World Histthe Tudors

8/8/2019 World Histthe Tudors

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The Tudor and Stuart MonarchsThe Tudor and Stuart Monarchs


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Henry VIIHenry VIIHenry Tudor marriedHenry Tudor married

Elizabeth of YorkElizabeth of York(daughter of(daughter of

Edward IV).Edward IV).

Henry had defeated Richard IIIHenry had defeated Richard IIIat theat the Battle of Bosworth Field,Battle of Bosworth Field,

ending theending the Wars of the RosesWars of the Roses..

Henry VII went on to forgeHenry VII went on to forge

international relationshipsinternational relationshipsthrough the marriages of histhrough the marriages of his

children.children.


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Henry VIIIHenry VIII Second son ofHenry VIISecond son ofHenry VII After his elder brotherAfter his elder brother ArthurArthur died, Henrydied, Henry

became heir to the throne.became heir to the throne.

Spain and England wanted to keep theirSpain and England wanted to keep their

alliance, even w/ Arthurs deathalliance, even w/ Arthurs death

So Henry married Catherine of Aragon,So Henry married Catherine of Aragon,

Arthurs widowArthurs widow -- no papal dispensation wasno papal dispensation was

given, and the marriage was even done bygiven, and the marriage was even done byproxy;Henry was only permitted to consentproxy;Henry was only permitted to consent

at canonical age (which he never did)at canonical age (which he never did)

Later he tried to annul this marriage so heLater he tried to annul this marriage so he

could marrycould marry Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn..Henry claimed that God punished him byHenry claimed that God punished him by

denying him a legitimatedenying him a legitimate malemale heirheir inin

LeviticusLeviticus, God does threaten childlessness if a, God does threaten childlessness if a

man marries his brothers widowsoHenryman marries his brothers widowsoHenry

came to see this marriage as cursedcame to see this marriage as cursed


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I need a son. I have

been married for 20

years and my wife,

Catherine of Aragonis too old to have any

more children. Who

will inherit my throne

when I die?

I spy an attractive lady

in-waiting called Anne

Boleyn. If only I could

marry her instead. Will

the Pope give me a

divorce?

The Church is very rich.

I need money for my

luxurious court. If only I

could get my hands on it.

The new Protestant

ideas are spreading

in Germany.

Princes there are

reforming their

churches andthrowing out the

Catholic Church.

Some people in England like the new

Protestant ideas. They believe that the

Bible should be in English not Latin.

The Church takes

money out my

country in taxes to

help build StPeters in Rome.

What do I get in

return?


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CatherineCatherine

of Aragonof Aragon

Catherine was the daughter ofCatherine was the daughter ofIsabella andIsabella andFerdinand of Spain.Ferdinand of Spain.

She was married to Arthur, Henry VIIs heir,She was married to Arthur, Henry VIIs heir,but he died, apparently before the marriage wasbut he died, apparently before the marriage was

consummated.consummated.Later she marriedHenry VIII, but they onlyLater she marriedHenry VIII, but they only

had one living child,had one living child, MaryMary. (They had a son who. (They had a son whodied in infancy).died in infancy).

Henry wanted to find a husband for Mary, soHenry wanted to find a husband for Mary, so

that she would be unchallenged as his heiressthat she would be unchallenged as his heiress(women were not banned from the throne, but it(women were not banned from the throne, but itwas untraditional).was untraditional).

Some suitors worried that Mary could not be aSome suitors worried that Mary could not be alegitimate queen as Henry had married hislegitimate queen as Henry had married his

brothers widowbrothers widow

All of these issues reached the boiling pointAll of these issues reached the boiling pointafter 20 yrs. b/c of constant succession worries,after 20 yrs. b/c of constant succession worries,

Catharines diminishing looks, and theCatharines diminishing looks, and theappearance of Anne Boleynappearance of Anne Boleyn

Catharines later years were ones of persecutionCatharines later years were ones of persecution

whereHenry tried to make her sign annulmentwhereHenry tried to make her sign annulmenta ers.a ers.


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Henry VIIIHenry VIII

When he wanted to marryWhen he wanted to marry Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn,,

Henry created the Church of England andHenry created the Church of England and

banned the Catholic Church from hisbanned the Catholic Church from his

nation.He also seized all of the property ofnation.He also seized all of the property of

the Catholic Church, thereby increasing thethe Catholic Church, thereby increasing the

wealth of England.wealth of England.


