Removes Removes Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide from the Atmospherefrom the Atmosphere

Producer That Captures Energy Producer That Captures Energy from the sun by:from the sun by:– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

•Adds Adds OxygenOxygen to the to the atmosphereatmosphere

•Removes Removes Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide from the Atmospherefrom the Atmosphere

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• On LandOn Land– PlantsPlants

• In The SeaIn The Sea– AlgaeAlgae

• Tidal Flats & Salt MarshesTidal Flats & Salt Marshes– CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

• On LandOn Land– PlantsPlants

• In The SeaIn The Sea– AlgaeAlgae

• Tidal Flats & Salt MarshesTidal Flats & Salt Marshes– CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

Habitat of Habitat of PhotoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs

Habitat of Habitat of PhotoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs

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ChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophs• Capture energy Capture energy

from the bonds of from the bonds of inorganic molecules inorganic molecules such as such as Hydrogen Hydrogen SulfideSulfide

• Process is called Process is called ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis

• Often occurs in Often occurs in deep sea vents or deep sea vents or gut of animalsgut of animals

• Capture energy Capture energy from the bonds of from the bonds of inorganic molecules inorganic molecules such as such as Hydrogen Hydrogen SulfideSulfide

• Process is called Process is called ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis

• Often occurs in Often occurs in deep sea vents or deep sea vents or gut of animalsgut of animals

Called a Black Called a Black smoker (thermal vent)smoker (thermal vent)

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ConsumersConsumersConsumersConsumersHeterotrophs eat other Heterotrophs eat other

organisms to obtain organisms to obtain energy. (e.g. energy. (e.g. animalsanimals))

• HerbivoresHerbivores– Eat Only PlantsEat Only Plants

• CarnivoresCarnivores– Eat Only Other Eat Only Other AnimalsAnimals

Heterotrophs eat other Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain organisms to obtain

energy. (e.g. energy. (e.g. animalsanimals))• HerbivoresHerbivores

– Eat Only PlantsEat Only Plants• CarnivoresCarnivores

– Eat Only Other Eat Only Other AnimalsAnimals

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ConsumersConsumersConsumersConsumersHeterotrophs eat other Heterotrophs eat other

organisms to obtain energy.organisms to obtain energy.• OmnivoresOmnivores (Humans) (Humans)

– Eat Plants & AnimalsEat Plants & Animals• Detritivores (Scavengers)Detritivores (Scavengers)

– Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains (buzzards)Remains (buzzards)

• DecomposersDecomposers– Fungi & BacteriaFungi & Bacteria

Heterotrophs eat other Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy.organisms to obtain energy.

• OmnivoresOmnivores (Humans) (Humans)– Eat Plants & AnimalsEat Plants & Animals

• Detritivores (Scavengers)Detritivores (Scavengers)– Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Feed On Dead Plant & Animal

Remains (buzzards)Remains (buzzards)• DecomposersDecomposers

– Fungi & BacteriaFungi & Bacteria

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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships

Energy flows Energy flows through an through an ecosystem in ecosystem in oneone direction direction

from from producers toproducers to various levels various levels of of consumersconsumers

Energy flows Energy flows through an through an ecosystem in ecosystem in oneone direction direction

from from producers toproducers to various levels various levels of of consumersconsumers

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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships• Food ChainFood Chain

– Simple Energy path through Simple Energy path through an ecosysteman ecosystem

• Food WebFood Web– More realistic path through More realistic path through an ecosystem made of many an ecosystem made of many food chainsfood chains

• Food ChainFood Chain– Simple Energy path through Simple Energy path through an ecosysteman ecosystem

• Food WebFood Web– More realistic path through More realistic path through an ecosystem made of many an ecosystem made of many food chainsfood chains

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Food ChainFood ChainFood ChainFood Chain

ProducerProducer ((trapped trapped sunlight & stored food)sunlight & stored food)

11stst order order ConsumerConsumer

22ndnd Order Order ConsumerConsumer

33rdrd Order Order consumerconsumer

44thth Order Order ConsumerConsumer

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Name the Producer, Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers Consumers & Decomposers

in this food chain:in this food chain:

Name the Producer, Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers Consumers & Decomposers

in this food chain:in this food chain:

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Food WebFood WebFood WebFood Web

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Trophic LevelsTrophic LevelsTrophic LevelsTrophic LevelsEach Level In A Food Chain or Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Food Web is a Trophic LevelTrophic Level..

• ProducersProducers– Always The First Trophic LevelAlways The First Trophic Level– How Energy Enters The How Energy Enters The SystemSystem

• HerbivoresHerbivores– Second Trophic LevelSecond Trophic Level

Each Level In A Food Chain or Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Food Web is a Trophic LevelTrophic Level..

• ProducersProducers– Always The First Trophic LevelAlways The First Trophic Level– How Energy Enters The How Energy Enters The SystemSystem

• HerbivoresHerbivores– Second Trophic LevelSecond Trophic Level

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Trophic LevelsTrophic LevelsTrophic LevelsTrophic Levels•Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores

–Make Up The Remaining Make Up The Remaining Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels

Each level depends on Each level depends on the one below it for the one below it for

energy.energy.

•Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores–Make Up The Remaining Make Up The Remaining Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels

Each level depends on Each level depends on the one below it for the one below it for

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Ecological PyramidsEcological PyramidsEcological PyramidsEcological PyramidsGraphic Representations Of Graphic Representations Of

The Relative Amounts of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Energy or Matter At Each

Trophic LevelTrophic Level

May be:May be:

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

Graphic Representations Of Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Energy or Matter At Each

Trophic LevelTrophic Level

May be:May be:

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numberscopyright cmassengale

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Energy PyramidEnergy PyramidEnergy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

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Biomass PyramidBiomass PyramidBiomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

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Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

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BIOMESBIOMES

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Biogeography - study of where organisms live

Biogeography - study of where organisms live

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Dispersal of organisms

Dispersal of organisms

• Movement of organisms from 1 place to another

• Dispersal is usually caused by wind, water or living things

• Species that evolve in an area are called native species

• Species that are carried to a location are exotic species.

• Movement of organisms from 1 place to another

• Dispersal is usually caused by wind, water or living things

• Species that evolve in an area are called native species

• Species that are carried to a location are exotic species.

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Climate and biomesClimate and biomes

• The typical weather patterns over a long period of time is the climate.

• The typical weather patterns over a long period of time is the climate.

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Biomes are a group of ecosystems with similar climates (temperature and rainfall) and organisms.

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Rain Forest BiomesRain Forest Biomes

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Tropical Rain Forest - found near the equator -

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Desert BiomesDesert Biomes

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Deserts: areas that receive less than 25cm of rain per year. Most deserts get very hot during the day and get very cold at night.

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GrasslandGrassland

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Grasslands receive more rain than the desert - enough to support grasses and bushes, but not enough to support trees.

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TundraTundraThe land here is very cold and

dry. It has a permanent layer of frost all year (permafrost).

The land here is very cold and dry. It has a permanent layer of frost all year (permafrost).

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Freshwater Biomes

Freshwater Biomes

• Algae is the most abundant plant in the water biomes because sunlight has to be there in order for photosynthesis to occur.

• Freshwater biomes are divided into 2 groups: ponds and lakes and streams and rivers

• Algae is the most abundant plant in the water biomes because sunlight has to be there in order for photosynthesis to occur.

• Freshwater biomes are divided into 2 groups: ponds and lakes and streams and rivers

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Ponds and LakesPonds and LakesLakes are deeper than ponds. Sometimes

ponds are shallow enough for sunlight to reach the bottom which lets plants

grow.

Lakes are deeper than ponds. Sometimes ponds are shallow enough for sunlight to reach the bottom which lets plants

grow.

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Streams and RiversStreams and RiversThe water runs fast in these areas. Few

plants can survive in the fast current, so consumers must rely on leaves

and seeds that fall in.

The water runs fast in these areas. Few plants can survive in the fast current,

so consumers must rely on leaves and seeds that fall in.

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Marine BiomesMarine Biomes• Divided into 4 sections: Estuaries,

Intertidal Zone, Neritic Zone, and Surface/Deep Zone.

• Divided into 4 sections: Estuaries, Intertidal Zone, Neritic Zone, and Surface/Deep Zone.

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EstuariesEstuaries• This is where the water from the

rivers and streams runs into the ocean, making a mixture of salt and fresh water.

• This is where the water from the rivers and streams runs into the ocean, making a mixture of salt and fresh water.

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Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession

• Primary succession is a series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem has ever been.

• Primary succession is a series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem has ever been.

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Pioneer species are the first species to populate an area.

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Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession• Secondary succession occurs when

there are a series of changes after a natural disturbance (hurricane, fire, etc..) It only can occur in a place where an ecosystem has already existed.

• Secondary succession occurs when there are a series of changes after a natural disturbance (hurricane, fire, etc..) It only can occur in a place where an ecosystem has already existed.

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Extinction:Disappearance of all

members of a species. Those in danger of becoming extinct are endangered, and those that could be endangered soon are threatened species.

Extinction:Disappearance of all

members of a species. Those in danger of becoming extinct are endangered, and those that could be endangered soon are threatened species.

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Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Symbiosis- two species living togetherSymbiosis- two species living together

3 Types of symbiosis:

1. Commensalism

2. Parasitism

3. Mutualism

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Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Ex. orchids on a tree

Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Ex. orchids on a tree

Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called xerophyte, air plant.

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Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria

Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria

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Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite)

and the other is harmed (host)

•Parasite-Host relationship

Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite)

and the other is harmed (host)

•Parasite-Host relationship

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Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Parasitism- parasite-hostEx. lampreys, leeches, fleas,ticks, tapeworm

Parasitism- parasite-hostEx. lampreys, leeches, fleas,ticks, tapeworm

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Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Mutualism- beneficial to both species

Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp

Mutualism- beneficial to both species

Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp

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Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Mutualism- beneficial to both species

Ex. lichen

Mutualism- beneficial to both species

Ex. lichen

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Nutrient Cycles

Cycling maintains homeostasis (balance) in the environment.

•3 cycles to investigate:

1. Water cycle

2. Carbon cycle

3. Nitrogen cycle

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Water cycle-

•Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation

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Water cycle-

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Carbon cycle-

•Photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and

oxygen through the environment.

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Carbon cycle-

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Nitrogen cycle-

Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) makes up nearly 78%-80% of air.

Organisms can not use it in that form.

Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen into usable forms.

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Nitrogen cycle-

Only in certain bacteria and industrial technologies can fix nitrogen.

Nitrogen fixation-convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonium (NH4

+) which can be used to make organic compounds like amino acids.

N2 NH4+

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Nitrogen cycle-

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria:

Some live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts).

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Nitrogen cycle-

•Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live free in the soil.

•Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-aquatic environments like rice paddies.

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Atmospheric nitrogenLightning

Nitrogen fixing

bacteria

Ammonium Nitrification by bacteria

Nitrites Nitrates

Denitrification by bacteria

Plants

Animals

Decomposers

Nitrogen Cycle


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