3

()

,

1 , , , . : (.1) , - . bpl =1,20 0,22 6 0,159 . 800 (Rs=680 ) 15010. ( 0,400.40) 6,607,20. bw1 =0,50 . hrb1 =0,40 , hrb2 =0,26 . 0,04 , . , hru=0,22 , bru =0,40.

.1. - . , , . 1- , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 :

lpl =7,20-0,50 = 6,70. 500 (Rs=450 ).

25 (Rb=14,5 , Rbt=1,05 ).

g =10,5 , .. gn =6,4 , gpl =3,2 .

1. , b =1,2 :- q = 10,5 1,2 = 12,6 /,

- qn = 6,4 1,2 = 7,7 /,

- : qd = 3,2 1,2 = 3,8 /.

2. : lpl0 = 6,70 0,10 = 6,60 ;- : eq M = \f(q lpl02;8) = \f(12,66,62;8)=68,6 - :

.3. :

- :

eq Vpl = \f(q lpl;2) = \f(12,66,7;2)=42,2 - :

eq Vpln = 7,73,35=25,8 4. ( ) :

eq Hpl = \f((q-qd)e0 lpl2;12(i2+e02)) = \f(0,85(12,6-3,8)0,086,72;12(6,2010-3+6,4010-3))=177,6 ,: eq i2 = \f(Ipl;Apl) =6,210-3 2 ; e0 = 0,08 ( h = 0.22 ) Hpl .5. , :

=M- Hple0= 68,6-177,60,08=54,4 6. 4 12 800 (s= 4,5210-42). :eq u = \f(Rs As;Rbbpl) = \f(6,81054,5210-4;1,451041,16)=1,8210-2 ;Mu=6,81054,5210-4(0,19-1,8210-2/2)=55,6 > =54,4 .

.

7. :

eq Asr = \f(cHpl npl;Rs) - () 1 2 (. .1). =0,5; =0,9; npl=5; Rs=450 ( 500) eq Asr = \f(0,50,9177,6 5;4,50105) =8.8810-4 2 3 20 (s=9,4210-42).- ; =1,0; =0,9. eq Asr = \f(1,00,9177,6 5;4,50105) =1.77610-3 2 6 20 (s=1,88510-32).

- () ( 2 3 ); =0,50; =0,55. eq Asr = \f(0,500,55177,6 5;4,50105) =5,4210-3 2 3 16 A500C (s=6,0310-42).

- ; =1,0; =0,55. eq Asr = \f(1,00,55177,6 5;4,50105) =1.08510-3 2 3 22 A500C (s=1,1410-32).

8. 4 12 , . Hsp,, , :Hsp= Rspl Aspl npl. : =0,30, npl=5;

Hsp=0,306,81054,5410-45=461,2 .9. : eq Asz = \f(Hpl np-Hsp;2,7Rs) = \f(177,65-461,2;2,74,5105)=3,5110-4 2; 2 16 A500C (sz=4,0210-42).10.

eq \f(Vpl npl1;2) +eq \f((H-Hz-Hsp) e;2)T=0,1Rbh2b : 1 = 0,30 ; = (0,19+0,04) 0,40/2 = 0,03 (.. 16 . 1)Hz= AszRs = 4,0210-44,5105=180,9;eq \f(Vpl npl1;2)=\f(42,250,30;2)=31,7 ;eq \f((H-Hz-Hsp) e;2) =\f((177,65-180,9-461,2)0,03;2)=3,7 ;eq 0,1Rbh2b =0,1145000,4020,5=116;

31,7+3,7=35,4 ()=116 . . (..3.3.9 ) , =35,4 .11. .

:eq As' = \f(Hpl e0+Vplc1;0,90Rsh0'); 0 =0,08 Hpl .. ; 1=0,30 (..16 ) Vpl=(12,6-3,8)6,6/2=29,0 . eq As' = \f(177,6 0,08+29,00,30;0,904,510 50,19)=2,9810-42 20 500 (s=3,14210-4 2). , 20 500 ( ).

(6 20 500 6,60) :

eq = \f(63,14210-4100;6,600,19) =0,15%=u- :

xst =x0+lon= - +eq sh(on \f (Rs;Rb)+on)d:

x0=eq \f(lpl0;2)-=eq \f(6,6;2)-=0,53;

lon=1,5 (0,50450/14,5 +8)0,02=0,70 ( 2.03.01-84*), sh=1,5 , .xst=0,53+0,70 =1,23. , , () :

Lst1 = xst+bw1=1,23+0,50=1,73.

, , :

Lst21 = 2xst+bw1=21,23+0,50=2,96.

12. .12.1. . 4 3 -I (Rsw=270 ). Q=Vpl=42,2 .

2,5h0=0,45 : eq Asw \f(Q;1Rsw) =eq \f(42,2;0,92,70105) =1,7010-42; 24 3 -I (sw=1,7010-4 ).

6 3 -I 80 . .

