World Bank - Pakistan Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture ......Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) Environmental and Social Assessment Directorate General

Pakistan Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project

(PIPIP)

Environmental and Social Assessment

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Agriculture Department

Government of Punjab, Lahore

November 2011

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Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab ii

November 2011

Executive Summary

The provincial government of the Punjab, Pakistan, through its Directorate General

Agriculture (Water Management), Agriculture Department, is planning to undertake the

Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) in various parts

of the Province, and seeking the World Bank assistance for this purpose. In line with the

prevailing legislation in the Country, and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and

social assessment (ESA) of the project has been carried out. This document presents the

report of this assessment.

Study Methodology

The present study was conducted using a standard methodology prescribed by national

and international agencies. Various phases of the study included screening, scoping, data

collection and compilation, stakeholder consultations, impact assessment, and report

compilation.

Legislative Framework

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents

of every development project in the country to conduct an environmental assessment and

submit its report to the relevant environmental protection agency.

In addition to the above, the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) requires that

environmental and social assessment be carried out before commencing projects being

proposed for the Bank’s funding.

Project Overview

The proposed Project aims to improve the productivity of the irrigation activities in the

Province. Improved water productivity will translate into greater agricultural output per

unit of water used, and will be achieved through improved physical delivery efficiency,

irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective application of inputs. The project’s

objectives would contribute to increased agricultural production, employment and

incomes, higher living standards and positive environmental outcomes.

The direct beneficiaries of Project would be about 650,000 farm families or about 4.5

million people all over the Punjab Province.

The key components of the Project include: i) installation of high efficiency irrigation

systems; ii) strengthening of laser land leveling services in private sector; iii)

improvement of water courses in canal command and non-canal commanded areas; and

iv) adoption and promotion of modern irrigation technologies and practices.

Analysis of Alternatives

As part of the present study, various project alternatives and the associated environmental

as well as social aspects were also analyzed. These included ‘no-project’ alternative,

alternative methods of irrigation, alternative land leveling methods, alternatives for on-

farm water conservation, and alternatives for project implementation mechanisms. The

‘no-project’ alternative is not acceptable because it would lead to continued wasteful

usage of irrigation water; the irrigation and land leveling methods proposed under the



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab iii

November 2011

Project would lead to greater water-use efficiency; and the selected implementation

mechanism would ensure greater farmer participation and ownership.

Description of the Environment

The Punjab Province is located south of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, the

Islamabad Capital Territory, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK); southwest of the

Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir; west of the Indian States of Punjab and Rajasthan;

north-northeast of the Sindh Province; and east-northeast of the Balochistan Province.

Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province having an area of 205,344 km2 (79,284

sq miles) after Balochistan and is located at the north-western edge of the geologic Indian

plate in South Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital

of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad,

Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to

six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the

Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60 percent of Pakistan's population

lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it

also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This

geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's

outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of

the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. 1

The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can

be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the

Thal and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab

from north to south.

The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found

throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to

the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north

as well.

Owing to its geographical disposition, the province exhibits wide variations of physical,

ecological, socio-cultural, and environmental features down from north to south and

across from east to west2. Topographically, Punjab can be divided into following five

landforms3: Upper hilly region; Potohar (or Potwar) plateau; Central plain lands (Doab

4);

Desert like plains; and Cholistan and Thal deserts. The components of the project are

likely to be located in most parts of the above regions.

Stakeholder Consultations

Stakeholder consultations were carried out as part of the ESA study. These consultations

were conducted with the institutional as well as the grassroots stakeholders. The main

objectives of the consultations were to apprise the stakeholders of the proposed project

activities and to obtain their views, concerns, and recommendations so that these could be

1 Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.

2 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Protection Department, GoPb, Final Report,

2008 3 Ibid

4 Doab in local language is an area between two rivers



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab iv

November 2011

incorporated into the project design in order to enhance the environmental and social

performance of the project.

Impact Assessment and Mitigation

The positive environmental and social impacts of the project include increased water

conservation, enhanced social mobilization (ie, establishment of WUAs), and

employment opportunities for skilled people. In addition, the project interventions such

as high efficiency irrigation techniques will help discontinue usage of sewage water to

irrigate crops particularly vegetables in the peri-urban areas – a practice that poses health

risks to the population consuming these vegetables.

The key potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed

interventions under the project include changes in land use pattern particularly where

barren/vacant land is brought under cultivation, contamination of soil and water caused

by chemical inputs, salt build up in crop root zone, loss of natural vegetation and trees for

water course improvement, damage to crops caused by water course improvement works,

and reduced ground water recharge caused by water course lining.

Most of the above-mentioned potential impacts are temporary and reversible in nature

and can be mitigated with the help of appropriate mitigation measures, such as avoiding

environmental hot spots and wildlife protected areas when expanding the cultivation

fields, awareness raising and capacity building of farmers for judicious use of chemical

inputs, occasional flood irrigation in fields using high efficiency irrigation systems to

avoid salt build-up in soil, tree plantation to compensate any tree cutting, avoiding

cropped area while carrying out the water course improvement and other construction

works during the project, and limiting the extent of water course lining in the sweet

groundwater zone to minimize negative impacts on groundwater recharge.

Environmental and Social Management Plan

An environmental and social management plan (ESMP) has been developed to provide an

implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the ESA. The

ESMP provides the organization structure for the environmental and social management

system during the project, and defines the roles and responsibilities of various players.

The ESMP includes a mitigation plan, a monitoring plan, the communication and

documentation requirements, and training needs, in the context of the environmental and

social management of the project.

The cost of ESMP implementation over the project life of six years has been estimated to

be Pak Rupees 19.2 million. This includes costs associated with environmental trainings

and third party monitoring. This cost has been included in the overall project cost.



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab v

November 2011

Acronyms

Amsl Above mean sea level

BHU Basic Health Unit

BOD Biological oxygen demand

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

COD Chemical oxygen demand

Cumecs Cubic meters per second

Cusecs Cubic feet per second

DC Deputy Commissioner

DCO District Coordination Officer

DGA (WM) Director General Agriculture (Water Management)

DO Dissolved oxygen

EDO Executive District Officer

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ESA Environmental and Social Assessment

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GIS Geographical informarion system

GoP Government of Pakistan

GRM Grievance Redressal Mechanism

Ha Hectare

HEIS High Efficiency Irrigation Systems

IBIS Indus Basin Irrigation System

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

LAA Land Acquisition Act (of 1894)

LOS Laws of Seas

MAF Million acre feet

MARPOL Marine Pollution (Convention for the Prevention of

Pollution from Ships)

MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards

NGO Non Governmental Organization

NOx Oxides of nitrogen

OP Operational Policy

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PEPC Pakistan Encl Protection Council



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab vi

November 2011

PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act

PERI Punjab Economic Research Institute

PISC Project Implementation and Supervision Consultants

PM Particulate matter

PSC Project Steering Committee

P&DD Planning and Development Department

RHC Rural Health Center

SSC Sales and service company

TDS Total dissolved solids

ToR Terms of Reference

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority

WB World Bank

WBG World Bank Group

WMTI Water Management Training Institute

WUA Water user association

WWF World Wide Fund for Nature



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab vii

November 2011

Contents

Executive Summary ..............................................................................................ii

1 Introduction ...............................................................................................1-1

1.1 Background ...............................................................................................1-1

1.2 Earlier Projects of Similar Nature ..........................................................1-2

1.3 Project Proponent.....................................................................................1-2

1.4 Project Overview ......................................................................................1-2

1.5 ESA Study .................................................................................................1-3

1.5.1 Need of the Study................................................................................... 1-3

1.5.2 Study Objectives .................................................................................... 1-3

1.5.3 Study Scope............................................................................................ 1-4

1.5.4 Study Methodology ................................................................................ 1-4

1.5.5 Study Team ............................................................................................ 1-5

1.6 Document Structure .................................................................................1-5

2 Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework ....................................2-1

2.1 National Laws and Regulations ...............................................................2-1

2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997........................................ 2-1

2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and

EIA Regulations, 2000 ........................................................................... 2-2

2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards............................................ 2-2

2.1.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 ................................................................... 2-2

2.1.5 Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and

Management) Act, 1974 ......................................................................... 2-3

2.1.6 Forest Act, 1927 ..................................................................................... 2-3

2.1.7 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873................................................................ 2-3

2.1.8 Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997 ............................. 2-3

2.1.9 Punjab On-Farm Water Management and Water Users’

Associations Ordinance, 1981 ................................................................ 2-3

2.1.10 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001.................................... 2-4

2.1.11 Antiquity Act, 1975................................................................................ 2-4

2.1.12 Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948......................... 2-4

2.1.13 Factories Act, 1934 ................................................................................ 2-4

2.1.14 Employment of Child Act, 1991 ............................................................ 2-4

2.1.15 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 ..................................................................... 2-5

2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies ....................................................2-5

2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01).................................................... 2-5

2.2.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)....................................................... 2-5



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab viii

November 2011

2.2.3 Forestry (OP 4.36).................................................................................. 2-6

2.2.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) ...................................................................... 2-6

2.2.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09)................................................................... 2-6

2.2.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) ...................................................................... 2-7

2.2.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) ..................................... 2-7

2.2.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) ................................................................... 2-7

2.2.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10).................................................................. 2-8

2.2.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)..................................................... 2-8

2.2.11 Applicability of Safeguard Policies........................................................ 2-8

2.3 Obligations under International Treaties...............................................2-9

2.4 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management ............................2-9

2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines...................................................2-10

2.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and

Social Guidelines.................................................................................. 2-10

2.5.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines.............................. 2-10

3 Project Description....................................................................................3-1

3.1 Project Background..................................................................................3-1

3.2 Project Objectives.....................................................................................3-6

3.3 Project Beneficiaries .................................................................................3-6

3.4 Project Components .................................................................................3-6

3.4.1 Component A: Installation of High Efficient Irrigation Systems ........... 3-7

3.4.2 Component B: Upgrading of Community Irrigation Systems .............. 3-10

3.4.3 Component C: Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and

Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................... 3-12

3.4.4 Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical

Assistance, Training and Strategic Studies........................................... 3-13

3.5 Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements...................3-13

3.6 Description of Project Activities............................................................3-16

3.6.1 Drip Irrigation ..................................................................................... 3-16

3.6.2 Sprinkler Irrigation .............................................................................. 3-17

3.6.3 Laser Land Leveling............................................................................. 3-18

3.6.4 Water Course Improvement ................................................................. 3-18

4 Project Alternatives...................................................................................4-1

4.1 No-project Alternative..............................................................................4-1

4.2 Alternative Irrigation Methods ...............................................................4-1

4.3 Alternative Land Leveling Methods .......................................................4-2

4.4 Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation .........................4-2

4.5 Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives...........4-2



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab ix

November 2011

5 Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile .............................................5-1

5.1 Location .....................................................................................................5-1

5.2 Physical Environment ..............................................................................5-1

5.2.1 Geography .............................................................................................. 5-1

5.2.2 Geology and Seismology........................................................................ 5-2

5.2.3 Soil Morphology .................................................................................... 5-2

5.2.4 Meteorology, Climate, and Air Quality.................................................. 5-3

5.2.5 Surface Water Resources........................................................................ 5-4

5.2.6 Groundwater........................................................................................... 5-5

5.3 Forests, Habitat, and Ecologically Sensitive Areas................................5-7

5.3.1 Protected Areas ...................................................................................... 5-7

5.4 Socioeconomic Profile...............................................................................5-7

5.4.1 Demographic Profile ............................................................................. 5-7

5.4.2 Economy ............................................................................................... 5-8

5.4.3 Land Use / Agricultural Profile .............................................................. 5-9

5.4.4 Cultural Heritage .................................................................................... 5-9

5.5 Environmental Hotspots ..........................................................................5-9

6 Stakeholder Consultations........................................................................6-1

6.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................6-1

6.2 Participation Framework.........................................................................6-1

6.3 Stakeholder Identification........................................................................6-1

6.4 Consultation Process ................................................................................6-2

6.5 Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders .......................................6-2

6.6 Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations .................................................6-5

7 Impact Assessment ....................................................................................7-1

7.1 Positive Impacts ........................................................................................7-1

7.2 Environmental Screening.........................................................................7-1

7.3 Assessment of Potential Impacts and Mitigation ...................................7-6

7.3.1 Subproject Siting (Land Use, Landform, and Land Take) ..................... 7-6

7.3.2 Loss of Precious Ecological Values ....................................................... 7-7

7.3.3 Conflicts in Water Supply Rights........................................................... 7-7

7.3.4 Disruption of Local Routes .................................................................... 7-7

7.3.5 Soil Erosion and Topography................................................................. 7-7

7.3.6 Loss of Soil Productivity........................................................................ 7-8

7.3.7 Reduced Groundwater Recharge............................................................ 7-8

7.3.8 Soil and Water Contamination ............................................................... 7-9



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab x

November 2011

7.3.9 Impacts on Women, Children, Vulnerable Groups, and

Indigenous People .................................................................................. 7-9

7.3.10 Noise and Vibration ............................................................................. 7-10

7.3.11 Air Quality ........................................................................................... 7-10

7.3.12 Water Consumption and Availability of Water in

Downstream Areas ............................................................................... 7-10

7.3.13 Clogging of Water Courses .................................................................. 7-10

7.3.14 Water Borne and Water-related Diseases............................................. 7-11

7.3.15 Safety Hazards and Public Health ........................................................ 7-11

7.3.16 Influx of Workers and Employment..................................................... 7-11

7.3.17 Impacts on Natural Flora and Fauna .................................................... 7-12

7.3.18 Grazing................................................................................................. 7-12

7.3.19 Damage to Infrastructure...................................................................... 7-13

7.3.20 Sustainability of Interventions.............................................................. 7-13

8 Environmental and Social Management Plan ........................................8-1

8.1 ESMP Objectives ......................................................................................8-1

8.2 ESMP Components...................................................................................8-1

8.3 Institutional Setup and Responsibilities .................................................8-1

8.4 Environmental and Social Guidelines.....................................................8-2

8.5 Environmental and Social Monitoring ...................................................8-2

8.6 Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising..............8-2

8.7 Grievance Redressal Mechanism ............................................................8-2

8.8 Documentation and Reporting ................................................................8-3

8.9 ESMP Implementation Budget................................................................8-3

Annexes

Annex A: National Environmental Quality Standards

Annex B: Environmental and Social Baseline Details

Annex C: Consultation Details

Annex D: Sample Contracts



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab xi

November 2011

List of Figures and Tables

Figure �3.1: Cropping Pattern in Punjab ..........................................................3-2

Figure �3.2: Efficiency under Various Methods of Irrigation .........................3-5

Figure �5.1: Punjab Province............................................................................5-10

Figure �6.1: Conceptual Framework for Consultations ..................................6-9

Table �3.1: Average Annual Canal Diversions in IBWS (MAF) .....................3-4

Table �3.2: Targets for Different Sizes of HEIS Units......................................3-7

Table �5.1: Groundwater Quality of Rawalpindi District.............................5-11

Table �5.2: Groundwater Quality of Sheikhupura District ..........................5-11

Table �5.3: Groundwater Quality of Bahawalpur District ...........................5-12

Table �5.4: Protected Areas in Punjab............................................................5-12

Table �5.5: Land Use Statistics of Punjab ......................................................5-14

Table �5.6: Farm Size Statistics .......................................................................5-15

Table �5.7: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab................................................5-15

Table �6.1: Participation Framework ...............................................................6-8

Table �6.2: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root Consultations............6-10

Table �7.1: Environmental Screening ................................................................7-1

Table �8.1: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation .............8-4

Table �8.2: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation.....8-7

Table �8.3: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling..8-10

Table �8.4: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse

Improvement .................................................................................8-12

Table �8.5: Environmental and Social Training Plan....................................8-15



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 1

November 2011

Introduction The provincial government of the Punjab, Pakistan, through its Directorate General

Agriculture (Water Management), Agriculture Department, is planning to undertake the

Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) (referred to as the

Project in rest of the document) in various parts of the Province, and seeking the World

Bank assistance for this purpose. In line with the prevailing legislation in the Country,

and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and social assessment (ESA) of the Project

has been carried out. This document presents the report of this assessment.

Background

Irrigated agriculture is central to Pakistan’s economy; because of its arid climate, the

annual evaporation far exceeds the rainfall, making irrigation essential for growing crops.

Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world, namely the Indus

Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) to provide basic food security (90 percent of food

production and 25 percent of the Gross Domestic Product). Agriculture is the single most

important source of employment and exports (two thirds of employment and 80 percent

of exports) and irrigation represents more than 95 percent of the total consumptive use of

water. However, this massive infrastructure is deteriorating and in need of modernization

along with reforms to improve the allocation of water as well as the efficiency of its use.

Moreover, competition for water is growing among the provinces and across the

increasing needs for irrigation, industrial and domestic use, and the environment. Yet

there remains a need for significant new investment, not only in irrigation but in other

uses of water as well, including power generation and urban-industrial and domestic

supplies (50 percent of the population is not served by a formal supply system and

sanitation and water treatment reaches less than ten percent of the population). At the

same time, there is uncontrolled pollution of surface and groundwater from agriculture,

industry and rapidly growing cities.

The key irrigation sector issues are: (i) low surface water delivery efficiency (only about

35-40 percent from the canal head to crop root zone); (ii) water distribution inequities;

(iii) lack of storage capacity and control structures; (iv) wasteful on-farm water use; (v)

water-logging and salinity; (vi) poor operation and maintenance (O&M) and low cost

recovery; and (vii) a constrained investment climate. These issues are a manifestation of

institutional weaknesses due to near exclusive control by the public sector entities

characterized by the usual inefficiencies of centralized bureaucracies, lack of corporate

skills and poor client (farmer) focus and accountability.

Watercourse improvements have repeatedly shown to yield an economic rate of return of

more than 25 percent, and benefits to laser land leveling and drip irrigation are even

higher. These high efficiency irrigation systems typically reduce input costs by 20-35

percent, increase yields by 20-100 percent, lower irrigation labor up to 30 percent,

diversify cropping patterns, and save up to 75 percent water. For example, experience in

Punjab has shown an increase in yields for citrus to be 44 percent, for mangos

100 percent and for tomatoes to be 150 percent. In addition, water saving for these crops

has been 22 percent, 36 percent and 50 percent for citrus, mangos, and tomatoes,

respectively. The laser land leveling results in water savings of 30 percent and yield

increases of 20 percent.




November 2011

Earlier Projects of Similar Nature

The Government of Pakistan as well as the Government of the Punjab has been initiating

projects in the past to address the key irrigation sector issues described in Section 1.1

above. These include the National Program for Improvement of Watercourses in

Pakistan (The Punjab Component), originally planned for 2003-04 to 2007-08, which has

been extended for four years (2008-09 to 2011-12); Pilot Project for Promotion of Cotton

Cultivation in Thal Region with Drip Irrigation, 2010 to 2011; Strengthening of Laser

Land Leveling Service in Punjab, 2005-06 to 2007-08; and Water Conservation and

Productivity Enhancement Through High Efficiency (Pressurized) Irrigation Systems

(The Punjab Component), 2008-09 to 2011-12.

Owing to the similar nature of the activities under the proposed project, it is essentially a

continuation and extension of the earlier projects mentioned above. By the same token,

the present study is essentially a continuation and extension of the earlier environmental

study (PERI, 2004)5 carried out for the proposed Punjab On Farm Water Management-IV

Project (OFWM-IV).

Project Proponent

The proposed project will be implemented through the Directorate General Agriculture

(Water Management), which is part of the Agriculture Department, Government of the

Punjab (GoPb), Pakistan. The Agriculture Department is one of the 42 departments that

form the governmental set up in the Province. The mission of the Agriculture

Department is to maintain “a system aiming to sustain food security and support to

national economy, making agriculture cost effective and knowledge based, with emphasis

on farmer’s welfare and maintenance of the yield potentials”6. The Department’s

objectives comprise: i) ensuring food security; ii) enhancing productivity through better

varieties and improved management practices; iii) promoting high value crops, fruits and

vegetables; iv) promoting export of high value agricultural products; v) promoting

efficient use of water and other inputs; vi) improving soil health; vii) development of

culturable waste lands; and viii) ensuring fair returns for the growers in marketing of their

produce.7

The Agriculture Department is headed by the Secretary, and comprises five directorates

general and four directorates, in addition to several other cells and organizations,

including Punjab Seeds Corporation and Punjab Agriculture Research Board. Since the

proposed Project involves irrigation activities, it will be managed by the Directorate

General Agriculture (Water Management). Further details about the Department are

available on its official website (http://www.agripunjab.gov.pk/index.php).

Project Overview

In line with one of the Agriculture Department’s key objectives described in Section 1.3

above, the Project aims to improve the productivity of the irrigation activities in the

5 Integrated Social and Environmental Assessment of Punjab On-farm Water Management Project,

Punjab Economic Research Institute, Lahore, February 2004. 6 Source: Official website of the Agriculture Department, Government of the Punjab

(http://www.agripunjab.gov.pk/index.php) (accessed on 17 April 2011). 7 Ibid.




November 2011

Province. Improved water productivity will translate into greater agricultural output per

unit of water used, and will be achieved through improved physical delivery efficiency,

irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective application of inputs. The project’s

objectives would contribute to increased agricultural production, employment and

incomes, higher living standards and positive environmental outcomes.


million people all over the Punjab Province.

The key components of the Project include: i) installation of high efficiency irrigation

systems; ii) strengthening of laser land leveling in private sector; iii) improvement of

water courses in canal command and non-canal command areas; and iv) adoption and

promotion of modern irrigation technologies. Details of these components are further

discussed later in the document.

ESA Study

The various aspects of the present study, including its need and objectives, its scope, the

methodology employed while conducting it are described in the following sections.

Need of the Study

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents

of every development project in the country to submit either an Initial Environmental

Examination (IEE) or “where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental

effect,” an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to the concerned environmental

protection agency (EPA). The IEE/EIA Regulations 2000 issued under the PEPA 1997

provide separate lists for the projects requiring IEE and EIA (The Act and Regulations

are further discussed later in the document).

The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) states that “The Bank requires

environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure

that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision

making”8.

The present study has been conducted in response to both of the above requirements.

Study Objectives

The objectives of the present ESA are to:

� To assess the existing environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the project

area,

� To identify potential impacts of the proposed project on the natural and human

environment of the area, to predict and evaluate these impacts, and determine their

significance, in light of the technical and regulatory concerns,

� To propose appropriate mitigation measures that should be incorporated in the design

of the project to minimize if not eliminate the potentially adverse impacts,

� To assess the compliance status of the proposed activities with respect to the national

environmental legislation and WB’s OPs,

8 Excerpts from OP4.01 – Environmental Assessment. January, 1999.




November 2011

� To develop an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) to provide an

implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the study.

Study Scope

The present ESA study covers the following components of the proposed Punjab

Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project:

1. installation of high efficiency irrigation system;

2. laser land leveling;

3. improvement of water courses in canal command and non-canal command areas;

and

4. improved irrigation technologies and practices.

These components of the Project will be referred to as the ‘proposed Project’ and the area

where these components are located will be referred to as the ‘project area’ in this report.

The study addresses the potential environmental and social impacts that may be

encountered during the construction and operational phases of the proposed project.

Study Methodology

The key steps that were followed while conducting the ESA are briefly described below.

Scoping

During this phase, key information on the project was collected and reviewed. A ‘long

list’ of the potential environmental as well as social issues likely to arise as a result of the

project was developed. The stakeholder analysis was also carried out for the consultation

to be carried out subsequently.

Stakeholder Consultations

Stakeholder consultations were carried out during the ESA study. Meetings were held

with the institutional stakeholders and key environmental and social issues discussed.

Extensive consultations with the grass root stakeholders were carried out during visits to

the agricultural farms and fields in various parts of the Province.

Data Collection/Compilation

During this phase, data was collected and compiled, in order to develop a baseline of the

project area’s physical, biological and human environment. For this purpose, both review

of secondary sources and field data collection were carried out.

The secondary resources that were consulted included reports of the studies carried out

earlier, published books and data, and relevant websites. With the help of these resources

a generic profile of the entire project area was developed.

Impact Assessment

During the impact assessment, the environmental, socioeconomic, and project

information collected in previous steps was used to determine the potential impacts of the

proposed project. Subsequent to this, the potential impacts were characterized in order to

determine their significance. Mitigation measures were identified where required to

minimize the significant environmental impacts. A management framework was also




November 2011

developed in the form of an ESMP for the implementation of the mitigation measures

identified during the study.

Report Compilation

Report compilation was the last step of the study. The report includes a brief description

of the proposed project, a review of environmental legislation and policy framework

relevant to the project, a description of baseline environmental and socioeconomic

conditions in the project area, and potential project impacts and mitigation measures.

(Complete structure of the report is provided in Section 1.6 below.)

Study Team

The ESA team consisted of environmental and socioeconomic experts having

considerable experience in their respective field of expertise. These included Mohammad

Omar Khalid (team leader and environment specialist), Sitara Khan (social specialist),

Chaudhry Irshad Ahmad (agriculture specialist), and Maqsood Ahmed (irrigation

specialist).

Document Structure

Chapter 2 discusses the legislative, regulatory, and institutional setup that exists in the

Country, as well as the World Bank’s safeguard policies relevant to the environmental

and social assessment. The Chapter also outlines the international environmental

agreements to which the country is a party. Chapter 3 provides a simplified description

of the Project and its components, while the project alternatives are evaluated in

Chapter 4. The environmental and social baseline conditions are presented in

Chapter 5. The stakeholder consultations have been covered in Chapter 6. The

assessment of environmental as well as socioeconomic impacts, their mitigation measures

are presented in Chapters 7. Finally, the Environmental and Social Management Plan is

presented in Chapter 8.




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Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework This Chapter discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework as well as

institutional set-up relevant to the environmental and social assessment of the proposed

Project. Also included in the Chapter are the environmental and social guidelines from

the national agencies as well as international donors and other organizations.

National Laws and Regulations

Pakistan’s statute books contain a number of laws concerned with the regulation and

control of the environmental and social aspects. However, the enactment of

comprehensive legislation on the environment, in the form of an act of parliament, is a

relatively new phenomenon. Most of the existing laws on environmental and social

issues have been enforced over an extended period of time, and are context-specific. The

laws relevant to the developmental projects are briefly reviewed below.

Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act) is the basic legislative tool

empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment

(the ‘environment’ has been defined in the Act as: (a) air, water and land; (b) all layers

of the atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; (d) the

ecosystem and ecological relationships; (e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and

works; (f) all social and economic conditions affecting community life; and (g) the inter-

relationships between any of the factors specified in sub-clauses ‘a’ to ‘f’). The Act is

applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to socioeconomic aspects, land

acquisition, air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution, as well as the handling of

hazardous waste. The discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, air pollutant or noise

in an amount, concentration or level in excess of the National Environmental Quality

Standards (NEQS) specified by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-

EPA) has been prohibited under the Act, and penalties have been prescribed for those

contravening the provisions of the Act. The powers of the federal and provincial

Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), established under the Pakistan

Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983,9

have also been considerably enhanced under

this legislation and they have been given the power to conduct inquiries into possible

breaches of environmental law either of their own accord, or upon the registration of a

complaint.

The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act.

Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the

physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination

(IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is

received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. Section 12 (6) of the Act states that

the provision is applicable only to such categories of projects as may be prescribed. The

categories are defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE

and EIA Regulations, 2000 and are discussed in Section 2.1.2 below.

The requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed project

emanates from this Act.

9 Superseded by the Pakistan environmental Protection Act, 1997.




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Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations,

2000 (the ‘Regulations’), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it

by the Act, provide the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the

initial environmental examination (IEE) and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE

and EIA is one of the main components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified

on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in

Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those

listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects

require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located in environmentally

sensitive areas. For the Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary.

The proposed project falls under the Schedule II (Section D) of the Regulations. Hence

an EIA has to be conducted for it.10

National Environmental Quality Standards

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA

1997, specify the following standards:

� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial

sources,

� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial

effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of

numbers).

� Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.

� Ambient air quality standards.

� Drinking water standards

� Noise standards.

The above NEQS’s are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 in Annex A. Only a few of these

standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to

the environment from the activities under the proposed project.

Land Acquisition Act, 1894

The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894 amended from time to time has been the de-

facto policy governing land acquisition and compensation in the country. The LAA is the

most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for development

projects. It comprises of 55 sections pertaining to area notifications and surveys,

acquisition, compensation and apportionment awards and disputes resolution, penalties

and exemptions.

No land is required to be acquired under the proposed project hence this Act is not

applicable.

10

The terms ESA and EIA have been used interchangeably in this document. The document has been

named as the ESA, however, it meets all the requirements of an EIA as well.




November 2011

Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act, 1974

This law was enacted to protect the province’s wildlife resources directly and other

natural resources indirectly. It classifies wildlife by degree of protection, i.e., animals

that may be hunted on a permit or special license, and species that are protected and

cannot be hunted under any circumstances. The Act specifies restrictions on hunting and

trade in animals, trophies, or meat. The Act also defines various categories of wildlife

protected areas, ie, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Game Reserve.

The project activities will have to be carried out in accordance with this Act. In

particular, no activities will be carried out inside any protected areas defined under the

Act.

Forest Act, 1927

The Act authorizes Provincial Forest Departments to establish forest reserves and

protected forests. The Act prohibits any person to set fire in the forest, quarry stone,

remove any forest-produce or cause any damage to the forest by cutting trees or clearing

up area for cultivation or any other purpose.

The project activities will have to be carried out in accordance with this Act. No

activities will be carried out in any protected forests, and no unauthorized tree cutting

will be carried out.

Canal and Drainage Act, 1873

The Canal and Drainage Act (1873) prohibits corruption or fouling of water in canals

(defined to include channels, tube wells, reservoirs and watercourses), or obstruction of

drainage.

This Act will be applicable to the construction and O&M works to be carried out during

the proposed project.

Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997

This Act aims to implement the strategy of the Government of Punjab for streamlining the

Irrigation and Drainage System; to replace the existing administrative setup and procedures

with more responsive, efficient and transparent arrangements; to achieve economical and

effective operation and maintenance of the irrigation, drainage and flood control system in

the Province; and to make the irrigation and drainage network sustainable on a long-term

basis and introduce participation of beneficiaries in the operation and management.



Punjab On-Farm Water Management and Water Users’ Associations Ordinance, 1981

The Ordinance provides for involvement of the irrigators in water management at the

watercourse level through forming the Water Users Associations (WUAs). The

Ordinance defines the procedures for establishing, registering, and running the WUAs.

Watercourse improvement activities under the Project will be implemented in accordance

with the provisions of this Act.




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Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001

These ordinances were issued under the devolution process and define the roles of the

district governments. These ordinances also address the land use, conservation of natural

vegetation, air, water and land pollution, disposal of solid waste and wastewater effluents,

as well as matters relating to public health – aspects that are relevant to the proposed

project.

Antiquity Act, 1975

The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. The

Act is designed to protect ‘antiquities’ from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful

excavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient

products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest,

and national monuments. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a

protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in

any area that may contain articles of archeological significance.

Under this Act, the project proponents are obligated to:

� Ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, and

� If during the course of the project an archeological discovery is made, it should be

protected and reported to the Department of Archeology, Government of Pakistan, for

further action.



Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948

This legislation provides procedures for quarrying and mining of construction material

from state-owned as well as private land. These procedures will have to be followed

during the proposed project.

Factories Act, 1934

The clauses relevant to the proposed project are those that address the health, safety and

welfare of the workers, disposal of solid waste and effluents, and damage to private and

public property. The Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing toxic and

hazardous substances. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 (discussed

above), supersedes parts of this Act pertaining to environment and environmental

degradation.

Employment of Child Act, 1991

Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the

age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance

with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows the child labor in

the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completed his/her

fourteenth years of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed or permitted to

work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector, railways,

construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processes defined in the

Act is carried out. The processes defined in the Act include carpet weaving, biri (kind of

a cigarette) making, cement manufacturing, textile, construction and others).




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The project proponent, participating farmers and their contractors will be bound by the

ECA to disallow any child labor at the project sites.

Pakistan Penal Code, 1860

The Code deals with the offences where public or private property or human lives are

affected due to intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or organization. The

Code also addresses control of noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluents. Most

of the environmental aspects of the Code have been superseded by the Pakistan

Environmental Protection Act, 1997.

The World Bank Operational Policies

The WB Operating Policies (OPs) relevant to the proposed project are discussed in the

following sections.

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)

The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank

financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to

improve decision making.11

The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA

instruments.

The proposed project consists of activities which can potentially have environmental and

social consequences, including:

� Changes in land use,

� Damage to crops

� Deterioration of air quality,

� Water contamination and consumption,

� Damage to top soil, land erosion,

� Cutting of trees

� Safety hazard.

Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale,

unprecedented and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B, in

accordance with OP 4.01. Furthermore, the present ESA is being carried out in

accordance with this OP, to identify the extent and consequences of these impacts, and to

develop an EMP for their mitigation.

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)

The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects,

if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks:

production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive

assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their

productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater;

community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and

cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or

11

Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.