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Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

Anne becameH

enry VIIIsAnne becameH

enry VIIIssecond wife. But since his first,second wife. But since his first,Catharine of Aragon, was stillCatharine of Aragon, was still

living, many Catholics, felt thatliving, many Catholics, felt thather childher child ElizabethElizabeth waswas

illegitimate.illegitimate.When she failed to produce aWhen she failed to produce amale heir, there were rumoursmale heir, there were rumoursthat she was infertileand bythat she was infertileand bythat time Henry had metthat time Henry had met JaneJane

SeymourSeymour..Anne tried to woo Henry back,Anne tried to woo Henry back,

but he had her charged withbut he had her charged withadultery and incest andadultery and incest and

beheadedbeheaded


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Elizabeth and Mary were raisedElizabeth and Mary were raisedtogethertogether

Queen Jane Seymour showed favour toQueen Jane Seymour showed favour to

Mary but treated Elizabeth wellMary but treated Elizabeth well

And the Queen did finally have thatAnd the Queen did finally have thatmale heir,male heir, Edward VIEdward VI; this ended the; this ended thesisters succession argumentsisters succession argument

When Jane Seymour died (a fever), theWhen Jane Seymour died (a fever), the3 siblings were raised together3 siblings were raised together


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Henry VIII went on to marryHenry VIII went on to marry

Anne of ClevesAnne of Cleves it only lasted 6it only lasted 6

months, and Henry got out of itmonths, and Henry got out of it

by saying he was impotent on theby saying he was impotent on the

wedding nightwedding night

Henry then marriedHenry then married CatherineCatherine

HowardHoward, a 17 year old, who was, a 17 year old, who was

soon beheaded for adulterysoon beheaded for adultery So Henry married for the finalSo Henry married for the final

time, totime, to Catherine ParrCatherine Parr she gotshe got

along well with all the childrenalong well with all the children

Elizabeth stayed the 3Elizabeth stayed the 3rdrd

lady oflady ofthe courtthe court only the Habsburgsonly the Habsburgs

still called the whoresstill called the whores

daughterdaughter


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Edward VIEdward VIHe was the son ofHenry VIII andHe was the son ofHenry VIII and JaneJane

SeymourSeymour -- a Protestant who became king ata Protestant who became king at

the age of 9.the age of 9.

The Church of England expanded while heThe Church of England expanded while he

was king.was king.

But he was sickly and died at the age of 16.But he was sickly and died at the age of 16.

During his kingship, England was largelyDuring his kingship, England was largely

under the rule of Edwards council, whichunder the rule of Edwards council, whichincludedincluded Thomas Seymour (the Duke ofThomas Seymour (the Duke of

Somerset)Somerset)


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Elizabeth fell in love with Thomas Seymour,Elizabeth fell in love with Thomas Seymour,

and he wanted to marry either Elizabeth orand he wanted to marry either Elizabeth orMary (but they could only marry w/ theMary (but they could only marry w/ the

permission of the entire council), sopermission of the entire council), so

Seymour instead married Catherine ParrSeymour instead married Catherine Parr(Henrys widow)(Henrys widow) as Elizabeth lived w/as Elizabeth lived w/

Parr, this made Seymour her stepfather andParr, this made Seymour her stepfather and

guardian (and it is likely that he abused herguardian (and it is likely that he abused her

during this time)during this time)

When Parr died in childbirth, she had leftWhen Parr died in childbirth, she had left

all to Seymour in an oral willall to Seymour in an oral will


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Jane GreyJane GreyIn need of a lady of the household, heIn need of a lady of the household, he

brought inbrought in Lady Jane GreyLady Jane Grey (Henry VIIIs(Henry VIIIsgrandgrand--niece), saying he would marry her offniece), saying he would marry her off

to Edward VIto Edward VI

Seymour wanted Lady Jane Grey as theSeymour wanted Lady Jane Grey as thenext queen, as opposed to Edwards sisternext queen, as opposed to Edwards sisterMary, who was Catholic. (Seymours sonMary, who was Catholic. (Seymours son

had married Jane Grey.)had married Jane Grey.)

in 1549, Edward passed the Act ofin 1549, Edward passed the Act ofUniformity, introducing the ProtestantUniformity, introducing the ProtestantPrayer BookPrayer Book Mary looked to CatholicMary looked to Catholic

Spain and her cousin Charles V forSpain and her cousin Charles V forassistanceassistance basically, she disobeyed herbasically, she disobeyed herbrother and fatherbrother and father