12.2. :) Q= Vpl Rbdashnsh: =0,75; d=0,159; ash=0,100; nsh=6

Rbdashnsh=0,751,451040,1590,16=1037 >> Vpl=42,2

.) :

Q= Vpl 2Rbtd2nsh; Rbt=1,05 ( 25)2Rbtd2nsh =20,751,051030,15926=238,9 > Vpl=42,2

.

20 (Rbt=0,90) : 20,759000,15926=204,8 > Vpl=42,2 . ( ) , 20. 2

1 . 1. , .2. 30 (Rb=17 , Rbt=1,2 ), 8 . -II 5 (Rs=1110). () . g=10,7 , .. gn=6,4 . gd=3,6 .

.2. , ; 1 , 2 ( )

1. , b =1,2 :

- q = 10,7 1,2 = 12,8 /,

- qn = 6,4 1,2 = 7,7 /,

- : qd = 3,4 1,2 = 4,1 /.

2.

- :

eq M = \f(q lpl02;8) = \f(12,86,62;8)=69,9 3. :

eq Vpl = \f(q lpl;2) = \f(12,86,7;2)=42,9 4. , :

eq Hpl = \f((q-qd)e0 lpl2;12(i2+e02)) = \f(0,85(12,8-4,1)0,086,72;12(6,1710-3+6,4010-3))=176,1 ,: eq i2 = \f(I0;A0) =\f(9,0710-4;0,147)=6,1710-3 2; e0 = 0,08.5. , :

I=M- Hple0= 69,9-176,10,08=55,8 .6. , 14 5 -II (Rs=1110 , s= 2,77210-42) 30 (Rb=17) :

eq u = \f(Rs As;Rbbpl) = \f(1,111062,77210-4;1,71041,16)=1,5610-2 ;

Mu=eq Rs As(h0-x/2)=1,111062,7710-4(0,19-1,5610-2/2)=56,1 > I=55,8 . .7. :

eq Asr = \f(cHpl npl;Rs) - () (. . 1) ( 1 2).

=0,5; =0,9; npl=5 ; Rs=450 ( 500) eq Asr = \f(0,50,9176,1 5;4,50105) =8.8010-4 2 3 20 500 (s=9,4210-42).

- ( ); =1,0; =0,9. eq Asr = \f(1,00,9176,1 5;4,50105) =1,76110-3 2. 6 20 500 (s=1,88510-32).

- () ( 2 3 . 1); =0,50; =0,55.

eq Asr = \f(0,500,55176,1 5;4,50105) =5,3810-4 2 3 16 A500C (s=6,0310-42).

- ; =1,0; =0,55. eq Asr = \f(1,00,55176,1 5;4,50105) =1,07610-3 2 3 22 A500C (s=1,1410-32).

8. (5 ), . , , : eq Asr = \f(Hpl npl;2,7Rs) =eq Asr = \f(176,1 5;2,74,50105) =7,2510-4 2

2 22 A500C (s=7,6010-42).

9. () ( 1 . 1)

eq \f(Vpl npl1;2) +eq \f((Hplnpl-Hz) e;2)T=0,1Rbh2b : 1=0,30 ; =0,03;

Hz= AszRs = 7,6010-44,5105=342;

eq \f(Vpl npl1;2)=\f(42,950,30;2)=32,2 eq \f((Hplnpl-Hz) e;2) eq =\f((176,15-180,9-342)0,03;2)=8,1 ;

eq 0,1Rbh2b =0,1145000,4020,5=116;

32,2+8,1=40,3 ()=116 .

. . , ,

=40,3 .10. :eq As' = \f(Hpl e0+Vplc1;0,90Rsh0');

0 =0,08; 1=0,30, h0'=0,19

eq As' = \f(176,1l 0,08+42,90,30;0,904,510-50,18)=3,4810-42 1 22 500 (s=3,80110-4 2).

:

eq s' = \f(As'100;bplh0')=\f(3,80110-4100;1,20,19) =0,167%>u=0,15%11. , , :

xst =x0+lon= - +eq sh(on \f (Rs;Rb)+on)d:

x0=eq \f(lpl0;2)-=eq \f(6,6;2)-=0,53;

lon=1,5 (0,50(4,5105/1,45104)+8)0,022=0,78 (2.03.01-84* . 14), xst=0,53+0,78 =1,31 .

() :

Lst1 = xst+bw1=1,31+0,50=1,81: bw1=0,50 .

:

Lst21 = 2xst+bw1=21,31+0,50=3,12.

, , ( ) 2 22 500 , . .12.2, 3.12. .

, .12.1. 2,5h0=2,50,19 =0,46 (" ") , . 5 -I (Rsw=260 ).

: eq Asw \f(Q;1Rsw) =eq \f(42,9;0,82,60105) =2,0610-42;

: 1=0,8; Q=Vpl=42,9 .

