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WORLD RELIGIONS

WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

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Commonalities among world relig: Implied value system (right and wrong) Implied value system (right and wrong) Notion of sacred texts and space Notion of sacred texts and space Idea about place of humans in universe Idea about place of humans in universe Most have creation story Most have creation story Most believe in higher power/force Most believe in higher power/force Most include teachings about many facets of life – law, politics, fitness, diet, cleanliness, etc. Most include teachings about many facets of life – law, politics, fitness, diet, cleanliness, etc.

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Page 1: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

WORLD RELIGIONS

Page 2: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Culture Religion = critical part of culture

• Core values and beliefs come from religion

• Enmeshed with our cultural and social systems

Tied to pop growth Politics Design and structure of cities Sacred space Marriage, family, education, laws, health

code

Page 3: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Commonalities among world relig:

Implied value system (right and wrong) Notion of sacred texts and space Idea about place of humans in universe Most have creation story Most believe in higher power/force Most include teachings about many

facets of life – law, politics, fitness, diet, cleanliness, etc.

Page 4: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Organizational Divisions Branches: fundamental division

(Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) Denominations: division of branch

that unites a # of local congregations (Methodist, Presbyterian, S. Baptist)

Sects: small group that has broken away from a denomination

Page 5: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Migration Diffusion Migrants usually take their religion

with them, but unlike language, they usually maintain it for several generations.

i.e. places of immigration are usually very religiously diverse (United States)

Page 6: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

World Religions

Page 7: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

World Religions

Page 8: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Largest World Religions

Page 9: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Largest Religious Groups in US(US = 82% Christian)

1.) Protestant 53% (Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian)

2.) Catholic 23% (New England, Southwest)

3.) Mormon 2% (Utah, Idaho, Arizona, CO, Southern CA)

4.) Orthodox 1%

Page 10: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

US Religious Distribution

Page 11: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

CHRISTIANITY – universalizing, global religion

Christianity - @ 2 billion followers = world’s largest religion and most geographically dispersed

Doctrines:• Monotheistic• Origins in Judaism (Old Testament)• Christ = son of God, promised Messiah, Savior,

way to salvation• Sacred Text: Bible (OT and NT)• Sacred Places: Israel, holy lands

Page 12: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values
Page 13: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Where Distributed? Christianity = major religion in all of

Americas, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and countries w/ Christian majority exist in Africa and Asia

3 Major Branches:• Catholic (50%), SW and E Europe, LA, parts of

N. America)• Protestantism (25%):N. Europe, Australia, NZ,

N. America• Eastern Orthodox (10%): 14 self governing

churches in E. Europe (i.e. Russian Orthodox, etc.)

Page 14: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Pope Benedict

Martin Luther Henry VIII

Page 15: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Origins of Christianity Jesus – virgin birth in Bethlehem, literal

son of God, raised as a Jew, called disciples, organized church, referred to as “the Christ, Messiah,” atonement, resurrection• Catholics = Pope = head of church• E. Orthodox: split from Catholics in 1054 b/c

rivalry betwn Pope in Rome and Patriarch in Constantinople

• Protestantism: split 1517 – Martin Luther later Henry VIII

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Diffusion of Christianity Christianity is diffused by relocation,

hierarchical, and contagious diffusion Hearth = Palestine 1st diffusion by relocation: after Christ’s

death missionary apostles carried his etchings along Roman empire (i.e. Paul)

Spread within Roman empire by contagious diffusion – contact between Christians and Pagans

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Diffusion – contd. Dominance was assured in Roman

empire by hierarchical diffusion – Emperor Constantine converted

Migration, missionary activity, and British colonialism (1500-today) spread Christianity worldwide

Acculturation: conversion and intermarriage of natives, Africans, etc.

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Christian Calendar EASTER – commemorates Christ’s

resurrection and the pending resurrection of all men

CHRISTMAS – commemorates the birth of Christ – Virgin Mary, literal Son of God

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Organization of Space – Places of Worship

Church: comes from Greek word meaning “Lord” or “Master”

“church” can refer to the building and the group of people

Traditionally churches placed in town center - largest, tallest, prettiest buildings.

Church architecture varies from branch to branch, denomination to denomination (Protestant churches usually more simple)

Cemeteries – bury dead underground

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ISLAM – universalizing relig about 1 billion followers #2 behind Christianity Followers found worldwide, but

especially in:• Middle East and N. Africa• Indonesia (most populous Muslim

country)• Pakistan• Bangladesh

Page 21: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

ISLAM - Doctrines Also has roots in Judaism (accepts

many OT stories and prophets) Monotheistic – one God – Allah Prophet Mohammad = last and

greatest prophet Koran 5 Pillars – Faith, Prayer, Pilgrimage,

Alms, Fasting

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Page 23: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

ISLAM – Distribution Two Major branches

• Sunni = 83% of Muslims – in ME and N. Africa• Shiites= 16% - in Iraq, Iran and Azerbaijan

(caliph must be descended from Muhammad’s blood line)

• Muslim population in Europe and N. America has increased in recent yrs. because of immigration

• Arabic = lingua franca of Muslim world (Koran is in Arabic)

Page 24: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

ISLAM - Origins Abraham: Hagar and Ishmael – ancestors

Muhammad & Arabic line Muhammad – born @ 570 AD in Mecca

(Saudi Arabia). Received revelations from God through Angel Gabriel (Koran). Gained following in Medina, returned to Mecca & established Islam. From there diffused to rest of ME, N. Africa, E. Asia, etc.