So all the fundamental 16So all the fundamental 16thth century valuescentury valuescame into conflictcame into conflict religion, patriotism, thereligion, patriotism, the

law, dynastic successionlaw, dynastic succession


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Edward opted for religion and plotted to get rid of MaryEdward opted for religion and plotted to get rid of Mary(and Elizabeth, as he thought she would not go along w/(and Elizabeth, as he thought she would not go along w/

him)him) Edward thought succession would go to the maleEdward thought succession would go to the male

descendants ofdescendants ofMary TudorMary Tudor (Henry VIIIs sister)(Henry VIIIs sister)

There were no male heirs at that time, but it was assumedThere were no male heirs at that time, but it was assumedsomeone would have a son eventuallybut then Edwardssomeone would have a son eventuallybut then Edwardshealth went into rapid decline, and time was running outhealth went into rapid decline, and time was running out

On his deathbed, Edward changed his will to indicate thatOn his deathbed, Edward changed his will to indicate thatLady Jane Grey (and not her male heirs) should succeedLady Jane Grey (and not her male heirs) should succeedhimhim

When Edward died, Jane became the queen, but Mary alsoWhen Edward died, Jane became the queen, but Mary alsoproclaimed herself the queenproclaimed herself the queen when Janes army faltered,when Janes army faltered,the council abandoned herthe council abandoned her

When Mary recaptured the throne she had Seymour andWhen Mary recaptured the throne she had Seymour andJane executed (Jane was queen for 9 days)...Jane executed (Jane was queen for 9 days)...


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Mary I (Bloody Mary)Mary I (Bloody Mary)Mary was the daughter ofHenryMary was the daughter ofHenry

VIII andVIII and Catharine of AragonCatharine of Aragon..During her childhood, Mary wasDuring her childhood, Mary was

persecuted by Henry when hepersecuted by Henry when hewanted to annul his marriage to herwanted to annul his marriage to her

mother.mother.

As Queen she attempted to restoreAs Queen she attempted to restoreCatholicism, and she married theCatholicism, and she married the

youngyoung PhilipPhilip from Spain.from Spain.

She also had more than 300She also had more than 300Protestants killed.Protestants killed.

None of these actions was popularNone of these actions was popularwith the now firmly entrenchedwith the now firmly entrenched

Protestant EnglandProtestant England


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Mary pressured Elizabeth to convert to CatholicismMary pressured Elizabeth to convert to Catholicism sheshe

learned to go thru the motionslearned to go thru the motions

Mary turned against Eliz. anywayMary turned against Eliz. anyway saw her as a threatsaw her as a threat

She wanted a husband to play the necessary chivalric role;She wanted a husband to play the necessary chivalric role;

at this time Charles V offered his handsome 26 yr old sonat this time Charles V offered his handsome 26 yr old son

Philip (she was 37 and less attractive)Philip (she was 37 and less attractive)

Spain was looking for an alliance w/ Eng. against FranceSpain was looking for an alliance w/ Eng. against France

and hoped a reand hoped a re--Catholicized Eng. would help Spain againstCatholicized Eng. would help Spain against

the revolt in the Netherlandsthe revolt in the Netherlands

Many in Eng. never accepted her marriage to Philip =Many in Eng. never accepted her marriage to Philip =

xenophobia!xenophobia!

A rebellion erupted against Mary (=Wyatts rebellion)A rebellion erupted against Mary (=Wyatts rebellion) Eliz. was connected to it, and ended up in the TowerEliz. was connected to it, and ended up in the Tower

But she admitted nothing and was spared, finding herselfBut she admitted nothing and was spared, finding herself

instead under house arrestinstead under house arrest


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But Mary and Philip had trouble conceiving aBut Mary and Philip had trouble conceiving a

childPhilip decided to leave and pursue other kingdomschildPhilip decided to leave and pursue other kingdomsinsteadand he came to favour Elizabeth over Mary as heinsteadand he came to favour Elizabeth over Mary as he

thought it was better for the Habsburgs (w/o Eliz., thethought it was better for the Habsburgs (w/o Eliz., the

other successor was Mary, Queen of Scots, who would haveother successor was Mary, Queen of Scots, who would have

allied with France)allied with France)

Philip had managed to take Eng. into a war w/ Fr., and thePhilip had managed to take Eng. into a war w/ Fr., and theEng. lost the fortress of CalaisEng. lost the fortress of Calais

Marys regime had failed, and was unpopular anyway withMarys regime had failed, and was unpopular anyway with

the 100s of burningsthe 100s of burnings

When Mary died peacefully, Elizabeth acceded to theWhen Mary died peacefully, Elizabeth acceded to thethrone peacefullythrone peacefully she was proclaimed in only 6 hrs. asshe was proclaimed in only 6 hrs. as

having the lawful right and title to the crownhaving the lawful right and title to the crown


