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Systemic approach towards the energy system:
the critical role of chemistry
Robert Schlögl
MPI CEC: www.cec.mpg.de
Fritz-Haber-Institut Berlin
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Energy supply
• A vital component of the society.• National infrastructure with regional
and global interconnections (import-export).
• A multidimensional system:– Societal– Economical– Technical
• Structure mixed between regulated-monopolistic and free market organization.
• Political prize structures, never full cost.
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Systemic views on energy supply
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Efficiency challenge in chemical energy conversion:Fossil has a great historical advantage
gasoline reacts vigorously with oxygen as several very stable products result and a
massive volume expansion occurs.
Energy storage requires excessive activation as the reaction occurs uphill. Kinetics requires a stable
product (no waste of excess hydrogen as often assumed!).
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To remember
• Every step of chemical energy conversion changes the free energy (store or release).
• It is fundamentally connected with a tribute to the thermal energy bath („tax“).
• The tax is the higher the larger the change in free energy is.
• The tax can be “negotiated” through chemical catalysis.
• Multiple steps in free energy change reduce the tax per step but increase their total sum.
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A systemic solutionStorage (transport) of large amounts of energy
I have a plan....
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The energy challenge is systemic
8
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All begins with a chemical challenge
• Integration of primary solar electricity into demand structure is the most efficient energy system.
• Splitting of water to obtain hydrogen as primary solar fuel is the challenge. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Tageszeit (h)
Re
lati
ve
Le
istu
ng
• Electrolysis at partial variable load is the key technology.• Oxygen evolution is the limiting reaction.• Electrode degradation and use of excessive amounts of
noble metal limit practical application.
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The solar refinery conceptpower to chemicals as initiator for power to gas
10
Single-molecule fuels from
sustainable sources
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Small molecule activation: learn from nature.No noble metals!
11
We want to understand this chemistry but we do not want to mimic or model it. (e.g. mechanistic not structural inspiration)
2H+ + 2e- H2
Hydrogenase [Ni,Fe]
CO2 + 6H+ + 6e- H3COH + H2OCO2 Reductase [Mo]
Dehydrogenases [Zn]
2CH4 + O2 2H3COHMethane Monoxygenase [Fe,Cu]
N2 + 6H+ +6e- 2NH3
Nitrogenase [Fe,Mo, V]
2 H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
Photosystem II [Mn]
Cytochrome ox. [Fe/Cu]
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Water splitting:a glimpse into the science
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German „Energiewende“ in 2011
• Stop of nuclear power generation in 2022.
• Energy system according to „Energiekonzept 2010“:– Savings of primary energy – Massive use of renewable sources– Reduction of CO2 emissions by
80% until 2050 in a linear fashion.• Massive subsidy of renewable
electricity generation (EEG):– Preference in usage– Guaranteed price above market
price– Protection against price drop at
EEX.www.solarify.de
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Structure of the German Energy system
• The current debate concentrates on nuclear/renewable electrical energy.
• These account for about 10% of the energy content (emissions) of the total system.
• The main targets of the energy system transformation are hardly touched.
• Extreme focus on pricing arguments.
Source: AGEB 2013
Coal
Lignite
Motor fuels
Heavy oil heating
Light oil heating
Gas
Electricity
District heating
Renewable
Losses
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
2011
1990
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Electricity prizes
• Electricity prices are high in Germany in international and EU relations.
• The prize evolution is different for private households and large industry (high tension consumers).
• A substantial contribution for the small users comes from the EEG finance (about 5 ct/kWh).
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201380
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Private
Large indus-try
Pri
ze I
nd
ex 2
008=
100
Source AGEB 2013, BMWI 2012
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German electricity
• Total output and import/export changed over time and after „Wende“.
• Renewables enormously increased their shares but not because of „Wende“ (EEG).
• Nuclear decreased substantially partly because of “Wende”
• Recently lignite and coal grow on expense of gas: negative feedback due to pricing.
1990 1995 2000 2010 2011 2012480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
Generation
Consumption
Ele
ctri
cal
Po
wer
(T
Wh
)
1990 1995 2000 2010 2011 20120
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Lignite
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
Gas
Oil
Ele
ctri
cal
Po
wer
(T
Wh
)
Source: AGEB 2013
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Systemic character
17
Despite 100 Mtons CO2 saving through
renewable electricity more CO2 emissions in
2012:Rebound effects of the
system
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Energy systems:from requirements rather than from the past
• Sustainable : closed material flows for all harmful species.• Scalable: use processes and materials working on
abundant resources without open risks.• Subsidiary: address challenges locally where they arise.• Stable: interconnect solutions to ensure system stability
where necessary.• The consequence is an increase in complexity and a
change in our target function (complete economics).• Time scales are long (lifetime of infrastructure systems)
also long transition periods: chance for novel approaches.• The users (you!) have to drive the change otherwise
catastrophic evolution.
18
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Dem Anwenden muss das Erkennen vorausgehen
Max Planck
Thank You
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