11 5 -I (sw=2,1810-4 ), 50, .12.2. . -III, 2.03.01-84* , . bwb=0,6. hwb= 3,0-0,22=2,8 w6=600/3. :qwb=bw6hw6w6gkf= 0.62,80,69,81,2=11,9 /.

:

qru= 0.220,402,59,81,1=2,4 /.

, l0=7,2-0,4=6,8 ( , , Vpl=42.9.) :Qru1= (qwb+ qru)lru0/2 + Vpl=(11,9+2,4)6,8/2+42.9=91,5 . , , : qru2=g(bru+2bpl)=10,7(0,40+21,20)=30,0 /.

, Qru2= qru2lru0/2l=30,0+6,8/2=102,0 .

Qru1 Qru2 , Qru= 102,0 . 8 A-III s=110. (Rsw=255, Asw=2,0110-42).

2.03.01-84*:

0= ,

b2=2,0; n=-0,2 eq \f(N;bh0Rbt) -0,8, Rbt=1,05 , bru =0.4 , h0=0,19. N1=0,55176,1=440,25.

n=-0,2 eq \f(440,25;1,0500,40,19)=-1,1, \1,1\ > \0,8\; n = - 0,8

N2=2N1 =880,5 , n = - 2,2; n = - 0,8

qsw=eq \f(RswAsw;s) =eq \f(2,551052,0110-4;0,11) =466 /

0= =0,114 . , :

eq Qb = \f(b2(1-n) Rbtbh02;c0) = eq \f(20,210500,40,192;0,114)=53,2. , :

Qsw=qswc0=4660,114=53,1 .

, :Q = Qb + Qsw = 53,2 + 53,1 = 106,3 > Qru =102,0 .

.12.3. (.. 2):

- , , :Q= nshRb1dashVpl=42,9 .: nsh= 8, Rb = 14,5 (25), 1=0,75, d=0,093,

ash =0,10. Q= 8145000,750,0930,10=809,1 >> Vpl=42,9

.

- , :

Q=2nsh1dd1RbtVpl, , d1=0,16 , Rbt = 1,05 (25) . Q=280,750,0930,161050=187,5 >> Vpl=42,9 .

20 (Rbt =0,90) :Q=2 80,750,0930,16900=160,7 >> Vpl=42,9 .

20 ( 250 /2).

-- , : Q=2ashnstbstRbtVpl : ash=0,1, nst=9, bst=0,043, Rbt =1,2 (30) Q=20,190,0431200=92 > Vpl =42,9 .

12.4. , .

- : Asd=bplh0: =1,510-3-, bpl=1,20, h0=0,16 .. ;Asd=1,510 -31,20,16=2,8410-42.

1 20 (Asd=3,1410-42), 500. Aspl=2,7410-42< Asd=3,1410-42.

- 2.03.01-84* (sh=1,5):lon=eq sh(on \f (Rs;Rb)+on)d=1,5 (0,50450/14,5 +8)0,02=0,70,- : Ld1=br+lon=0,50+0,70=1,20 ;

:Ld2=br+2lon=0,50+20,70=1,90 .

3 2 () , .

.7 2 , , eq Asr = 9.4210-4 2 (320 500) s=8,810-42. :

s=(9.42-8,8)10-4= 6,210-5 2. .11 As'=7,610-42 (222 500) 1,31. . 12.2 , qwb=11,9 / qru=3,0 /. , , : q = qwb+qru=11,9+3,0=14,9 /.

, , q (.3).

. 3.

1. :

eq Mob= \f(ql0r2;8) =eq \f(14,96,8 2;8)=86,1 .2. (b=0,40, h=0,22) .

2.1. , ( h0=0,17) (s=7,610-42).

;

: =0,85-0,008Rb=0,85-0,00814,5=0,734; sR=450, sc,u=450. =0,551;xu=RsAs//Rbbru=4,51057,610-4/1.451040,4=5,910-2;

u=5,910-2/0,17=0,310< R=0,551;uk=RsAs/(h0-xu/2)= 4,51057,610-4(0,17-5,910-2/2)=48,0.

2.2. , (h0=0,19), (s=9,4210-4 2):

xu=4,51059,4210-4/1.451040,4=7,3110-2;

ul= 4,51059,4210-4(0,19-7,3110-2/2)=65,0

2.3. ul uk

ul+ uk=65,0+48,0=113> ob=86,1 .2.4. (ul+ uk) ob . , . () .3. h=0,26 0,04 . h0=0,23. 3 18 500 (s'=7,6310-42), 3- 20 500 (s=9,4210-42) 2 12 500 (s=2,2610-42), .3.1. 3 18 500 (s/=7,6310-42) :

xu=4,51057,6310-4/1.451040,4=5,910-2;

ul= 4,51057,6310-4(0,23-5,910-2/2)=68,8

3.2. (3 20 2 12) 500 (s=1,16810-32)

xu=4,51051,16810-3/1.451040,4=9,0510-2;u=9,0510-2/0,23=0,393< R=0,55;ul= 4,51051,16810-3(0,23-9,0510-2/2)=97,0

4. (ul+uk)=68,8+ 97,0=165,8>> ob=86,1 , , , .5. , , :As=1,16810-3-8,810-4=2,8810-42.