November 2011

lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment

risks.12

The overall objectives of the Policy are given below.

� Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring

all viable alternative project designs.

� Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be

conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient

investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project

benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have

opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.

� Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and

standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels

or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is

higher.

No land will need to be acquired and no resettlement will need to be carried out for the

proposed project, hence this OP is not triggered. Small tracts of land may be needed for

the watercourse improvement works, however this land will be voluntarily donated by the

beneficiaries.

Forestry (OP 4.36)

The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB’s borrowers to harness the potential of

forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into

sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental

services and values of forests.

None of the project components would be located inside any forested areas. Hence the

OP 4.36 is not triggered.

Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)

The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the

environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore

supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their

functions … 13

All of the proposed project components would be located in areas where the natural

habitat has already been significantly modified, as a result of cultivation and associated

activities. Therefore the OP 4.04 is not triggered for the proposed project.

Pest Management (OP 4.09)

Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or

environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.

The high efficiency irrigation methods such as drip system generally results in reduction

in the usage of pesticides and fertilizers. Other project components such as water course

improvement and laser land leveling though related to cultivation, do not have any

12

Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001. 13

Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001.




November 2011

bearing on the need or quantity of chemical inputs for cultivation. The capacity building

component of the proposed project will nonetheless include aspects such as integrated

pest management, judicious use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, and minimizing

the chemical inputs.

Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)

The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources

provided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However this OP is not relevant since

the proposed project does not involve construction of dams.

Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)

This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that are

located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or more

states. However, no project components will be located on any such waterways. Hence

this OP is not triggered.

Cultural Property (OP 4.11)

The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their

preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the Policy are

given below. 14

� The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-

replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or

designed so as to prevent such damage.

� The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties

encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance.

In some cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be

preserved, studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be

relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study,

selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary.

Most such projects should include the training and strengthening of institutions

entrusted with safeguarding a nation’s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be

directly included in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some

possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall

project costs.

� Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are

great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent

authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the

justification should be discussed in project documents.

� This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of

whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural

property.

Since the project activities will be carried out in the cultivated fields, it is unlikely that

any sites of cultural, archeological, historical, or religious significance will be affected.

However, in case of discovery of any such sites or artifacts during the project

14

Excerpts from the OPN 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986.




November 2011

implementation, the work will be stopped at that site and the provisions of this Policy will

be followed. Additionally, the provincial and federal archeological departments will be

notified immediately, and their advice sought before resumption of the construction

activities at such sites.

Indigenous People (OP 4.10)

For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to

refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following

characteristics in varying degrees:15

� self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition

of this identity by others;

� collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the

project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

� customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from

those of the dominant society and culture; and

� an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or

region.

The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people.

No indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant

society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process –

are known to exist in the Province. Therefore this OP is not triggered.

However if such groups are identified during the project implementation, the proponents

will develop an Indigenous People Development Plan, in compliance with the OP and get

it approved by the Bank.

Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)

Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not

only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the borrower and one

or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either the Bank

or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is

located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage.

The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned

agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A

should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B. 16

This OP is not triggered since no part of the Punjab Province is located in any disputed

territory.

Applicability of Safeguard Policies

Applicability of the WB safeguard policies – on the basis of the discussion in

Sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.10 above - with respect to the environmental and social issues

associated with the proposed project is summarized below.

15

Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005. 16

Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994.




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Operational Policy Triggered

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) Yes

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) No

Forestry (OP 4.36) No

Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) No

Pest Management (OP 4.09) No

Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) No

Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50) No

Cultural Property (OP 4.11) No

Indigenous People (OP 4.10) No

Projects in Disputed Area (7.60) No

Obligations under International Treaties

Pakistan is signatory of several Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs),

including:

� Basel Convention,

� Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar),

� Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES),

� UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),

� Kyoto Protocol,

� Montreal Protocol,

� UN Convention to Combat Desertification,

� Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL),

� UN Convention on the Law of Seas (LOS),

� Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),

� Cartina Protocol.

These MEAs impose requirements and restrictions of varying degrees upon the member

countries, in order to meet the objectives of these agreements. However, the

implementation mechanism for most of these MEAs is weak in Pakistan and institutional

setup mostly nonexistent.

The MEA most applicable for the Project is the Stockholm Convention on Persistent

Organic Pollutants (POPs), under which certain pesticides such as dichloro diphenyl

trichloroethane (commonly known as DDT) cannot be used.




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Institutional Setup for Environmental Management

The apex environmental body in the country is the Pakistan Environmental Protection

Council (PEPC), which is presided by the Chief Executive of the Country. Other bodies

include the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), provincial EPAs (for

four provinces, AJK and Gilgit Baltistan), and environmental tribunals.

The EPAs were first established under the 1983 Environmental Protection Ordinance; the

PEPA 1997 further strengthened their powers. The EPAs have been empowered to

receive and review the environmental assessment reports (IEEs and EIAs) of the

proposed projects, and provide their approval (or otherwise).

The proposed project would be located in the Punjab Province. Hence this ESA report

will be sent to the Punjab EPA for review.

Environmental and Social Guidelines

Two sets of guidelines, the Pak-EPA’s guidelines and the World Bank Environmental

Guidelines are reviewed here. These guidelines address the environmental as well as

social aspects.

Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and Social Guidelines

The Federal EPA has prepared a set of guidelines for conducting environmental

assessments. The guidelines derive from much of the existing work done by international

donor agencies and NGOs. The package of regulations, of which the guidelines form a

part, includes the PEPA 1997 and the NEQS. These guidelines are listed below.

� Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports,

� Guidelines for Public Consultation,

� Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas,

� Sectoral Guidelines.

It is stated in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA

Regulations, 2000 that the EIA or IEE must be prepared, to the extent practicable, in

accordance with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Environmental

Guidelines.

World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines

The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental and social guidelines

are listed below.

� Environment, Health, and Environment (EHS) Gudeilines prepared by International

Finance Corporation d ND World Bank in 1997.

� Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Towards Cleaner Production

� Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-

Sectoral Issues.

� Social Analysis Sourcebook.

� All environmental and social safeguard operational policies.




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Project Description This Chapter describes various aspects of the proposed project including its background,

objectives, its components, and activities under each component.

Project Background 17

Indus Basin Water/Irrigation System. Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous water

system in the world, namely the Indus Basin Water System (IBWS) for basic food

security and supply of water for all sectors of the economy. The IBWS consists of the

Indus River and its tributaries, three major multi-purpose storage reservoirs, 19 barrages,

12 inter-river link canals, 43 major irrigation canal commands (covering over 14 million

hectares), and over 120,000 watercourses, delivering water to farms and other productive

uses. Annual river flows are about 180 billion m3 of which about 120 billion m

3 of water

is diverted from the river system to canals annually. The total length of the canals is

about 60,000 km, with communal watercourses, farm channels and field ditches running

another 1.8 million km. These canals also serve as the country’s main waterways.

Pakistan would have remained largely a desert without the development of this system of

canals, dams and hydraulic structures. This system is the country’s sole source of water

supply, supporting life and livelihoods of millions. In addition to providing water for

irrigated agriculture, the IBWS serves as the backbone of the economy, supporting the

development of major cities, industry, and growth centers.

Generally, the hierarchical canal system runs from main canals to branch canals to

distributaries/minors. Open, free-flowing outlets (moghas) regulate water flow from

distributary/minors to the watercourses that supply water to chacks or dehs (tertiary

irrigation command area). These watercourse commands are a complex miniature

irrigation system with an average length of about 20 km. Water is distributed to the field

by a weekly time rotation (warabandi) based on the size of the land holding. The canal

system is also a major source of recharge for the groundwater aquifers. In fresh

groundwater areas, groundwater is pumped by tubewells to supplement canal supplies.

Groundwater resources are substantial, with more than 600,000 tubewells in the country

contributing significantly to the water supplies in areas underlain by fresh groundwater.

Irrigated Agriculture in Punjab. Punjab is the most populated province of the country.

Its total geographical area is 20.63 million hectares, of which 12.27 million hectares

(58.90 %) are cultivated, 3.01 million hectares (14.9 %) are uncultivable, 1.74 million

hectares (8.4%) are cultivable waste, and 0.50 million hectares (2.3 %) are under forests.

About 60 percent of the area commanded by IBWS is in Punjab (about 22 million acres).

Over 70 percent of the cropped area of the IBWS is in Punjab. Its share in total

agricultural production of the country is more than 80 percent in case of cotton, almost 70

percent for wheat, nearly 60 percent for sugarcane, and 50 percent for rice. The overall

contribution of the province towards agriculture sector is estimated to be more than 80

percent, 90 percent of which comes from irrigated areas. Major crops are wheat (38% of

area), cotton (15% of the area), rice (10%), sugarcane (4%), and orchard (about 2%) – see

Figure 3.1.

Groundwater Resources. Most of the Indus Basin has been formed as a result of

alluvium deposits derived by rivers from the mountain ranges in the north. These alluvial

17

Source: Project Appraisal Document, World Bank 2011.




November 2011

deposits consist principally of fine and medium-grained sands and silts, although there

are discontinuous lenses of silt and clay. Their depth ranges from 450 meter in upper

Punjab to about 60 meter in lower Sindh, where it is layered with silty and heavy deltaic

sediment. In total, about 80 percent of the area in Punjab and 28 percent of the area in

Sindh has fresh groundwater which is suitable for irrigation. However, the residual

sodium carbonate (RSC) which results from use of groundwater is often high. Exclusive

reliance on groundwater can lead to a build-up of salts, resulting in binding of the soil

structure, reduced water infiltration into the root zone, and falling yields. The

groundwater is mixed with canal water for irrigation use.

Figure 0.1: Cropping Pattern in Punjab

Development of groundwater in the late 1980s onwards by the private sector has been the

one of the major sources of growth in agriculture production. This has helped in

improving overall basin-wide efficiency of water resources as the water seeped from the

canals and watercourses, recharges the groundwater aquifer that would be otherwise

wasted and results in water-logging, and is then pumped and re-used. The aquifer acts as

a multi-year storage reservoir for irrigation supplies which also helps during drought

years. This was experienced during the 2001-2002 drought during which agriculture

production was not affected despite serious surface water constraints. The conjunctive

use of surface and groundwater allows farmers to close the gap between canal supplies

and crop water requirements, which improve timeliness of irrigation application that is

vital for higher productivity. Also, the delivery efficiency from groundwater wells to the

fields is much less compared to canal water as the tubewells are developed in close

proximity to the fields.

Agro-climatic Zones (ACZ) of Punjab. The Punjab province can be divided broadly

into four agro-climatic zones:

� Punjab Mixed-Wheat (PMW) contains nearly three million canal commanded acres,

mostly on the left bank of the Indus below the Jinnah barrage but also including the

Paharpur and Chashma Right Bank Canal command areas in the Khyber




November 2011

Pakhtunkhwa Province. The topography is rough, soils are sandy and seepage is high,

resulting in low cropping intensities and yields. The fresh groundwater and localized

water-logging in most of the ACZ imply that the potential for tube-well development

is favorable.

� Punjab Rice-Wheat (PRW) contains about 3.0 million acres, virtually all of which is

underlain by fresh groundwater. This has spurred intense private tube-well

development. As a result, cropping intensities are among the highest in Punjab, with

Basmati rice being the dominant cash crop. Relatively high returns to farming

combined with a shortage of labor have led to rapid mechanization with this zone

having more tractors per acre than any other zone.

� Punjab Sugarcane-Wheat (PSW) also called "Punjab Mixed Crop" in the RAP, lies

between PMW and PRW, and contains about 5 million acres. Wheat and sugarcane

are the principal crops. About one-third of the zone is saline, but farmers make

extensive use of groundwater in the rest. Water shortages do exist, and are largely

attributable to low watercourse efficiencies.

� Punjab Cotton-Wheat (PCW) is by far the largest ACZ in the Basin, comprising over

11 million acres on the left bank of the Indus between Sind Province, India, and the

other Punjab ACZs. Cotton and wheat are the main crops and have some of the

highest yields in Pakistan. About 20 percent of the ACZ suffers from severe water-

logging and salinity. Groundwater is extensively used in the rest of the zone, but

adequate water remains an overall constraint.

Water Conservation and Reducing Losses is Crucial in Future. Pakistan has been

expanding the surface water supplies to the Indus Basin Irrigation system over time by

capturing more water from the rivers. Prior to construction of Mangla dam in 1967 the

annual surface water diversions to the Indus Basin Canals were about 67 million acre feet

(MAF). These increased to about 85 MAF prior to commissioning of Tarbela Dam in

1976 with storage at Mangla and connecting water surplus western rivers (Indus, Jehlum

and Chenab) to the water short river in east (actually transferred to India after the Indus

Treaty of 1960). Annual canal diversion post Tarbela reached up to about 105 MAF. In

the last decade they have declined to 94.5 MAF (see Table 3.1). This is due to reduced

storage capacity in the reservoirs because of sedimentation, diversions are close to full

potential supplies of the rivers and a decade of relatively low flows. Major deficit is in

Rabi season about 8.6 MAF. Increase is only possible with heavy investment in storage

dams on the Indus River, many of which are very controversial. Also, some believe that,

apart from a few years of extraordinary floods, the rivers do not have surplus water to

store after meeting the ecological requirements of the delta region and coastal zone.

Even if a dam is started now (such as Basha dam with a live storage capacity of about 6.5

MAF) with sedimentation continuing it is questionable if it would be possible to increase

the average canal diversions to the level of post-Tarbela average. The other source of

water Pakistan has tapped is groundwater, which is recharged by the surface water

system. Thus less canal diversions mean less groundwater availability. Since the 1980s,

the groundwater aquifers have supplied increasing amount of water for irrigation in areas

underlain by the fresh groundwater. In Punjab, about equal amount of irrigation water

comes from the groundwater wells. This resource is now reaching its limit and further

withdrawals are not possible without serious mining and extraordinary cost of pumping.




November 2011

Table 0.1: Average Annual Canal Diversions in IBWS (MAF)

Average 2001-2011 Average 1976-2000

Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total

Punjab 33.6 18.2 51.8 33.2 14.6 47.8 33.7 19.7 53.4

Sindh 28.7 13.7 42.5 27.3 11.2 38.6 29.3 14.7 44.0

Balochistan 1.3 0.8 2.1 2.0 0.8 2.8 1.1 0.8 1.9

KPK 3.3 2.0 5.3 3.3 2.0 5.3 3.3 2.0 5.3

(a) Gauged 2.1 1.4 3.5 2.7 1.6 4.4 1.9 1.3 3.2

(b) Ungaged 1.2 0.6 1.8 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.4 0.7 2.1

Total 66.9 34.8 101.7 65.8 28.6 94.5 67.4 37.3 104.6

Difference between 2001-11 and 1976-2010 -1.1 -6.2 -7.3

Difference between 2001-11 and 1976-2001 -1.6 -8.6 -10.2

Average 1976-2010

In the future, substantial quantities of water would only come from cutting down losses,

particularly in the watercourse command and fields, where losses are highest, and which

do not contribute to groundwater recharge. The quantity of water that could become

available with about a 10 percentage point reduction in losses in the watercourse

command is more than two dams on the Indus River. The project is designed to capture

this potential in addition to making use of water more productively at the farm level by

crop diversification and better irrigation agronomic practices. With continued us of flood

irrigation, Pakistan will not have enough water to meet future demands. With HEIS,

which can shift efficiency from 40% to 95%, there would be adequate water to meet the

demands in future.

Irrigation Practices and Use of Water for Irrigation. As explained above, the water

from the rivers is diverted into the main canals, then into the branch canals (both are

prime level diversion canals), distributaries and minor (secondary level canals), and then

into the watercourses. The shortage of water is distributed by rotating the flows to the

distributaries and minors. However, when distributary/minor is supplied with water, all

watercourses in that distributary draw water through a regulating structure on each

watercourse, designed to share available water in the distributary canal equally among all

watercourses. Watercourse is a community irrigation system on which water is shared by

all users by allocating full discharge of the watercourse for a specific amount of time to

one user, following a weekly rotation system called “warabandi”. From the community

watercourse to the field there is a complex system of channels and ditches which delivers

water to the field. At the field level, flooding is the most common irrigation method

practiced by farmers and it is quite wasteful in water and nutrients, and results in uneven

growth of crop and salinity, particularly if the field is not leveled.

Low Delivery Efficiency in Watercourses. It is estimated that about 40% of the water

is lost in these community watercourses. The main sources of these losses are seepage,

spillage, and side leakage from the watercourses due to the following factors.

� Irregular profile and zigzag alignment of banks and weak sections of the channels.

� Variable cross section of water channels, resulting stagnant water in channels

� Silt deposition, causing restrictions in flows, and overtopping

� Trees, shrubs, and vegetation growing in watercourses




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� Damage caused by rodents and farm animals

� Frequent bank cutting and plugging for water abstraction

The watercourse improvement / renovation consists of a complete demolition of the

community channel and its rebuilding/re-aligning according to the engineering design to

increase conveyance efficiency by reducing seepage, evaporation, spillage, and

operational losses.

Low Field Efficiency in Application to the Field and Crops. Flood irrigation is a

traditional method adopted by most of the farmers of Pakistan. A significant amount (20

to 25%) of irrigation water is lost during its application due to uneven fields and poor

farm designing. This leads to excessive application to low-lying areas of the field and

under-irrigation of higher areas. Over-irrigation leaches soluble nutrients from the crop

root zone, makes the soil less productive, and degrades groundwater quality. On the other

hand, under-irrigation of elevated parts of the fields results in accumulation of salts in

such patches and causes water stress and de-osmosis due to applied fertilizer. The

efficiency of this irrigation method ranges from 40-70 percent, while the drip and

sprinkler irrigation systems are the most efficient having efficiency up to 95 percent, as

indicated in the Figure 3.2 below.

Figure 0.2: Efficiency under Various Methods of Irrigation

The high efficiency irrigation system (HEIS) technologies have been developed and

successfully adopted in various countries of the world including USA, Australia, China,

and India. Major constraint in the adoption of these technologies is their high installation

costs. The issue has, however, been resolved through research on development of low

cost efficient irrigation technologies, particularly in China where cost effective systems

have been developed for orchards and all field crops/vegetables. Experience of other

countries and studies conducted in the recent past recommend that introduction of high

efficiency irrigation systems is highly effective in conserving water resources.




November 2011

The proposed project is designed to deliver a combination of interventions: (a)

watercourse improvement to improve the delivery efficiency to the field; (b) precision

land leveling to improve the applications in the field where flood irrigation would remain

prevalent in the near future (e.g. wheat, rice, fodder); (c) high efficiency irrigation

systems (HEIS) – such as drip, sprinkler and bubbler - for orchard, vegetables, flowers,

other high value row crops.

This would be a transformational operation that would change the water application

system in the country and help manage the growing demand of water in particular for

food production. As most of the elements of the interventions are available in the country,

the project would help bring them together in a manner that these would take off in the

private sector as was the case in groundwater development. The groundwater wells were

initially installed by the Government primarily for controlling the water-logging and

salinity. However, their demonstrative effect to the farmers and demand created by the

private suppliers and manufacturers helped propel a groundwater revolution in Pakistan,

without which the current level food production would have been unattainable. All these

interventions have a short gestation period and leverage substantial investments from the

beneficiaries. Furthermore, these interventions help in improving agricultural

productivity through appropriate application of inputs, increase water conservation,

reduce water-logging and salinity, and bring about a change in cropping pattern and crop

husbandry. As a result productivity enhancement is much higher than the physical

improvements in the delivery and irrigation system. These interventions are synergetic,

and provide an extremely potent solution to improve irrigation efficiency, crop

production, and diversification.

Project Objectives

The project’s main objective is to improve water productivity, which will translate into

greater agricultural output per unit of water used, and will be achieved through improved

physical delivery efficiency, irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective

application of inputs. The project’s objectives would contribute to increased agricultural

production, employment and incomes, higher living standards and positive environmental

outcomes.

Project Beneficiaries


million people all over the Punjab. About 24,600 families would be direct beneficiaries

of HEIS systems, about 150,000 of laser leveling system, and about 475,000 families

from the watercourse improvement program. A very large population would be indirect

beneficiaries of the Project that would help in installation of the systems, and supply of

materials and improvement of watercourse, and help processing the incremental

agriculture production. More women farmers are likely to opt for the HEIS system as it

does not require night irrigation as well as other field work generally not considered

culturally appropriate for women e.g. diversion of water from channels, tilling etc. The

HEIS systems can easily be operated by one person and require just a few hours of water

during the day. In contrast, water supply according to the warabandi goes over 24 hour

rotation and about half of the shareholders get water at night. With HEIS the water

would be delivered to the ponds and used for a week. Importantly, it is delivered during

the day in the early morning and in the evening when heat and evaporation is low.




November 2011

Project Components

The various components included in the proposed Project are briefly described below.

Component A: Installation of High Efficient Irrigation Systems

Subcomponent A1: Installation High Efficiency Irrigation Systems. Drip, bubbler,

sprinkler (rain-gun, centre pivot) are termed as high efficiency irrigation systems, which

use pipes for conveyance of water from the source to points of use. In drip or trickle

irrigation, water is delivered in the form of drops to individual plants by means of small

emitters. Bubbler irrigation is very similar to trickle irrigation except that the water is

delivered to the plants through fountain type heads mounted on small spikes. Water is

pumped at high pressure in sprinkler irrigation network through a pipe system and

sprayed over the field somewhat like rain to irrigate the crops. In case of Punjab the

source of water would be a groundwater well or canal water. As the canal water is

delivered according to warabandi the farmers would have to develop pond on the farm

that would allow to store water during their turn of “warabandi”, and apply to the field

through HEIS on a continuous basis during the week till the next turn.

The component would support the installation of drip, trickle, bubbler, or sprinkler

irrigation systems at the field level for high value, horticulture, vegetables, floriculture

and other high value row crops. The irrigation systems would be installed by a service

provider on a shared cost basis. The drip units would include a pumping unit, fertilizer

tank, delivery fittings, filters, underground main pipeline, and delivery lines, etc. These

systems would be installed for orchards, vegetable, flowers and other high value row

crops, thereby promoting crop diversification. Controlled application of water and non-

water inputs would enhance crop productivity. A technical assistance package would be

provided by the vendors to the farmers to promote adaptation of the new technology. In

addition, technical assistance and training would be provided to the users through

component C of this project. Successful installation and application of these irrigation

systems would encourage the private sector to adopt this high efficient irrigation

technology, as was the case of groundwater development, which was initiated by the

government but brought to scale by the private sector.

The high efficient irrigation systems would be installed over 120,000 acres. The target

would be to install about 13,500 3-acre units (covering an area of about 40,500 acres),

about 6,300 5-acres units (covering an area of about 31,500 acres) and 4,800 10-acres

units (covering an area of 48,000 acres) (see Table 3.2 for details). The farmers would

carry 40% of the cost of material, labor and installation, while the government would

finance 60% of such cost and administrative cost of the government for installation of the

system.

Table 0.2: Targets for Different Sizes of HEIS Units

Size and Type of Unit Number of Units Area

3-Acre Units for Orchards 4,500 13,500

3-Acre Units for Vegetables 4,500 13,500

3-Acre Units for Row Crops 4,500 13,500






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Size and Type of Unit Number of Units Area





Total 24,600 120,000

The HEIS units would be designed and installed based on the lessons learnt from the pilot

project already working in Punjab. Among the major components would be providing

sufficient technical assistance and training to the installer and the users, and aftercare to

ensure maximum benefit of such systems. Schemes for installation of HEIS would be

selected using the criteria given below.

� The Farm:

(i) has adequate and reliable/assured water source e.g. canal supply or operational

tube-well having water of suitable quality for cotton irrigation;

(ii) preferably located in an area with adequate access in order to have good

demonstration effect;

(iii) soil is suitable for growing cotton with drip irrigation and not severely

degraded due to water-logging, salinization, and alkalinization; and

(iv) topography relatively good without deep ditches/ravines or other obstacles,

which cannot be resolved through economic drip irrigation design;

� The Farmer:

(i) agrees to contribute his/her share over and above the financial assistance

being provided under the scheme;

(ii) is willing to mobilize operation and maintenance expenditure after installation

of the drip irrigation;

(iii) agrees to provide support and assistance to the project staff, supply and

services companies, and consultants during their activities pertaining to the

site surveys, installation of equipment, and other civil works;

(iv) is owner/tenant/lessee and self cultivator of land (in the case of absentee

owner, a well-versed farm manager is required);

(v) is not defaulter of any revenue/financial institution;

(vi) will not remove or sell or transfer or hand over possession of installed system

to any person in any form within three years after installation;

(vii) agrees to get the operator of irrigation system trained in operation, trouble

shooting/repair & maintenance from SSC/government;

(viii) will abide by the decision of the allotment committee; and




November 2011

(ix) will be liable to pay full amount of financial assistance received for the

purpose as arrears of land revenue in case of violating any of the conditions

specified by the government.

The criteria would be reviewed annually, or more often if required, and updated based on

the lessons learned.

Component A2: Strengthening of Precision Land Leveling Services. Un-leveled

fields cause wastage of water, resulting in low irrigation application efficiency and much

lower yields. Precision land leveling saves up to 30% irrigation water, results in uniform

seed germination, and increases fertilizer uptake efficiency which enhances crop yields of

up to 20%.

The Government of Punjab (GoPunjab) provided 2,500 LASER units to the

farmers/service providers during the period 2005-06 to 2007-08 under the “Strengthening

of LASER Land Leveling Services in the Punjab” project which has substantially

improved the rental service of LASER land leveling for the farmers. Furthermore, about

1,425 units have been procured by the farmers/ service providers from their own

resources in the province. Accordingly, there are over 4,000 operative LASER land

leveling units in the Punjab with annual capacity of normally 1.2 million acres.

The total irrigated area of the Punjab is 34.73 million acres, out of which only about two

million acres have been leveled. It is estimated that one LASER unit can LASER level

about 300 acres annually due to short window available for land leveling between the

rabi and kharif crops. Accordingly, LASER leveling of the remaining area in five years

will require more than 22,000 LASER units. In addition, LASER land leveling operations

are required to be repeated after 3-5 years to get the real benefits of the technology. It is

therefore considered appropriate to add at least 3,000 more units to bring significant

improvement in provision of LASER land leveling services.

The innovative approach introduced under the recently completed scheme will be

replicated under proposed project for further strengthening of LASER land leveling

services. This involves provision of one-time financial assistance to farmers/service

providers for procurement of equipment and their capacity building to carry out the

envisaged task that proved to be quite successful.

Under this component the laser leveling equipment would be provided to the service

providers on a shared cost basis. The service providers would provide the laser leveling

equipment and tractors to interested farmers, who would use their own tractors to

complete the leveling. A capacity for laser land leveling of about two million acres

annually would be developed, for which about 3,000 laser leveling units would be

provided. About 50% of the cost of the laser land leveling equipment would be provided

by the service provider who owns tractors capable of operating the LASER unit

The following criteria would be used for selection of service providers under the Project.

The criteria would be approved and updated by the PSC time to time. An applicant will

be eligible for the grant of financial assistance provided that the person:

(i) possesses a tractor capable of operating LASER unit (not less than 50 HP);

(ii) agrees to carry out/provide services for LASER land leveling of 300 acres per

year during project period on rental basis;

(iii) has not applied for provision of LASER unit under this scheme from any other

tehsil in the Punjab;




November 2011

(iv) has not already availed such facility from any earlier scheme of

federal/provincial government;

(v) is owner/tenant/lease and self cultivator of land not more than 25 acres and is

preferably agricultural machinery service provider or an agricultural graduate

possessing requisite land ownership

(vi) is not defaulter of any revenue/financial institution;

(vii) agrees to use LASER unit for agricultural purposes only;

(viii) will rent out the equipment for LASER land leveling in the area;

(ix) will get the LASER unit booked with any short-listed/pre-qualified firm and

failure to do so will cause cancellation of financial assistance being offered

under the scheme,;

(x) will not sell or transfer or hand over possession of the LASER unit to any

person in any form within the project period before meeting the obligations

agreed under the scheme;

(xi) agrees to get the operator trained in operation, trouble shooting/repair &

maintenance and farm layout planning through Water Management Training

Institute, Lahore;

(xii) will abide by the decision of the District Allotment Committee and Director

General Agriculture (Water Management), Punjab Lahore; and

(xiii) will be liable to pay full amount of financial assistance received for the

purpose as arrears of land revenue in case of violation of any of the conditions

of the scheme.

Component B: Upgrading of Community Irrigation Systems

Component B1: Watercourse Improvements in Canal Irrigated Areas. The

component would assist Government efforts to improve watercourses (W/C), the tertiary

level water distribution system where water losses are highest. Of the 140,000 total

watercourses in irrigated areas of Pakistan, around 95,000 have been improved under

various program supported by several donors. Punjab has about 58,000 watercourses in

irrigated areas, out of which about 41,000 have been improved, leaving a remaining

17,000 in need of improvement.

The innovations would be introduced to use concrete parabolic channel sections up to 8

feet (or U sections namely canalets) placed on leveled compacted earth with water tight

joints, thus improving existing technology of brick lining. It may not be possible to use

parabolic concrete units at all watercourses due to accessibility issues, lack of required

skills, and farmers’ preference. Therefore, where suitable and where farmers prefer,

watercourses would be lined using traditional bricks with plaster. Also, water turnout

structures would be replaced with properly designed concrete structures (pucca nakas).

The earthen sections of the watercourse would be improved using clean compacted soil.

Efforts would be made to have private contractors/service providers construct such

canalets and have water users associations (WUAs) install them. The project would

provide technical assistance for layout and construction supervision to the WUAs. The

length of the watercourses, installation of diversion structures, as well as other

improvements to earthen sections of the watercourses would be in accordance with the

current standard practice and optimized for each watercourse. WUAs would share the




November 2011

cost through providing labor, and the Government would provide canalets and other

material.

About 5,500 new watercourses which have never been improved would be covered under

the project. The target would be to improve at least 3,000 using the concrete canalets and

another 2,500 using traditional material of bricks etc. About 1,500 watercourses that

have been improved since the start of the program would be improved using up-to-date

techniques. About 2,000 watercourses would be improved in rain-fed (barani) area. In

canal commanded areas, preference would be given to the areas where distributary level

farmers’ organizations have been formed. Preference would also be given to the

watercourses located at the tail-end of the canal systems.

Development and Role of Water Users Associations (WUAs). The key to the success

of the watercourse improvement program in Pakistan is farmers’ participation.

Watercourse improvement projects are driven by the community and share holders of the

watercourses. The OFWM staff would carry out the social mobilization program to

involve the farmers in the implementation of the proposed project. They have

successfully undertaken this function for past 30 years by organizing about 48,000

WUAs in the province for improvement of watercourses.

A WUA would be formed on each canal outlet or watercourse that will be registered

under “On Farm Water Management & Water Users Association Ordinance Act, 1981

(Amended 2001)” under the proposed project. The WUA will be the key institution for

implementation of watercourse development activities with following key

responsibilities:

� Provide right of way for constructing watercourse;

� Arrange skilled and unskilled labor required for reconstruction of earthen water

channel, installation of structures and lining of critical reaches;

� Procure construction materials for carrying out civil works;

� Settle matters of disputes amongst the water users in respect of channel alignment,

fixation of nuccas (outlets), distribution of work etc.

� Make alternate arrangements for conveyance of water during execution of works

� Carry out civil works in accordance with standards and specifications under the

supervision of OFWM field staff

� Regularly undertake O&M of new / improved watercourses

In addition, WUAs would be encouraged to assume following functions:

� participate in distributary level farmers’ organization and represent all users of the

watercourse;

� undertake construction / improvement of farmers’ branches and field ditches

� participate in the process of water allocations and distribution (warabandi) within the

watercourse command

� carry out O&M of community tube-wells

� install surface/sub-surface drains within watercourse command areas;

� facilitate distribution of non-water inputs;




November 2011

� participate in development and utilization of funding obtained from the government

or other sources.

Watercourse improvement works. The watercourse improvement/renovation would

consist of complete demolition of community channels and rebuilding/re-aligning them

according to the engineering design with clean compacted soil. Parts of reconstructed

channel are lined and necessary water control structures are installed to improve

conveyance of the canal and tube-well water. The standard "pucca" lining carried out

under previous and ongoing OFWM programs is a rectangular shaped channel using

double-brick masonry walls (23 cm) and a brick masonry bed (7 cm) plastered inside and

on top of the walls. This design has proved to be durable and easy to install. The same

will therefore be adopted under the proposed project. Other types of lining e.g. pre-

fabricated concrete (pre-cast parabolic lining), pipe, plastic etc. will also be followed

considering farmers’ choice, field conditions, and cost effectiveness.

Precast naccas would be installed at all junctions and authorized outlets to reduce

channel deterioration, seepage loss, and to improve water control. Under normal

conditions, where the land is fairly leveled and belongs to one or two farmers only, the

standard practice of providing one nacca (turnout and check) for every 25 acres is

satisfactory. Extra provision of naccas would be made where the land has been subjected

to fragmentation because of uneven topography, repeated division of ownership, and

social problems. Moreover, culverts would be constructed at major crossings, and a

limited number of checks/drop structures, animal wallows/buffalo baths, and laundry

sites would be provided as required. The construction of washing places and lining of

reaches through villages would provide additional public health benefits. It is planned

that execution of field activities will be carried out by the following procedures adopted

under earlier national program.