Diffused by Muslim Empires – Ottoman, Mogul, Persian

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ISLAM – Holy Places Mecca: holiest city (hajj) contains al-Ka’ba –

thought to be built by Abraham and Ishmael and contains black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as sign of the covenant (in Saudi Arabia – pilgrimage)

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ISLAM – holy places cont’d Medina: Muhammad’s tomb here (in Saudi Arabia) Jerusalem: Muhammad ascended to heaven here (Dome of

the Rock – pictured below) – i.e. conflict w/ Jews

Places of worship = mosques call to prayer by the muzzan from the minaret tower

mosque in Indonesia

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BUDDHISM – universalizing religion

Buddhism = 3rd largest universalizing religion w/ 300 million followers

Founded by the Buddha – Siddhartha Gautama

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BUDDHISM - Doctrines 4 Noble Truths: suffering, why it

exists, how to prevent it (change desires)

8 Fold Path – way to achieve “Nirvana” i.e. complete redemption (right…understanding, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration)

Reincarnation

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BUDDHISM – where distributed 3 main branches

• Mahayanists – 56% China, Japan, Korea• Theravadists – 38% - Cambodia, Laos,

Thailand, Sri Lanka• Tantrayanists – 6% - Tibet, Mongolia

Actual # of Buddhists difficult to know because it doesn’t require exclusive adherence. Many Buddhists also follow a local/ethnic religion

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BUDDHISM- Origins Founder – Siddhartha Gautama –

born 1563 BC present day Nepal.• Son of a lord• Led privileged life• 4 trips changed his life

Decrepit old man Disease ridden man Corpse…pain, suffering, felt guilty about

own life Monk – taught him about withdrawal from

world

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Buddha At 29 yrs – fled palace, lived in forest 6 yrs

meditating. Emerged as “The Buddha” – the enlightened one. Spent 45 years preaching views in modern day India

2 main branches• Theravada – oldest, believe Buddhism is full

time occupation, become monk• Mahayana – split off 2,000 yrs ago, less

demanding, emphasize Buddha’s self help and introspection

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BUDDHISM - Diffusion Began in NE India – spread east by

traveling monks to Asia 1st Century – AD Merchants brought

Buddhism to China – truly became a Chinese religion

From China diffused to Korea and Japan

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BUDDHISM – holy places Important places are associated w/ life of Buddha

in Nepal and NE India Pagoda: contains relics believed to be from

Buddha. Pagodas not used for congregational worship

Temples and monasteries used for individual prayer and meditation

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SIKHISM – universalizing relig about 24 million followers almost all

in Punjab region of India 1st guru (religious teacher) in late

1400s in present day Pakistan God is perfect – people become like

him by continual improvement – take responsibility for actions, surrender to God

Men – wear turbans, don’t cut hair Holy Place = Golden Temple - Punjab

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Sikhism Sikh Golden Temple

in Punjab region –

N. India

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JUDAISM – Ethnic relig about 6 million in US, 4 million in

Israel, 2 million in former USSR, 2 million elsewhere. In U.S. Jews heavily concentrated in large cities (NYC)

Jews geographically scattered from historical captivities and conquering

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Jewish Doctrine 1st monotheistic religion – 1 God and

Jews are his covenant people (through Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, 12 tribes)

God gave land of Canaan to Abraham and his seed – divided among tribes

Ten Commandments Torah – Old Testament (do NOT

accept NT or Jesus as the Christ)

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Distribution/Diffusion Jews dispersed by Romans about 70

AD- Diaspora – scattered throughout Europe

A people without a nation for hundreds of years. Some in Europe assimilated. Others persecuted• Russia and Romania – pogroms in late

1800s and early 1900s• Nazis – Holocaust – 1930s-1940s

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ZIONISM – the return Zionism – call for Jews to return to their

promised land Always existed, but not a major movement

until the Holocaust Holocaust survivors return to land of

Palestine – have historical and spiritual claim on land (but Palestinians there for 2,000 yrs)

Israel recognized as a nation by UN in 1948 backed by US and GB….conflict ever since

Page 40: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Jewish Calendar Rosh Hashanah – New Year Yom Kippur – Day of Autumn Hanukkah – Festival of Lights Passover – commemorates Israeli

liberation from slavery in Egypt – destroying angel passed over Israeli’s first borns. God led Moses with many miracles to deliver his people to their land

Page 41: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Jewish Holy Places Synagogues Land of Palestine – ZION Wailing Wall – remnant of original

Jewish temple destroyed by Romans (Muslim Dome of Rock is located just in front…significance of shared sacred space has fueled conflict

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HINDUISM – ethnic relig Hinduism = largest ethnic religion -

about 820 million

In general the 3rd largest religion worldwide behind Christianity and Islam

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HINDUISM - Doctrines No single authority Vedas - collection of sacred writings Up to individual to decide best way

to worship God Caste System – reincarnation – you

move up by good karma Ahisma – do not eat any living being

- vegetarian

Page 44: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

HINDUISM Where distributed – INDIA and Nepal Origins – no specific founder. The term

“Hindusim” originally referred to people living in India.