, , :

ul=AsRs/(h0-xu/2)=2,8810-4450000(0,23-9,0510-2/2)=23,9

6. uk=68,8 ul =23,9 ob=86,1 .

ul+uk=68,8+ 23,9=92,7> ob=86,1 , , .

7. :

Ls'=x0+l0n+bk+0,15 .

Ls'=2(x0+l0n)+bk .:x0=eq \f(l0r;2)-=3,4-=1,61lon=eq (on \f (Rs;Rb)+on)d=(0,50450/14,5 +8)0,018=0,47.

:

: (bk=0,40- )Ls/=x0+l0n+bk+0,15=1,61+0,47+0,40+0,15=2,63.

, , :

Ls/=2(x0+l0n)+bk=2(1,61+0,47)+0,40=4,56 ( 2,28 ).8. , =0 ( x0 .7), , . , , . 4 . 4 .

3l2 = 3x6.20 , 6.206.20 . bw1 = 0.40, h = 0.26 , h0 = 0.23. h = 0.22 . . 0.1. bw = 0.5 , bw = 0.6 . 0.22 , 0,50 . 0.4 x 0.4 , hfl = 3.0 .

25 (Rb = 14.5 , Rbt = 1.05 ), 500 (Rs = 450 , Rs = 400 ). I ( ) g = 8.4 , .. gd = 6.40 .

1. :

- , , Ar .3.8 2.01.07-85

- . , , Ac = l2xl1 = 6.2 x 6.2 = 38.4 2, () Ak = 0.5(Ac = 19.2 2.

A (.3.8 2.01.07-85) :

A1c = 0.4 + EQ \f(0.6;\r(\f(As;A1))) = 0.4 + EQ \f(0.6;\r(\f(38.4;9))) = 0.69;

:

A1k = 0.4 + EQ \f(0.6;\r(\f(19.2;9))) = 0.81;

:

gc = 6.4 + 0.69(1.5(1.3 = 7.5 ;

gk = 6.4 + 0.81(1.5(1.3 = 8.0 .

2. , ( Stark-ES) 1.

3. 500, , , 2.01.03-84* , . 1, . 2. 1 ,

ML151.6

., ML1'49.0

MLd139.3

ML279.2

., ML2'70.6

MLd260.3

M01k-68.2

., M0'1k-64.5

M0d1k-52.0

M02k-108.3

., M02k-96.3

M0d2k-82.5

M01-76.6

., M'01-72.2

M0d1-58.4

M02-117.1

., M'02-104.5

M0d2-89.2

M012-76.6

M0d12-58.4

M022-117.1

M0d22-89.2

ML2148.4

MLd2136.9

ML2273.8

MLd2256.2

2

, 2 Xu, Mu ,

512A500c3.510-254.0

As = 5.6510-4

220+224.410-279.9

As = 8.5410-4

220+124.610-269.0

As = 7.4110-4

225+326.810-2116.4

As = 1.3210-3

220+225.310-278.2

As = 8.5410-4

325+228.810-2142.2

As = 1.7010-3

220+225.310-278.2

As = 8.5410-4

325+228.810-2144.2

As = 1.7010-3

523.510-254.0

As = 5.6510-4

220+224.410-279.9

As = 8.5410-4

4. Mcr, , :

Mcrc = (1(Rbt(b(h2/3.5

(1 = 1.10 1.15 , . Mcrc:

Mcrc = 1.10(1050(0.50(0.262/3.5 = 11.2 ;

Mcrc = 1.15(1050(0.60(0.262/3.5 = 14.0 ;5. "u" , . 1,:

,

: M , - , ; ; ;Rs As - , h h0 ; Mu, Xu Mcrc - (.2 .4).

5.1. u :

:

M = Mu = 51,6 , Mu = 54,0 , Xu = 3,510-2 , As = 5,6510-4 2.

;

0.206; :

M =

:

=

.

u , .5.2. u 3.

3 ||, -

--,

51,61,00Ul10,206

.49,00,961U/ l10,201

39,30,789--

79,21,047Ul20,194

.70,60,964U/ l20,192

60,30,812--

68,21,047U010,191

.64,50,965U/ l10,188

52,00,815--

108,31,021U020,157

.96,30,940U/020,156

82,50,787--

76,61,049U010,180

.72,20,966U/ 010,178

58,40,813--

117,11,006U020,127

.104,50,859U/ 020,127

89,20,717--

76,61,049U0120,180

58,40,813--

117,11,096U0220,127

89,20,717--

48,40,990Ul120,205

36,90,780--

73,81,040Ul220,190

56,20,808--

6. bc st, (. . 21 ), 0 :

bc = Rb / (b, st = Rs / (s , (=0,85 - 0,40;

0 = (st - bc)/2;, , = 0,66 , = 0,34 - .