Component B2: Completion of Partially Improved Watercourses. Many

watercourses in Punjab were only partially (barely) improved in the early part of the

program in the late 1970s. In order to fully realize the benefits, the improvement works

on these watercourses would have to be completed. The project would cover completion

of about 4,000 watercourses which have been partially improved in the past. Farmers

would contribute skilled and unskilled labor (30 percent of the cost) with the Project

funding the remaining cost. Improvement works and procedures would be similar to new

watercourses, as described above.

Component B3: Improvement of Community Irrigation Systems in the Non-canal

Commanded Areas. This component would cover watercourse improvements in the

rain-fed (barani) areas, i.e. areas which are not in the command of barrage controlled

irrigation but have localized irrigation schemes. These are generally small watercourses

and the cost of improvement is less than in other areas. The project would cover about

4,000 watercourses in barani areas. Farmers would contribute skilled and unskilled labor

(about 30 percent of the cost of the improvement works) while the Project would carry

the cost of the material. The standards and procedures for improvement would be the

same as described above.

Component C: Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation

Component C1: Improved Agriculture Technology and Practices. The purpose of

this component would be to enhance productivity of the irrigated lands. The activities




November 2011

under this component would include: (i) effective applied research, extension, and

agricultural information services; (ii) participatory training for farmers, involving training

of specific target groups in various agro-technical fields, farm management and irrigation

agronomy; (iii) demonstration and assistance in improved and modern technologies and

methods to increase agricultural production through better agronomic practices; (iv)

training of the service providers, and training of trainers; and (iv) the establishment of a

Farmers Information Services Desk linked to the internet, electronic media and cell

phones etc. This would provide relevant information to farmers and to advise them on

making their farms more productive and sensitive to the market demands. The Water

Management Training Institute (WMTI), Lahore will provide training, research and

extension support for adoption of modern irrigation water management and conservation

techniques and technologies. Demonstration of new technologies is expected to result in

crop diversification, and crop husbandry, horticulture, vegetables and floriculture,

improved irrigation and drainage practices and better water management to improve

water use efficiencies and reduce environmental degradation. This would include

interventions to optimize field size, introduce land leveling and furrow irrigation,

irrigation using drip, bubbler and sprinkler irrigation system and ways to adapt these

technologies etc. For this purpose, demonstration plots would be developed in various

parts of the project area to complement the direct assistance and to promote new

technologies.

Component C2: Monitoring and Evaluation of Project Impact. This component

would cover monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the project’s impacts. This would be

done primarily by using a sampling technique, as well as by conducting case studies, GIS

systems, and satellite data. The M&E activities would provide continuous feedback on

the project’s performance and impact of its various components to the GoPunjab, the

Project Policy Committee (PPC), Project Steering Committee (PSC), and the

implementing agency, so that corrective actions could be undertaken in a timely manner.

The M&E activities would cover three set of activities: (a) monitoring of project

implementation, checking and audit of project outputs and quality; (b) project impact;

and (c) monitoring of environmental and social impact and mitigation plans. The M&E

activities are likely to cover, but not limited to: (i) the impact of the I&D improvements

on water use efficiency, groundwater levels and quality, and soil salinity; on-farm water

use; cropping patterns and yields; and livestock population, health and production; (ii)

socio-economic impacts and the impact on the level of employment, livelihood and

household incomes in the project area; estimation of the project’s overall benefits and

economic rate of returns. M&E would be carried out using latest technology such as

satellite imagery and GIS systems, where necessary.

Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical Assistance, Training and Strategic Studies.

This component would cover the cost of (i) project implementation and management,

including mobilization of farmers, surveys, engineering and designs, implementation

supervision and assistance to the farmers and suppliers, and ensuring quality of the works

carried out by farmers and suppliers/venders etc; (ii) project supervision and spot checks,

covering quality and quantity aspects, by third party consultants based on which the

funds would be disbursed; and (iii) strategic studies and pilot projects that would be

identified during project implementation, and technical assistance, training, in particular

training to the project staff (i.e. training of trainers) in crop diversification, shift to




November 2011

horticulture, vegetable and floriculture crops, operation and maintenance of the irrigation

systems, and units installed under the project.

Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements

The Director General Agriculture (Water Management) (DGAWM) would be responsible

for implementation of the Project and act as the Project Director of the Project. The

Directorate of OFWM has demonstrated its capacity to implement such programs in

Punjab. It has implemented several World Bank-, ADB- and JICA-financed projects and

national programs for watercourse and high efficiency improvements. The detailed

implementation arrangements are described below.

The DGAWM reports to the Secretary Agriculture of the Government of Punjab.

DGAWM, as Project Director, would be responsible for all aspects of project, including

technical, implementation, procurement, financial management, and overseeing the

technical assistance and training program etc. The DGAWM would be supported by: (i)

Director Water Management - Headquarters (DWM-HQ); (ii) two Deputy Project

Directors at the Headquarters (DPD-HQ); (iii) Deputy Director at the Headquarters (DD-

HQ) for implementation and coordination of work on the HEIS and precision land

leveling; (iv) DD-HQ for watercourse improvements; (v) Deputy Director Finance with

accounting staff; (vi) a highly qualified procurement specialist with supporting

procurement staff; and (vii) support staff.

The on-farm water management function, that is water management below “mogha”

(outlet from the distributary canal and command area of community watercourse that is

managed by farmers), has been devolved to the District Governments under the

Devolution Plan of 2001. Under this set-up, an office of the District Officer (OFWM)

has been setup in all 36 districts of the Province for supervision of water management

activities. The tehsil is the lowest tier of the administration where the office of Deputy

District Officer (DDO, OFWM) carries out the execution of works through field staff

comprising of: (i) Deputy District Officer and one water management officer; (ii) two

water management supervisors; and support staff. Out of 133 tehsils in the province,

offices of DDO (OFWM) have been established at 101 Tehsil Headquarters of which 83

are in irrigated area and 18 are in barani areas.

Divisional Coordination Unit (DCU). At the divisional level, a Divisional Coordination

Unit (DCU) would help coordinate and supervise the project activities. The DCU would

be headed by one Deputy Project Director (DPD) who will be supported by two Assistant

Directors (Technical) one for HEIS and Precision Land leveling i.e. Component A of the

Project and second for Watercourse Improvements i.e. component B of the project.

District Office (OFWM) would be responsible for supervision, coordination and internal

monitoring at the district level. Its capacity would be strengthened by provision of

incremental staff for establishing HEIS Field Teams, comprising of two Water

Management Officers (WMO), one Computer Operator, one Vehicle Driver, and two

surveyors and Rodmen. The incremental staff shall be recruited on a contract basis for the

duration of the Project. In addition, the incremental staff comprising of Water

Management Supervisors and Rodmen will be provided to DDOs (OFWM) offices as per

work load/targets in various tehsils.

Project Supervision and Coordination. Several committees have been established to

ensure provincial oversight and coordination in implementation at various levels:




November 2011

� Project Policy Committee. The Project Policy Committee (PPC) would provide

planning and strategic guidance for project implementation as well as facilitate inter-

agency coordination at the highest level. The PPC would be chaired by the Chairman,

Planning and Development Board, Punjab with Secretaries of Agriculture, Irrigation

and Power (IPD), Local Government (LG) and Finance (FD) Departments as its

members.

Director General Agriculture (Water Management) will be the member/secretary of

the PPC. The PPC would initially meet quarterly or as often as required. The PPC

would, inter alia: (a) make policy decisions for smooth project execution; (b) ensure

coordination among all stakeholders; (c) arrange bridge financing for local resources

during any financial constraint from donors; (d) constitute committee/s for resolving

any policy related issue; (e) modify implementation mechanism for project

interventions, if needed; (f) approve criterion and mechanism for reappointment of

NPIW contractual staff in proposed project; and (g) Resolve issues constraining

smooth implementation of envisaged activities

� Project Steering Committee (PSC). The Project Steering Committee (PSC) would

be chaired by Secretary Agriculture, Government of the Punjab with Director General

Agriculture (Water Management), Punjab; Chief (Agriculture) Planning and

Development Department; Additional Secretary (Expenditure), Finance Department;

and Additional Secretary (Tech), Irrigation & Power Department as its members.

Director (Headquarters) (of the DGAWM office) would act as Secretary of the PSC.

The PSC would meet quarterly to review the physical and financial progress as well

as to suggest means to overcome the constraints faced in the field for execution of

project activities. The PSC will (a) approve annual work plan and streamline flow of

funds; (b) Monitor physical and financial progress; (c) identify the constraints in

achieving targets and devise strategies for their redressal; (d) review

provincial/district monitoring reports and take appropriate actions; (e) Constitute

committee/s for approval of equipment specifications/standards, prequalification of

supply and services companies for LASER land leveling units, HEISs, and

preparation of technical proforma; (f) formulate committee/s to resolve specific issues

relating to civil works, unspent funds, rates of construction materials, and make

recommendations for decision by the PPC; (g) Ensure implementation of decisions of

Project Policy Committee; and (h) devise mechanism for transparent monitoring of

project activities.

� Project Implementation Committee (PIC). The Project Implementation Committee

(PIC) would be chaired by Director General Agriculture (Water Management) with

Director (Headquarters), Director (Training), Deputy Directors (HQ), Deputy Project

Directors (HQs), Divisional Deputy Project Directors (M&E), District Officers

(OFWM), and Team Leader Project Implementation and Supervision Consultants

(PISCs) as its members. The Director (Headquarters) would act as Secretary of the

committee. The PIC would meet every month to review the physical and financial

progress as well as to suggest means to overcome the constraints faced in execution

of project activities. The major functions of PIC would, inter alia, be as follows: (a)

prepare annual work plan; (b) review physical and financial progress; (c) coordinate

and supervise the project activities; (d) ensure implementation of decisions of Project

Steering Committee; (e) formulate mechanism for transparent external monitoring of

project activities; and (f) review the monitoring reports and rectification of the

shortfalls




November 2011

� District Implementation Committee (DIC) The District Implementation Committee

(DIC) would be constituted in each district to implement the project at the district

level. It would comprise of (i) District Coordination Officer who would chair the

DIC; and (ii) its members who would be Executive District Officer (Finance &

Planning), Executive District Officer (Agriculture), Deputy Project Director, and

District Officer (OFWM) who would be Member/Secretary. The DIC is proposed to

meet on monthly basis to review physical and financial progress, ensure effective

project implementation, oversee proper flow of funds to WUAs, arrange transparent

internal monitoring of project activities, and make recommendations to the PIC for

the improving pace of implementation.

� District Rate Committee (DRC). The District Rate Committee (DRC) would be

constituted under the DIC to decide the rates of construction materials for

improvement of watercourses and would consist of District Officer (OFWM) as

Chairman and Deputy Project Director, Field Engineer (Consultant), Deputy District

Officer (OFWM), as members and ADT (OFWM) would be secretary. The DRC

will periodically review rates of various construction materials, fix price for different

materials for clusters on geographical basis, and ensure procurement of materials

within the fixed price limits.

Project Implementation and Supervision Consultants (PISCs). The project

implementation and supervision consultants (PISCs) would be selected through

international selection process under Component D2 of the Project. They would report to

DG OFWM and check the implementation program, quality of works, delivery of works,

and certify the quantities of work carried out and the payments. They would also help the

DG OFWM in project planning and management, quarterly progress reporting,

procurement planning, financial management and overall project management.

Monitoring and Evaluation, Technical Assistance and Training Consultants

(M&ETACs). These consultants using the resources allocated for component C of the

project would help (a) monitoring of the physical progress; (b) monitoring and evaluation

of the Project impact; (c) technical assistance and training to the service providers for the

HEIS and precision land leveling, to the individual farmers and WUAs as envisaged

under component C1 and C2 of the project and described in more detail above.

Description of Project Activities

The key project activities including drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, laser land

leveling, and water course improvement are introduced below.

Drip Irrigation 18

Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and

involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-

20 liters/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic

pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water

is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in

which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and

sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil

profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are more

18

Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Methods – Training Manual No. 5. FAO 1988.




November 2011

frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very

favorable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.

Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops

where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. Generally only high value

crops are considered because of the high capital costs of installing a drip system.

Drip irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope. Normally the crop would be planted

along contour lines and the water supply pipes (laterals) would be laid along the contour

also. This is done to minimize changes in emitter discharge as a result of land elevation

changes.

Drip irrigation is suitable for most soils. On clayey soils water must be applied slowly to

avoid surface water ponding and runoff. On sandy soils higher emitter discharge rates

will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil.

One of the main problems with drip irrigation is blockage of the emitters. All emitters

have very small waterways ranging from 0.2-2.0 mm in diameter and these can become

blocked if the water is not clean. Thus it is essential for irrigation water to be free of

sediments. If this is not so then filtration of the irrigation water will be needed.

Blockage may also occur if the water contains algae, fertilizer deposits and dissolved

chemicals which precipitate such as calcium and iron. Filtration may remove some of the

materials but the problem may be complex to solve and requires an experienced engineer

or consultation with the equipment dealer.

Drip irrigation is particularly suitable for water of poor quality (saline water). Dripping

water to individual plants also means that the method can be very efficient in water use.

For this reason it is most suitable when water is scarce.

Sprinkler Irrigation 19

Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural

rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then

sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which

fall to the ground. The pump supply system, sprinklers and

operating conditions must be designed to enable a uniform

application of water.

Sprinkler irrigation is suited for most row, field and tree

crops and water can be sprayed over or under the crop

canopy. However, large sprinklers are not recommended

for irrigation of delicate crops such as lettuce because the

large water drops produced by the sprinklers may damage

the crop.

Sprinkler irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope,

whether uniform or undulating. The lateral pipes supplying

water to the sprinklers should always be laid out along the

land contour whenever possible. This will minimize the

pressure changes at the sprinklers and provide a uniform irrigation.

19

Ibid.




November 2011

Sprinklers are best suited to sandy soils with high infiltration rates although they are

adaptable to most soils. The average application rate from the sprinklers (in mm/hour) is

always chosen to be less than the basic infiltration rate of the soil so that surface ponding

and runoff can be avoided. Sprinklers are not suitable for soils which easily form a crust.

If sprinkler irrigation is the only method available, then light fine sprays should be used.

The larger sprinklers producing larger water droplets are to be avoided.

A good clean supply of water, free of suspended sediments, is required to avoid problems

of sprinkler nozzle blockage and spoiling the crop by coating it with sediment.

Laser Land Leveling

Laser leveling is a process of smoothing the land surface

(± 2 cm) from its average elevation using laser-equipped

drag buckets. This practice uses large horsepower tractors

and soil movers that are equipped with global positioning

systems (GPS) and/or laser-guided instrumentation so

that the soil can be moved either by cutting or filling to

create the desired slope/level. This technique is well

known for achieving higher levels of accuracy in land

leveling and offers great potential for water savings and higher grain yields.

A laser transmitter transmits a laser beam, which is intercepted by the laser receiver

mounted on the leveling bucket. The control panel mounted on the tractor interprets the

signal from the receiver and opens or closes the hydraulic control valve, which raises or

lowers the bucket. Loose soils are picked up by the bucket and released lower in the field.

Benefits

� A precisely leveled surface leads to uniform soil moisture distribution, resulting in

good germination, enhanced input use efficiency and improved crop stand and yield.

� Laser leveling allows for control of water distribution with negligible water losses.

� Laser leveling improves irrigation efficiency and reduces the potential for nutrient

loss through better irrigation and runoff control.

� It facilitates uniformity in the placement of seedlings, helping to achieve higher

yields.

� Land leveling reduces weed (improved water coverage reduces weeds up to 40%),

pest, and disease problems.

� It results in 3 to 4 percent additional land recovery and improves operational

efficiency (reducing operating time by 10 percent to 15 percent).

� Leads to reduced consumption of seeds, fertilizers, chemicals and fuel

� Facilitates movement of agricultural machinery through the fields.

Water Course Improvement

Tertiary irrigation conveyance network in Pakistan is

called watercourses. These are community channels off-

taking from government controlled irrigation system. The

watercourses are operated and maintained by the

shareholders receiving water through these channels. A




November 2011

watercourse commands an area of about 150-250 hectares (375-625 acres) and is shared

by 40 to 50 farm families. Studies have indicated that about 40 percent of irrigation water

is lost during its conveyance through nation’s about 140,000 watercourses because of

their aging and deteriorated conditions. Previous experience of watercourse improvement

has shown that on an average, annual water saving in an improved watercourse is about

100 Acre Feet besides other socio-economic benefits.

The water course improvement consists of complete

demolition of community channel and its re-building and

re-alignment according to the proper engineering design

with clean compacted soil. Parts of the constructed

watercourse are brick-lined and necessary water control

structures are installed to improve water conveyance.

Precast naccas (control structures) are installed at all

junctions and authorized outlets in the water course to

reduce the channel deterioration, seepage losses and to

improve water control. Moreover culverts are installed at

major crossings as well as check/drop structures, animal

wallows, and clothes-washing sites for the communities.




November 2011

Project Alternatives This chapter considers various project alternatives, and the associated environmental as

well as social concerns.

No-project Alternative

The ‘no-project’ alternative is not acceptable since in that scenario, a considerable

amount of irrigation water will continue to be wasted. As described in Section 1.1, the

irrigation sector in the Country suffers from among other factors low surface water

delivery efficiency as well as wasteful on-farm water use, and only 35-40 percent of the

irrigation water reaches from the canal head to the crop root zone. Pakistan relies upon

its irrigation network for 90 percent of its food production and 25 percent of its GDP. In

addition, the Country’s agriculture sector provides two-third of employment and 80

percent of exports. With rising population and the associated increasing pressure on food

and other commodities, and decreasing water availability in the rivers, improving the

water delivery efficiency is vitally important to enhance the irrigation productivity that

will in turn increase the productivity of agriculture sector.

Alternative Irrigation Methods

Flood irrigation has been the traditional method in the Country for ages. In this method,

the entire cultivation field is flooded with the irrigation water. This method is time

consuming and hence labor intensive, highly inefficient in terms of water usage, and also

results in other problems such as increased vulnerability to pest attacks and proliferation

of weeds, in turn resulting in the increased need of pesticides and weedicides. The high

efficiency irrigation methods proposed under the Project address all of these problems, in

addition to achieving enhanced yields and productivity of the farms. As already

mentioned in Section 1.1, these high efficiency irrigation systems typically reduce input

costs by 20-35 percent, increase yields by 20-100 percent, lower irrigation labor up to 30

percent, diversify cropping patterns, and save up to 75 percent water.

It is clear from the above comparison that the high efficiency irrigation methods are the

preferred option for irrigating the cultivation fields in the Country.

Environmental and Social Aspects

The high efficiency irrigation methods generally result in the reduced need of farm inputs

such as fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides, as mentioned above. The

controlled irrigation generally results in reduced vulnerability of the crops to the pest

attacks and reduced proliferation of weeds, in turn resulting in reduced need of pesticides

and herbicides. In addition, fertigation (i.e., application of fertilizers or other soil

additives through the irrigation system) is possible for the high efficiency irrigation

systems, such as drip and sprinkler, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of the fertilizers

and hence their reduced quantities needed. Similarly, for these high efficiency irrigation

systems, chemigation (i.e., application of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides through

the irrigation system) is possible, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of these chemicals

and hence their reduced quantities needed. The overall result of the high efficiency

irrigation system is therefore a much reduced usage of chemical inputs.




November 2011

The above mentioned reduced usage of chemical inputs affects the environment and

communities in a positive manner. The excessive usage of these chemicals causes

contamination of soil and water that may pose health hazards for the nearby communities

and may also harm the natural flora and fauna including beneficial insects that are

important for functions such as pollination. With the adoption of high efficiency

irrigation methods, contamination of soil and water and the associated negative impacts

on communities and natural flora/fauna are likely to be reduced.

Alternative Land Leveling Methods

The conventional leveling with the help of tractors or graders is the major alternate to the

laser land leveling, which is included in the proposed project. Through the conventional

methods, land cannot be leveled with precision, hence the advantages of leveling cannot

be fully achieved. Unleveled fields result in improper irrigation, wastage of irrigation

water and also require additional farm labor.

On the basis of the above, it is evident that the precision land leveling through laser

leveling is a preferred mode of farm leveling.


No major environmental and social aspects are associated directly with the leveling

activity. The indirect aspects of the conventional leveling methods include increased

water consumption, increased need of pesticides, weedicides, and other chemical inputs.

This excessive usage of chemical inputs can potentially contaminate soil and water,

which may pose health hazards for the nearby communities and may also harm the

natural flora and fauna, as described above as well. It can therefore be concluded that

with the help of laser leveling, contamination of soil and water and the associated

negative impacts on communities and natural flora/fauna is likely to be reduced.

Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation

The alternatives available for the on-farm water conservation include i) piped conveyance

system; re-alignment and brick-lining the entire length of the water course; and re-

aligning and improving the water course, but keeping it earthen (ie, without brick-lining).

The cost of the first alternative would be prohibitive with marginal benefits compared to

the second alternative, and the reduction of water losses will not be substantial in case of

the third option. Therefore, the benefit-cost ratio is best for the second alternative, which

has been selected for the proposed project.


No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and

social consequences, except that the third option would not fully achieve the objective of

water conservation and associated benefits.

Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives

The beneficiaries of the high efficiency irrigation/laser land leveling/water course

improvement schemes under the proposed project would be required to share the cost of

establishing the schemes. Once established, these schemes will be operated and




November 2011

maintained by the beneficiaries themselves. This arrangement will ensure ‘ownership’ of

these schemes by the beneficiaries, and thus the sustainability of the initiative.

Other options include i) full cost of the scheme to be covered by the Project; ii) full cost

of the scheme to be covered by the beneficiary. The disadvantages of these alternatives

are quite obvious; the first option would result in lack of ownership of the schemes by the

beneficiaries, while the second option may fail to attract the farmers to adopt the new

initiatives included under the proposed project.

No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and

social consequences, except that the selected option will ensure beneficiary and

community participation.




November 2011

Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile This Chapter presents an overall profile of the existing environmental and socioeconomic

situation in the Province as the baseline conditions for project and it’s ESA, since the

sites for the interventions included in the proposed project are likely to be spread all over

Punjab. This baseline has been prepared based upon the secondary literature resources.

Location

The Punjab Province is located south of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, the

Islamabad Capital Territory, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK); southwest of the

Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir; west of the Indian States of Punjab and Rajasthan;

north-northeast of the Sindh Province; and east-northeast of the Balochistan Province

(see Figure 5.1 for the map of the Province).

Physical Environment

Geography

Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province having an area of 205,344 km2 (79,284

sq miles) after Balochistan and is located at the north-western edge of the geologic Indian

plate in South Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital

of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad,

Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to

six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the

Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60 percent of Pakistan's population

lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it

also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This

geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's

outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of

the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. 20

The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can

be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the

Thal and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab

from north to south.

The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found

throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to

the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north

as well.

Owing to its geographical disposition, the province exhibits wide variations of physical,

ecological, socio-cultural, and environmental features down from north to south and

across from east to west21

. Topographically, Punjab can be divided into following five

landforms22

:

20

Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011. 21

Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Protection Department, GoPb, Final Report,

2008 22

Ibid




November 2011

� Upper hilly region

� Potohar (or Potwar) plateau

� Central plain lands (Doab23

)

� Desert like plains

� Cholistan and Thal deserts.

The upper hilly region is a southward continuation of the Himalaya foothills of Kashmir.

High rainfall, coniferous trees, and a cold weather characterize the region. Murree, with

an altitude of 2,300 meters24, is a popular hill station and a summer resort. The Potohar

Plateau, which also includes the Salt Range, is a land of undulating terrain. It lies

between rivers Indus and Jhelum. Besides a number of important archaeological sites, the

region is distinguished by diverse wildlife. The central part of the province comprises

low-lying floodplains along the rivers. This geographical relief has facilitated large-scale

cultivation, development of an extensive irrigation network, construction of roads,

railways, and other infrastructure. The general trend of gradient in plains is from north to

south and from west to east. The desert like plains present a transition zones between

floodplains and the deserts of Cholistan and Thal. Development of surface irrigation, to

some extent, has transformed their morphology into irrigable tracts. Thal and Cholistan

exhibit true desert features. Cholistan, locally known as Rohi, spans over an area of

16,000 km². It continues into Sindh province under the name “Thar” and into India as

“Rajhistan”25.

Geology and Seismology

Approximately 70 percent land area of the province comprises floodplains of Indus

Basin. Geologically, lands in the floodplains are lightly mantled with alluvial deposits

transported from the Himalaya foothills. The underlying bedrock is composed of

Precambrian metamorphic and tertiary consolidated rocks. The overlying alluvium

consists of Pleistocene to recent unconsolidated deposits of sand, clay and silt. The

formation age of the alluvium also relates from Pleistocene to recent, the latter being

predominant near the riverbanks and the former around the central part of the plains26

.

According to the seismic map of Pakistan, most parts of the province lie in zone “2A” of

the Earthquake Zones Classification of the Uniform Building Code (UBC – 1997) of the

United States. This zone is associated with unknown geologic conditions and the

earthquake damage is “moderate”. However, earthquakes of magnitude up to five on the

Richter scale, which generate ground acceleration up to 0.1g, have been reported for this

zone27

.

Soil Morphology

The texture, morphology, and moisture holding capacities of the soils in the province

vary from region to region. The surface crust soils are composed of alluvial deposits

consisting of silt, clay, sand, and loam. Clay and silt formations occur in discontinuous

23

Doab in local language is an area between two rivers 24

Informatory Brochure on Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab on Murree Hills 25

Geography of Punjab, Sang-e-Meel Publication, Lahore, 2007 26

Geological Survey of Pakistan <www.gsp.com.pk>, accessed on 07.01.2009 27

Ibid




November 2011

layers with limited lateral extent. Their thickness is generally less than five meters28

. Due

to rich surface irrigation in the central Punjab, the fertile soils of the floodplains give a

good per unit yield29

.

Meteorology, Climate, and Air Quality

Most areas in Punjab experience fairly cool winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-

February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April,

when the summer heat sets in.

The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the

early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either

skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and

July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above

46°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51°C and regularly carry reports about

people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June

1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54°C. In August the oppressive

heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its

wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come

until late October.30

The general pattern of climate in the upper Punjab is characterized by a relatively higher

rainfall (approximately 1,000 mm compared to province’s average of 351 mm/annum)31

,

high humidity, low temperatures, and heavy monsoon precipitation. Southern Punjab has

a hot and dry climate with low rainfall32

. Summers are hot with moderate humidity,

whilst winters exhibit extreme cold. Spring and autumn seasons are the most pleasant

parts of the year. Mean winter temperature (December/January) in the plains and desert

areas range between 8.5°C and 12.5°C. The mean summer temperature remains around

35°C to 39°C with spikes crossing 42°C. The mean of the maximum temperature ranges

between 29-30°C and mean of the minimum from 15-16°C33

. Approximately 50 percent

of the average annual rainfall occurs during monsoon in the months of July and August34

.

The past climatic records indicate that rain rich years occurred at a cycle of 15-20 years

with intervening dry period35

.

Air Quality

A joint air quality study of Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad by the Pak-EPA and the

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), showed that the average suspended

particulate matter (SPM) in the study districts was 6.4 times higher than WHO Guideline

Values. The levels of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen also

exceeded the acceptable standards in some areas, but the average levels were below the

28

Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008 29

Ibid 30

Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011. 31

Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, GoPb, 2007 32

Meteorological Profile of Punjab, Pakistan Meteorology Department, Lahore, 2008 (soft copy) 33

Ibid 34

Ibid 35

Ibid




November 2011

Guideline Values36

. Another similar study of Gujranwala and Faisalabad also revealed

higher concentrations of SPM in the ambient air37

. However, barring congested urban

centers, air quality in rest of the province generally conforms to WHO Guideline

Values38

. However, the project sites will essentially be located in rural areas where the

ambient air quality is likely to be free from most of the criteria pollutants such as sulfur

dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen.

Surface Water Resources

The River Indus and its tributaries constitute the surface water resources of the area.

These are briefly described below.

Indus River: The Indus River and its tributaries are the main source of surface water in

the Punjab Province (and in the country). The Indus rises in Tibet, at an altitude of about

5,486 m (18,000 feet) above mean sea level (amsl), and has a total catchment area of

654,329 km2. Length of the Indus River in the country is about 2,750 km. Five main

rivers that join the Indus from the eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.

Besides these, two minor rivers - Soan and Haro - also drain into the Indus. On the

western side, a number of small rivers join Indus, the biggest of which is River Kabul

with its main tributaries i.e. Swat, Panjkora and Kunar. Several small streams such as

Kurram, Gomal, Kohat, Tai, and Tank also join the Indus on the right side.

The Indus River exhibits great seasonal variations, with more than 80 percent of the total

annual flow occurring during the summer months, peaking in June, July and August.

The Indus River and its tributaries on an average bring about 190 billion cubic meters

(bcm) (154 million acre-feet - MAF) of water annually. This includes 178.7 bcm (144.9

MAF) from the three western rivers and 11.2 bcm (9.14 MAF) from the eastern rivers.

Most of this, about 129.1 bcm (104.7 MAF) is diverted for irrigation, 48.6 bcm (39.4

MAF) flows to the sea and about 12.2 bcm (9.9 MAF) is consumed by the system losses

which include evaporation, seepage and spills during floods. The flows of the Indus and

its tributaries vary widely from year to year and within the year. As is the case with the

water availability there is significant variation in annual flows into sea.

Chenab River: The Chenab River is one of the major left bank tributaries of the Indus

River. The River Chenab originates in the Kulu and Kangra districts of the Himachal

Pardesh province of India, at an elevation of about 4,877 m (16,000 feet) amsl. The total

length of the river is about 1,242 km, of which approximately 729 km flow through

Pakistan. The total catchment area of the river is about 67,430 km2, of which 28,166 km

2

lie in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, 4,494 km2 in India and 34,885 km

2 in Pakistan.

Water discharges of the Chenab start rising in the later part of May and pass the

1,416 cubic meters per second (cumec) (50,000 cubic feet per second –cusecs) mark in

June. A high flow above 1,416 cumec (50,000 cusecs) continues till the middle of

September, the peak discharge months being July and August.

Ravi River: The Ravi River is the smallest of the five main eastern tributaries of the

Indus. It rises in the basin of Bangahal, India, and has a total catchment area of about

36

3-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad), JICA/Pak-EPA,

2001 37

2-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Gujranwala and Faisalabad), JICA/Pak-EPA, 2003 38

Air Quality Monitoring in Six Districts of Punjab using Physico-Chemical Techniques, Environment

Protection Department, Government of the Punjab, 2005




November 2011

40,769 km2. Length of the river in Pakistan is about 679 km. India has the full rights

over the Ravi waters in accordance with the Indus Basin Water Treaty of 1960, and

diverts all of its base flow for irrigation purposes.

Sutlej River: This Sutlej River originates in Western Tibet in the Kailas mountain

range, near the source of the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. It flows through

the Panjal and Siwalik mountain ranges and then enters the plains of Indian Punjab. The

total length of the river is about 1,551 km of which only 529 km runs in Pakistan. The

total catchment area of the River is about 106,728 km2. India has full rights over Sutlej

waters as well, according to the Indus Basin Water Treaty.

Rivers Water Quality: The water quality of Indus River and its tributaries is generally

considered excellent for irrigation purposes. The total dissolved solids (TDS) range from

60 mg/l in the upper reaches to 375 mg/l in the lower reaches of the Indus, which are

reasonable levels for irrigated agriculture and also as raw water for domestic use. The

disposal of saline drainage from various irrigation projects has been a major factor in the

increased TDS in the lower reaches of the rivers in the Punjab. There is progressive

deterioration downstream and the salinity is at its maximum at the confluence of the

Chenab and Ravi rivers, where the TDS ranges from 207 to 907 mg/l. A slight

improvement in water quality is noted further downstream at Panjnad due to dilution

from the inflow from Sutlej River. The quality of the Indus water at Guddu, however, is

within acceptable limits for agriculture; TDS being in the range of 164-270 mg/l.

In the upper reaches of the Indus River, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content remains

above 8.5 mg/l which is well above the acceptable levels of 4 mg/l. The Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD) downstream of Attock has been recorded as 2.9 mg/l. Indus

River water quality has been studied at the Dadu Moro Bridge and Kotri Barrage, with

nitrate levels at 1.1 and 7.5 mg/l, phosphate at 0.02 and 0.3 mg/l, BOD at 2.4 and 4.1

mg/l, faecal coliforms at 50 and 400 per ml, and aluminum at 1.8 and 0.2 mg/l

respectively. Due to industrial waste discharges from Punjab and Sindh, a high content

of heavy metals such as nickel, lead, zinc and cadmium have also been found in Indus

water.