Diffusion – very little; not seeking converts Holy Places – tied to India

• Ganges River – purifies• Temples – shrines home to various Gods

Page 45: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Other Ethnic Religions Most people in China and Japan

practice ethnic religions that co-exist with Buddhism. Very different from Western concept of exclusive religious adherence….i.e. many Chinese are both Buddhist and Confucian

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Confucianism Confucius – 551-479 BC– Chinese

philosopher and teacher Emphasized ancient Chinese

tradition of “li” – correct behavior…how to treat others, stresses responsibility, respect, public service

Ethnic religion because strongly rooted in traditional Chinese values

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DAOISM (Taoism) Created by Lao-Zi 604-531 BC – a

contemporary of Confucius Writings emphasized the mystical

and magical to explain events Stresses introspection – seek dao –

the way or the path Today in China and Taiwan

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SHINTOISM Ethnic religion of Japan Focus on forces of nature – sun,

moon, rivers, etc. Later regarded emperors as divine

(turned into a political cult i.e. WWII) Still in Japan today – references

ancestors, pilgrimages to shrines believed to house deities

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Ethnic African Religions about 10% of African’s follow

animism – inanimate objects (trees, stones, river) have spirit/conscious life

No holy books, passed down by oral tradition

Practitioners of animism have decreased as Christianity and Islam have spread (Africa = about 50 % Christian, 40% Muslim

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Concepts of Sacred Space Sacred Space: geographic

intersection between the divine and the mortal

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Concepts of Sacred Space Landscape of the dead

• Christians, Muslims, Jews bury dead in cemetery (dates back to ancient Roman catacombs)

• Hindus – cremation – wash body in Ganges River and burn on funeral pyre

• Ancient Zoroastrians – expose dead to scavenging birds and animals to strip body of unclean portions. Don’t want body to contaminate sacred elements of earth, fire, water

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Sacred Space Religious Settlements – entire

settlement around religious purposes• i.e. utopian communities• Often theocracies – church and political

leaders = the same• Examples…..

Puritans – Massachusetts, city on a hill, 1600s

Moravians – 1700s – Bethlehem, PA and Salem, NC

Mormons 1800s – Nauvoo, Ill, SLC, UT

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RELIGIOUS CONFLICT

Recent resurgence of fundamentalism (literal interpretation and intense adherence to principles of religion)….often causes divide within the religion and problems with others- Taliban – Afghanistan- Hindus – caste system- Christian fundamentalism – Eric Rudolph- 911 suicide bombers

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Religion and Communism Communism countered religion – Marx

says religion is “opium” of the people and threat to the state

USSR – 1918 – Communist Revolution – government nationalizes all church property; religion dwindles

No religious freedom – if you go, go to Orthodox services controlled by government

Fall of Communism in the late 80s early 90s – resurgence of religion in E. Europe

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Relig V. Relig – interfaith boundaries….Palestine

Palestine..Jews,, Christians, and Muslims have fought for over 2,000 yrs for small piece of land

Jews and Palestinians claim historical and spiritual tie to land (Abraham)

Great Britain opened door for Jewish return (Balfour Declaration)

1948 Israel recognized by UN – no nation of Palestine…refugees

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Palestine – cont’d 3 subsequent wars….’56, ’67, ’73…each

time Israel wins and expands into more land

Israel would not exist without U.S. backing…..big reason why U.S. hated by Middle East

Israel = tiny nation surrounded on all sides by countries that want to destroy it

City of Jerusalem = especially problematic because it contains religious sites for Jews, Christians, and Muslims

Page 57: WORLD RELIGIONS. Culture Religion = critical part of culture Religion = critical part of culture Core values and beliefs come from religionCore values

Religion V. Religion - IRELAND Ireland = 92% Catholic N. Ireland = (northern portion of island…

part of UK) 58% Prot, 42% Cath Ireland got independence in 1937 and

created republic of Ireland in 1949. But 6 N. counties voted to stay with the UK

Catholics in N. Ireland = victims of discrimination in jobs and education

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Religion V. Religion - IRELAND Continuous cycle of demonstrations and

protests IRA – Irish Republican Army – Catholics in

Ireland and N. Ireland – militant organization dedicated to Irish unity – use terrorism, bombings, etc.

about 3,000 dead over the years in N. Ireland

Majority willing to live peacefully – militants disrupt peace for all – fuel fires, polarize sides, etc.