6.1. :

:

= 51,6 , = 1,00, b = 0,9, s = 0,75,

= 0,85 - 0,40(;

bc = 0,901,014,5/0,4930103 = 8,8810-4;

st = 0,751,0450/0,49200103 = 3,4410-3;

01l = (3,4410-3 - 0,668,8810-4)/2 = 1,4310-3;

:

=49,0 ; = 0,961; = 0,85 - 0,40;

bc = 0,900,96114,5/0,53830103 = 7,7710-4;

st = 0,750,961450/0,538200103 = 3,0110-3;

01l = (3,0110-3 - 0,667,7710-4)/2 = 1,2510-3;

:

= 39,3 ; = 0,789; = 0,85 - 0,40 ;

bc = 0,900,789450/0,678200103 = 5,0610-4;

st = 0,750,789450/0,678200103 = 1,9610-3;

01l = (1,9610-3 - 0,665,0610-4)/2 = 8,1310-4.

6.2. , .6.1, . 4.

4

- \\,

-

51,654,00,4908,8810-43,4410-31,4310-3

.49,054,00,5387,7710-43,0110-31,2510-3

39,354,00,6785,0610-41,9610-38,1310-4

79,279,90,4589,9310-43,8510-31,6010-3

.70,679,90,5347,8610-43,0510-31,2610-3

60,379,90,6525,4110-42,1010-38,7110-4

68,269,00,4619,8810-43,8310-31,7510-3

.64,569,00,5357,8510-43,0410-31,3910-3

52,069,00,6515,4510-42,1110-31,1510-3

108,3116,40,5118,6910-43,3710-31,5410-3

.96,3116,40,5727,1510-42,7710-31,2610-3

82,5116,40,6715,1010-42,3610-31,1010-3

76,678,20,4699,7310-43,7810-31,7210-3

.72,278,20,4988,4410-43,2710-31,4910-3

58,478,20,6515,4310-42,1110-39,6110-4

117,1142,20,5917,4010-42,8710-31,3110-3

.104,5142,20,6405,8410-42,2610-31,0310-3

89,20,7124,3810-41,7010-37,7510-4

76,678,20,4699,7310-43,7810-31,7210-3

58,40,6515,4310-42,1110-49,6110-4

117,1142,20,5917,4010-42,8710-31,3110-3

89,20,7124,3810-41,7010-37,7510-4

48,454,00,5487,8610-43,0510-31,2610-3

36,90,7164,7410-41,8410-37,6310-4

73,879,90,5218,6810-43,3710-31,4010-3

56,00,6885,1110-41,9810-38,2310-4

7. :

,

Ml - , 01 02 - , l0 =6,2-0,4=5,8 - .

7.1. .

)

)

)

7.2. 5.

5.

, q, /

29,5

27,9

22,5

45,6

41,8

34,7

29,7

22,4

45,4

34,5

8. :

lcrcl = l0 2x1;: l0 - ,

, q - . .7, .

8.1. .

) .

,crc = 11,2 ,q1 = 29,5 /,

l0 = 6,2-0,4 = 5,8 .

-

,

;

-

;

) :

;q' = 27,0 /;

:

,

lcrcl = 5,8-21,27 = 3,26 ;

;

) :

;qd = 22,5 /.

- :

;

;

:

.

7.2. , . 7.1 6.

6.

, / ,

lcrcl ,

lcrc0 ,

72,43,320,84

.68,43,260,82

55,23,160,78

112,73,380,88

.103,33,340,87

85,83,260,83

76,63,160,90

58,42,960,85

117,13,240,93

89,23,120,89

9. li , , :

,

0l 00, lcrcl lcrc0 . . 4 6.

9.1. .

) :

0l = 1,4310-3; 001 = 1,7510-3; 002 = 1,7210-3(. 4)

;

) :

0l = 1,2510-3; 001 = 1,3910-3; 002 = 1,4910-3(. 4)

;

) :

0l = 8,1310-4; 001 = 1,1510-3; 002 = 9,6110-4(. 4)

.9.2. , , 7.

7

, l,

7,6610-3

.6,4410-3

4,2110-3

7,9210-3

.6,2010-3

4,4010-3

7,5210-3

3,8910-3

6,9710-3

3,9510-3

10. .

10.1. Hr , , . :

,

: b1 = 0,85 - , ; lc - (. 7); k - ; r - , ; hfl l0 - , ; k - , , k=0,9, (=0,65 - k=1,2, (=1,0 - . :

= bI = 301060,44/12 = 64000 2,

r = 301060,260,53/12= 81250 2, hfl = 3,0 ; l0 = 5,8 .