Groundwater

The Punjab Province can be divided in four hydro-geological zones: Potohar plateau and

Salt Range, piedmont areas, alluvial plains, and Cholistan desert. The total groundwater

potential in the province (52.7 bcm or 42.75 MAF) is based upon rainfall recharge

(12.2 bcm or 9.90 MAF), groundwater recharge (8.7 bcm or 7.08 MAF), recharge from

rivers (4.3 bcm or 3.5 MAF), and recharge from the irrigation system (26.7 bcm or

21.70 MAF).39

The Indus Basin was formed by alluvial deposits carried by the Indus and its tributaries.

It is underlain by an unconfined aquifer covering about 15 million acres (60,700 km2) in

surface area. In the Punjab, about 79 percent of the area and in Sindh, about 28 percent

of the area is underlain by fresh groundwater. This is mostly used as supplemental

irrigation water and pumped through tube-wells. Some groundwater is saline. Water

from the saline tube wells is generally put into drains and, where this is not possible, it is

discharged into large canals for use in irrigation, after diluting with the fresh canal water.

39

Source: Pakistan’s Groundwater Reservoir and its Sustainability. Muhammad Amin, Member Water,

WAPDA.




November 2011

Before the introduction of widespread irrigation, the groundwater table in the Indus Basin

varied from about 12 m in depth in Sindh and Bahawalpur areas to about 30 m in Rechna

Doab (the area between Ravi and Chenab Rivers). After the introduction of weir-

controlled irrigation, the groundwater table started rising due to poor irrigation

management, lack of drainage facilities and the resulting additional recharge from the

canals, distributaries, minors, water courses and irrigation fields. At some locations, the

water table rose to the ground surface or very close to the surface causing water-logging

and soil salinity, reducing productivity.

In the late 1950s, the Government of Pakistan embarked upon a program of Salinity

Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) wherein large deep tube wells were installed

to control the groundwater table. Over a period of about 30 years, some 13,500 tube-

wells were installed by the Government to lower the groundwater table. Of these, about

9,800 tube-wells were in the Punjab.

The SCARP project initially proved to be quite effective in lowering the water table but

with time, the performance of the SCARP tube-wells deteriorated. The development of

deep public tube wells under the SCARPS was soon followed by private investment in

shallow tube wells. Particularly in the eighties, the development of private tube wells

received a boost, when locally manufactured inexpensive diesel engines became

available. Most of these shallow tube wells were individually owned.

In the last 25-30 years, ground water has become a major supplement to canal supplies,

especially in the Upper Indus Plain, where ground water quality is good. Large scale

tube-well pumpage for irrigation started in the early sixties. There are presently more

than 500,000 tube-wells in the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS). According to a

study, the total groundwater potential in Pakistan is of the order of 67.8 bcm (55 MAF).

Major part of the groundwater abstraction for irrigation is within the canal commands or

in the flood plains of the rivers. However, the amount of abstraction varies throughout

the area, reflecting inadequacy/unreliability of surface water supplies and groundwater

quality distribution.

The quality of groundwater ranges from fresh (salinity less than 1000 mg/l TDS) near the

major rivers to highly saline farther away, with salinity more than 3000 mg/l TDS. The

general distribution of fresh and saline groundwater in the country is well known and

mapped, as it influences the options for irrigation and drinking water supplies.

Availability and quality of groundwater, the depth of water table, and the aquifer

recharge rates considerably differ from area to area depending on a number of variables

such as amount of precipitation, proximity to surface water channels, and other

meteorological factors40

. About 79 percent area of the province has fresh groundwater41

.

High fluoride content is found in groundwater of the Salt Range42

. Water table varies

from as low as 1 meter in the waterlogged areas to as deep as 90 meters in desert areas43

.

The groundwater is drawn through hand pumps, tube-wells, springs, and public water

supply schemes. Tables 5.1 to 5.3 present typical groundwater quality of a few selected

40

Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008 41

Water Quality Status in Pakistan, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad, 2003 42

Ibid 43

Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008




November 2011

districts of the province i.e., Rawalpindi (northern Punjab), Sheikhupura (central Punjab),

and Bahawalpur (southern Punjab)44

.

Forests, Habitat, and Ecologically Sensitive Areas

The forests resources of the province include Coniferous Forests, Scrub Forests, Riverine

Forests, Irrigated Plantations, Linear Plantations, and Rangelands45. These are discussed

in Annex B.

Protected Areas

There exist one national park, nineteen wildlife sanctuaries and five game reserves in the

project area. A list of these protected areas is provided in Table 5.4.

Socioeconomic Profile

The salient social and socioeconomic features of the Province are described below;

further details are presented in Annex B.

Demographic Profile 46

The population of the province is estimated to be more than 81 million in 2010 and is

home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the Punjab

is Punjabi and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. The language is not

given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at National level. Punjabis

themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans and communities

(qaum in Urdu). In Pakistani Punjab these clans and communities have more to do with

traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social

stratifications.

The biradari, which literally means brotherhood is an important unit of Punjabi society,

and includes people claiming descent from a common ancestor. The biradaris

collectively form larger units known as quoms or tribes. Historically, these quoms were

endogamous, but latterly, especially in the large cities, there is considerable intermarriage

between members of different quoms, and differences are getting blurred. Important

quoms within Punjab include the Gondal, Arain, Niazi, Paracha, Aheer, Awan, Dogar,

Gakhars, Gujjars, Jat, Kamboh, Khokhar, Khattar, Mughal, Rajputs, Sheikh and Syeds.

Other smaller tribes are the Khateek, Maliar, Rawns, Pashtuns, Baloch, Khetran,

Rehmanis and the Maliks.

In addition to the Punjabis, the province is also home to other smaller ethnic groups in the

province include the Siraiki, Hindkowan, Kashmiris, Sindhis, and Muhajirs. The

Muhajirs are Urdu speaking Muslim migrants from India and settled in Pakistan after

independence in 1947. Three decades of bloodshed in neighboring Afghanistan have also

brought a large number of Afghan refugees to the province.

As per the census of Pakistan 1998, linguistic distribution of the Punjab province is:

Punjabi (75.23 percent), Saraiki (17.36 percent), Urdu (4.51 percent), Pashto (1.16

44

Subsoil Water Quality Monitoring in 14 Districts of the Punjab, Environment Protection Department,

Government of the Punjab, 2003 45

Brief on Punjab Forest Department, Punjab Forestry Research Institute, Faisalabad, 2006 46

Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.




November 2011

percent), Balochi (0.66 percent), Sindhi (0.13 percent) others (0.95 percent). The

population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be between 97.21 percent Muslim with a

Sunni Hanafi majority and Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority. The largest non-Muslim

minority is Christians and make up 2.31 percent of the population. The Other minorities

include Ahmedi, Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, and Bahá'í.

The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a

shared heritage. The people of Punjab have also a shared spiritual experience, which has

been disseminated by Tasawwaf and can be witnessed on the occasion of the

remembrance-fairs held on the Urs of Sufi Saints.

Economy 47

Punjab has always contributed the most to the national economy of Pakistan. Punjab's

economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7 percent in

2000 and 59 percent as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture

sectors of the Pakistan economy, with their contributions ranging from 52.1 to 64.5

percent and 56.1 to 61.5 percent, respectively. It is also major manpower contributor

because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained)

manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the

dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44 percent to

a high of 52.6 percent. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8 percent and during

the period 2002-03 to 2007-08, its economy grew at a rate of about 7 percent to 8 percent

per year, and during 2008-09 grew at 6 percent against the total GDP growth of Pakistan

at 4 percent.

Despite lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialized province of Pakistan; its

manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical

appliances, surgical instruments, cement, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants,

cement plants, agriculture machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and

processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90 percent of the paper and paper

boards, 71 percent of the fertilizers, 69 percent of the sugar and 40 percent of the cement

of Pakistan.

Despite its dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-

irrigation system is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other

crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as

kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the

rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and

harvesting. Punjab contributes about 76 percent to annual food grain production in the

country. 51 million acres (210,000 km2) is cultivated and another 9.05 million acres

(36,600 km2) are lying as cultivable waste in different parts of the province.

Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the cash crops that contribute substantially

to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of

the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market

roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.

Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. The small and cottage industries

are in abundance. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of

textile units is 14,820. The ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for

47

Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.




November 2011

processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries. Lahore and

Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The

district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.

Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal, gas, petrol,

rock salt (with the second largest salt mine in the world), dolomite, gypsum, and silica-

sand. The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundred

economically viable projects. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics,

and various other goods.

Land Use / Agricultural Profile

Agriculture is mainstay of Pakistan's economy. It accounts for 21 percent of the GDP and

together with agro-based products fetches 80 percent of the country’s total export

earnings. More than 48 percent of the labor force is engaged in this sector.

The Punjab province has about 29 percent of the total reported, 57 percent of the total

cultivated and 69 percent of the total cropped area of Pakistan. It contributes a major

share in the agricultural economy of the country by providing about 83 percent of cotton,

80 percent of wheat, 97 percent fine aromatic rice, 63 percent of sugarcane and 51

percent of maize to the national food production. Among fruits, mango accounts for 66

percent, citrus more than 95 percent, guava 82 percent and dates 34 percent of total

national production of these fruits.

Agriculture is still the predominant economic activity of 64 percent population of the

rural Punjab. About 50 percent of total labor force is employed in agriculture. More than

70 percent of cropped area of Indus Basin is located in Punjab. The principal sources of

irrigation are the surface channels supplemented by tube-wells. Rainfall accounts only for

a small proportion of the irrigation sources. Sericulture, horticulture, and aviculture are

also gaining popularity. Investments in honeybee- sheep-, goat-, fish-, poultry, and dairy

farming are also increasing. The major seasonal crops include wheat, rice, maize, and

vegetables. Other agricultural products include fodder, fresh vegetables, and lattice48. The

reported area of Punjab is 17.62 million hectares, out of which 71 percent is cultivated

and the remaining is uncultivated49.

The land use in the province has been exhibiting change from agricultural to residential

and built-up structures. Whereas, land use in the urban centers is predominantly of fixed

and permanent structures, it is of mixed disposition in the suburbs and along outer rim of

the cities, where agricultural lands interpose with new constructions, inhabitations, and

farmhouses50. Table 5.5 presents the key data on land use statistics in the province,

whereas Table 5.6 provides the farm size characteristics.

Cultural Heritage

A large number of sites exist in the Province having archeological, historical, cultural,

and religious significance, and the ones that have been officially notified and protected

under the Antiquity Act, 1975 (see Section 2.1.11) are listed in Table 5.7.

48

Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Protection Department, GoPb, 2008 49

Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Government of the Punjab, 2007 50

Ibid




November 2011

Environmental Hotspots

The environmental hotspots in the Province are essentially the wildlife protected sites

discussed in Section 5.3.1 (listed in Table 5.4), and the cultural heritage sites described

in Section 5.4.4 above (listed in Table 5.7). In addition, heavily forested areas

particularly in Murree tehsil are also included in the environmental hotspots in the

Province. No project interventions will be carried out inside or at these hotspots.




November 2011

Figure 0.1: Punjab Province




November 2011

Table 0.1: Groundwater Quality of Rawalpindi District

Parameter Unit WHO Limits Results

1. pH -- 7.0 – 8.5 7.2

2. Odor -- Unobjectionable Odorless

3. Color TCU 5 – 50 Clear

4. Taste -- Unobjectionable Tasteless

5. Turbidity NTU 5 -25 6.2

6. TDS mg/l 500 – 1500 334

7. TSS mg/l -- 8

8. Calcium mg/l -- 41

9. Magnesium mg/l -- 30

10. Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 222

11. Chloride mg/l 75 – 200 41

12. Sulfate mg/l 50 – 150 61

13. Nitrate mg/l 500 0.6

14. Fluoride mg/l 1.5 0.25

15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0

16. Lead mg/l 10 5.5

17. Total Coliform 0/100 ml --

(Source: Subsoil Water Quality Monitoring Report of the EPA, Punjab)

Table 0.2: Groundwater Quality of Sheikhupura District


1. pH -- 7.0 – 8.5 7.7

2. Odour -- Unobjectionable Odorless

3. Colour TCU 5 – 50 Clear


5. Turbidity NTU 5 -25 5

6. TDS mg/l 500 – 1500 935

7. TSS mg/l -- 9



10. Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 442

11. Chloride mg/l 75 – 200 172

12. Sulfate mg/l 50 – 250 183

13. Nitrate mg/l 500 20


15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0.003

16. Lead mg/l 10 7






November 2011

Table 0.3: Groundwater Quality of Bahawalpur District


1. pH -- 7.0 – 8.5 7.5

2. Odor -- Unobjectionable Odorless

3. Color TCU 5 – 50 Clear


5. Turbidity NTU 5 -25 5

6. TDS mg/l 500 – 1500 935

7. TSS mg/l -- 9



10. Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 442.5

11. Chloride mg/l 75 – 200 173

12. Sulfate mg/l 50 – 150 183

13. Nitrate mg/l 500 21


15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0.01

16. Lead mg/l 10 7



Table 0.4: Protected Areas in Punjab

Description Area (ha) Type Coordinates

Abbasia Reserve Forest 2,731 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Bahawalpur R. F. Plantation 547 Wildlife Sanctuary 29/23 N. 71/39 E.

Bajwat 5,795 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Bhagat Reserve Forest 251 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Bhakkar Forest Plantation 2,124 Wildlife Sanctuary 31/37 N. 71/03 E.

Bheni 2,068 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Bhon Fazil 1,062 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Chak katora Reserve Forest 535 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Chak Reserve Forest 2,158 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Changa manga Plantation 5,063 Wildlife Sanctuary 31/05 N. 73/59 E.

Chashma Barrage 33,082 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/27 N. 71/19 E.

Chashma Lake Not

Recorded

Unclassified 32/27 N. 71/19 E.

Chaupalia 9,857 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Chichawatni Forest Plantation 4,666 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/32 N. 72/42 E.

Chinji 6,070 National Park 32/42 N. 72/22 E.

Cholistan 660,921 Wildlife Sanctuary 29/59 N. 73/16 E.




November 2011


Cholistan 2,032,6 Game Reserve 29/23 N. 71/39 E.

Chumbi-Surla 55,943 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/50 N. 72/46 E.

Daluana 2,314 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Daman Reserve Forest 2,270 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Daphar Reserve Forest 2,897 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/24 N. 73/08 E.

Depalpur Plantation 2,928 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/40 N. 73/39 E.

Diljabba-Domeli 118,101 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Fateh Major Forest Plantation 1,255 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Gatwala 5,883 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Hamot Reserve Forest 889 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Head Islam/Chak Kotora 3,132 Game Reserve 29/49 N. 72/33 E.

Head Qadirabad 2,850 Game Reserve 32/18 N. 73/29 E.

Inayat Reserve Forest 4,211 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Indo/Pak Border Belt Not

Recorded

Game Reserve Not Recorded

Jalalpur Lake 42 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/32 N. 72/14 E.

Jalalpur Sharif Forest 2,263 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/41 N. 73/32 E.

Jauharabad Reserve Forest 399 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/17 N. 72/21 E.

Kala Chitta 132,605 Game Reserve N. 72/20 E.

Kalabagh Game Reserve 1,550 Unclassified 34/04 N. 71/36 E.

Kamalia Plantation 4,396 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/43 N. 72/43 E.

Kathar 1,141 Game Reserve 33/45 N. 73/07 E.

Khabbeke Lake 285 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/37 N. 72/14 E.

Khanewal Plantation 7,217 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/18 N. 71/56 E.

Kharar lake 235 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/52 N. 73/13 E.

Kheri Murat 5,616 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Kot Zabzal 10,117 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Kotla issan Reserve Forest 2,178 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Kundal Rakh 2,999 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Kundian plantation 7,800 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/27 N. 71/29 E.

Lal Suhanra 51,588 National Park (WHS) 29/21 N. 71/58 E.

Lohi Bher Forest 887 Wildlife Sanctuary 33/43 N. 73/05 E.

Machu Plantation 4,109 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Miranpur Reserve Forest 768 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Mitha Tiwana Plantation 1,116 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Namal lake 482 Game Reserve 32/40 N. 71/49 E.

Pirawala kikarwala 506 Game Reserve 30/21 N. 72/02 E.

Qadirabad Head Works 2,849 Game Reserve 32/18 N. 73/29 E.




November 2011


Rahri Bungalow 5,463 Game Reserve Not Recorded

Rajan Shah Plantation 2,110 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Rakh Ghulaman 4,356 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Rasool Barrage 1,138 Game Reserve 32/42 N. 73/33 E.

Shorkot Forest Plantation 4,079 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/50 N. 72/04 E.

Sodhi I 5,817 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/35 N. 72/17 E.

Taunsa Barrage 6,566 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/42 N. 70/46 E.

Tehra Plantation 339 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Thal 71,275 Game Reserve 33/22 N. 70/33 E.

Ucchali lake 942 Game Reserve 32/36 N. 72/13 E.

Wathar Reserve Forest 1,874 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Table 0.5: Land Use Statistics of Punjab

Classification Area

(Million Hectares)

Area

(Million Acres)

Geographical Area 20.63 50.98

Total Area Reported 17.49 43.22

Forest Area 0.49 1.21

Not available for Cultivation 2.95 7.29

Culturable Waste 1.56 3.85

Cultivated Area 12.49 30.86

Current Fallow 1.39 3.43

Net Area Sown 11.10 27.43

Area Sown more than once 5.86 14.48

Total Cropped area 16.96 41.91

Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2008-09




November 2011

Table 0.6: Farm Size Statistics

Farm Farms Area Size of Farm

(Hectares) Number % Hectares %

Avg. size of

Farm Area

(Hectares)

All Farms 3,864,166 * 11,261,963 *

Government Farms 96 * 26,802 *

Private Farms 3,864,070 100 11,235,161 100 2.9

Under 0.5 703,638 18 201,112 2 0.3

0.5 to under 1.0 617,265 16 459,408 4 0.7

1.0 to under 2.0 844,219 22 1,166,753 10 1.4

2.0 to under 3.0 597,863 15 1,403,901 12 2.3

3.0 to under 5.0 536,361 14 2,081,497 19 3.9

5.0 to under 10.0 368,362 10 2,422,326 22 6.6

10.0 to under 20.0 149,018 4 1,858,563 17 12.5

20.0 to under 40.0 36,696 1 909,254 8 24.8

40.0 to under 60.0 5,712 * 263,095 2 46.1

60.0 and above 4,932 * 469,257 4 95.1

* = Negligible.

Source: Census of Agriculture-2000 (Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2008-09)

Table 0.7: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab

Attock District

1. Lala Rukh’s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.

2. Begum ki Sarai, on left bank of Indus River near Attock fort, Attock.

3. Saidan Baoli, Hatti, Attock.

4. Hakim’s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.

5. Chitti Baoli, Pindi Suleman Makhan, Attock.

6. Attock Fort, Attock.

7. Attock tomb, on G. T. Road near Ziarat Hazrat Baba Sahib, Attock.

8. Behram ki Baraddari, Attock.

9. Tope and Mnastery (Buddhist remains), 5 miles east of Hasan Abal Baoli Pind, Attock.

10. Kallar (temple) or Sassi da Kallara, village Shah Muhammad Wali, Tesil Talagang, Attock.

11. Site at Garhi, village Malak Mala, 6 miles east of hasan Abal, Attock.

12. Inderkot mosque, Fateh Jang, Inderkot, Attock.

13. Buddhist site (Behari Colony) Hasan Abddal Town, Behari Colony, Attock.

Bahawalpur District

14. Tomb of Abu Hanifa, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.

15. Tomb of Bibi Jawidi, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.

16. Tomb of Nuria, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.

17. Tomb of Bhawal Halee, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.

18. Tomb of Musa Pak Shaheed, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.

Dera Ghazi Khan District

19. Ghazi Khan’s Tomb, Mohalla Zaminaran, Village Chirotta, Ddera Ghazi Khan.

20. Ther Dallu Roy, Dajal, Ddera Ghazi Khan.

Fasialabad District

21. Wangar Wala Tibba, Chak No. 742, Tehsil Taoba Tek Singh, Faisalabad.




November 2011

Gujranwala District

22. Baraari in Sherawala garen, Gujranwala city.

23. Tomb of Abdul Nabi Kotli Maqbara, Gujranwala.

Gujrat District

24. Akbari Baoli in fort Gujrat city.

25. Bahar Wali, Baoli Kharian Town, Gujrat.

26. Tomb of Shaikh Ali Baig, locally called Hanjeera, Village Hailan, Tehsil Phalia, Gujrat.

Jhang District

27. Shahi Masi, Chiniot, Jahng.

28. Tomb of Shah Burhan, Chiniot, Jhang.

Jhelum District

29. Rohtas Fort, 5 miles from Dina Railway Station, Jhelum.

30. Ruined Temple with gateway, Melot, Jhelum.

31. Raja Mansigh’s Haveli Rohtas, Jhelum.

32. Hill measuring 25 ft. long and 190 ft. broad, Murti in Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.

33. Two ancient teples, Bhagan Wala, 11 miles from Haranpur Railway Station, Jhelum.

34. Ruins of Nandana, For Bhagan Wala, Jhelum.

35. Sardar of Hari Singh’s Haveli, Katas, Jhelum.

36. Ruined Buddhist Stupa area around it, Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.

37. Satghara temple Village Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.

Khanewal District

38. Tomb of Khali Walid, village Kabirwala, Khanewal.

Lahore District

39. Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan and Gateway, Lahore.

40. Buddo’s tomb, Lahore.

41. Sarvwala Maqbara, Lahore.

42. Huzuri Bagh Baradari, Lahore.

43. Dai Anga’s tomb, Lahore.

44. Shalamar Garden, including baradari, gateway, kiosks, pavilions, well, Naqqar Khana, asmani well and

garden, Lahore.

45. Old Fort, Lahore.

46. Buddho ka Awa, Lahore.

47. One kos minar, Lahore.

48. Roshani gate, Lahore.

49. Mirza Kamran’s baradari, Lahore.

50. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Lahroe.

51. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, 34-A, Mcleod Road, Lahore.

52. Chauburji, Mazang, Lahore.

53. Gulabi Bagh gatweay, Begumpura, Lahore.

54. Qutbudddin Aibak’s tomb, Anar kali street, Lahore.

55. Tiledd gatweay and two bastions, Nawankot, Lahore.

56. Two kos minars, Minola, 6 miles from Jullo, Lahore.

57. Tomb of Shaikh Mosa, Ahangar, mosque and house, Mcleod Road, 35, Chiraghan Street.

58. Tomb of (erroneously called) Zebun-Nisa, Nawankot, Lahore.

59. Naddira Begum’s tomb and tank, Mian Mir, Lahore Cantonment, Lahore.

60. Hujra Mir Mehdi (Janazegah), Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.

61. Tomb of Prince Parwaiz, Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.




November 2011

62. Tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, Mughalpura near Railway crossing, B-II, South of railway carriage

shop, Lahore.

63. Javedd Manzil, Allama Iqbal Road, Lahore.

64. Jahangir’s tomb and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.

65. Akbari Sarai an mosque, Shahdara, Lahore.

66. Tomb of Asif Khan and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.

67. Tomb of nur Jeha, Shahdara, Lahore,

68. Tomb of Mahabat Khan and boundary wall, Baghbanpura, Lahore.

69. Samadh of Rajit Singh, Karakh Singh and Nau Nihal Singh, Lahore.

70. Tomb of Anarkali, Lahore.

71. Baradari and Samadh of Maharaja Sher Singh, Lahore.

72. Badshahi mosque, Lahore.

73. Wazir Khan’s mosque, Lahore.

74. Chitta gate, Chowk Wazir Khan inside elhi Gate, Lahore.

75. Another gate to northeast of Wazir Khan’s mosque, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.

76. Well of Raja Dina Nath, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.

77. Masti gate, Lahore.

78. Bhati gate, Lahore.

79. Sheranwala gate, Lahore.

80. Kashmiri gate, Lahore.

81. Lahori known as Lahori gate, Lahore.

82. Delhi gate, Lahore.

83. Wazir Khan’s hammams inside Delhi gate, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.

84. Haveli Nau Nihal Singh including garden, quarters, latrine etc. inside Bhati gate, Kucha Nau Nihal

Singh, Lahore.

85. Tomb of Khawaja Sabir (Nawab Nusrat Khan) inside Railway Mechanical Workshop, Mughalpura,

Lahore.

86. Tomb of French Officer’s ddaughter, Kuri Bagh, Lahroe.

87. Wazir Khan’s baradari, oldd Anarkali, Behind Lahore Museum, Lahore.

88. Samadh of Jhingar Shah Suthra (Suthron ka Asthan) Suthron, Teshl Lahore, Lahore.

89. Samadh of Bhai Wasti Ram Tixali gate near Shahi Qila, Lahore.

90. A Mughal period tomb, Tehsil Lahore Singhapura, oppsite Police Post, Lahore.

91. Jani Khan’s tomb, Baghbanpura, Lahore.

92. Dai Anga’s mosque, Naulakha, Lahore.

93. Mosque with glazed tiles work, Bagumpura, Lahore.

94. Mosque of Nawab Zakariya Khan, Bagumpura, Lahore.

95. Inayat Bagh, opposite Shalamar Garden, Bagumpuura, Lahore.

96. Angori bagh, opposite Shalamaer Garen Bagumpura, Lahore.

97. Mariam Zammani mosque, insie Masti gate, Lahore.

Mianwali District

98. Shershah’s baoli, Wah Buchhran, Mianwali.

99. A buddhist Stupa with a surrounding area on River Inddus to the north of Village Rokhari.

Multan District

100. Sawi Masjid an graves, Kotla Tole Khan, Multan.

101. Tombs of Petrick Alexander Vana, Andrew & William Anderson, Old Fort, Multan.

102. Shrine of Rukne Alam, Old For, Multan.

103. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar’s mother, Sura Miana, Multan.

104. Tomb of Shams Tabriz, Sura Miana, Multan.

105. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar, Sura Miana, Multan.




November 2011

106. Tomb of Shah Yousuf Gardezi, Multan.

107. Mound Ratti Khari, Head Bust 133 village Bhatianwala, Teshil Kaberwala, Multan.

108. Tobm of Shah Hussain Soozai, near Abdal Road, Multan.

109. Tomb of Mai Mehraban, Mohallah Kirialoghana, Multan.

110 Ruined mosque Village Sargana, Multan.

111. Maryala Moun, Chak No. 267/IOR, Multan.

Muzaffargarh District

112. Tomb of Thar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Musaffargarh.

113. Mosque of Tahar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Muzaffargarh.

114. Tomb of Sheikh Sadan Shaheedd, Village Sadan, Muzaffargarh.

Rawalpini District

115. Tope or stupa (Buddhist), Mankiyala, Rawalpindi.

116. Top or stupa (Buddhist) Bhallar, Rawalpindi.

117. Pharwala fort Pharwala, Rawalpindi.

118. Losar baoli, Wah Cantonment, Rawalpindi.

119. Bhir Moun,Taxila, Mauza Majawer, Rawalpindi.

120. The area or Track known as Babar Khan, Taxila, Babar Khan, Rawalpindi.

121. Kalawansite, Mauza Karawal, Rawalpindi.

122. Chirtope site, Taxila, Chirtope, Rawalpindi.

123. Sirkap site, Mauza Gangu Bahaddur, Rawalpindi.

124. Giri remains, Mauza Khuram Gujjar, Rawalpindi.

125. Mohra Maradu site, Taxila, Rawalpindi.

126. Rewat fort, Village Rewat, Rawalpindi.

127. Nicholson Column, Margala Pass, Rawalpindi.

128. Kos minar, Milestone 102, G.T. Road, Rawalpindi.

129. Kos Minar, near Golara Railway Station, Rawalpindi.

130. Farudgh-e-Shahan-e-Mughalia, tank and garden Wah, Rawalpindi.

131. Ratta Pind, Village Gangu Bahadur, Rawalpindi.

Sahiwal District

132. Mounds, Harappa, Saiwal.

133. Mir Chakar’s tomb, Satghara, Sahiwal.

134. Tomb of Syyed Daud Kirmani, Shergah, Sahiwal.

Sargodha District

135. Three temple inside fort, Amb Sargodha.

136. Site of ancient city, Bhera, Sargodha.

137. Site of ancient city, Vijjhi, 2 milles southwest of Miani known as Sabzal Pind, Sargodha.

138. A red sandstone teple, Sodhi Zerin, Sargodha.

Sheikhupura District

139. Sheikhupura fort, east of Sheikhupura town, Sheikhupura.

140. Baoli and mosque, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.

141. Tank and tower, Sheikhupura.

142. Tomb of Abdullah Shah, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.

143. Mound Mian Ali Sahib, Mian Ali Faqiran, Sheikhupura.

144. Tibba (Mound), Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura.

145. Tomb of Noor Muhammad, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.

146. Tomb of Hafiz Barkhurdar, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.

Sialkot District

147. Tibba Jolian, Sialkot.




November 2011

Stakeholder Consultations This Chapter provides the objectives, process and outcome of the stakeholders

consultations conducted as part of the ESA study.

Objectives

The stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the environmental and social

assessment for a project such as PIPIP, and aims to provide a two-way communication

channel between the stakeholders and the project proponents. In line with this aim, the

objectives of the stakeholder consultation conducted as part of the present ESA were to:

� develop and maintain communication links between the project proponents and

stakeholders,

� provide key project information to the stakeholders, and to solicit their views on the

project and its potential or perceived impacts, and

� ensure that views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated into the project

design and implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative

impacts and enhancing benefits of the proposed project.

Participation Framework

The stakeholder consultation is a continuous process, and should be carried out

throughout the life of project. The consultations carried out during the earlier

environmental study (PERI, 2004) as well as in the present ESA and reported in this

Chapter are essentially among the initial steps in this process. During the subsequent

project phases as well, participation of the project stakeholders need to be ensured.

Table 6.1 charts out the proposed participation framework during different project

phases, while Figure 6.1 provides the conceptual framework employed during the

stakeholders consultation carried out as part of the present ESA.

Stakeholder Identification

Stakeholder analysis was carried out to identify relevant stakeholders on the basis of their ability to influence the project or their vulnerability to be negatively impacted from it. This approach ensured that no relevant groups are excluded from the consultation, and appropriate engagement strategies are developed for each stakeholder.

Key stakeholders consulted at various levels include:

� People directly affected by the Project and Project beneficiaries (ie, farmers, WUA

members, other villagers).

� Sales and service companies

� Officials from the Agriculture Department

� Officials from agriculture research institutes

� Environment Protection Agency

� Academia




November 2011

� The broader interested community

� Donors

� NGOs, international organizations, and other interest groups.

Consultation Process

The consultations with the project stakeholders were carried out while conducting the

present ESA. A participatory and consultative approach was employed for information

gathering and data collection.

Meetings and consultations were held with a range of key informants as well as

government and civil society stakeholders at different levels. The focus group

discussions with smaller groups of grassroots stakeholders were held, whereas

discussions with the institutional stakeholders were arranged in consultation workshops.

These discussions were held with project affected people, project beneficiaries and other

local communities in Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Lahore, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan,

Bhakkar, and Layyah districts. An attempt was made to consult stakeholders from all of

the distinct regions of the province with respect to the cultivation and water availability –

Potwar, Central Punjab, Sothern Punjab, and Thal desert. This process of stakeholder

consultation was conceived to interact meaningfully with affected communities and other

stakeholders. The consultations also helped better understand local knowledge with

respect to the various sets of issues and concerns, and integrate these into the project

design and EMP. (Please see Annex C for stakeholder consultation details.)

Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders

The institutional stakeholder consultations were held during the workshops organized in

Rawalpindi and Multan. The representatives of the following organizations were invited

for these workshops:

� Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA)

� Punjab EPA and EPD

� Planning Commission

� P&DD, Punjab

� Ministry of Environment

� Ministry of Food and Agriculture

� Ministry of Water and Power

� Officials from the Agriculture Department,

Punjab

� NARC

� The Pakistan Water and Power

Development Authority (WAPDA)

� Pakistan Council for Research on Water

Resources (PCRWR)




November 2011

� Irrigation Department

� Barani Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

� Agriculture University, Faisalabad

� National University of Science and

Technology (NUST)

� International Islamic University

� World Bank

� Asian Development Bank

� United Nations Development Program

(UNDP)

� Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI)

� Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI)

� Cotton Research Center, Multan

� Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI)

� International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

� WWF.

Concerns Raised and Suggestion Forwarded by Institutional Stakeholders

The institutional stakeholders raised several concerns and provided useful

suggestions/recommendations. These are provided below.

� The capacity building and awareness raising of farmers should also address the water-

borne diseases caused by over irrigation.

� The use of FM radio should be promoted for the awareness raising and capacity

building of farmers for the improved irrigation techniques.

� The research institutions should also play their role in capacity building of farmers

and the Department staff.

� The research institutes should arrange farmers’ gatherings and workshops.

� More effective investment is needed for the bed-furrowing with the help of laser

leveling.

� Trees and livestock are important elements of the rural agricultural economy. The

tree cutting caused by the water course improvement should be compensated through

plantation of appropriate tree species at appropriate locations.

� The tree plantation can be used for nitrogen fixing of soil, as wind breaker

particularly in areas that experience sand/wind storms.

� The drip irrigation should be promoted in areas having undulating terrain.

� The national water policy needs to be devised addressing judicious use of the

available water for irrigation.

