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World World War IIWar II1939-19451939-1945
Fascist Militarism Fascist Militarism &Aggression&Aggression
Appeasement at Appeasement at MunichMunich
Molotov-Ribbentrop Molotov-Ribbentrop PactPact
Germany Invades Germany Invades PolandPoland
Causes
Hitler receives ovation after Munich Agreement
Czech Women, 1938
Phony War: Phony War: 3 September 1939 -10 May 19403 September 1939 -10 May 1940
Twilight WarTwilight War: SitzkriegSitzkrieg
German Military and German Military and Diplomatic Diplomatic Successes Successes in the Westin the West1939-19411939-1941
5.10.40: 3 Front Assault: Nazi 5.10.40: 3 Front Assault: Nazi Invasion of Denmark, Norway, Invasion of Denmark, Norway, France (France (Sichelschnitt)Sichelschnitt), Belgium, , Belgium, Luxembourg & the NetherlandsLuxembourg & the Netherlands
May –June 1940: May –June 1940: Evacuation of Evacuation of DunkirkDunkirk
6.16.40: 6.16.40: Germans enter Paris: Germans enter Paris: Vichy GovernmentVichy Government signs armistice signs armistice with Naziswith Nazis
Germans Control Western Germans Control Western EuropeEurope
German Success?• German doctrine/strategy
– Flexibility, speed, leadership– Armored divisions– Sichelshnitt: sickle stroke
• French Failure– Underestimated Germans through Ardennes
forest– Doctrine had not changed from wwi (inflexible)– No back-up plan
Evacuation of Dunkirk,
June 1940
Fortress EuropeFortress Europe
Nazi’s Enter Paris, June 1940
War with Britain War with Britain (1940-1941)(1940-1941)
•Battle of BritainBattle of Britain
•Battle for the AtlanticBattle for the Atlantic
•Operation Sea LionOperation Sea Lion•German Blitzkrieg German Blitzkrieg ((42,000 civilians killed)42,000 civilians killed)
•RRommel’s ommel’s Afrika KorpsAfrika Korps
German BlitzkriegGerman Blitzkrieg
Rommel’s Afrika KorpsRommel’s Afrika Korps
The Desert FoxThe Desert Fox
General Bernard MontgomeryGeneral Bernard Montgomery
The Eastern The Eastern FrontFrontInvasion and defeat Invasion and defeat
of Yugoslavia and of Yugoslavia and GreeceGreece
Middle Eastern Middle Eastern Campaign: Iraq, Syria Campaign: Iraq, Syria and Lebanonand Lebanon
Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa
1941: New 1941: New Participants & Participants &
Allied ExpansionAllied ExpansionJune 22 1941: Germans Invade Soviet Union (Russians occupy Poland & Baltics)
December 11, 19411941: Germany declares War on US
Eastern Front• Early German successesEarly German successes• Wanted to avoid Napoleonic experienceWanted to avoid Napoleonic experience
– Northern assault to Leningrad– Center assault Moscow– Southern assault through Ukraine to Stalingrad
• Plan to attack on flanks and encircle Plan to attack on flanks and encircle MoscowMoscow
• Germans began outdistancing supply Germans began outdistancing supply lineslines
• Hitler diverted troops to Center to drive Hitler diverted troops to Center to drive for Moscow (for Moscow (Operation TyphoonOperation Typhoon))
• Fall/Winter 1941 rain, coldFall/Winter 1941 rain, cold– Germans reached outskirts of MoscowGermans reached outskirts of Moscow
• Soviets launch massive counterattackSoviets launch massive counterattack
Turning the Tide in Turning the Tide in the Eastthe East
Battles of Battles of Stalingrad & KurskStalingrad & Kursk
• Germans hadn’t achieved any of its goals• Summer 1942:Offensive in the South – oil
fields, Stalingrad• Battle of Stalingrad (7/1942 - 2/1943)
– 250,000 German troops surrendered
• Summer 1943: Operation Citadel – encircle Kursk – turning point– One of the Largest Battles of WWII– Germans not capable of launching another
offensive
• Eastern Front essentially over
Allied SuccessesAllied SuccessesOperation Torch: Summer 1942North West African Invasion
Rommel, Patton (Bradley)& Montgomery
Operation Husky: Invasion of Sicily
June 1943 Italian Government collapses
Operation Overlord: D-Day June 1944 Invasion of
Normandy
"Mes Amis", FDR said, "We come among you to repulse the cruel invaders — have faith in our words — help us where you are able
— Vive La France eternelle".
The soft underbelly of Europe
Churchill
Mussolini and his mistress are hanged in Milan
June 1944
Collaborators Punished!
Allied Bombing Campaign
• Winston Churchill, speech, 22nd June 1941.
We shall bomb Germany by day as well as night in ever increasing measure, casting upon them month by month a heavier discharge of bombs, and making the German people taste and gulp each month a sharper dose of the miseries they have showered upon mankind.
• Members of the RAF bombing crews became increasingly concerned about the morality of area bombing. Roy Akehurst was a wireless operator who took part in the raid on Dresden.
It struck me at the time, the thought of the women and children down there. We seemed to fly for hours over a sheet of fire - a terrific red glow with thin haze over it. I found myself making comments to the crew: "Oh God, those poor people." It was completely uncalled for. You can't justify it.
Firestorms
Dresden, February 1945 est. 35,000 deaths
Allied ConferencesAllied ConferencesJune 1943: Casablanca (FDR & Churchill)
Unconditional German surrender
November 1943: Tehran (Big 3)
Planned invasion of Europe
February 1945: Yalta (Big 3)
Plans for postwar Europe
July 1945: Potsdam (Truman & Atlee &Stalin)
Japan’s unconditional surrender
Beginning of Cold War Tensions…
Tehran ConferenceTehran Conference
Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference
Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference
StatisticsStatisticsTotal Deaths
Military Civilian
USSR
GERMANY
FRANCE
US
BRITAIN
ITALY
20,600,000
6,850,000
810,000
500,000
388,000
410,000
13,600,000
3,250,000
340,000
500,000
326,000
330,000
7,000,000
3,600,000
470,000
62,000
80,000
Total Deaths: Total Deaths: estest. 52,200,000. 52,200,000
Times Square CelebrationTimes Square Celebration
V-E Day 1945V-E Day 1945
The Holocaust• 1933, Jewish population of Europe stood at over
nine million. – By 1945, nearly two out of every three European Jews
had been murdered as part of the "Final Solution" (1941)– Approx 6 million
• Other victims included – 200,000 Roma (Gypsies)– at least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients
(Euthanasia Program)• 2-3 million Soviet prisoners of war were murdered
or died of starvation, disease, neglect, or maltreatment.
• Also targeted – non-Jewish Polish intelligentsia – homosexuals and others whose behavior did not match
prescribed social norms– political opponents (Communists, Socialists, and unionists)
Martin Niemöller
First they came for the communists,and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a communist.
Then they came for the trade unionists,and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Jew.
Then they came for meand there was no one left to speak out for me.
Scholarly Debate, Why?• Christopher Browning,
Ordinary Men (1992, 1998)• Daniel Goldhagen,
Hitler’s Willing Executioners (1996)• Used same research materials – postwar judicial
interrogations of Police Battalion 101
Debated Question:
Was the Holocaust rooted in a long history of European anti-Semitism, or a more complex set of factors including a blind deference to authority?
Nuremberg Trials• Nuremberg, Germany
• 1945-1949
• Arranged at Meetings during War
• Legacy– International criminal
courts
– Nuremberg Defendants
sources
• http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143