Hr

lc = 7,6610-3 - 6,4410-3 = 1,2210-3 (. . 7)

Hr

lc = 7,9210-3 - 6,2010-3 = 1,7210-3 (. . 7)

10.2. , :

,

(*): - , u , - (ul) (u0); b h - , , (=2,05 (=0,65 , (=2,25 (=1,0 , . : b = 0,5 , h = 0,26 , l0 = 5,8

(. . 3);

;

(. . 7)

(. . 4)

(*): Br = Eb h bw3 / 12 = 301060.260.53 / 12 = 81250 2;

eq Hr = 9.60.853.6310-3\b(\f(64000;32) + 0.65\f(81250;5.82))2.05 = 527.1 ;: Hr = 209,7 < 527,1 . : b = 0,6

;

;

;;

(*): eq Hr = 9.60.853.0210-3\b(\f(64000;32) + 1.0\f(81250;5.82))2.25 = 528.2 ;: Hr = 343,5 < 528,2 .11. , , :

, M , ; u - (. . 3).

11.1. Hr = 77,8

u = 0,201 ; =51,6

\\=77,80,201/2=7,8 < 0.251,6=10,3 () u = 0,191 ; =68,2

\\=77,80,191/2=7,4 < 0.268,2=13,6

u = 0,180 ; =76,6

\\=77,80,180/2=7,0 < 0.276,6=15,3

11.2. Hr = 209,7

u = 0,205 ; = 48,4 ;

\\=209,70,205/2=21,5 > 0.248.4=9,7

u = 0,180 ; = 76.6 ;\\=209,70,180/2=18,9 > 0.276.6=15,3

11.3. Hr = 160,4

u = 0,194 ; = 79,2 ;\\=133.70,194/2=13,0 < 0.279.2=15,8

u = 0,157 ; = 108,3 ;

\\=133.70,157/2=10,5 < 0.2108.3=21,7 ;

u = 0,127 ; = 117,1 .

\\=133.70,127/2=8,5 < 0.2117.1=23,4 ;

11.4. Hr = 343,5

u = 0,190 ; = 73,8 ;

\\=343,50,190/2=32,6 > 0.273.8=14,8 ;

u = 0,127 ; = 117,1 .

\\=343,50,127/2=21,8 < 0.2117.1=23,4 ;12. r , . 11.

|| = || - || ,

|| - , .

, .

12.1. :

= 51,6-7,8=43,8 ;

= 76,6-7,4=69,2 ;

() = 68,2-7,0=61,2 .

12.2. :

= 48,4-9,7=38,7 ;

= 76,6-15,3=61,3 ;

12.3. :

= 79,2-13,0=66,2 ;

= 117,1-8,5=108,6 .

= 108,3-10,5=97,8 ;

12.4. :

= 73,8-14,8=59,0 ;

= 117,1-21,8=96,0 .

12.5. . . 8. : - 500, B25.

8

||,

||,

, %

, 2, 2

51,6512 5005,6510-443,8412 5004,5210-420,0

68,2220 + 1127,4110-461,2220 + 186,7810-48,5

76,62 20 + 2128,5410-469,2220 + 1127,4110-413,2

79,2220 +

2 128,5410-466,2220 +1 127,4110-413,2

108,32 25 +

3 121,3210-397,8320 +1121,1710-311,4

117,13 25 +

2 121,7010-3108,64201,2610-325,9

48,45 125,6510-438,74124,5210-420,0

76,62 20 +

2 128,5410-461,3220 +

186,7810-420,6

73,82 20 +

2 128,5410-459,02206,2810-426,5

117,13 25 +

2 121,7010-396,04201,2610-325,9

. Hr. . 8.

5 - . -1000 10884-94 -500, ( 2.03.01-84*). . 2.03.01-84*.

..4. : 40 40 . 40 (Rb=22,0 , Rb,ser=29,0 , Eb=36 103 ). 12 25 -1000. s1=4,91(10-42 (Rs=815 , Rs,ser=980 , Rsc=400 , Es=19(104 ). 10 500 . s2=7,85(10-52. ( ) 35 , S=10 . (Rs,xy = 450 , Rs,ser = 500 , Rsc = =400 , Es=20(104 ). I NI = 6,86 (700 ..).

II NII = 5,68 (580 ..).

5,0 , l0 = 3,6 .

Ml ( ) ( )

. .

1. N

0= eq \f(1;30) b=eq \f(0,40;30)=1,33(10-2. eq\f(0,40;30)

eq\f(0,40 .

2. I , hc=bc=0,35, h01c=0,328, h02c=0,270, h03c=8,0(10-2,h04c=ac=2,2(10-2 , (...4).

3. .- :

- ( ):

-

- :

EMBED Equation.3 :

4.

Rb .

, :

., :

:

EMBED Equation.3 = 11,907 .

:

5. N , N:

6. N =6,86 :

7. :

: nx=ny=5

:

8. Rsc,red :

:

(=1,6.

9. (

: (=0,85 , Rb=22 ,

(2 = 0,15.

10.

(sc,u=(2+8,5(()Es(10-3, 1200 ( -YI).