� Sustainability of the modern irrigation techniques needs to be studied through

research.




November 2011

� The laser land leveling equipment should be provided to the rental services.

� Demonstration systems should be arranged at regional level to showcase the modern

irrigation techniques.

� The Project interventions can employ the rural unemployed youth.

� The private sector should be motivated to participate in promoting the modern

irrigation techniques.

� Drip irrigation system is ideal for locations where water is scarce.

� The private sector needs to be supported and encouraged to develop simple

machinery for bed-furrowing and other similar tasks.

� The water course improvement can potentially cause tree cutting and loss of natural

vegetation. Tree cuttings should be restricted to only those trees causing restriction in

water flow or hindrance in civil works.

� Existing provision for improvement of entire earthen section may be reconsidered to

relax the same for a certain portion located at tail end of watercourse where water

flows only for a few hours.

� The hydrology data needs to be collected and analyzed to fully understand the impact

of water course lining on the groundwater recharge.

� Laser land leveling is now becoming economically viable and sustainable. Other

interventions such as water course lining are not yet sustainable and government’s

support is needed to undertake these improvements.

� Environmental impacts of brick kilns, which would provide bricks for the Project,

needs to be highlighted.

� Local manufacturing of drip irrigation systems and their parts should be encouraged.

� The traditional flood irrigation system is no more viable in view of the water

shortage, hence high efficiency irrigation methods should be promoted through the

Project.

� Tube-wells should be installed giving due consideration to their location and inter-

tube-well distance.

� The lining of the water courses should be carried out beyond the current limit of 30

percent. The quality of water course lining needs to be improved, and the Department

team should regularly monitor this aspect.

� The soil and water pollution caused by the left over plastic tubing and other parts for

the drip/sprinkler irrigation system needs to be addressed.

� The drip irrigation system is currently suitable for large farmers having more

resources available to them and having more know-how/awareness. The barriers for

its adaptation by the small farmers need to me removed.

� Pest management component needs to be included in the Project, addressing the use

of pesticides (and other chemical inputs) in the high efficiency irrigation techniques.

Awareness raising and capacity building components should also be included in the

Project in this regard. Additionally, this aspect needs further field research as well.

� The contaminated water in the canals is causing diseases, since it is used for drinking

purposes as well in many areas.




November 2011

� The use of solar energy should also be explored for pumping groundwater.

� Trees are sometimes cut down for improving the water courses. The compensatory

tree plantation should be included in the Project (and Water User Associations’

contracts with the Department).

� The Department should also encourage the farmers to build water ponds to store

irrigation water.

� Laser leveling is highly beneficial for water conservation.

� The tube-wells are being misused, and there exists no law to control the installation of

new tube-wells.

� The Department should promote small dams and sprinkler/drip irrigation in Potohar

region of the Province.

Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations

The grass root consultations were carried out at the following locations:

� Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman and others,

Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

� Farm of Ahsan Khan and others, Tehsil

Hazro, District Attock

� Farm of Mohammad Arshad Khan and

others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

� Farm of Moazzam Javed and others,

Tehsil and District Attock

� Farm of Malik Ghulam Hussain and

others, Tehsil Jand, District Attock

� Farm of Khursheed Ahmed Khan and

others, Tehsil Fateh Jang, District

Attock

� Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq and others,

Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near

Chakri)

� Farm of Mian Abdul Majeed and others,

Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near

Chakri)

� Farm of Iqtedar Amir and others, Tehsil

and District Chakwal

� Farm of Mohammad Hayat and others,

Tehsil and District Chakwal

� WUA # 7828 (Khwaja Faqir), Lahore

Cantonment.

� WUA # 4412/R (Taqi Pur), Lahore

Cantonment




November 2011

� Farm (Countryside Natural Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil Ferozwala, District

Sheikhupura

� Farm of Shabir Hussain and others, Tehsil Muridke, District Sheikhupura

� Water course # 79430-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara

� Water course # 40477-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara

� Farm of A. Ashiq Babar and others,

Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

� Water course # 6072-TR, Chichawatni,

District Sahiwal

� Farm of Malik Hammad Hyder and others,

Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

� Water course # 13528-TF, Chichawatni,

District Sahiw al

� Water course # 16575-L, Shakh-e-Madina,

District Multan

� Water course # 37810-L, Gagra, District

Multan

� Farm near Karor, District Layyah

� Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba and others,

Karor, District Layyah




November 2011

� Farm of Asad Imran and others, District Layyah

� Farm of Bashir A. Khan and others, District Bhakkar

� Farm of Rana Munawar and others; Chaubara, District Layyah

� Farm of Mohammad Husnain and others, Chaubara District Layyah

� Farm of Sardar Nasir Abbas Magsi and others, Chaub ara, District Layyah

Table 6.2 presents list of the discussants and the key issues raised during the

consultations. The details of the consultations are provided in Annex C.




November 2011

Table 0.1: Participation Framework

Project Stage Proposed Tool Stakeholders Consulted /

to be Consulted Responsibility

Project Design Phase Meetings with institutional stakeholders (carried out during the present ESA);

Meetings with grass root stakeholders (carried out during the present ESA)

(See Sections 6.5 and 6.6 for lists of key stakeholders consulted.)

Institutional stakeholders;

Grass root stakeholders, including the communities to be affected/benefitted during the project implementation.

ESA consultant.

Project Construction / implementation Phase

Sharing of the project objectives, project components, major benefits, potential impacts, and mitigation measures with the affected communities (and other stakeholders).

Institutional stakeholders;

Grass root stakeholders, including the communities to be affected during the project implementation.

The concerned Water Management Officer (WMO)

Grievance Redressal Mechanism (discussed in Section 8.7).

The communities to be affected/benefitted

WMO

Consultations with the communities during Environmental and Social Monitoring (discussed in Section 8.5).


Consultations with the project affectees / beneficiaries and communities during the external monitoring (discussed in Section 8.5).


External monitoring consultant.

Consultations with the project affectees / beneficiaries, and communities during the site visits by the WB monitoring mission.

The communities to be affected/benefitted;

District government officers

WB monitoring mission.

Project Operation Phase

Liaison with the communities The communities to be affected/benefitted

WMOs; Officials from DGA (WM).




November 2011

Figure 0.1: Conceptual Framework for Consultations

Identification of grassroots level and management level

stakeholders

Individual consultations with the management level stakeholders

Individual consultations with

the grassroots level stakeholders

Group consultations with the grassroots and management level stakeholders

Discussions on the likely impacts of the project

Identification of the mitigation of the impacts of the project




November 2011

Table 0.2: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root Consultations

Location/Farmers Number and

Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman

and others, Tehsil Hazro,

District Attock

10;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

District Officer

(DO), Deputy

District Officer

(DDO),

Assistant

Agriculture

Engineer (AAE)

Very positive impact on productivity;

water consumption after scheme

completion reduced to one-third; area

under cultivation increased; price of

land increased.

Extension of scheme is needed; the

farmers showed keenness to

participate in any future scheme of

same or similar nature.

The Department officials informed the

farmers about high efficiency

irrigation techniques and the

forthcoming project.

Farm of Ahsan Khan and

others, Tehsil Hazro,

District Attock

9;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO and DDO;

Supply and

Service

Company (SSC)

Farmers very happy with increased

productivity; water consumption after

scheme completion reduced to one-

third; area under cultivation increased;

price of land increased.

Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides

needed reduced.

Farmers showed satisfaction with the

SSC support.

The farmers showed keenness to



Farm of Mohammad

Arshad Khan, and others

Tehsil Hazro, District

Attock

10;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO and DDO;

Supply and

Service

Company (SSC)

Farmers satisfied with increased

output; water consumption after

scheme completion reduced.


needed reduced.


SSC support.

The farmers showed willingness to



Farm of Moazzam Javed

and others, Tehsil and

District Attock

8;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;


output; water consumption after

scheme completion reduced.


needed reduced.




November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

(WM) officers;

DO and DDO The farmers showed willingness to







Farm of Malik Ghulam

Hussain and others, Tehsil

Jand, District Attock

12;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO and DDO;

Supply and

Service

Company (SSC)

Farmers satisfied with increased wheat

output; water consumption and cost of

irrigation after scheme completion

reduced.


needed reduced.


SSC support.




Farm of Khursheed Ahmed

Khan and others, Tehsil

Fateh Jang, District Attock

15;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO and DDO;

Supply and

Service

Company (SSC)


orchard output; water consumption

and cost of irrigation after scheme

completion reduced.


needed reduced.


SSC support.




Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq


District Rawalpindi (near

Chakri)

9;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO and AE

Farmers showed satisfaction on the

success of scheme. They have applied

for drip irrigation scheme for the farm.

The farmers reported limited use of

pesticides and fertilizers.

The farm provides employment to

more than 20 workers.





Farm of Mian Abdul

Majeed and others, Tehsil

and District Rawalpindi

12;

Farmers;

Farmers reported increased output

from the farm after the completion of

the scheme. In addition to the




November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

and District Rawalpindi

(near Chakri)

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO and AE

the scheme. In addition to the

increased income to the owners, the

farm has provided employment to

about 50 workers.

The farmers enquired about any future

schemes offered by the Department.





Farm of Iqtedar Amir and

others, Tehsil and District

Chakwal

10;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO and AE

Farmers satisfied on the success of

scheme. They have applied for drip

irrigation scheme for the farm.

The farmers reported limited use of

pesticides but increased use of

fertilizers.

The farm provides employment to

more than 6 workers.

The farmers willing to adopt high

efficiency irrigation techniques.





Farm of Mohammad Hayat


District Chakwal

11;

Farmers;

Directorate

General (WM)

officers; DO and

DDO

Farmers reported increased output

from the farm after the completion of

the scheme.

The farmers have applied for the

Government’s scheme for the high

efficiency irrigation system.

Water course # 7828

(Khwaja Faqir), Lahore

Cantonment.

21;

WUA members

and other

farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DDO, AAE,

WMO, Sub

Engineers (SEs)

Farmers showed their satisfaction

about the water course improvement

and reported water conservation after

the completion of scheme. They

expected the Department to provide

further assistance.

The community mobilization was

found to be effective. The WUA

documentation was found to be proper.

The community showed interest in

high efficiency irrigation methods and

laser land leveling.

The WUA members complained about




November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

delayed payments, and also requested

the Department to increase the earlier

payment installments and decrease the

last installment.

Trees need to be cut for water course

improvement works. Compensatory

tree plantation should be carried out.


farmers about the forthcoming project

involving laser land leveling, high

efficiency irrigation techniques, and

water course improvement.

Water course # 4412/R

(Taqi Pur), Lahore

Cantonment

17;

WUA members

and other

farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DDO, AAE,

WMO, Sub

Engineers (SEs)

Farmers reported water conservation

after the completion of scheme. They

expected the Department to provide

more assistance for further

improvement in the water courses.



documentation was found to be

acceptable with some need for

improvement.






the Department to increase the earlier


last installment.









Farm (Countryside Natural

Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil

Ferozwala, District

Sheikhupura

10;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

The farmers reported achieving very

high yield from the farm using of the

drip irrigation system.

The quantities of pesticides and

fertilizers need were reduced.




November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

DDO, AAE,

SSC Water consumption was significantly

reduced.

The farmers showed satisfaction

regarding the service provided by the

SSC.

Farm of Shabir Hussain,

Tehsil Muridke, District

Sheikhupura

11;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DDO, AAE,

SSC

The farmers reported achieving high

yield from the farm using of the

sprinkler irrigation system for wheat

crop.

The quantities of herbicides and

fertilizers need were reduced.

Water consumption was significantly

reduced.

The farmers showed satisfaction

regarding the service provided by the

SSC.

Water course # 79430-L,

Renala Khurd, District

Okara

25;

WUA members

and other

farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO, DDO, AE;

Consultant

The farmers reported the reduction in

time required to irrigate the fields after

the improvement of the water courses.

They expected the Department to

provide more assistance for further


The farmers now moving to further

improvements such as laser land

leveling.





improvement.






the Department to increase the initial


last installment.









November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed





Renala Khurd, District

Okara

22;

WUA members

and other

farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officers;

DO, DDO, AE;

Consultant

The farmers reported the reduction in

time required to irrigate the fields and

increase in the irrigated area after the

improvement of the water courses.








improvement.


high efficiency irrigation methods.





last installment.









Farm of M. Ashiq Babar,

Chichawatni, District

Sahiwal

10;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials,

DO, DDO, AE;

Consultant

The farmer reported about 30% saving

in water requirements after laser land

leveling.

Use of herbicides, fertilizer, and

pesticides reduced.

The farmers showed satisfaction about

the equipment and after-sales service

provided by the SSC.

Water course # 6072-TR,


Sahiwal

12;

WUA members

and other

farmers;

Directorate

General

The farmers reported increased

availability of water and hence








November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials,

DO, DDO, AE;

Consultant






improvement.


high efficiency irrigation methods.





last installment.









Farm of Malik Hammad

Hyder and others,


Sahiwal

5;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials,

DO, DDO, AE,

Supervisor

Farmers reported 30% saving in water

use and 30% increase in yield after


Decreased use of fertilizer and

weedicides.

The farmer informed that without

subsidy, they and other farmers would

not be able to afford the laser land

leveling.






Water course # 13528-TF,


Sahiwal

18;

WUA members

and other

farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials,

The WUA members reported

reduction in water losses, labor

required for irrigating the fields, and

water pilferage - because of the water

course improvement.


delayed payments from the

Government and difficulty in getting




November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

DO, DDO, AE;

Consultant

farmers’ contributions. The farmers

usually have money only after the

harvest. The delays in payments also

affect the material purchase, since the

material rates keep on increasing. The

WUA members also complained about

tough criteria used by the consultants

for approving the works, increasing

labor expenses, and requested that the

Government’s share should be

increased.





farmers about water course

improvement, laser land leveling and

high efficiency irrigation techniques in

the forthcoming project.


Shakh-e-Madina, District

Multan

29;

WUA members

and other

farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO, AE,

WMO,

Supervisors,

Rodmen











acceptable.





last installment. They informed that

collecting farmers’ share was a very

difficult task. They requested the

Department to eliminate the farmers’

share altogether.









November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed





Gagra, District Multan

27;

WUA members

and other

farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO, AE,

WMO,

Supervisors,

Rodmen











acceptable.





last installment. They informed that

collecting farmers’ share was a very

difficult task.




The community showed its willingness

to undertake this compensatory

plantation.






Government’s

Demonstration Farm near

Karor, District Layyah

6;

The farm’s

supervisors and

attendants;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO,

WMO.

Drip irrigation has resulted in

decreased water needs, as well as

reduced pesticides, weedicides and

fertilizer usage.

Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba

and others, Karor, District

Layyah

10;

Farmers;

The farmers reported reduced water

consumption by 30%, increased yield,

and effective utilization of fertilizers




November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

Layyah Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO,

WMO

and effective utilization of fertilizers

by adopting drip irrigation technique.

Farm of Asad Imran and

others, District Layyah

8;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO,

WMO


consumption, increased yield, reduced

need of fertilizers and pesticides by

adopting drip irrigation technique.

Farm of Bashir A. Khan,

District Bhakkar

7;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO,

WMO





Farm of Rana Munawar;

Chaubara, District Layyah

8;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO,

WMO




adopting sprinkler irrigation technique.

Farm of Mohammad

Husnain, Chaubara District

Layyah

6;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO,

WMO




adopting sprinkler irrigation technique.

Farm of Sardar Nasir

Abbas Magsi, Chaubara,

District Layyah

7;

Farmers;

Directorate

General

Agriculture








November 2011


Type of

Participants

Key Issue Discussed

(WM) officials;

DO, DDO,

WMO




November 2011

Impact Assessment This Chapter assesses the potential impacts of the proposed project on environment and

people. Also provided in the Chapter are the mitigation measures to minimize if not

eliminate the potentially negative impacts, in order to ensure that the interventions under

the proposed project do not cause environmental and/or social impacts beyond the

acceptable level.

Positive Impacts

The positive environmental and social impacts of the project include increased water

conservation, enhanced social mobilization (ie, establishment of WUAs), and increased

employment opportunities for skilled people. In addition, the project interventions such

as high efficiency irrigation techniques will help discontinue usage of sewage water to

irrigate crops particularly vegetables in the peri-urban areas – a practice that poses health

risks to the population consuming these vegetables.

Environmental Screening

The potentially negative impacts of the project interventions have been screened using

the ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for the irrigation projects as given

in Table 7.1 below.

Table 0.1: Environmental Screening

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting

Is the Project area adjacent to or

within any of the following

environmentally sensitive areas?

• Protected Area

Unlikely - No subprojects to be located

inside any protected area.

• Wetland

Unlikely No subprojects to be located

inside any protected wetland.

• Mangrove

- ✔ No mangroves exist in the

Province.

• Estuarine

✔ No estuaries exist in the Project

Area.

• Buffer zone of protected area Unlikely - No subprojects to be located


• Special area for protecting

biodiversity

Unlikely - No subprojects to be located





November 2011


B. Potential Environmental

Impacts

Will the Project cause…

• loss of precious ecological

values (e.g. result of

encroachment into

forests/swamplands or

historical/cultural

buildings/areas, disruption of

hydrology of natural

waterways, regional flooding,

and drainage hazards)?

Unlikely - Most of the subprojects will be

located in cultivation fields.

Only some interventions could

be located in uncultivated areas.

No subprojects will be located

at any protected archeological,

cultural, or religious sites.

• conflicts in water supply

rights and related social

conflicts?

Unlikely - The project interventions will

not change the existing water

rights. Formulation of Water

User Associations (WUAs) will

address any possible conflicts.

• impediments to movements of

people and animals?

Unlikely - Most of the subprojects will be

located in cultivation fields.

The water course improvements

include construction of culverts

at appropriate locations.

• potential ecological problems

due to increased soil erosion

and siltation, leading to

decreased stream capacity?

Unlikely

/

possibly

- The water course improvement

works will decrease soil

erosion.

Appropriate mitigation

measures have been included in

project interventions.

• Insufficient drainage leading

to salinity intrusion?

Unlikely - The project interventions are

unlikely to affect the drainage

pattern.

• over pumping of groundwater,

leading to salinization and

ground subsidence?

Unlikely - The project interventions will

promote judicious use and

hence conservation of irrigation

water, thus reducing the need of

ground water pumping. The

water course lining may reduce

groundwater recharge, but this

lining will be minimized in the

saline groundwater zone.

• impairment of downstream

water quality and therefore,

impairment of downstream

beneficial uses of water?

Unlikely

/

possibly.

- The high efficiency irrigation

schemes under the project will

generally result in reduced and

judicious use of chemical

inputs. The chemical inputs are

generally applied direcltly to




November 2011


the plant root zone, thus

reducing the possibility and

extent of soil and water

contamination. Awareness

raising has nonetheless been

included in the apacity building

component of the Project.

• dislocation or involuntary

resettlement of people?

Unlikely - Most of the project

interventions will be located in

cultivation fields. Only in rare

cases, uncultivated land will be

brought under cultivation.

Appropriate control measures

have been included to ensure

that no resettlement of people

takes place.

• disproportionate impacts on

the poor, women and children,

Indigenous Peoples or other

vulnerable groups?

Unlikely - The project will generally

benefit the land owners and

growers, however, these

interventions are unlikely to

negatively affect vulnerable

groups such as poor, women

and children. No indigenous

people are known to exist in the

Province.

• potential social conflicts

arising from land tenure and

land use issues?

Unlikely - The project benefits are

unlikely to change the existing

land tenure or land use rights.

Formulation of WUAs is likely

to address any possible

conflicts.

• soil erosion before

compaction and lining of

canals?

Unlikely

/

possibly

- Lining of water courses will

generally reduce the soil

erosion. Most of the

interventions will be located in

plain areas, thus minimizing the

possibility of soil erosion.

Appropriate mitigation

measures have been included in

the water course improvement

and other components to control

any soil erosion.

• noise from construction

equipment?

Unlikely - The noise during the project

interventions will primarily be

generated by tractors (laser land

leveling), and small trucks

(material hauling). These




November 2011


vehicles will essentially operate

in cultivation fields, during the

day time, where such machinery

is routinely used. Hence the

noise generation from the

project intervention is unlikely

to cause any significant impact.

• dust during construction? Possibly - Some minor dust emissions are

likely to be caused by the

construction activities, however

these will take place within the

cultivation fields where such

dust emissions are quite routine.

• Water logging and soil

salinization due to inadequate

drainage and farm

management?

Unlikely - The project interventions aim to

conserve irrigation water and

discourage over-irrigation.

Hence water logging and

salinization are not likely to

take place.

Soil slinization cuased by high

efficiency irrigation may be

controlled by flood irrigating

the field on occasional basis.

• leaching of soil nutrients and

changes in soil characteristics

due to excessive application

of irrigation water?

Unlikely - The project aims to conserve

water and discourage over-

irrigation. Hence leaching of

soil nutrients and soil

degradation are not likely to

take place.

• reduction of downstream

water supply during peak

seasons?

Unlikely - The project interventions aim to

conserve irrigation water and

discourage over-irrigation.

Hence the project is unlikely to

negatively affect other water

users (other water users are

likely to benefit from the

project with increased water

availability).

• soil pollution, polluted farm

runoff and groundwater, and

public health risks due to

excessive application of

fertilizers and pesticides?

Possibly - The high efficiency irrigation

techniques under the project

need smaller quantities of

chemical inputs which are

applied directly to plant root

zone, thus reducing the resultant

soil and runoff contamination.

Appropriate awareness raising

and capacity building initiatives




November 2011


have nonethelees been included

in the project design to address

the potential impacts.

• soil erosion (furrow, surface)? Unlikely - The project interventions (land

leveling, high efficiency

irrigation techniques, and water

course improvement) will

reduce and forestall soil

erosion, usually associated with

over-irrigation.

• scouring of canals? Unlikely - The water course improvement

component will in fact arrest

any previous scouring.

• clogging of canals by

sediments?

Unlikely - The water course improvement

component will arrest

sedimentation in the water

courses.

• clogging of canals by weeds? Unlikely - The water course improvement

component will in fact arrest

any clogging of the water

courses.

• seawater intrusion into

downstream freshwater

systems?

- ✔ No sea front exists in the

Province.




November 2011


• introduction of increase in

incidence of waterborne or

water related diseases?

Unlikely

to

possibly

- The project interventions aim to

conserve water and discourage

over-irrigation. Therefore these

interventions are likely to

decrease waterborne or water-

related diseases. The capacity

building component of the

project will address this aspect

as well.

• dangers to a safe and healthy

working environment due to

physical, chemical and

biological hazards during

project construction and

operation?

Unlikely

to

possibly

- The physical hazards associated

with the project are same as the

other cultivation activities. The

biological and chemical hazards

are associated with the

injudicious and unsafe

use/handling of chemical

inputs. The project

interventions are likely to

reduce the need of these inputs.

The capacity building

component of the project will

nonetheless address these

aspects.

• large population influx during

project construction and

operation that causes

increased burden on social

infrastructure and services

(such as water supply and

sanitation systems)?

Unlikely - The individual subprojects are

quite small and localized, with

no possibility or need of any

population influx during

construction or operation.

• social conflicts if workers

from other regions or

countries are hired?

Unlikely - The individual subprojects are

quite small and localized, with

little possibility or need of

workers from other regions.

The contractors will be selected

by WUAs.

• risks to community health and

safety due to the transport,

storage, and use and/or

disposal of materials such as

explosives, fuel and other

chemicals during construction

and operation?

Unlikely

to

possibly

The risk to community’s health

and safety is associated with the

handling of chemical inputs

(pesticides and fertilizers)

mentioned earlier as well. The

capacity building component of

the project will address these

aspects. The capacity building

component will also address

avoidance and cure of water borne and

water related diseases, particularly

malaria and dengue.




November 2011


• community safety risks due to

both accidental and natural

hazards, especially where the

structural elements or

components of the project

(e.g., irrigation dams) are

accessible to members of the

affected community or where

their failure could result in

injury to the community

throughout project

construction, operation and

decommissioning?

Unlikely - The project interventions do not

include any structures (such as

dams and dikes) which could

pose hazard to the local

community through accidents or

natural disasters.

Assessment of Potential Impacts and Mitigation

The potentially negative impacts identified with the help of environmental screening

discussed in Section 7.2 are assessed in the subsections below.

Subproject Siting (Land Use, Landform, and Land Take)

Drip irrigation. The farmers will generally adopt the drip irrigation system on an

existing cultivation field/farm, thus causing no modification of land use or landform. In

some cases however, farmers may use land that is previously not under cultivation (as has

been observed particularly in Potohar, where farmers have grown orchards irrigated by

drip system in area that were lying vacant). The potentially negative impacts of such

changes in land use/land form include:

� disputes over land ownership, blocked access for people of the area,

� encroachment into any sensitive habitat and/or protected areas, and

� encroachment into any sites of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious

significance.

The proposed project will not need any land to be acquired and hence it will not cause

any involuntary resettlement.

Sprinkler irrigation and laser land leveling. These interventions will generally be

implemented in the existing cultivation fields, hence causing no changes in the land form

or land use.

Watercourse improvement: While improving the watercourse, it is sometimes realigned

also, thus causing change of land from and land use (this change is on a micro level; at

the macro level, no change takes place, since the area in general would remain under

cultivation after the completion of the scheme as well). The land under the watercourse

is generally owned by the water users, who greatly benefit from the watercourse

improvement, and therefore willingly donate the land.




November 2011

Mitigation Measures

For the schemes under the proposed project where an expansion of the cultivation

field/orchard takes place, the following measures will be implemented/included in the

design of the scheme:

� The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to be established under the scheme

should be owned by the beneficiary. No involuntary resettlement should result from

such expansion of the cultivation area.

� It should be ensured that the local routes are not blocked by such schemes.

� If trees are to be cut for any scheme in a previously vacant area, the farmer/scheme

beneficiary will carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree

species. Trees thus planted should be at least three times the number of trees cut for

establishing the scheme.

� No schemes should be located inside or at any environmental hotspot as defined in

Section 5.5.

� The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrines.

� The ‘chance find’51

procedures will be included in the scheme agreements.

� Land for the realigned water course should be voluntarily donated by its owner(s),

and proper documentation should be completed for this donation. In addition, this

donation should be appropriately recorded in the WUA register.

Loss of Precious Ecological Values

The project interventions can potentially cause loss of precious ecological assets, if they

are inappropriately located and encroach into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural

buildings/areas, disrupt hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage

hazards.

Mitigation Measures

The mitigation measures described in Section 7.3.1 above will address the potential

issues associated with the loss of precious ecological values.

Conflicts in Water Supply Rights

Increased irrigation water availability as a result of water course improvement and/or

adopting high efficiency irrigation techniques can potentially cause local conflicts among

the communities.

Mitigation Measures

Conflict avoidance and resolution are some of the key functions of the WUAs. The

social mobilization and capacity building components of the project will address

formulation and sustainability of the WUAs.

51

‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious

significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of water ponds, the works will be

stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.




November 2011

Disruption of Local Routes

During the construction activities of the project, local routes can potentially be blocked

adversely affecting the local communities and their livestock.

Mitigation Measures

� The design of water course improvement will include culverts at appropriate

locations.

� Any disruption of local routes will be minimized through astute planning.

� Any temporary blocking of local routes will be discussed in WUA meeting and

agreement reached considering alternate routes.

Soil Erosion and Topography

No project interventions are likely to involve any large excavation or any other activity

causing soil erosion. Some minor excavation is involved in the water course

improvement works, but the overall impact of this improvement is reduced soil erosion,

which takes place along the unimproved water course.

Some schemes under the project may involve constructing a water pond as the water

source for drip or sprinkler irrigation. Improper location/construction of pond can

potentially cause soil erosion/subsidence. Additionally, the surplus soil if inappropriately

disposed can potentially cause blocked drainage, loss of cultivable land, and associated

issues.

Mitigation Measures

The following measures will greatly reduce the potential impacts described above:

� During the water course improvement works, earthen channels will not be left un-

compacted for long durations.

� The soil excavated and silt removed during the water course improvement works will

be disposed appropriately, ensuring that it is not dumped in the cultivation fields, and

does not block the water courses, drains, or local routes.

� The water ponds under the schemes will be appropriately located and designed,

addressing all aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and seepage.

� The scheme design involving excavation of water pond should include proper

disposal of the surplus soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond itself).

Loss of Soil Productivity

The flood irrigation helps in leaching of salts present in the irrigation water (particularly

when groundwater is used) from the soil thus avoiding salt build up in the crop root zone.

However, the proposed high efficiency irrigation system may potentially lead to salt build

up in the crop root zone since the leaching is unlikely to take place with the controlled

irrigation. This phenomenon may be more likely in central and southern Punjab where

rainfall is too scanty and therefore little natural leaching of salts takes place.

Mitigation Measures

� Drip irrigation system should be preferred for row crops and for areas having loamy

soils.




November 2011

� Soil analyses should be carried out in the fields using high efficiency irrigation

systems to detect any salt build up in the crop root zone.

� In the fields using drip irrigation systems in areas with little or scanty rainfall,

occasional (say, once a year) flood irrigation may be considered to avoid salt build up

in the soil, particularly where groundwater is used for irrigation.

Reduced Groundwater Recharge

The water course lining while conserving water by reducing the water seepage from the

water courses can also potentially reduce the groundwater recharge thus affecting among

others the drinking water source for the local population. The groundwater in areas

where it is not saline or brackish has become a major source of irrigation water. The

seepage from the irrigation network and the cultivation fields is among the major sources

of recharge to this valuable natural water storage.

Mitigation Measures

One of the design criteria adopted by the Department is to limit the water course lining to

30 percent in the areas with fresh groundwater. This will ensure adequate groundwater

recharge from the remaining places.

In addition, the Department should utilize the results of the groundwater studies being

carried out by different organizations in the Country. This would help understand the

actual impact of the water course lining on the groundwater table.

Soil and Water Contamination

The application of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides) can potentially

cause soil and water contamination, having negative impacts on people, as well as on

natural flora and fauna. The high-efficiency irrigation techniques and laser land leveling

included in the proposed project generally increase the effectiveness of these inputs, thus

reducing the quantities of these inputs per unit farm produce. Particulalrly in case of the

HEIS, the fertilizers and pesticides are msoslty applied directly to the crop root zone,

which results into maximum absorption of these chemicals by the plant, thus reducing the

possibility and extent of soil and water contamination.

The installation of the drip or sprinkler system may also generate small quantities of

wastes, such as plastic tubing, pieces of metal pipes, and pipe fittings, as well as left over

construction material including cement, sand and bricks can potentially cause soil and

water contamination.

Mitigation Measures

� Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as

integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and mulching) will be

promoted through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives which are

included in the Component C1 of the proposed project (see Section 3.4.3).

� The capacity building program will also include safe handling of hazardous

substances such as pesticides.

� Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the design of the schemes. It will be

ensured that no waste or left over construction material is left behind in the

cultivation fields.




November 2011

Impacts on Women, Children, Vulnerable Groups, and Indigenous People

The project interventions will generally benefit the land owners and growers, however,

these interventions are unlikely to negatively affect vulnerable groups such as poor,

women and children.

The proposed interventions are unlikely to negatively affect the gender roles and

responsibilities, nor the women of the area. Rather, watercourse improvement and high

efficiency irrigation systems are likely to facilitate the women laborers to carryout

irrigation and other on-farm activities more effectively. Similarly, construction of

washing bays on watercourses will benefit the local population particularly women.

No indigenous people are known to exist in the Province.

Mitigation Measures

No discrimination with respect to religion, caste, gender, or association with any social

group will be practiced while selecting the project beneficiaries.

Noise and Vibration

The activities under the proposed interventions, such as laser land leveling, will cause

some noise and vibration, however this noise will not be in excess to what is normally

generated in a cultivation field/farm during the routine cultivation activities.

Air Quality

Air quality deterioration in and around the farms participating in the proposed project can

potentially be caused by:

� increased use of chemical inputs, since certain volatile substances can become

airborne;

� use of diesel engines/tractors for water pumping and laser land leveling;

� Dust emissions from excavation and other construction works.

Mitigation Measures


integrated pest management and using disease-resistant seeds) will be promoted

through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives, as described earlier.

� Awareness raising and capacity building initiative included in the proposed project

should also address aspects such:

� Keeping the tractors and diesel engines properly tuned and in good working

condition,

� Using proper fuel.

Water Consumption and Availability of Water in Downstream Areas

With the implementation of the proposed interventions, the water consumption generally

reduces, thus allowing more area to be irrigated with the same amount of water available.

This is a positive impact (and the key objective of the project) hence does not require any

mitigation.




November 2011

However, water consumption for any scheme involving new area to be brought under

cultivation, may potentially affect other water users.

Mitigation Measures

� It will be ensured that any new area development does not negatively affect

downstream water users.

� The water saved through the project interventions should be used to address the water

stress and/or to bring the fallow land under cultivation.

Clogging of Water Courses

Improper maintenance of water courses can potentially cause silting and clogging of

these channels, thus reducing the irrigation efficiency and water availability.

Mitigation Measures

The WUAs play an important role in maintaining the water courses in good condition.