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Elizabeth IElizabeth IThe redThe red--haired daughter ofhaired daughter of

Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn,Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn,

she became Englands greatestshe became Englands greatest

leader. She kept control ofleader. She kept control of

England by refusing to marryEngland by refusing to marry

anyone and playing one nobleanyone and playing one nobleagainst anotheragainst another many hopingmany hoping

to marry the Queen. She keptto marry the Queen. She kept

religious wars down, advancedreligious wars down, advanced

exploration, became a patronexploration, became a patron

of the arts, and broughtof the arts, and broughtEngland to the position ofEngland to the position of

world power with the defeat ofworld power with the defeat of

the Spanish Armadathe Spanish Armada


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Elizabeth worked hard to avoid religious conflictElizabeth worked hard to avoid religious conflict whenwhen

theHouse of Lords blocked some of her religious bills, shetheHouse of Lords blocked some of her religious bills, she

prorogued Parliament and went to the Chapel Royale,prorogued Parliament and went to the Chapel Royale,

where a wooden table had replaced the stone altar andwhere a wooden table had replaced the stone altar and

mass was in English (not Latin)mass was in English (not Latin)

She also organized public debates on religion, where theShe also organized public debates on religion, where the

Protestants were given every advantageProtestants were given every advantage

And in future H. of L. votes, she made sure certain LordsAnd in future H. of L. votes, she made sure certain Lordswere absentwere absent

w/ that, the Church of England was again entrenchedw/ that, the Church of England was again entrenched

oaths were required, and any nonoaths were required, and any non--compliant bishops werecompliant bishops were

dismisseddismissed but she kept the punishments for heresybut she kept the punishments for heresylightCatholics went into hiding, but she largely turned alightCatholics went into hiding, but she largely turned a

blind eye as long as public demonstrations didnt occurblind eye as long as public demonstrations didnt occur

She also kept a certain degree of church ceremony; as aShe also kept a certain degree of church ceremony; as a

monarch, she saw the advantage of ritualmonarch, she saw the advantage of ritual


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Mary (Stuart), Queen of ScotsMary (Stuart), Queen of Scots

Mary was the daughter of James VMary was the daughter of James Vand destined to be the Queen ofand destined to be the Queen ofFrance.France.

When Francois II died, she cameWhen Francois II died, she cameback to be Queen of Scotland.back to be Queen of Scotland.

English Catholics believed that sheEnglish Catholics believed that shewas the only legitimate heir afterwas the only legitimate heir afterMary Is deathMary Is death they rallied aroundthey rallied around

her.her.

Given the threat, Mary was broughtGiven the threat, Mary was broughtto Eng. as a guest (prisoner)to Eng. as a guest (prisoner)

This again raised the successionThis again raised the successionissuethe Protestant Elizabeth had aissuethe Protestant Elizabeth had a

Catholic successorand Mary becameCatholic successorand Mary becamemore Catholicmore Catholic

w/ Mary as a symbol, rebellion beganw/ Mary as a symbol, rebellion began

in the countrysidein the countryside


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The Pope entered into things, saying Elizabeth was aThe Pope entered into things, saying Elizabeth was a

hereticso Elizabeth became a more hardhereticso Elizabeth became a more hard--line Protestantline Protestant

At this pt, English Catholics turned to Spain for help (andAt this pt, English Catholics turned to Spain for help (and

Spain was antiSpain was anti--Elizabeth as she supported piracy in theElizabeth as she supported piracy in the

New World and had aided the Dutch Revolt)New World and had aided the Dutch Revolt)

When proof of Marys treachery came to light, Elizabeth IWhen proof of Marys treachery came to light, Elizabeth I

had her executedSpain attacked, but the Armadahad her executedSpain attacked, but the Armadafailedfailed


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JAMES IJAMES I James I of England wasJames I of England was

James VI of Scotland.James VI of Scotland.His mother wasHis mother was MaryMaryQueen of Scots,Queen of Scots, and atand atElizabeth Is death,Elizabeth Is death,

James was named herJames was named herheir.heir.

A Catholic, he wasA Catholic, he wasknown for theknown for the

authorization of theauthorization of theKing James Version ofKing James Version ofthe Bible, as well as forthe Bible, as well as forbeing the Wisest Fool inbeing the Wisest Fool inChristendom.Christendom.

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World Histthe Tudors