11. (si :

, (2) : (2*)

(1) (2*) :

:

:

(**). (**):

Rb,red=40,5 ; (s=4,91(10-4; (=0,824; bc=0,35 .

Ss D , nc ns (ai=Rc,red , ns-nc . , nc , , (...4):

, 2,3 4, 8 , ns-nc=4 1 . D :

-0,39 .

Ss 1 (ns-nc):

- 1 (..4):

();

- 2

() :

12. , ( 1):

(..6 )

.

. .

1. II . NII = 580 ..(5,68 ), . h=b=0,40 (...4)

2. :

;

3.

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

4. NII:

5. NII :

NII(e=5676(0,171=970,6 .6. , :

(=0,85-0,006Rb,ser=0,85-0,006(29=0,6767. X (si :

EMBED Equation.3 (***)

400,

8. , , u:

, (nc=12).

, , (***) :

: = 1037,7;

:

= 1037,7;

1: h01 = 0,353

2: h02 = 0,295

3: h03 = 0,105

, 1 2 3 4

9. , , 3 4 . . , nc=6; ns-nc=6.

0,132

(...4):

1: h01 = 0,353

2: h02 = 0,295

3: h03 = 0,105

4: ( ).

, .9 . :

10. , 1 :

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

. 6

- , , .

I 8 25 500 ( 10884-94), 8 -240 20 . 2, Rs=450 , Rs,ser=500 , Rsc=400 , Es=

II 4 25 1000. 8 500 5 , 10 .

3,0 , . 0,4 0,4 . 30 (Rb=17 , Rb,ser=22 , Eb=). I NI=3,80 , NII=3,20 II . MI ( ) ( ) MI/ = 0,75.

I

.5. 5001. .

EMBED Equation.3 .

.2.

.

4. :

:

,

,

EMBED Equation.3 3.

EMBED Equation.3

= 39,4.4.

5. N N:

0,16 .

6. NI = 3,80 7. :

8. (*):

(*)

, , u:

, (nc=8) .

(*) :

(**)

EMBED Equation.3

, .9.

1

2

, 1 Rsc . , nc=5 , nsnc=85=3 Rsc.

10.

.

EMBED Equation.3 Ss D (**) .8, :

EMBED Equation.3 11. :

1

2

3

12. , 1 , :

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3 .13. 1 . I :

- 8 25 813,85=30,8 (/);

- 8 , 1 .. 5 1,72 5 1,22

36,5 /.. .

II

.6 1000 s1=4,91(10-42, (

).

s2=5,03(10-52,(

EMBED Equation.3 ).

I. c I , bc=hc=0,35 .1.

0,350,289 = 0,101 .

.

2.

:

EMBED Equation.3 :

EMBED Equation.3 ,

:

3. :

EMBED Equation.3

4. :

5. N :

.6. NI =3,80 :

7. :

: Rb=17 ; Rs,xy=450 ;

nx=ny=5 ; ; S=0,10.

,

8. :

:

9. (

:

10. , 1200 1000.

11.

, (2*) (1) (2*) :

(3)

:

(3) :

(3*)

D ( ) . , nc , uc :

, ( 2-2) nc=2, 1-1 (...6) nsnc=2 ( Rsc). , D :

EMBED Equation.3 Ss ( ) 1.

(3*), :

=,285; :

:

12. , 1 ( ):

2. II NII = 3,20 .

.

13.

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

14. :

15. , N:

16. NII :

17. :

18. , , u :

, (nc =4)

19. x :

EMBED Equation.3 : 400 ,

:

:

:

:

1

2

, 1 Rsc, u .18 , nc=2 ( Rsc), nsnc=2 ().

20. x .

= = 0,193

:

1 >-400 , 2 eq > lan,min = 150.02 = 0.3 . 100 , :

Lan,a = lan + 0.120 = 0.42 + 0.120 = 0.54 0.60

6. lans , , , (. . 5):

eq lan = \b(\f(0.65;1 + 122.6910-2) \f(450;17) + 8)2.510-2 = 0.525 . 12.5 , (. . .7):

Lan = 0.525 + 0.125 = 0.65 , Lan = 0.70.

II*. 4 25 1000, 8 500. s = 100 . 30. , I. ( ):

:

Ac = Aef = 0.352 = 0.1225 2;

:

As = 4.9110-44 = 1.96410-3 2;

:

Abc = 0.1225 1.96410-3 = 0.1205 2;

:

Isc = 4.4210-5 4;

:

eq Wsc = \f(24.4210-5;0.30) = 2.9510-4 3. xy; Rb,red1=30,8 , Rsc,red=691, :

e = e0 = 0.351.405 / 30 = 1.6410-2 .

(. .8). 500 . , 10 . , 75 , 10 500. 5 .

.

1. Rb,red2 :

:

eq (xy = \f(2(n as,xy lxy);Ac s) = \f(2(57.8510-50.35);0.12250.075) = 2.9910-2;

eq = \f((xy Rs,xy;Rb + 10) = \f(2.9910-2450;17 + 10) = 0.498;eq ( = \f(1;0.23 + ) = \f(1;0.23 + 0.498) = 1.374;Rb,red2 = Rb + ( (xy Rs,xy = 17 + 1.3742.9910-2450 = 35.5 .