Through social mobilization and capacity building during the project, the sustainability of

the WUAs will be promoted

Water Borne and Water-related Diseases

Construction and operation of irrigation schemes can potentially cause water borne and

water-related diseases. In particular, the ponds constructed to store water can provide

breeding areas for mosquitoes, potentially causing maleria and dengue.

Mitigation Measures

� The capacity building component of the project will address the importance of safe

drinking water and hygienic practices, thus addressing the water borne diseases.

� The capacity building program will also address the avoidance and cure of water-

related diseases. In particular, ways and means to avoid malaria and dengue will be

disseminated to the communities.

Safety Hazards and Public Health

Improper handling of pesticides and herbicides exposes the farm labor to hazardous and

toxic substances. Though, as mentioned earlier, the quantities of pesticides and

herbicides applied per unit produce are reduced by using the high efficiency irrigation

techniques, or by leveling the land, the overall quantities of these chemical inputs may

increase because of the increased productivity and higher intensity of cultivation. This

may increase the exposure of the farmers and farm labor to the hazardous substances.

The water pond constructed for the high efficiency irrigation systems may pose safety

hazards for the local population particularly children and also for the livestock. These

ponds may also become the breeding areas for disease vectors such as mosquitoes,

potentially causing malaria and dengue.

Mitigation Measures


integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and mulching) will be




November 2011

promoted through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives included in the

proposed project.

� The above mentioned awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also

address the safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,

herbicides, and fertilizers.

� Protective fencing would be erected around the water ponds.

� The capacity building program would also address the potential mosquito breeding in

the water ponds.

Influx of Workers and Employment

The water course improvement works will offer employment and/or small contracting

opportunities. Influx of laborers/contractors from other regions can potentially cause

conflict and tension between communities and these laborers and contractors.

Generally, the proposed interventions tend to reduce time and efforts needed to irrigate

the cultivation fields, which may reduce the need of farm labor. However, the increased

productivity from these fields more than compensates this reduction in farm labor

demand. In addition, the high efficiency irrigation techniques increase the demand of

labor having better skills and know-how.

Mitigation Measures

� Preference will be given to the local contractors and laborers. The WUAs will select

the contractors in accordance with the local norms.

� The capacity building component of the project will include trainings for operation

and maintenance of drip, sprinkler, and laser land leveling systems.

� The modern irrigation techniques also provide an opportunity for the unemployed

rural youth to be gainfully employed. Most of the modern high efficiency irrigation

techniques are being adopted by young, educated farmers. The capacity building and

awareness raising component of the Project should target this aspect also.

Impacts on Natural Flora and Fauna

Natural flora and fauna can potentially be negatively impacted by the proposed

interventions in the following manners:

� As mentioned in Section 7.3.8, the use of excessive chemical inputs causing soil and

water contamination, which in turn can potentially harm natural vegetation, beneficial

insects, birds, and other faunal species.

� Trees may need to be cut to undertake the improvement of watercourses particularly

its realignment.

� Trees may need to be cut and natural vegetation removed for implementing any

proposed scheme such as drip irrigation in a previously vacant area.

Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures will avoid/reduce the potentially negative impacts of

the project interventions on the biological resources:




November 2011


integrated pest management and using disease-resistant seeds) will be promoted

through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives as described earlier in

Section 7.3.8.

� Cutting of trees would be restricted to only those trees which cause

restriction/hindrance in water flow or civil works.

� If any trees are to be cut for watercourse improvement works, the WUA will carry out

compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted

should be at least three times the number of trees cut for establishing the scheme.

� If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously vacant area, the farmer/scheme

beneficiary will carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree

species. Trees thus planted should be at least three times the number of trees cut for


� As mentioned earlier, no schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas

(see Table 5.4 for the list of such areas).

Grazing

Most of the interventions such as laser land leveling and watercourse improvement will

not have any impact on the grazing, since they will be implemented in the existing

cultivation fields as mentioned earlier as well. Implementing drip irrigation in previously

vacant areas can potentially negatively affect the grazing of livestock.

Mitigation Measures

It should be ensured that the vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to be

established under the scheme is owned by the beneficiary.

Damage to Infrastructure

The proposed interventions will improve the on-farm irrigation infrastructure

(watercourses), will cause reduced irrigation water requirements per unit produce, and

will generally increase irrigated area and productivity of the cultivation fields. These are

positive impacts (and the key objectives of the project) hence do not require any

mitigation.

Improvement of some local infrastructure such as culverts for water courses is included

in the project design. Similarly washing bays will also be constructed at appropriate

locations along the water courses. On the other hand, the construction works can

potentially damage the local infrastructure.

Mitigation Measures

The WUA will ensure that any infrastructure such as culverts damaged during the

construction works is restored to same or better condition.

Sustainability of Interventions

Without appropriate backup support, interventions such as high efficiency irrigation

systems are not likely to be accepted by the growers. Any disruption of irrigation in

these high efficiency systems may cause water stress and associated damage to the crops.




November 2011

Mitigation Measures

The project will ensure strong and effective backup support to be provided by the

suppliers through appropriate contractual clauses. This arrangement has been quite

successful in providing after-sales support to the farmers during the on-going project.




November 2011

Environmental and Social Management Plan This Chapter presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the

proposed project.

ESMP Objectives

The ESMP aims to provide the implementation mechanism for the mitigation and control

measures for the potential impacts of the project on environment and people discussed in

Chapter 7. The specific objectives of the ESMP include the following:

� To provide a mechanism to implement the mitigation and control measures identified

during the present ESA.

� To propose institutional arrangements to implement the above-mentioned mitigation

and control measures

� To define environmental monitoring requirements to ensure effective implementation

of the mitigation and control measures.

� To identify capacity building needs with respect to the environmental and social

aspects of the project.

� To specify the documentation requirements with respect to the ESMP

implementation.

ESMP Components

In line with the ESMP objectives presented in Section 8.1 above, the key elements of the

ESMP include the following:

� Institutional setup

� Environmental and social guidelines,

� Monitoring mechanism,

� Environmental and social trainings,

� Grievance redressal mechanism

� Documentation and reporting system.

These ESMP components are described below.

Institutional Setup and Responsibilities

The Director General Agriculture (Water Management) – DGA (WM) – will be overall

responsible for environmental and social performance of the project in accordance with

the national and WB requirements.

The DGA (WM) will appoint a dedicated environmental/social development specialist or

designate an appropriate officer of the Directorate General to be the Environmental and

Social Coordinator (ESC) for the proposed project at the provincial level. The ESC will

ensure the effective implementation of ESMP throughout the project implementation.

S/he will also maintain liaison and coordination with the WMOs at the district level, who

will be designated as the district environmental and social coordinators (DESCs) in their




November 2011

respective districts. The DESCs will in turn supervise and coordinate with the WUAs

and farmers for the actual implementation of the environmental and social guidelines

(discussed in the next section) and other ESMP requirements during the project

implementation.

The Project Implementation and Supervision Consultant (PISC) will be responsible for

the implementation of ESMP while M&E Consultants will be responsible for the third

party monitoring. Production and maintenance of all the documentation outlined in

ESMP will be the responsibility of the PISC.

Environmental and Social Guidelines

Four sets of guidelines have been prepared, one each for the four types of interventions

included in the proposed project. These guidelines, presented in Tables 8.1 to 8.4, have

essentially been prepared on the basis of the mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 7.

These guidelines will be made part of the agreements to be signed for each scheme under


Environmental and Social Monitoring

The purpose of the environmental and social monitoring is to ensure the effective

implementation of the ESMP, particularly the environmental and social guidelines

described in Section 8.4 above.

The monitoring will be carried out at two tiers. At the first tier, the DESCs (WMOs) will

carry out monitoring during their routine visits to the field, with the help of visual

observations and discussions with the farmers/WUAs. At the second tier, the ESC and/or

the PISC will provide top supervision of the monitoring carried out by the DESCs, with

the help of spot checks during their field visits.

Third Party Monitoring. In addition to the monitoring described above, the M&E

Consultants will carry out the third party monitoring (or third party validation – TPV) on

an annual basis. The objective of this monitoring would be to review the entire ESMP

implementation process and its effectiveness, to identify any environmental and/or social

issues caused by the project that may exist on ground, and to frame recommendations to

improve ESMP and its various components.

Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising

The objectives of the environmental and social trainings include providing basic

knowledge and information on the key environmental and social issues associated with

the proposed interventions to the key project personnel including the ESC and DESCs.

The awareness raising initiatives on the other hand are essentially meant for the WUA

members and farmers participating in the schemes under the proposed project.

The training plan is presented in Table 8.5. The ESC will be responsible for the

implementation of this plan.

Grievance Redressal Mechanism

The grievance redressal and dispute resolution mechanism is built in the WUA and SSC

contracts. The sample contracts are presented in Annex D.




November 2011

Documentation and Reporting

Complete documentation will be maintained for the entire ESMP implementation

process. This will include the following:

� environmental and social checklists filled by the WUAs/farmers,

� environmental and social checklists filled by DESCs,

� visit reports with photographs prepared by the Supervision Consultants and ESC,

� annual third party monitoring reports,

� training reports to be prepared by ESC with the help of DESCs,

� district quarterly reports on ESMP implementation activities prepared by each DESC

in his/her respective district,

� quarterly reports on overall ESMP implementation of the project, to be prepared by

the ESC on the basis of the district quarterly reports described above, and

� project completion report on overall ESMP implementation during the entire duration

of the project – to be prepared by ESC.

The ESC and PISC will be overall responsible for the above documentation and

reporting.

ESMP Implementation Budget

The cost of ESMP implementation over the project duration of six years has been

estimated to be Rs. 19.2 million. This cost has been included in the overall project cost.

The breakdown of this estimate is provided below.

ESMP Implementation Budget

Description Cost (Pak Rs.) Notes/basis

Personnel cost ESC,

DESCs)

- No additional manpower

is needed.

Third party monitoring 9.0 million 1.5 m per year

Trainings 7.2 million 300,000 per training; 24

trainings

Miscellaneous expenses 3.0 million 0.5 m per year

Total (for 6 years) 19.2 million




November 2011

Table 0.1: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation

Environmental and Social

Aspect

Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes

The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is

to be established under the scheme should be

owned by the beneficiary.

WMO/OFWM

No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during

the project.

WMO/OFWM

Land use, land form, and/or land

take (particularly when the

schemes are to be implemented

in previously vacant areas)

It should be ensured that the local routes are not

blocked by such schemes.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

Downstream water availability The project schemes particularly those involving

expansion of cultivation area will be established

ensuring no negative impacts on downstream

water users.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

The water ponds under the schemes will be

appropriately located and designed, addressing all

aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and

seepage.

WMO/OFWM Soil erosion and topography

The scheme design involving excavation of water

pond should include proper disposal of the surplus

soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond

itself).

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of

alternate techniques (such as integrated pest

management, using disease-resistant seeds, and

mulching) will be promoted through awareness

raising and capacity building initiatives.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the

design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no

WMO/OFWM;

farmer




November 2011


Aspect



waste or left over construction material is left

behind in the cultivation fields.

farmer

Salt built up in soil Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas

where groundwater is used for irrigation.

Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if

salt built up is identified, particularly in areas

having little or scanty rainfall, and in soils having

poor drainage.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

Impacts on natural flora and

fauna

If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously

vacant area, the farmer/scheme beneficiary will

carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate

indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be

at least three times the number of trees cut for


Farmer

No schemes will be located inside any wildlife

protected areas (see Table 5.4 for the list of such

areas)

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

The awareness raising and capacity building

initiatives will also address the safe practices to

transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,


WMO/OFWM;

farmer

The farm owners will provide necessary protective

gear to the workers handling and applying

pesticides and herbicides in the field.

Farmer

Safety hazards/public health

Water ponds to have protective fencing. Farmer




November 2011


Aspect


The capacity building component will address

avoidance and cure of water borne and water

related diseases, particularly addressing mosquito

breeding in water ponds.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

It should be ensured that no schemes are approved

inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural

heritage sites listed in Table 5.7.

WMO/OFWM

The schemes should not be located in graveyards

or shrine.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

Damage to cultural heritage

(particularly when the schemes

are to be implemented in

previously vacant areas)

The ‘chance find’52

procures will be included

in the scheme agreements.

WMO/OFWM

Employment/contracting

opportunities Local labor and local contractors will be

preferred to carry out the construction and

operation activities.

Farmer

Sustainability of schemes After-sales service will be ensured through

contractual clauses.

WMO/OFWM

52

‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of

water ponds, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.




November 2011

Table 0.2: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation


Aspect


The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is

to be established under the scheme should be

owned by the beneficiary.

WMO/OFWM


the project.

WMO/OFWM


take (particularly when the

schemes are to be implemented

in previously vacant areas)



WMO/OFWM;

farmer

Downstream water availability The project schemes particularly those involving

expansion of cultivation area will be established

ensuring no negative impacts on downstream

water users.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

The water ponds under the schemes will be

appropriately located and designed, addressing all

aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and

seepage.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer

Soil erosion and topography

The scheme design involving excavation of water

pond should include proper disposal of the surplus

soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond

itself).

WMO/OFWM;

farmer






WMO/OFWM;

farmer




WMO/OFWM;

farmer




November 2011


Aspect




Salt built up in soil Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas

where groundwater is used for irrigation.

Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if

salt built up is identified.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer


fauna

If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously

vacant area, the farmer/scheme beneficiary will

carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate

indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be

at least three times the number of trees cut for


Farmer


protected areas (see Table 5.4) for the list of such

areas)

WMO/OFWM;

farmer





WMO/OFWM;

farmer




Farmer


Water ponds will have protective fence around

them.

Farmer




November 2011


Aspect




related diseases, particularly addressing mosquito

breeding in the water ponds..

WMO/OFWM;

farmer




WMO/OFWM;

farmer


or shrine.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer








WMO/OFWM


opportunities Local labor and local contractors will be



Farmer



WMO/OFWM

53






November 2011

Table 0.3: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling


Aspect



alternate techniques (such as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and



WMO/OFWM;

farmer

Air quality deterioration Tractors will be properly maintained and tuned to

minimize exhaust emissions, and proper fuel will

be used.

Farmer


fauna



areas)

WMO/OFWM;

farmer


inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 5.7.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer


or shrine. WMO/OFWM;

farmer







in the scheme agreements. WMO/OFWM

54






November 2011


Aspect






WMO/OFWM;

farmer

The farm owners will provide necessary

protective gear to the workers handling and

applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.

Farmer




related diseases.

WMO/OFWM;

farmer


opportunities

Local labor and local contractors will be

preferred to carry out the leveling activities. Farmer



WMO/OFWM




November 2011

Table 0.4: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse Improvement


Aspect


Land for the realigned water course should be

voluntarily donated by its owner, and proper

documentation should be completed for this

donation.

WMO/OFWM;

WUA

The donation should be appropriately recorded in

the WUA register.

WUA


the project.

WMO/OFWM


take



WMO/OFWM;

WUA





WMO/OFWM;

WUA

Soil and water contamination

Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of





WMO/OFWM;

WUA

Soil erosion Earthen portion of the water course will not be left

un-compacted for long durations.

Surplus soil and silt will be disposed appropriately,

without having any impacts on water courses, local

routes, cultivation fields, or drains.

WMO/OFWM;

WUA

Conflicts Social mobilization and capacity building will

address formulation and sustainability of WUAs.

WMO/OFWM;

WUA




November 2011


Aspect



The capacity building will address conflict

avoidance and resolution.

WUA


fauna

Cutting of trees would be restricted to only those

trees which cause restriction/hindrance in water

flow or civil works. If any trees are to be cut, the

WUA will carry out compensatory plantation of

appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus

planted should be at least three times the number of

trees cut for establishing the scheme.

WUA



areas)

WMO/OFWM;

WUA




WMO/OFWM;

WUA


or shrine.

WMO/OFWM;

WUA





WMO/OFWM

Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building




WMO/OFWM;

WUA

55






November 2011


Aspect





WUA/farmers



related diseases.

WMO/OFWM;

WUA


opportunities

Local labor and local contractors will be



WUA

Clogging of water courses Social mobilization and capacity building will


The capacity building will address proper

maintenance and care of water courses.

WMO/OFWM;

WUA

Sustainability of scheme Social mobilization will address the sustainability

of WUAs, which in turn will ensure proper

operation and maintenance of water courses.

WMO/OFWM;

WUA




November 2011

Table 0.5: Environmental and Social Training Plan

Description Aspects to be Covered Participants Frequency

Environmental and social

trainings

Environmental and social

awareness;

Key environmental and social

issues associated with project

ESA findings;

ESMP and its components;

ESMP implementation.

ESC, DESCs, Supervision

Consultants; others

At the start of the project;

Afterwards as required

Awareness raising Judicious use of fertilizers,

pesticides and herbicides;

Use of alternate techniques

(such as IPM, using better

seeds) to reduce the application

of chemical inputs;

Safe handling and application

of pesticides and herbicides and

use of protective gear;

Waste disposal;

Community mobilization (for

WUA members)

WUA members, farmers On-going



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-1

November 2011

Annex A. National Environmental Quality Standards

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA

1997, specify the following standards:

� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial

sources,

� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial

effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of

numbers).

� Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.

� Ambient air quality standards.

� Drinking water standards

� Noise standards.

The above NEQS’s are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 below. Only a few of these

standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to

the environment from the activities under the proposed project.




November 2011

Table A.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents

Parameter Unit Standards (maximum

allowable limit)

Temperature increase °C < 3

pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9

5-day biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD) at 20 °C

mg/l 80

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150

Total suspended solids mg/l 200

Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500

Grease and oil mg/l 10

Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1

Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000

Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10

Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600

Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0

Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40

Cadmium mg/l 0.1

Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0

Copper mg/l 1.0

Lead mg/l 0.5

Mercury mg/l 0.01

Selenium mg/l 0.5

Nickel mg/l 1.0

Silver mg/l 1.0

Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0

Zinc mg/l 5

Arsenic mg/l 1.0

Barium mg/l 1.5

Iron mg/l 8.0

Manganese mg/l 1.5

Boron mg/l 6.0

Chlorine mg/l 1.0

Notes:

1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of treated

effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m3 of water for dilution of this effluent.

2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent should

meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal concentration.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).




November 2011

Table A.2: NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions

mg/Nm3

unless otherwise stated

Parameter Source of Emission Standards

(maximum allowable limit)

Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale

or equivalent smoke number

(a) Boilers and furnaces:

i. Oil fired

ii. Coal fired

iii. Cement Kilns

300

500

300

Particulate matter 1

(b) Grinding, crushing, clinker

coolers and related processes,

metallurgical processes,

converters, blast furnaces and

cupolas

500

Hydrogen Chloride Any 400

Chlorine Any 150

Hydrogen fluoride Any 150

Hydrogen sulphide Any 10

Sulfuric acid/Sulphonic acid plants 5,000 Sulphur Oxides 2, 3

Other Plants except power Plants

operating on oil and coal 1,700

Carbon Monoxide Any 800

Lead Any 50

Mercury Any 10

Cadmium Any 20

Arsenic Any 20

Copper Any 50

Antimony Any 20

Zinc Any 200

Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000 Oxides of Nitrogen 3

Other plants except power plants

operating on oil or coal:

i. Gas fired

ii. Oil fired

iii. Coal fired

400

600

1,200

Explanations:

1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more.

2. Based on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be pro-rated.

3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel

shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately.





November 2011

Table A.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air 56

Concentration in Ambient Air

Pollutants

Time-

weighted

Average Effective from

1st July 2010

Effective from

1st

January 2013

Method of Measurement

Annual

Average*

80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Sulfur

Dioxide

(SO2) 24 hours** 120 µg/m3 120 µg/m3

Ultraviolet Fluorescence

Annual

Average*

40 µg/m3 40 µg/m

3 Oxides of

Nitrogen as

(NO) 24 hours** 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m

3

Gas Phase Chemiluminescence

Annual

Average*

40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 Oxides of

Nitrogen as

(NO2) 24 hours** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3

Gas Phase Chemiluminescence

Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180 µg/m3 130 µg/m3 Non dispersive UV

absorption

Annual

Average*

400 µg/m3 360 µg/m

3 Suspended

Particulate

Matter (SPM) 24 hours** 550 µg/m3 500 µg/m3

High Volume Sampling, (Average

flow rate not less than1.1

m3/minute).

Annual

Average*

200 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 Respirable

Particulate

Matter. PM10

24 hours** 250 µg/m3 150 µg/m3

β Ray absorption

Annual

Average*

25 µg/m3 15 µg/m3

24 hours** 40 µg/m3 35 µg/m3

Respirable

Particulate

Matter. PM2.5

1 hour 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m

3

β Ray absorption

Annual

Average*

1.5 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m

3 Lead (Pb)

24 hours** 2.0 µg/m3 1.5 µg/m3

ASS Method after sampling using

EPM 2000 or equivalent Filter

paper

8 hours** 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3

Carbon

Monoxide

(CO) 1 hour 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3

Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)

*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.

** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but

not on two consecutive days.


56

Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website:

(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).




November 2011

Table A.4: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise 57

(i) For In-use Vehicles

Parameter Standard (Maximum

Permissible Limit) Measuring Method Applicability

1 Smoke 40% or 2 on the

Ringlemann Scale

during engine

acceleration mode.

To be compared with

Ringlemann Chart at a

distance 6 or more. r

2 Carbon

Monoxide

6% Under idling conditions:

Non-dispersive infrared

detection through gas

analyzer.

3 Noise 85 db (A). Sound meter at 7.5

meters from the source.

Immediate effect

(ii) For new Vehicles

Emission Standards for Diesel Vehicles

(a) For Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles (g/Km)

Type of

Vehicle Category/Class Tiers CO

HC+

NOx PM

Measuring

Method Applicability

Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08 Passenger

Cars

M 1: with

reference mass

(RW) upto 2500

kg. Cars with RW

over 2500 kg to

meet NI category

standards.

Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10

NEDC (ECE

15+

EUDCL)

Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08 NI-I (RW<1250

kg) Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10

Pak-II IDI 1.25 1.00 0.12 NI-II (1250 kg<

RW <1700 kg0 Pak-II DI 1.25 1.30 0.14

Pak-II IDI 1.50 1.20 0.17

Light

Commercial

Vehicles

NI-III (RW>1700

kg) Pak-II DI 1.50 1.60 0.20

i. All

imported and

local

manufactured

diesel

vehicles with

effect from

01-07-2012

Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the

source.

57

Full text of the NEQS is available at the Pak-EPA website:





November 2011

(b) For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large Goods Vehicles (g/Kwh)

Type of

Vehicle

Category /

Class Tiers CO HC NOx PM

Measuring


Heavy Duty

Diesel

Engines

Trucks and

Buses

Pak-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE-R-49 All Imported

and local

manufactured

diesel vehicles

with the effect

1-7-2012

Large goods

Vehicles

N2 (2000 and

up

Pak-II 4.0 7.0 1.10 0.15 EDC

Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the

source.

Emission Standards for Petrol Vehicles (g/km)

Type of

Vehicle Category / Class Tiers CO

HC+

NOx

Measuring


Passenger M 1: With reference

mass (RW) upto 2500

kg. Cars with RW over

2500 kg. to meet N1

category standards

Pak-II 2.20 0.50

N1-I (RW<1250 kg) Pak-II 2.20 0.50

N1-II (1250 kg>RW

<1700 kg)

Pak-II

4.00

0.65

Light

Commercial

Vehicles

N1-III (RW>1700 kg) Pak-II 5.00 0.80

NEDC (ECE

15 +

EUDCL)

2.4 strokes <150 cc Pak-II

5.50

1.50

Motor

Rickshaws &

motor Cycles 2.4 strokes>150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.30

ECER 40

All imported and

new models* locally

manufactured petrol

vehicles with effect

from 1st July, 2009**

Parameters Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from

the source

Explanations:

DI: Direct Injection

IDI: Indirect Injection

EUDCL: Extra Urban Driving Cycle

NEDC: New Urban Driving Cycle

M: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than

eight seats in addition to the driver's seat

N: Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods.

* New model means both model and engine type change

** The existing models of petrol driven vehicles locally manufactured will immediately switch ever to Pak-II

emission standards but not later than 30th June, 2012

Source: Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009).




November 2011

Table A.5: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality58

Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan

Bacterial

All water intended for drinking (e.Coli or

Thermotolerant Coliform bacteria)

Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples

Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli or

thermotolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)


Treated water in the distribution system (E.Coli or

thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)


In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are

examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples

taken throughout any 12- month period.

Physical

Color ≤15 TCU

Taste Non objectionable/Accept able

Odor Non objectionable/Accept able

Turbidity < 5 NTU

Total hardness as CaCO3 < 500 mg/l

TDS < 1000

pH 6.5 – 8.5

Chemical

Essential Inorganic mg/Litre

Aluminum (Al) ≤0.2

Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 (P)

Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 (P)

Barium (Ba) 0.7

Boron (B) 0.3

Cadmium (Cd) 0.01

Chloride (Cl) <250

Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05

Copper (Cu) 2

Toxic Inorganic mg/Litre

Cyanide (Cn) ≤0.05

Fluoride (F)* ≤1.5

Lead (Pb) ≤0.05

Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.5

Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001

Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02

58






November 2011

Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan

Nitrate (NO3)* ≤50

Nitrite (NO2)* ≤3 (P)

Selenium (Se) 0.01 (P)

Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at source

Zinc (Zn) 5.0

Organic

Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3 Serial

No. 20- 58 may be consulted.**

Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/l WHO standards: ≤ 0.002

Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as PAH) g/L WHO standards: ≤ 0.01v(by GC/MS method)

Radioactive

Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1

Beta Emitters 1

* indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring.

** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).

Table A.6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise 59

Limit in dB(A) Leq *

Effective from 1st July 2010 Effective from 1st July 2012 Category of

Area/Zone Day time Night time Day time Night time

Residential area 65 50 55 45

Commercial area 70 60 65 55

Industrial area 80 75 75 65

Silence zone 55 45 50 45

Notes:

1. Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.

2. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.

3. Silence zone::Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not

less than 100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts.

4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the

competent authority.

* dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable to human hearing.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010).

59





Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab B-1

November 2011

Annex B. Baseline Details

Forests, Habitat, and Ecologically Sensitive Areas

The forests resources of the province include Coniferous Forests, Scrub Forests, Riverine

Forests, Irrigated Plantations, Linear Plantations, and Rangelands60.

Natural Habitats

The existing natural habitat of the province is largely a modified habitat owing to human

interventions. Construction of an extensive irrigation network during early 20th

century

paved the way for transformation of the Tropical Thorn Forests into agricultural lands.

This has led to a changed landscape and loss of wildlife. Nine habitat types have been

identified in the province, of which deserts, sub-tropical deciduous, and wetlands are of

concern with regard to threat to wildlife61. The major habitats along with their

geographical areas are described below.

Temperate Coniferous Forests Ecozone

This zone starts at about 1,980 m (6,500 feet) amsl. This habitat is mostly found in the

upper reaches of Murree, Galiat, parts of AJK, parts of northern KP and the Gilgit-

Baltistan. Its upper limit is higher than the mountains of the project area. This Ecozone

is internationally known as hotspot of bird species. The forest vegetation comprises of

mix of conifers and broad-leaved species. The main forest trees are Blue Pine or Kail

Pinus wallichiana, Yew - Burmi Taxus baccata, Silver Fir Abies pindrow, Elm Tree

Ulmus wallichiana, Oak – Barungi Quercus dilatata, Oak – Ban / Reen Quercus incana,

Horse-chestnut – Bankhor Aesculus incana, Maple Acer caesium, Poplar – Palach

Populus ciliata, Bird Cherry Prunus padus. The undershrubs of the forest are Berberis

ceratophylla, Berberis lycium, Lonicera alpigena, Viburnum nervosum, Skimmia

laureola, Voila, Impatiens, Indigofera and many more.

The faunal species found in this ecozone are listed in Table B.1.

Cheer Pine Forest Ecozone

The Moist Temperate Coniferous Forests Ecozone, at its lower margin at about 1,980 m

(about 6,500 feet) amsl blends with Cheer Pine forest. This ecozone is usually found at

intermediate heights, and is scattered in various parts of northern Punjab, northern KP

and parts of Balochistan. This forest belt remains above about 900 m (about 3,000 feet)

amsl. Cheer Pine dominates, hence the name of this Ecozone. However, Quercus incana

grow on cooler aspects and in depressions of the slopes where the soil is somewhat

deeper. The understorey is sparse, especially the shrub layer, and in some sites un-

decomposed pine needles form a thick mat covering of the forest floor. Among the

shrubs Berberis lycium, Myrsine africana, and Carissa opaca are found in varing

proportion depending upon their distribution at different slopes and aspects. Rumex

hastatus is one of the commonest small shrubs among the rocks. Other species that are

found in this zone includes Plectranthus coetsa, Rubus fruticosus, Teucrium

60

Brief on Punjab Forest Department, Punjab Forestry Research Institute, Faisalabad, 2006 61

Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment protection Department, Government of the

Punjab, Final Report, 2008




November 2011

quadrifarium, Vitis jacquemontii, Geranium himalayense, Inula cappa, and Woodfordia

fruticosa.

A large number of herbaceous plant species such as Viola sp., Micromeria biflora,

Adiantum incisum, Galium sp., Plectranthus sp., Geranium spp., Fragaria sp., and Rubus

sp grow here. This herbaceous cover has mostly perennial or annual plants. Among the

grasses, Themeda sp., Aristada Cyanantha and Heteropogon contortus are well

represented.

The faunal species found in this ecozone are listed in Table B.2.

Tropical Deciduous Forest Ecozone

This ecozone is primarily found in the Himalayan foothills. It has deciduous tree species

of Indo-Malayan origin: Acacia modesta, Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Ficus

carica, Shorea robusta, Salmalia malabarica, Streculia villosa, Punica granatum, and

Lannea coromandelica. The understorey comprises of Dodonea, viscose, Woodfordia

fruiticosa, Carissa spinarum, Adhatoda vasica, and Zizyphus mauritiana.

The fauna of this zone is almost the same as that of the Cheer Pine Ecozone listed in

Table B.2, except the Barking deer untiacus muntjack and the Pangolin Manis

crassicaudata, which are found in the tropical deciduous ecozone.

Arid Sub-Tropical Forests Ecozone

This zone covers whole of the Potohar Plateau and the Salt range. It is dominated by

Acacia modesta, Olea cuspidate and on dry slopes Dodonea viscos. Other flora consists

of Tecomella undulata, Monotheca buxifolia, Eryngium billardieri, Adhatoda vasica,

Witbania coagulans, Cymbopogon jawarancusa, Cynodon dsactylon, Calligonum

polygonoides, Haloxylon salicornicum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Fagonia cretica,

Euphorbia prostrata, Dipterygium glaucum, Tribulus terrestris, Digiteria bicornis,

Capparis aphylla, Hetropogon contotuis, Rhazya stricta; Saccharum munja, Grewia tenax,

Zizyphus nummularia, Cynglossum lanceolatum, Monothca buxifolia and Prosopis

spicigera. It is mostly modified into agriculture habitat and overgrazed, eroded

rangeland.

The faunal species of the ecozone are listed in Table B.3.

Tropical Thorn Forest

This habitat was the most extensive ecozone of the Indus plain, and currently exists only

in places where the land has not been converted for habitation or cultivation. This habitat

comprises low forests of thorny and hard-wooded tree species, dominated by Acacia spp.

The trees of such forests have short boles and low branching crowns. These are usually

not close-growth trees hence their canopies touch each other in exceptionally favorable

spots. The usual height of the trees is 20-30 feet (6-9 m). Other plants that grow mixed

with Acacia include Salvadora, Prosopis, Capparis, and Tamarix. The shrubs of the

ecozone included Calotropis, Zizyphus, Suaed, while herbs of the area included

Chenopodium, Calligonum, Haloxylon and various species of grasses.

Mammals usually found in such forest areas included Long-eared Hedgehog, Grey

Mongoose, Bengal Fox, Jackal, Wolf, Jungle Cat, Civet Cat, Wild Boar, Desert Jirds and

Porcupine.




November 2011

Birds of the ecozone included Grey Partridge, Peafowl, Common Quail, Ring Dove, Red

Turtle Dove, Little Brown Dove, Green Pigeon, Hoopoe, Spotted Owlet, Barn Owl,

Dusky Horned Owl, Indian Nightjar, Wryneck, Golden-backed woodpecker, Pied

Woodpecker, Wood Shrike, Great Grey Shrike, Rufous-backed shrike, Fantail Flycatcher,

Common babbler, Jungle babbler and many other species of passerine birds.

Reptiles of the area included Bengal Monitor Lizard, Garden Lizard, Spiny-tailed Lizard,

Cobra, Krait, Vipers and Rat Snake.

Tropical Habitats of Thal and Cholistan Deserts

These deserts are characterized by undulating sand dunes with occasional trees such as

Acacia, Prosopis, Capparis, Tammarix and small vegetation like Calligonum, Alhagi,

Pennisetum and Haloxylon.

The key mammals of these areas include Chinkara Gazelle, Nilgai, Blackbuck, Caracal,

Desert Cat, Civet Cat and Desert Fox. Wild birds of the area include Grey Partridge,

Houbara Bustard, Great Indian Bustard, Indian Courser, species of Sandgrouse, Little

Brown Dove, Shrikes, Larks and Finches.

The key reptiles of the ecozone included Cobra, Krait, Russel’s Viper, Saw-scaled Viper,

Yellow Varanus and many other small lizard species.

Riverine Tract Habitats

Originally the riverine habitats used to have heavy, seasonal floods. Since forecasting

and prior warning were not available to the rural people, these habitats were not occupied

for agriculture and habitation. Natural resource exploitation was also not extensive. As a

result, this natural flora along the rivers flourished. These included: Tamarix,

Saccharum, populus and Acacia. Typha growth was common wherever the water was

stagnant or slow moving.

The mammals of such habitat included Hog Deer, Wild Boar, Fishing Cat, Jungle Cat,

Small Indian Civet, Smooth-coated Otter and Indus Blind Dolphin. The wild avifauna of

the area included around forty species of Ducks and Geese, Black Partridge, Countless

number and species of waders, Purple Moorhen, Common and White-breasted Moorhen,

Yellow-eyed Babbler, and several Passerine species. The key reptiles of the area

included Monitor Lizard and several species of Turtles.

Modified Nature of Habitat

Major parts of the original habitats described above have been modified into new

habitats, primarily as a result of extensive cultivation and expanding urban centers as well

as rural settlements. These new habitat types are briefly discussed below.

Rakhs and Irrigated Plantations

Rakhs are areas where inundation water reaches and the trees grow in good condition.

Usually Prospis spiciger may grow with closed canopy. Chichawatni Rakh is one such

plantation in the project area. Other irrigation plantations in the area are located at Sama

Satta and Lal Suhanra. The tree species in such plantations include Shisham, Mulbery,

Kikar and Euclayptus. Large number of bird nest in all the plantations. These are also

the habitats of Wild Boar, Porcupine, Jackal, Jungle cat, Bengal fox and Monitor Lizard.




November 2011

Wetlands

The wetlands of the region include rivers, canals, ponds and water logged areas. These

areas provide great resources for human needs, while providing good habitat for water

related species as well. Reeds, water reeds, Typha, Lotus, Water nut and Bladderworts

grow in these habitats. These habitats also support a large variety of fish.

Some of the threats these wetlands currently face include: polluted waters in rivers and

canals; burning of reed; and cutting of typha for commercial purposes.

Agricultural Habitats

Most parts of the Punjab are under very intensive irrigated cultivation. In addition,

livestock rearing is also practiced extensively, and milk animals are common. The use of

the chemical fertilizers and pesticides is very common. Several species of wildlife have

adapted to the changed habitat. These include: Jackal; Jungle Cat, Bengal Fox, Small

Indian Mongoose, Shrew, Rodent pests including Porcupine, Fruit Bats and Wild Boar.

The avifauna which survived the modified habitat include Doves, Black Partridge,

Cuckoos, Koel, Woodpeckers, Parakeets, Bulbuls, Babblers, Black Drongo, Bee-eaters,

Finches and House Sparrow. The reptilian species of this modified habitat include Krait,

Cobra, Saw-scaled Viper, Rat Snake and Monitor Lizard.

In these modified habitats, the winter bird species from Himalayas have reduced due to

the extensive use of pesticides in these areas, since these species feed on the insects.

These birds play an important role in controlling insects particularly in the forests.

Almost all of the project interventions will be undertaken in this habitat type.

Rural and Urban Habitats

These include human habitations within agriculture areas, as well as the urban centers.

Scavengers like Jackals are attracted to the garbage dumps and human feces for food.

House Sparrows breed in the houses. Bank Mynas and Cattle Egrets feed on

grasshoppers in the rangelands with cattle and buffalos. Banyan and Peepal trees still

grow in villages. Green Pigeons and barbets feed in these trees.

Some of the oldest trees still stand in the old British era colonies. Some rare species of

birds such as hornbills, Green Pigeon, Barbets still live on them. Large populations of

Pigeons breed in urban houses. Kites, Crows, Mynas, House Sparrows, and Alexandrine

Parakeets breed in the urban areas.

Usually Shisham and Acacia trees are planted alongside the roads and canals. Mostly

Doves breed on such trees.

Table B.1: Fauna of Moist Temperate Forest Ecozone

Mammals:

White-toothed Shrew Crocodura pullata, Dark Whiskered Bat Myotis muricola, Common cerotine bat Eptesicus

serotinus, Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta, Jacal Canis ayreus, Hill Fox Vulpes vulpes, Yellow - throated Marten

Martes flavigula, Palm Civet Paguma larvata, Leopard cat Prionailurus benagalensis, Common Leopard Panthera

pardus, Large red flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista, Small grey flying squirrel Hylopetes fimbriatus, Indian

Porcupine Hystrix indica, Turkistan Rat Rattus turkestanicus, and Murree Vole Hyperacrius.

Birds:




November 2011

Feather-toed Hawk Eagle or Mountain Hawk Eagle Spizaetus nipalensis, Koklass Pheasant Pucracia macrolopha,

Slaty Headed Parakeet Psittacula himalayana, Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius, Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus

canorus, White-throated Needle-tail Swift Hirundapus caudacutus, Pacific Swift or Asian White-rumped Swift Apus

pacificus, Little Swift or House Swift Apus affinis, Great Hill Barbet Megalaima virens, Scaly-bellied Green

Woodpecker Picus squamatus, Black-naped Green Woodpecker Picus canus, Himalayan Pied Woodpecker

Dendrocopus himalayensis, Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis, Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica,

Long-tailed Minivet Pericrocotus ethologus, Black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Indian Blue Chat or Indian

Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea, Orange flanked Bush Robin Tarsiger cyanurus, Dark-grey Bush-Chat Saxicola ferrea,

Chestnut-bellied Rock Thrush Monticola rufiventris, Blue Whistling Thrush Myiophoneus caeruleus, Dusky Thrush

Turdus naumanni, Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca, Grey-headed Flycatcher Warbler Seicercus xanthoschistos,

Continued…




November 2011

…Continues

Large Crowned Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus occipitalis, Large-billed Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus magnirostris, Yellow-

browed Leaf Warbler Phyllosopus inornatus, Goldcrest Regulus regulus, Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundara,

Blue-throated Flycatcher Cyornis rubeculoides, Verditer Flycatcher Muscicapa thalassina, Sooty or dark-sided

Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica, Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa latirostris, Slaty-blue Flycatcher Ficedula tricolor,

Ultramarine Flycatcher Ficedula superciliaris, Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis, White-throated Fantail

Flycatcher Rhipidura albicollis, Variegated Laughing-thrush Garrulax variegates, Streaked or Himalayan Laughing-

thrush Garrulax lineatus, Black-capped Sibia Hetrophasia capistrata, Red-headed long-tailed Tit Aegithalos

concinnus, Black Crested Tit or Simla Tit Parus rufonuchalis, Crested Black Tit Parus melanolophus, Great Tit Parus

major, Green-backed Tit Parus monticolus, White-cheeked Nuthatch Sitta leucopsis, Bar-tailed or Himalayan Tree-

creeper Certhia himalayana, Fire-capped Tit Cephlopyrus flammiceps, Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa,

Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus, Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus, Jay Garrulus glandarius, Lanceolated Jay

Garrulus lanceolatus, Yellow-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa flavirostris, Himalayan Jungle Crow Corvus

macrorhynchos, Jungle Myana Acridotheres fuscus, Cinnamon Tree Sparrow Passer rutilans, Spotted Munia

Lonchura punctulata, Brambling Fringilla montifingilla, Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, Plain Mountain Finch

Leucosticte nemoricola, Red-mantled Rosefinch Caprodacus grandis, Black and Yellow Grosbeak Mycerobas

icterioides, and Spotted-winged Grosbeak Mycerobas melanozanthos.

Reptiles:

Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor, Rock Agama Agama tuberculata, Kumaon Mountain Lizzard Japalura

kumaonensis, Yellow-bellied Mole Skink Eumeces taeniolatus, Himalayan Skink Scincella himalayana, and Monitor

Lizard Varanus bengalensis.

Snakes:

Royle’s Snake Spalerosophis atriceps, Diadem Snake Spalerosophis diadema, Rat Snake or Dhaman Ptyas mucosus,

Dark-headec Dwarf Snake Eirenis persica, Afro-Asian Sand Snake Psammophis schokari,Flat-headed Keelback

Amphiesma platyceps, Russet Kukri Snake Oligodon arnensis, Common Wolf Snake Lycodon aulicus, Russell’s Viper

Vipera russelii, and Himalayan Pit-viper Agkistrodon himalayanus.

Amphibia:

Himalayan Toad Bufo himalayanus, Common Asian Toad Bufo melanostictus, and Murree Hill Frog Paa vicina.

Table B.2: Fauna of Cheer Pine Forest Ecozone

Mammals:

Hedgehog Hemiechinus collaris, Shrew Suncus murinus, Fruit Bat Rousettus leschenaultii, Flying Fox Pteropus

giganteus, Serotine Eptesicus serotinus, Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta, Jackal Canis aureus, Hill Fox Vulpes vulpes,

Yellow - throated Marten Martes flavigula, Palm Civet Paguma larvata, Leopard cat Prionailurus benagalensis,

Common Leopard Panthera pardus, Grey Goral Naemorhedus goral, Small grey flying squirrel Hylopetes fimbriatus,

Indian Porcupine Hystrix indica, Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennantii, Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi, Small

Mongoose Herpestes javanicus, and Pangolin Manis crassicaudata.

Birds:

Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus, Indian Kite or Pariah Kite Milvus migrans, Bearded Vulture or

Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus, Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinis, Lesser

Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina, Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax, Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis, Kestrel Falco

tinnunculus, Black Partridge Francolinus francolinus, Kaleej Pheasant or White-crested Kaleej, Blue Rock Pigeon

Columba livia, Spotted Dove or Chinese Dove Streptopelia chinensis, Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis,

Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon Treron sphenura, Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala,

Continued…




November 2011

…Continues

Pied Crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus, Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius, Indian Cuckoo Cuculus

micropterus, Himalayan Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus, Koel Eudynamys scolopacea, Indian Scops Owl Otus

bakkamoena, Spotted Scops Owl Ottus spilocephalus, Himalayan Barred Owl Glaucidium cuculoides, Allied Nightjar

Caprimulgus affinis, Little House swift Apus affinis, White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrensis, Pied Kingfisher

Ceryle rudis, Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis, Kashmir Roller Coracias garrulous, Hoopoe Upupa epops,

Blue-throated Barbet Megaliama asiatica, Wryneck Jynx torquilla, Sindh Pied Woodpecker Dendrocopos assimilis,

Himalayan Pied Woodpecker Dendrocopos himalayensis, Brown-fronted Woodpecker Dendrocopos auriceps, Crested

Lark Galerida cristata, Plain Sand Martin Riparia paludicola, Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, Kashmir House Martin

Delichon dasypus, Pipits Anthus and Wagtails, Common Wood Shrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus, Small Minivet

Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, White-cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys, Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer,

Black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Accentors Prunella, Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea, Orange-flanked

Bush Robin Tarsiger cyanurus, Redstarts Phoenicurus, Plumbeous Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosus, Chat Saxicola,

White-capped Redstart Chaimarrornis leucocephala, Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata, Rock Thrushes Monticola,

Blue Whistling Thrush Myiophoneus caeruleus, Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul, Dark-throated Thrush

Turdus ruficolli, Fan-tailed Warbler Cisticola juncidis, Warblers Prinia, Booted Warbler Hippolais caligata, Warblers

Sylvia, Grey-hooded Warbler Seicercus xanthoschistos, Leaf Warblers Phylloscopus, Goldcrest, Regulus regulus,

Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundrs, Blue-throated Flycatcher Cyornis rubiculoides, Flycatchers Muscicapa, Grey-

headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis, Fantail Flycatchers Rhipidura, Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi,

Rusty-cheeked scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, Black-chinned Babbler Stachyris pyrrhops, Babblers

Turdoides, Streaked Laughing Thrush Garrulax lineatus, Red-headed long-tailed Tit Aegithalos concinnus, Tits Parus,

Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch Sitta castanea, European Nuthatch Sitta europaea, Bar-tailed Tree Creeper Certhia

himalayana, Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica, White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa, Golden Oreole Oriolus oriolus,

Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus, Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus, Rufous-backed Shrike Lanius schach, Great

Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor, Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus, Indian Tree-pie Dendrocitta vagabunda,

Himalayan or Grey Tree-pie Dendrocitta formusae, Himalayan Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos, Buntings

Emberiza, Crested Bunting Melophus lathami.

Reptiles:

Garden lizard Calotes versicolor, Tree Gecko Hemidactylus brooki, House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Bengal

Monitor Lizard Varanus bengalensis, Mabuya dissimilis, Ptyas mucosus, Xenochrophis piscator, Bunganus caeruleus,

Vipera russelii and Echis caninatus.

phibia:

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Tomopterna brevicep, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Paa vicina, Microhyla ornate, Uperodon

systoma, Bufo stomaticus, Bufo melanostictus and Eublepharis macularius.

Table B.3: Fauna of Sub-tropical Forest Ecozone

Mammals:

Pangolin Manis crassicaudata, Jackal Canis aureus, Wolf Canis lupus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Jungle Cat Felis chaus,

Porcupine Hystrix indica, Hare Lepus nigricolis, Monkey Macaca mulatta, Fox Vulpes vulpes, Civet vivericula indica,

Urial Ovis wigenei and Chinkara Gazelle Gazella gazelle.

Birds:

Little Grebe or Dabchick Tachybaptus ruficollis, Little or Javanese Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger, Cinnamon or

Chestnut Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Paddy bird Ardeola grayii, Cattle egret

Bubulcus ibis, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia, Large Egret Egretta alba, Purple

Heron Ardea purpurea, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Black Stork Ciconia nigra, Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus

rubber, Wigeon Anas Penelope, Gadwall Anas strepera, Common Teal Anas crecca, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos,

Continued…




November 2011

…Continues

Pintail Duck Anas acuta, Shoveler Anas clypeata, Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina, Common Pochard Aythya ferina,

Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca, Tufted duck Aythya fuligula, White-headed Duck or Stiff-tailed Duck Oxyura

leucocephala, Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus, Black-shouldered or Black-winged Kite Elanus

caeruleus, Pariah Kite Milvus migrans, Brahminy Kite Haliastur Indus, Pallas’s Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus,

Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, Scavenger Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps

bengalensis, Eurasian Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Eurasian Black Vulture or Cinerous Vulture Aegypius monachus,

Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus, Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus, Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucus, Goshawk

Accipiter gentiles, Eurasian Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus, Shikra or Indian Sparrow Hawk Accipiter badius, White-

eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa, Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinis, Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis, Lesser Spotted

Eagle Aquila pomarina, Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax vindhiana, Steppe Eagle Aquila rapex nipalensis, Bonnelli’s Eagle

Hieraaetus fasciatus, Osprey Pandion haliaetus, Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus, Red-headed Merlin or Turumtee

Falco chiquera, Northern Hobby Falco subbuteo, Laggar Falcon Falco jugger, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, Peregrine

or Shaheen Falcon Falco peregrinus, Chukar Partridge or Chukor Alectoris chukar, See-see Partridge Ammoperdix

griseogularis, Black Partridge Francolinus francolinus, Grey Partridge Francolinus pondicerianus, Common Quail

Coturnix coturnix, Black-breasted Quail or Rain Quail Coturnix coromandelica, Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus, Water

Rail Rallus aquaticus, Brown Crake Amaurornis akool, White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus, Moorhen

Gallinula chloropus, Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio, Coot Fulica atra, Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo,

Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis, Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Black-winged Stilt

Himantopus himantopus, Small Indian Pratincole Glareola lacteal, Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius, Kentish

Plover Charadrius alexandrius, Red-wattled Lapwing Hoplopterus indicus, Green Plover or Lapwing or Peewit

Vanellus vanellus, Timminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii, Ruff (& Reeve) Philomachus pugnax, Jack Snipe

Lymnocryptes minimus, Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago , Painted Snipe: Gallinago stenura, Spotted or Dusky

Redshank Tringa erythropus, Redshank Tringa tetanus, Greenshank Tringa nebularia, Marsh Sandpiper Tringa

stagnatilis, Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus, Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola, Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus,

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, Great Black-headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus, Black-headed Gull Larus

ridibundus, Common Gull Larus canus, Herring Gull Larus argentatus, Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica,

Caspian Tern Sterna caspica, Indian River Tern Sterna aurantia, Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus, Indian

Skimmer or Scissorbill Rhynchops albicollis, Painted Sandgrouse Pterocles indicus, Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse

Pterocles exustus, Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia, Wood Pigeon or Cushat Columba palumbus, Indian Ring Dove

Streptopelia decaocto, Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis, Spotted Dove or Chinese Dove Streptopelia

chinensis, Large Indian Parakeet Psittacula eupatria, Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri, Blossom-headed

Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala, Pied Crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus, Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus, Little

Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus, Koel Euedynamys scolopaceus, Common Crow-pheasant Centropus sinensis, Pakistan

Scops Owl Otus bakkamoena, West Himalayan Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides, Short-eared Owl Asio

flammeus, Spotted Owlet Athene brama, Allied Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis, Sindh Nightjar Caprimulgus

mahrattensis,

Eurasian Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis, Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis, Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis,

Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops superciliosus, Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus, European Bee-eater Merops

apiaster, Kashmir Roller Coracias garrulous, Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis, Hoopoe upupa epops, Crimson-

breasted Barbet Megalaima haemacephala, Wryneck Jynx torquilla, Golden-backed Woodpecker Dinopium

benghalensis, Sindh Pied Woodpecker Dendrocopos assimilis, Yellow-fronted Woodpecker Dendrocopos

mahrattensis, Singing Bush Lark Mirafra cantillans, Rufous tailed Finch-lark Ammomanes phoenicurus, Eastern

Calandra Lark Melanocorypha bimaculata, Crested Lark Galerida cristata, Small Skylark Alauda gulgula, Barn or

Common Swallow Hirundo rustica, Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica, Richard’s Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae,

Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris, Long-billed Pipit Anthus similes, Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta, Wagtails Motacilla

species, Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, White-cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys, Red-vented Bulbul

Pycnonotus cafer, Indian Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis, Redstarts Phoenicurus sp.,

Continued…




November 2011

…Continues

Collard Indian Bush-Chat Saxicola torquata, Pied Bush-Chat Saxicola caprata, Pied Wheatear Oenanthe picata,

Warblers Prinia species, Scotocerca species, Orthotomus species, Locustella species, Acrocephalus species, Hippolais

species, Sylvia species, Phylloscopus species, Flycatchers of Muscicapa species, Rhipidura species, Asian Paradise

Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi, Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus, Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus, Tits of

Aegithalos sp., Parus sp., Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica, Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa, Golden

Oriole Oriolus oriolus, Shrikes Lanius sp, Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus, Indian Tree Pie Dendrocitta

vagabunda, House Crow Corvus splendens, Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris, Rosy Pastor or Rosy Starling Sturnus

roseus, Myanas Acredotheres sp. House Sparrow Passer domesticus, Bayas or Weaver birds Ploceus sp., Red Munia

or Avadavat Estrilda amandava, Silverbill or White-throated Munia Lonchura malabarica, Rosefinches Caprodacus

sp., and Buntings Emberiza sp.

Reptiles:

Lissemys punctata, Kachuga smithii and Kachuga tecta. Lizards of the ecozone include Eublepharis macularius

Cyrtodactylus dattanensis, Hemidactylus brooki, Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Laudakia agrorensis, Uromastvx

hardwickii, Calotes versicolor, Mabuya dissimilis, Eumeces taeniolatus, and Varanus bengaiensis.

Snakes:

Ptyas mucosus, Xenochrophis piscator, Naja naja, Bunganus caeruleus, Vipera russelii, Echis caninatus, and Amphisma

stolatum.

Amphibia:

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Paa hazarensis, Paa vicina, Microhyla ornate, Uperodon systoma, Bufo stomaticus and Bufo

melanostictus.

Socioeconomic Profile

Administrative Setup

Punjab is divided into nine divisions: Bahawalpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad,

Gujranwala, Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha, and Sahiwal. These divisions are

further divided in 36 districts shown in Figure B.1. The divisions are headed by the

commissioners, and the districts by the District Coordination Officers.

Healthcare Facilities

Punjab has a reasonable network of healthcare services in the public sector ranging from

primary to tertiary and even up to specialized healthcare facilities. There is good number

of tertiary level healthcare hospitals (teaching) in the province. The Province has 308

hospitals and 1,333 dispensaries. Table B.4 presents status of healthcare facilities in the

Punjab. There are more than 59,000 registered doctors, 45,000 nurses, nine thousand lady

health visitors, 7,000 midwives, and 500 hundred dais (female birth assistants). 62

The

mortality rates in the province are generally higher than accepted international standards

and health indicators present a dismal status as shown in Table B.5. On the lines of the

PESRP, Government of the Punjab is implementing a reform program in the health

sector, “Punjab Health Sector Reforms Program” for improving and upgrading healthcare

facilities in the province63

.

Awareness about personal hygiene is very low. According to the MICS64

, only 41 percent

households use soap to wash their hands before eating and only 55 percent wash their

62

Ibid 63

A Brief Introduction to Punjab Health Sector Reforms Program, PMIU, 2008 64

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), Planning and Development Board, GoPb, 2003




November 2011

hands adequately after attending toilet. Only 52 percent households are aware of the need

of iodized salt.

Educational and Literacy

The educational facilities in the province range from primary level masjid-maktab65

schools up to universities and specialized institutions. There is a separate stream of

technical and vocational institutions as well as teachers’ training colleges. Educational

facilities for the disabled children are provided by a separate Department of Special

Education66. The province has 52,000 primary schools, 7,000 middle schools, 5,000 high

schools, and 672 intermediate and degree colleges. More than 25 universities, both in the

public and the private sector, are catering for higher education and research67. Public

sector enrolments at primary level are 5.85 million, at middle level 2.1 million, at high

school level 0.85 million, and at college level 0.66 million. The percentage share of

Punjab’s enrolments to country’s total enrolments is 27.4 percent for primary, 45.3

percent for middle, 44.9 percent for high, and 65.5 percent for college grades. Literacy

rate in the province has recorded steady uphill trend from 27.4 in 1951 to 55.2 in 2005-

06. The combined literacy rate in urban areas is 70.2 with male literacy rate at 78 and

female literacy rate at 66. The literacy rate in rural areas is 59 for males and 35 for

females68.

The literacy in the Province has significantly increased over the years, from 20.7 percent

in 1972 to 79.7 percent in 2008.

Infrastructure

There are wide variations in the availability of infrastructure facilities in the urban and

rural areas as well as in different regions of the province. Whereas, availability and

condition of roads in the cities is fair, it is deplorable in rural areas69. As a part of its

developmental agenda, the Government is focusing attention on the construction of farm-

to-market roads (FMR) in the province and building of infrastructure under the Annual

Development Program (ADP) and the Public Sector Development Programs (PSDP).

Construction of the roads under various programs has substantially improved agricultural

marketing and timely transportation of the farm produce to markets70.

Labor and Employment

Country’s labor force is estimated as 43 million, out of which nearly 55.9 percent is in

Punjab. About 70 percent of Punjab’s labor force is in rural areas and 30 percent in urban

areas71. Migration of people from rural to urban areas for employment opportunities and

better socioeconomic conditions is an unending phenomenon in the province. Growth of

urban centers, development of Lahore as a metropolis, and establishment of industrial

estates / enterprises have all contributed towards increased employment opportunities in

the province. The number of employed people has doubled between 1972 and 2002.

65

Mosque is called “Masjid” in Urdu Language. Maktab is Urdu equivalent of school 66

Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Government of the Punjab, 2007 67

Ibid 68

Ibid 69

Ibid 70

Medium Term Budgetary Framework, Planning and Development Board, GoPb, 2008-09 71

Pakistan Economic Survey, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 2007




November 2011

However, the number of unemployed people has recorded eightfold increase during the

same period, mainly because of high population growth rate72. Investments in social

sectors such as education, health, housing, water and sanitation, agriculture, transport,

infrastructure, and communications, etc. have not kept pace with rapidly growing

population73. The province of Punjab has over 18,000 large and medium industrial units,

59,126 small factories, and 90, 995 cottages units absorbing a total labor force of 62,000

persons74.

Culture, Religion, and Customs

The province of Punjab is rich with magnificent cultural heritage of ancient times and of

early Islamic period, reflected through specimens of art and craft, literature, and architect.

Bhangra and Luddi are two popular dances. The population predominantly consists of

Muslims. Punjabi is the native language and spoken widely, particularly in rural areas.

However, other languages like Hindkoh, Balochi, Potohari, and Saraiki are also spoken in

certain areas.

People generally respect chadar and chardewari, i.e. they do not mingle up with women

publically and stay away from others houses and respectfully wait to be called in or the

residents to come out from their houses. A reasonable proportion of womenfolk observe

the purdah etiquette, i.e. they remain secluded from outsiders. However, womenfolk do

participate in almost all sort of social, cultural, economic, educational, and service

activities75.

Joint family is generally prevalent, especially in rural area. However, nucleus or small

family is fast emerging in metropolis and urban centers because of socio economic

compulsions and attitudinal shifts in the youth.

Gender Aspects

Women in Pakistan are among the poorest and the most vulnerable sections of society.

Women’s access and control over productive resources is limited, which ranks Pakistan

amongst the highest in the world for maternal and infant mortality rates. Vulnerability of

women to discriminatory treatment varies across classes, region, and the urban / rural

populations. The 2007 Human Development Report ranks Pakistan at 135 out of 177

countries in terms of human development index and at 107 out of 140 in the gender

related index76. The dependency and vulnerability rates estimated to be around 47

percent. However, the actual dependency is believed to be much higher than the official

figures because approximately 69 percent population comprises women, children, and the

aged who all can be classified as vulnerable. Another reason of dependency is low

participation of women in economic activities. Presently, women comprise less than 5

percent of public sector employees in the province. Those who are employed have limited

72

Medium Term Budgetary Framework (2005-10), Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan,

Islamabad, 2005 73

Ibid 74

Punjab Industrial Directory, Directorate of Industries, GoPb, 2006 75

Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment protection Department, GoPb, Final Report,

2008 76

Ibid




November 2011

horizontal mobility and are limited to social sector departments like education and health.

Representation of women at the decision making level is only 3 percent77.

The Government’s major initiative of empowering the women is the Gender Reform

Action Program (GRAP), which is designed to trigger actions that will result in gender

mainstreaming. GRAP focuses primarily on institutional change to achieve gender

equity78.

Poverty

Incidence of poverty in the province is estimated at 32 percent (36 percent urban and 26

percent rural), which is quite high79. Despite government’s interventions, poverty is

increasing with passage of time. In case of urban areas, poverty is more evident in slums

and katchi abadis80. The southern Punjab has higher prevalence of poverty compared to

central and upper Punjab. The main causes of poverty are traditional agricultural

practices, fragmented landholdings, non-availability of safe drinking water and sanitation

facilities, low literacy rate, inadequate institutional arrangements for addressing social

sector problems, and lack of access to social justice system.

Table B.4: Number of Public Sector Healthcare Facilities and Bed Strength in

Punjab

Facility Number Number of Beds

Hospitals 308 34,612

Dispensaries 1,333 1,333

Rural Health Centers (RHC) 295 5,900

Basic Health Units (BHU) 2,456 4,912

T.B. Clinics 41 72

Sub Health Centers (SHC) 454 --

Maternity and Child Health Centers (MCHC) 492 --

(Source: Punjab Development Statistics, 2007)

Table B.5: Health Indicator Status in Punjab

Health Indicator Level per thousand

Child Mortality (under 5 years) 20

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (under 2 years) 115

Infant Mortality Rate (under 1 month) 64

Neonatal Mortality Rate (under 1 week) 73

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) 68

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 40 %

Crude Death Rate (CDR) 12.5 %

(Source: Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, 2008)

77

Ibid 78

Ibid 79

Punjab Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Planning and Development Board, GoPb, 2003 80

An unplanned housing squatter




November 2011

Figure B.1: Districts of Punjab

1. Attock

2. Bahawalnagar

3. Bahawalpur

4. Bhakkar

5. Chakwal

6. Chiniot

7. Dera Ghazi Khan

8. Faisalabad

9. Gujranwala

10. Gujrat

11. Hafizabad

12. Jhang

13. Jhelum

14. Kasur

15. Khanewal

16. Khushab

17. Lahore

18. Layyah

19. Lodhran

20. Mandi Bahauddin

21. Mianwali




November 2011

22. Multan

23. Muzaffargarh

24. Narowal

25. Nankana Sahib

26. Okara

27. Pakpattan

28. Rahim Yar Khan

29. Rajanpur

30. Rawalpindi

31. Sahiwal

32. Sargodha

33. Sheikhupura

34. Sialkot

35. Toba Tek Singh

36. Vehari.



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab C-1

November 2011

Annex C. Consultation Details

C.1. List of Grass Root Stakeholders Consulted

5 April M Aslam

M Akhtar Kamboh – Regional Deputy

Project Manager

M Tariq

M. Iqbal – DO Attock M Shahid

M. Farrukh – DDO Attock M Ramzan

Muslim Shah – JBL Rep WC 40477L

Qamar uz Zaman M Riaz

Ansar Khan Baba Anwar

Mother of Qamar M Yasin

Wife of Ansar Khan M Aslam

Ahsan Khan and others M Tufail

M Arshad Khan and others M Sarwar

Malik Ghulam Hussain and others Abdur Rahim

Khursheed A Khan and others M Karim

Moazam Javed and others M Ramzan

Abdul Latif

6 April 2011 M Sarwar

Iqdidar Amir Manzoor Ahmed

Javed Aiqbal M Ashraf

Mukhtar Hasan M Imam

M. Asghar Khan Mohammad

Tahira Nadeem M Ali

Chaudhry Gulistan. M Hussain

M. Hayat

M. Nawaz WC 6072 JR

M. Sadiq Haji Shahbaz Ahmed

M. Zaheer M Yaqub

Khizer Hayat M Azam

Abdul Rahman M Aslam

Mian Liaqat – DDO Talagang Munawar Hussain

Zia ul Haq - DDO Chakwal M Ashraf

Mian Asghar – DO – Chakwal Malik Hammad Hyder and others

(farmers)

Fayyaz Ahmed – DO Rawalpindi

Rao Tajammul Hussain – AE Rawalpindi WC (Chichwatni)

Abdus Sattar – AE Rawalpindi Brig (R) Shabir Ahmed

Col (R) Akhtar Abbasi

7 April 2011 Liaqat Ali

Malik M Akram – Prov. Project Director,

HEIS

Raja Kamran

Tariq Maqbool – DO, Lahore Talat Saleem

Ch M Hussain – DDO City Fida Hussain

Faiz A Kachhi – DDO Cantt. Noor Mohammad

Aurangzeb BAdar – AAE Cantt. Abdus Sattar




November 2011

Syed Ajaz Hussain Qureshi – WMO Khalid Mahmood

Syed Qamar Abbas Shah – Sub Engineer Tauseef Zafar

Nisar Ahmed - Sub Engineer Ghulam Mohiuddin

M Khalid BAshir - Sub Engineer

Syed Kosar Ali Shah – Rod Man

Sarwar Butt – Rod Man 9 April 2011

Zahir Ahmed - Sub Engineer Ch M Hanif (Chairman – WUA)

Fayaz Ahemd - Sub Engineer Ch Wali

Rashi A Zafar – Deputy Project Dirctor M Mansib

Haji Ramzan

Khwaja Faqir (WC) Malik Ashiq

M Ishtiaq Haji Ali Mohammad

M Ishaq M Jamil

Khushee Mohammad M Akbar

M Saleem M Ishfaq

M Mushtaq M Ramzan

M Ashraf M Rab Nawaz

M Fayaz M Aslam

M Rashid Ch Gul Mohammad

M Qasim Ch Idrees

Mahmood Ahmed Ch Ilyas

Sardar Mohammad Khizer Hayat

Khalil Ahmed

Taqi Pur (WC)

Ali Buksh Ch Abdul Ghani - DO

Haji Ajaz Ahmed (Chairman QUA) Shah M Asghar – DDO

M Ibtahim Malik Nazar Abbas

Nazir Ch Ishtiaq Ahmed – WMO

Ch M Arshad – Supervisor

Wahgah (WC) Malik Khizer Hayat – Supervisor

Mehdi Hasan Malik Shahbaz – Rod Man

M Tayab Muneer – Rod Man

Roshan Khan Saeed Akhtar Gardezi – Supervisor

Qari Ahmed Khan

M Ramzan – Chairman WUA

Ghulam Mutaza – Polo Abiari (SSC) Rana Ghulam Nabi

Shabir Hussain and others (farmers) Rana Ashraf

Shah Nawaz Akbar Khan

Tahir Iqbal – GM Countryside Natural

Products (farm) and others

Khan Baig

Arif Khan

8 April 2011 Makhan Khan

Ahmed Ali – DO Okara Jamal Khan

Gulzar Ahmed – DDO Okara Sarfaraz

Hafiz M Abbas – PWMC (Consultants) Rana Nadeem

Adnan – AE Habib Khan

Rana Altaf – Agronomist, Sahiwal Manzoor Balooch

Ch Sadfar – DO Sahiwal Javaid




November 2011

Kazim Sattar - AAE Zubair

Rana Waqar Ahmed – DDO Ali NAwaz

M Farukh Irshad – AAE Allah Rakha

Shahbaz Hussain - Supervisor M Arshad

Safdar Ali DO Allah Bukhsh

Waqar A Khan DDO M Jawaid

M Ayub - Supervisor Adeel

Haji Riaz Ahmed - Supervisor Akram

Manzoor

M. Ashiq Babar and others (farmers) Malik Ghulam Shabir – PD – Thal Cotton

Project

WC 79430 L Mahar Bagh Ali – DDO

M Ramzan Javaid Hussain – WMO

Abdul Mannan

M ashiq Babar Ahmed Mujtaba

Saif ur Rahman Ghulam Kibria and others

Abdur Rahman M. Asad Imran

Abdullah Hasan Imran

M Akbar Riaz Hussain

Abdus Sattar Fayyaz Hussain

Maqsood Ahmde Bashir A. Khan

M. Anwar M Jahangir and others

Abdul Khaliq

M. Manzoor 10 April 2011

M. Mansha Rana Munawar and others

M. Shaukat M. Hussain and others

M. Mushtaq Sardar Nasir Abbas Magsi and others

C.2. Participants of Consultation Workshops

Workshop in Islamabd on 4 May 2011.