. .8.

1 25 -VI, 2, 3 500, , , 4 , 500, 5 - 10 6 ( 380-88), 6 L 90 90 7 ( 8509-93) 100 , 7

2. Asa :

eq Asa = \f(Rsc,red As + Rb,red1 Acb (1 Rb,red2 Ac;Rsca)=eq = \f(6.911.96410-3 + 30.8(0.1225-1.96410-3) 0.89335.520.352;400) = = 2.9610-3 2.

822 500 Asa = 3.04110-3 2.

=

3. :

Ac = 0.1225 2;

Abc = 0.1225-3,04110-3=0,1191 2;

1(. ):

Isa = (2asa0.152+2asa0.082) 2=

=2(23.80110-40.152+23.80110-40.082)=4.39410-5 4;

Wsa =;

ea = 1.1710-2 .4. :

eq \f((Rsc,red As + Rb,red1 Abc) \b(1 + \f(2 ea Asa;Wsa));(Rsc As + Rb,red2 Abc) \b(1 + \f(2 e As;Ws))) 1.0;eq \f((6911.96410-3 + 30.80.1205) \b(1 + \f(21.1710-23.0410-3;2.9310-4));(4003.0410-3 + 35.50.1195) \b(1 + \f(21.6410-21.96410-3;2.9510-4))) = eq = \f(6.295;6.651) = 0.946 < 1.0; Asa = 3.0410-3 2 (822 500).5. I:

eq lan = \b(\f((an;1 + 12(xy) \f(Rs;Rb) + (an) d = eq = \b(\f(0.65;1 + 122.9910-2) \f(450;17) + 8)2.210-2 = 0.45 > lan,min = 0.33 . :

Lan,a = 0.45 + 0.120 = 0.57 0.60.

6. :

eq lan = \b(\f(0.65;1 + 122.9910-2) \f(815;17) + 8)2.510-2 = 0.773 . 75 :

Lan,s = lan + 0.120=0.773 + 0.120 = 0.893 0.90. 8 . 4040 30 1.020.1-7. 25. 26 50 , 5 20 500, , 14 500. 40 14 500, 318 500. , , N=4,5 . 4 , 36 500, db = 32 (Asb = 8.0410-4 x 4 = 3.21710-3 2). .9.

..9. ; ; 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5

2.03.01-84*.1. .

1.1. :

Rb,loc = b Rb, = 13.5 eq \f(R'bt;R'b) 25 ; b = eq \r(3;Aloc,2 / Aloc,1), 2,5; Rb Rbt , , , = 0.90; Rb = 0.9014.5 = 13.05 ; Rb = 0.901.05 = 0.94 ; Aloc,2 , 2.03.01-81* ..9; Aloc,2 = b (3 b1 + 2 bbr); Aloc,2 = 0.4(30.4 + 20.5) = 0.88 2; Aloc,1 Aloc,1 = b b1 = 0.40.4 = 0.16 2; :( = 13.5eq \f(0.94;13.05) = 0.98; = eq \r(3;0.88 / 0.16) = 1.77; = 1.735 > 1.0;

Rb,loc = b Rb = 0.981.7713.05 = 22.6 .1.2. Nb, , Nb = Rb,loc Aloc,1: = 1.0 ; = 0.75 .

Nb = 1.022.60.16 = 3.61 .

Nbm = 0.75 22.60.16 = 2.71 .

1.3. Nsb, c , Asb = 8.0410-44 = 3.21710-3 2.Nsb = Rsc Asb = 4503.21710-3 = 1.45 .1.4. :

Nj = Nb + Nsb = 3.61 + 1.45 = 5.06 > 4.50 .2. , . :

- fx (320 500) fy (314 500),- fx (314 500) fy (318 500)., S=17 3 14 A500 ( ). xy = eq \f(2 (n s b);Aeff S) = eq \f(2(31.5410-40.40);(0.400.40)0.17) = 1.3610-2;

: = eq \f(xy Rs,xy;Rb + 10) = eq \f(1.3610-2450;14.5 + 10) = 0.25;

= eq \f(1;0.23 + ) = eq \f(1;0.23 + 0.25) = 2.085;

s = 4.5 3.5 eq \f(Aloc,1;Aeff) = 4.5 3.5eq \f(0.16;0.16) = 1.0.

3. :

Rb,red = Rb b + xy Rs,xy s == 14.51.77 + 2.0851.3610-24501 = 38.4 .

4. :

N = Rb,red Aloc,1 = 38.40.16 = 6.14 > N = 4.5 . .

5. , :

Mx,y = 2 Rsc asb za = 24001038.0410-40.3 = 192.9 . za = 0.30 .

: N , (...9, . 5).* II 8829-94.

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