Name of Participants Designation Department /

Organization

1. Mr. Natiq Hussain Chief, Planning &

Evaluation Cell

Agriculture Department

2. Asad Ullah Sayed Director General Pakistan Environmental

Protection Agency,

Islamabad

3. Dr. Aurangzeb Khan Chief (Environment) Pakistan Planning

Commission

4. Mr. Zia-ul-Islam Director, PEPC Ministry of Environment,

Islamabad

5. Mr. Tahir Anwar Director General,

FWMC

Ministry of Food &

Agriculture

6. Dr. Shagufta Shahjahan DG (EPD), Environmental Protection

Department, Punjab

7. Dr. Manzoor Ahmed Director (Research) Pakistan Council of




November 2011


Organization

Malik Research in Water

Resources (PCRWR)

8. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Director Pakistan Council of

Research in Water

Resources (PCRWR)

9. Mr. Muhammad Baqir

Mufti

Assistant Chief

(Agriculture)

Planning & Development

Department, Punjab

10. Ch. Khalid Jamil Gujar District Officer

Agriculture

(Extension),

Rawalpindi


11. Mr. Fayyaz Khurshid District Officer

(OFWM), Rawalpindi


12. Mr. Akhtar Ali Regional Deputy

Project Director, HEIS

Project

Directorate General

Agriculture (Water

Management) Punjab

13. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Director, Soil

Conservation,

Rawalpindi

Director General

Agriculture (Field) Punjab

14. Mr. Basharat Javaid Director (Training) Water Management

Training Institute, Lahore

15. Mr. Muhammad Javaid Technical Advisor Environment Protection

Department

16. Malik Shabbir Ahmed Project Director, Small

Dams Organization

Irrigation & Power

Department

17. Dr. Javaid Afzal World Bank

18. Ms. Samina Islam World Bank

19. Dr. Muhammad Tariq Director, Soil & Water

Conservation Research

Institute, Chakwal

Directorate General

Agriculture (Research)

Punjab

20. Dr. Muhammad Yasin Head, Water Resources

Research Institute

National Agriculture

Research Centre

21. Dr. Abdul Quddoos Director, Punjab

Economic Research

Institute

Planning & Development

Department

22. Dr. Muhammad Irfan

Khan

Chairman,

Environment

Department

International Islamic

University, Islamabad

23. Dr. Tariq Mehmood Chairman,

Environment

Department

University of Arid

Agriculture, Rawalpindi

24. Dr. Safdar Ali Professor, Soil Science

Department

University of Arid

Agriculture, Rawalpindi

25. Dr. Shahid Masood Director, Plant Gene

Resources Institute

National Agricultural

Research Centre

26. Dr. Qaiyum Suleri Executive Director Sustainable Development

Policy Institute, Islamabad




November 2011


Organization

27. Mian Naseer Ahmed

(Sprinkler System on

Tubewell)

Farmer District Khushab

28. Malik Ghulam Hussain

(Sprinkler on Mini Dam)

Farmer District Attock

29. Mr. Khalid Ahmed Khan

(Drip on Mini Dam)

Farmer District

30. Agha Muhammad Tariq

(Watercourse

Improvement on Dam)

Farmer District Rawalpind

Workshop in Multan on 18 May 2011.

Name Designation

Department /

Organization

1 Dr Zahoor Ahmed Chief Guest Ex- Director CCRI, Multan

2 Ch. Arshad Ahmed Director Headquarters

Directorate General

Agriculture (WM) Punjab,

Lahore

3 Malik Muhammad

Akram

Provincial Project

Director

(HEIS), PC&IU, Punjab,

Lahore

4 Mr. Muhammad Yasin

Gill

Assistant Director

Tech.

Directorate General


Lahore

5 Mr. Muhammad Ashraf

Nadeem

Assistant Director

Tech.

Directorate General


Lahore

6 Hafiz Muhammad Qasir Assistant Director

Tech

Directorate General


Lahore

7 Dr. Bismillha Khan Principal

Agriculture Collage Baha-

ud-Din Zakria University,

Multan

8 Dr. Nazim Hussain Labar Associate Professor Baha-ud-Din Zakria

University, Multan

9 Ch Abdul Ghani District Officer OFWM, Multan

10 Sardar Akbar Hayyat District Officer Agriculture Extention,

Multan

11 Dr Dilbagh Ahmed Agronomist CCRI, Multan

12 Dr. Sagheer Ahmed Cotton Botonist CRS, Multan

13 Mr.Ghulam Shabbir Project Director

(cotton Thal) OFWM, Punjab

14 Malik Zafar Iqbal District Officer

(environment) District Govt. Multan

15 Mr. Mahmood A Sheikh Agronomist Team

Leader M/s Jaffar Brothers




November 2011

Name Designation

Department /

Organization

16 Javid Qadarl Project Assistant

Director Tech.

Directorate General


Lahore

17 Mr. Liaqat Ali Deputy District Officer OFWM Jalapur Pirwal

18 Mr. Omer Khalid Consultant World Bank

19 Lt.Col.(R) Muhammad

Rafique Chief Executive Commander Agro (Pvt) Ltd.

20 Muhammad Ishaq

Shehzad Assistant Director(IT) Media Lison Unit Agri.

21 Mr. Muhammad Sohail

Khakwani Farmer Multan

22 Mr. Younas Khan

Khakwani Farmer Multan

23 Mr. Safdar Ali DD(Hqs) F&UDP, Multan

24 Mr. Raees Ahmed Raees Irrigation Engineer F.A.O, United Nation

25 Dr. Ghulam Abbas Assistant Director(PP) Pest Warning, Khenewal

26 Mr. Riaz Rashid Suprientending Engr. Haveli canal circle, Multan

27 Dr. Habibulha Habib District Officer OFWM, Lodhran

28 Mr. Ejaz Saleem Deputy District Officer OFWM, Lodhran

29 Dr. Muhammad Razaq Assistant Professor Baha-ud-Din Zakria

University, Multan

30 Mian Ejaz Ahmed Director Agri. Engineering, Multan

31 Mr. Muhammad Asghar

Rana Associate Professor

Baha-ud-Din Zakria

University, Multan

32 Mr. Muhammad Yousaf Agri. Chemist S F(LAB), Multan

33 Engr. Muhammad Sultan Lecturer Baha-ud-Din Zakria

University, Multan

34 Mr. Jalil-ur- Rehaman

Drishak Farmer Bahawalpur

35 Mr. Abdul Sattar SDO Irrigation Dept. Multan

36 Dr. Unsar Naeem-Ullah Water Management

Officer Multan

37 Mr. Bashir Ahmed Khan Farmer Multan

38 Mr. Muhammad Akram

Shahid Farmer Mailsi

39 Farid Khan Khakwani Vice President Multan Mango Growers

(Regd.)

40 Mr. Ahmed Mujtaba

Khan Farmer Layyah



Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-1

November 2011

Annex D. Sample Contracts

Participation Agreement

PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (PIPIP)

PARTICIPATION AGREEMENT

This deed of agreement for the Improvement of watercourse is made on

_____________between the District Officer (On Farm Water Management) or his

authorized person of District Government (hereinafter referred to as the First

Party) and the Water Users Association (WUA) registered under WUA

Ordinance 1981 (amended 2001) of Watercourse No. ___________ Village/Chak

No._______________________, Union Council _____________ Tehsil

__________, District ____________ (hereinafter referred to as Second Party).

WHEREAS the parties agree to the following terms and conditions.

1. ESTIMATED COST OF WORKS

1.1 Total cost of the watercourse improvement is determined as Rs.

_______(Annexure-1). Cost of construction material of the watercourse is termed as

Material Cost and is Rs.-________ (about 64% of the total estimated cost). Cost of

skilled and unskilled labour as well as earthen improvement is termed as Labour Cost

(about 36% of the total estimated cost).Material cost will be provided by the First Party

as subsidy to the Second Party, whereas, labour Cost shall be contribution of the Second

Party for watercourse improvement.

1.2 Material Cost will be paid by the First Party to the Second Party in three

installments as stipulated below in clause 3.1.

2. OPENING OF ACCOUNT

2.1 After Signing of mutual agreement, the second party will open a contract specific

joint bank account in any commercial bank which will be jointly operated by Chairman

and Treasurer of the Water User Association (WUA) and report of the account will be

made to First Party.

2.2 Second Party will provide copy of specimen signatures of account operators

(Chairman and Treasurer WUA) to the First Party. Any changes shall be communicated

to the First Party immediately. The signatories shall not be changed without prior consent

of the First Party.

3. DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS




November 2011

3.1 Payment to the Second Party for the construction works shall be released by the

first

Party in three installments in the following manner.

First Installment

Release of 40 percent of the estimated material cost on receipt of First Interim

Completion Report (ICR-I) meeting/fulfilling the following requirements and dully

verified by the consultants.

• Issuance of technical sanction by the competent authority.

• Deposit of 50 percent farmer’s share on account of labour charges for lining and

installation of allied structures.

• Renovation of at least 50 percent of designed earthen sections.

Second Installment

Release of 30 percent of the estimated material cost on receipt of Second Interim

Completion Report (ICR-II) meeting/fulfilling the following requirements and dully

verified by the consultants.

• Deposit of remaining 50 percent farmer’s share on account of labour charges for

lining and installation of allied structures.

• Renovation of entire designed earthen sections.

• Completion of at least 40 percent planned lining and allied works.

Third Installment




November 2011

Release of 30 percent of the estimated material cost on receipt of Final Completion

Report (FCR) meeting/fulfilling the following requirements and dully verified by the

consultants.

• Completion of all planned works.

• Renovation of entire designed earthen sections.

• Rectification of any pending discrepancy.

3.2 Payment at each stage will be made by the first party on submission of a bill for

completed portion of works at the stages agreed under clause 3.1 to the second party on

its certification by the Deputy District Officer. Thereafter, site verification will also be

carried out by the DO/AAE and a contingent bill will be prepared and submitted by the

DO (OFWM) to the District Accounts Officer, for making payment to the second party.

The Second Party will release all payments through crossed cheques. The second party

will maintain record of all transactions and purchases made for improvement of

watercourse in a specified register.

4. MAINTENANCE OF ACCOUNT

The Purchase Committee comprising of representatives of first and second

party will decide itemzed rate of construction materials. The Committee constituted for

the purpose (Annexure-11), shall procure the construction material following local

shopping procedure. The committee shall survey the local market/area and collect the

rates of construction materials i.e. cement, bricks, sand, pipes and nakkas etc. from at

three different firms/suppliers. The quotations so offered will be in the name of Purchase

Committee and other relevant record thereof will be maintained in a proper manner by

the second party to enable its verification by the representatives of first party. The second

party shall procure material from the local market at the lowest competitive rates

finalized by the committee constituted for the purpose, execute the works and get

reimbursement from the first party for the completed works in accordance in clause 3

above. There will be no financial implication on the part of first party, if the actual

expenditure exceeds the initially agreed estimated cost.

4.1. In the event of any misuse of funds by the second party, the first party shall have

the right to freeze the bank account of the second party and initiate inquiry as

deemed necessary.




November 2011

4.2. In case of non-utilization of funds due to any reason, the second party will be

liable to refund the unspent balance to the first party.

5. COMPLETION TIME

The works shall be completed by the second party with in 120 days. The second

party shall be responsible for timely completion. In exceptional circumstances, the

time period may be extended in writing by mutual consent of both the parties and

approval of the Executive District Officer, Agriculture.

6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIRST PARTY

The First Party shall:

• Issue directions to the Second Party (WUA) for the improvement and construction

of watercourse.

• Conduct the survey and prepare the design of watercourse according to the

engineering principles.

• Prepare the cost estimates of watercourse.

• Provide help in improvement / construction of watercourse and arrangement of

Govt. funds in shape of installments to the WUA.

• Provide guidance in construction works according to the standards and

specifications of the department to complete the task in time.

• Resolve the disputes amongst the WUA.

• The first party shall be responsible for providing regular and frequent supervision

and guidance according to the standards and specifications of the On Farm Water

Management (OFWM) to the second party for carrying out the works.

7. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SECOND PARTY

The Second Party shall

• Perform duty under the Water Users Ordinance 1981 (revised 2001).

• Provide the approved Chak Plan and Warabandi from the Irrigation Department.

• Provide the list of shareholders of the watercourse attested by the Numberdar or

WUA chairman.

• Resolve the disputes of members amicably.

• Clear the right of way of watercourse by the shareholders.

• Collect the farmer’s share from the shareholders well in time.

• Complete the improvement & lining works within the specific period agreed with

the First party.

• Arrange requisite machinery, materials and suitable skilled and unskilled labour

to carry out the works.

• Purchase the construction materials from the local market on competitive within




November 2011

limits approved by the District Rates Assessment committee (DARC).

• Chairman Water Users Association will act as Chairman Purchase committee.

• Utilize the allocated/sanctioned funds (Govt. + Farmer Share) properly, and

Use/consume the construction materials according to the departmental standards

and specifications. The WUA will be maintained the record of all receipts and

consumptions in the specified register.

• Follow the guidelines and instructions of the Consultants and OFWM field staff.

• Provide the access to the First Party or its representatives during the improvement

of watercourse regarding its routes /command area.

• Provide the purchase record / vouched accounts to the First Party or its

representative on its demand.

• Make the alternative route/passage arrangement during watercourse

improvement process.

8. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTE

During the execution of the scheme, if any dispute arises, relating to any

aspect of this Agreement, the parties shall first attempt to settle the issue

through mutual and amicable consultation. If the same is not resolved

through such consultation, the matter will be referred for arbitration to the

Executive District Officer, Agriculture, whose decision will be final and

binding for the parties to such dispute, and will not be liable to be

challenged in any court of law.

9. LIABILITYS OF THE FIRST PARTY

9.1 The First Party will not be responsible for any damage, if so occurred

during or after completion of work, due to mismanagement or negligence of the

Water User Association or due to natural calamites like rain, floods etc.

9.2 The First Party shall not be responsible for any change in the flow or

discharge of the water in the watercourse, which occur due to change in full

supply level of the canal, minor etc. The First Party shall also not be responsible

for over-topping etc. due to increase in discharge over and above discharge of

the watercourse or any sort of hindrance/ obstacle created by human or animals

in the flow of water.

Signature ______________________ Place ______________ Dated _____________

(On behalf of second party i.e. Water User’s

Association)

Name of Chairman _____________________ Office Stamp _______________




November 2011

Watercourse No. __________________ Village /Chak No. _____________

Signature _____________________ Place ______________ Dated _____________

(On behalf of first party i.e. Project Authority)

DDO, Tehsil _________________ Office Stamp _______________

W I T N E S S E S

1. Signature ___________ ____Place _________________ Dated __________

Name ______________________ Village ______________ Tehsil _________

2. Signature _______________ Place ________________ Dated __________

Name _____________________ Village ______________ Tehsil _________

PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT

PROJECT (PIPIP)

PARTICIPATION AGREEMENT

This deed of agreement for installation of Irrigation Scheme made on

_____________ between the (District Authority) namely District Officer (DO),

(On Farm Water Management) or his authorized representative (hereinafter

referred to as the First Party) and the Water Users Association (WUA) registered

under WUA Ordinance 1981 revised on 2001 of Irrigation Scheme No.

___________ Village/Chak No._______________________, Union Council

_____________ Tehsil __________, District ____________ (hereinafter referred

to as Second Party) on the following terms and conditions


The agreed total estimated cost of Irrigation Scheme construction material

(hereinafter referred to as the "total estimated cost") is Rs. ________ as reflected

in Annexure-1. Out of total estimated cost, 20 percent (cost of masons/labour and

that of earthen improvement) would be shared by the second party and/or

beneficiaries, while the remaining 80 percent (material cost) will be born by the

first party to be paid in installments (Clause 3.3) to the second party against the

works completed by the second party at the rate on volumetric basis as decided by

the purchase committee in its meeting held on _________ i.e. Rs. ______ per M3

(Annexure-II).




November 2011

3. DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS

3.1 The second party shall have a joint account opened in the name of Chairman and

Treasurer with the branch of any Scheduled Bank as soon as this Agreement has been

signed and shall provide its Bank Account Number to the first party.

3.2 The second party shall notify the first party in writing the names, addresses and

signatures of at least two office bearers (preferably Chairman and Treasurer of Water

Users Association) who will jointly operate the bank account mentioned in Clause3.1.

Such signatures shall not be changed without prior consent of the first party.

3.3 Payment to the second party for the construction works will be released by the

first party in stages as mutually agreed by both the parties in the following manner.

MODE OF PAYMENT TO WUAs

lst installment = 70 percent of the material cost will be released on:

i. deposit of 70 percent of their contribution for

masons/labour in the joint account by the second party;

2nd installment = 20 percent of the material cost will be released when:

i. at least 70 percent of the planned civil works are

executed by the second party; and

ii. the second party also deposit the remaining 30

percent of their share for masons/labour in the joint account.

3rd installment = 10 percent of the material cost will be released after:

i. completion of entire works according to the

prescribed OFWM standards and specifications by the second

party; and

ii. physical verification and certification of completed works by the OFWM

Field Engineers/District Monitoring Committee and or consultants.

3.4 Payment at each stage will be made by the first party on submission of a bill for

completed portion of works at the stages agreed under clause 3.3 to the second party

on its certification by the Deputy District Officer. Thereafter, site verification will

also be carried out by the DO/AAE and a contingent bill will be prepared and

submitted by the DO (OFWM), to the District Accounts Officer, for making payment

to the second party. The first party will arrange to release all payments to the account

of second party through crossed cheque. The second party will maintain a register for

all transactions and purchases made for improvement of watercourses.

4. MAINTENANCE OF ACCOUNT




November 2011

The Purchase Committee comprising of representatives of first and second party

will decide rate on volumetric basis in the manner given in Annexure-IV. The

Committee constituted for the purpose (Annexure-111), following local shopping

procedure, will survey the area and review the rates from at least three different

firms/suppliers for construction material i.e. cement, bricks, sand, pipes and

nakkas etc. The quotations so offered will be in the name of Purchase Committee

and other relevant record thereof will be maintained in a proper manner by the

second party to enable its verification by the representatives of first party. The

second party shall procure material from the local market at the lowest

competitive rates finalized by the committee constituted for the purpose, execute

the works itself and will get reimbursement from the first party for the completed

works as laid down in clause 3 above. There will be no financial implication on

the part of first party, if the actual expenditure exceeds the initially agreed

estimated cost.

4.1 In the event of any misuse of funds by the second party, the first party shall have

the right to freeze the bank account of the second party for the works after such

inquiry as may be deemed necessary.

4.2 In case of non-utilization of funds due to some dispute regarding non-

provision of skilled, semi-skilled labour on the part of second party, the

second party will be liable to refund the unspent balance of their account,

after making payment of the completed works at that stage, to the first

party.

5. COMPLETION TIME

The works shall be completed by the second party during the fiscal year. In

exceptional circumstances, the time period stated in this clause may be extended

in writing by mutual consent of both the parties and approval of the Executive

District Officer, Agriculture.

6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIRST PARTY

The first party shall be responsible for providing regular and frequent supervision

and guidance according to the standards and specifications of the on farm water

management to the second party for carrying out the works.

7. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SECOND PARTY

The second party shall:

(a) take up the works and arrange for their completion within the time period

stipulated in Clause 5;

(b) arrange suitable skilled and unskilled labour to carry out the works;




November 2011

(c) ensure that only good quality material is procured and utilized;

(d) resolve the disputes amongst shareholders;

(e) abide by the technical guidance/directions of OFWM personnel/supervisory

consultants regarding watercourse construction; and

(f) ensure that there is no mis-utilization of the money/material during construction.

8. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTE

During the execution of the scheme, if any dispute arises, relating to any

aspect of this Agreement, the parties shall first attempt to settle the issue

through mutual and amicable consultation. If the same is not resolved

through such consultation, the matter will be referred for arbitration to the

Executive District Officer, Agriculture, whose decision will be final and

binding for the parties to such dispute, and will not be liable to be

challenged in any court of law.

9. The First party will not be responsible for any damage, if so occurred during or

after completion of the work, due to mismanagement or negligence of the Water

Users Association of due to natural calamities like rain, floods etc.

10. The First Party shall not be responsible for any change in the flow or discharge of

the water in the watercourse, which occurs due to change in full supply level of

the canal, minor etc. The First Party shall also not be responsible for over-topping

etc. due to increase in discharge over and above discharge of the watercourse or

any sort of hindrance/obstacle created by human or animal in the flowing water.

Signature ______________________ Place ______________ Dated _____________

(On behalf of second party i.e. Water User’s

Association)

Name of Chairman _____________________ Office Stamp _______________

Irrigation Scheme No. __________________ Village /Chak No. _____________

Signature _____________________ Place ______________ Dated _____________

(On behalf of first party i.e. Project Authority)

DDO, Tehsil _________________ Office Stamp _______________




November 2011

W I T N E S S E S

3. Signature ___________ ____Place _________________ Dated __________

Name ______________________ Village ______________ Tehsil _________

4. Signature _______________ Place ________________ Dated __________

Name _____________________ Village ______________ Tehsil _________




November 2011

Annexure-1

COST ESTIMATES OF WATERCOURSE CONSTRUCTION

Watercourse No. _____________ Village/Chak No. ______________ Tehsil

________________

Dimensions of Lining:

Depth (D) _____________ m, Thickness of wall (Tw) 0.23 m

Bed width (W) _________ m, Width of floor (b) _____________ m

Thickness of Floor (Tf) 0.07 m

Unit volume of masonry works ________________ m3

Description of Works:

S.No. Particulars Quantity Unit Volume Total Volume

1 Lining ---------------------- m --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

2 Nakkas (“…….”

Dia)

---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

3 Culverts ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

4 B. Wallows ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

5 Other structure,

Drop, Syphon etc. ---------------------- No --------------------- m

3 -------------------- m

3

Total Volume -------------------- m3

Material quantities: Bricks ______________No. Cement _____________Bags Sand _____________ (m

3) Nakkas __________(No.)

Rate per m3 masonry volume as decided by the purchase/committee =Rs. ___________

Cost of Total Masonry volume (Rate / m3 x Total Volume) =Rs. ___________

Cost of __________ No. Nakkas of “________” dia @ Rs. ____________ =Rs.

____________

Others, (if any), (item _________, quantity ________ Rate ___________ =Rs.

____________

Total Estimated Cost (Civil Works): (A) =Rs.

____________

Cost of Masons /labour (a) =Rs.




November 2011

____________

Cost of Earthen Improvement (b) =Rs.

____________

Total cost of masons & labour Farmer’s Share (a+b): (B) =Rs.

____________

Grand Total (A + B) =Rs.

____________

Signature _______________________ Dated _____________________

Name of Chairman __________________________________________

Official Stamp ___________________________________

Signature _______________________ Dated _____________________

DDO/AAE ___________________________________________

Official Stamp ___________________________________

Signature _______________________ Dated _____________________

Consultants Representative / AAE ______________________________

Official Stamp ___________________________________

Bill No. _______________ Dated _____________ Annexure-II

CERTIFICATE OF WORKS EXECUTION

Certified that the following works on Watercourse No. _________________

Village/Chak No. ______________ have been executed in accordance with the approved

design and technical specifications.

Dimensions of Watercourse Lining:

Depth (D) _____________ m, Thickness of wall (Tw) 0.23 m

Bed width (W) _________ m, Width of floor (b) _____________ m

Thickness of Floor (Tf) 0.07 m

Unit volume of masonry works ________________ m3

Description of Works:




November 2011

S.No. Particulars Quantity Unit Volume Total Volume

1 Lining ---------------------- m --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

2 Nakkas (…….” Dia) ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

3 Culverts ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

4 B. Wallows ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

5 Other structure,

Drop, Syphon etc.

---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m

3

Total Volume -------------------- m3

Material quantities: Bricks _______________No. Cement _____________Bags Sand _____________ (m

3) Nakkas __________(No.)

Rate per m3 masonry volume as decided by the purchase/committee =Rs. __________

Cost of Total Masonry volume (Rate / m3 x Total Volume) =Rs. ____________

Cost of _________ No. Nakkas of ________’ dia @ Rs. _____________ =Rs. _______

Others, (if any), (item _________, quantity ________ Rate ___________ =Rs. _______

Total Cost of executed Civil Works =Rs. ____________

Amount in words ( Rupees _______________________________________)

It is certified that:-

1. ‘A’ class bricks, Portland good quality fresh cement, good quality sand and

RCC nakkas have been used in the above work;

2. The mortar in 1:4 cement sand ratio has been used in masonry as well as

plaster works;

3. The executed works meet the prescribed project standards and

specifications;

4. The bill is being submitted for the first time and no payment has been

claimed previously for the works claimed in this bill.

Signature _________________ Signature _________________ Name of

Chairman _________________ Name of WMO/Sup _____________

Official Stamp _________________ Tehsil/Field Team ____________

Official Stamp ____________

Verified by:

Signature __________________ Signature ____________

Name of AAE/DDO __________________ Name ____________




November 2011

Tehsil/Field Team __________________ Consultants Representative/AAE ___

Official Stamp __________________ Official Stamp ____________

Annexure-III

DIRECTORATE GENERAL AGRICULTURE (WATER MANAGEMENT), PUNJAB,

LAHORE

O R D E R

In order to effect purchase of cement, bricks, nakkas and sand etc. for

construction of watercourses under District Government, Accelerated Program,

OFWM-IV and National Program, the purchase committee would comprise of

the following.

Sr. No. Name Designation

1 Chairman, Khal Committee (WUA) Chairman

2 Secretary, Khal Committee (WUA) Member

3 Member, Khal Committee (WUA) Member

4 DDO concerned Member (Tech.)

5 WMO/Supervisor Member

The committee would affect purchase of watercourse construction material

observing specified terms and conditions as mentioned in the agreement.

Sd/-

Director General Agriculture




November 2011

(Water Management), Punjab

Lahore

No. __________________/DO/OFWM/ Dated

A copy is forwarded for information and immediate necessary action to:

1. All the Executive District Officers (Agriculture) in Punjab

2. All the District Officers (OFWM), in Punjab.

Director General Agriculture

(Water Management), Punjab

Lahore




November 2011

Annexure-IV

MINUTES OF PURCHASE COMMITTEE MEETING

A purchase committee meeting was held in the office of the Chairman, WUA on

______________ for the finalization of the rates of watercourse construction material i.e.

bricks, cement, sand, nakkas and others etc. for Watercourse No. __________,

Village/Chak No. _________. The purchase committee surveyed the area and reviewed

the rates from more than three different suppliers/firms. The quotations offered by the

firms alongwith comparative statement are enclosed. The committee found the following

rates as lowest and reasonable on competitive basis.

Sr.

No.

Name of Item Rate

1 Cement (local Portland, 50

Kg per bag and fresh)

Rs. ________________ per bag

2 Sand (Good Quality) Rs. _________________ M3

3 Bricks (A-Class) Rs. _________________ pre 1000

4 Nakkas (as per OFWM approved specifications of Rs. ________ per Nakka

(“…….” Dia)

Estimated Cost:

S.No

.

Name of Item Quantity Rate Amount

1 Cement (1.873

bag/M3)

____________

(Bags.)

Rs._________/bag Rs.

______________

2 Sand (0.26 M3 per

M3)

_____________

(M3)

Rs. _________/ M3 Rs.

______________

3 Bricks (500 per M3) _____________

(No.)

Rs.

_______/thousand

Rs.

______________

4 Nakkas (_____ size) _____________

(No.)

Rs.

_________/nakka

Rs.

______________

Total Amount:- Rs.

______________

Conversion of above rates into volumetric basis works out as following with 1:4 cement

sand ratio

Total Estimated Cost of Civil Works (A) = Rs. ________

Total Masonry volume of works involved as per Annex-I (B) = Rs. _____ M3




November 2011

Rate per cubic meter masonry volume (A/B) = Rs. ________

The purchase committee hereby approved the above rate on volumetric basis for

construction of above said watercourse.

Name and Signature of Purchase Committee:

S.No. Name Designation Signature

1 Chairman, Khal Committee

(WUA)

Chairman

2 Secretary, Khal Committee

(WUA)

Member

3 Member, Khal Committee

(WUA)

Member

4 DDO/WMS/AAE Member (Tech.)

5 WMO/Supervisor Member

CC:

1. The District Officer, On Farm Water Management _____________.

2. All the committee members

PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (PIPIP)

AGREEMENT FOR INSTALLATION OF HEIS

This agreement is made at _______ this _______day of ____(month)_______(year)

BETWEEN

Project Director/Regional Project Director “Punjab Irrigated – Agriculture

Productivity Improvement Project – PIPIP”/ District Officer (OFWM) _____its office

at_____ (hereinafter referred as the “First Party” which expression shall include the

successors, legal representatives & permitted assigns)

AND

M/s __________________________, “Supply & Services Company (SSC) with its

registered office at ________________________________which has been awarded a

contract for the installation of high efficiency irrigation systems on turnkey basis

type/crop__________________on ________________ Acres (hereinafter called the




November 2011

“SSC” which expression shall include the successors, legal representatives & permitted

assigns and referred as “Second Party”),

AND

Mr.______________________S/o__________________ who has requested the

government in writing to install HEIS on _______acres at his farm/land (lot/murraba

Number ____________) situated at

Village_________Tehsil_______District________(hereinafter called the “Beneficiary

Farmer” which expression shall include the successors, legal representatives &

permitted assigns and referred as “Third Party”).

WITNESSETH THAT

1. AGREEMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND DURATION

Both the second and third parties have decided to enter into this agreement with the first

party for installation of HEIS, under the provisions of the project titled “Punjab Irrigated

– Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project – PIPIP”. This agreement shall come

into force immediately after signing of all parties and shall remain enforced up to two

(02) calendar years after handing over the system to the third party (farmer).


The agreed/approved total estimated cost of HEIS to be installed on turnkey basis along

with excavation/ civil works and material (hereinafter referred to as the “Total approved

estimated cost”) is Rs.___________ as reflected in Annexure-I. out of Total estimated

Cost, 40% would be shared by the applicant/beneficiary (Third Party), while the

remaining 60% of total scheme cost will be provided by the First Party to be paid in

installments (Clause- 3) to the Second Party against the HEIS works installed/completed

and verified by the Consultants.

3. MODE OF PAYMENT

3.1 Payment to the Second Party (SSC) for the installation of HEIS shall be released by the

First Party in three installments in the following manner:




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First Installment

Release of 50 percent of the estimated cost or total farmers’ share whichever is higher on

receipt of satisfactory report from the PIS Consultants confirming that the HEIS material

(as per approved BOQs and agreed standards and specifications has been shifted to the

site.

Second Installment Release of 40 percent of the total estimated cost on receipt of satisfactory report from the

PIS Consultants confirming the followings:

• HEIS has successfully been installed as per approved design and layout and

commissioned satisfactorily.

• the farmer has been trained about the system operation and maintenance.

• Irrigation and fertigation schedules and log book have been provided to the

farmer.

Third Installment

Release of remaining 10 percent of the estimated material cost retained as performance

guarantee after assuring that free service during warranty period of two years has

satisfactorily been provided to the farmer.




November 2011

4. Completion Time

The Second Party shall shift material to the site of the Third Party within 35 days of

issuance of the work order. While, installation of the scheme shall be completed within

60 days thereafter. The system will be completed in all respect by Third Party and got

verified by the consultants within maximum period of 90 days.

5. Duties and Responsibilities of First Party

• Mediate between Second and Third Party in case of any dispute, the decision of

First Party would be the final and will not be challengeable in any court of

law/forum.

• Issue technical sanction / work order for the assignment or to change/substitute/

cancel the same, if required due to any cogent reason.

• Arrange and deploy project staff/concerned District Officer/WM staff for checking

and verification of works at different stages under contract.

• The First Party reserves the right to increase or decrease the quantum of

work/material even after award of the contract and before the completion of work,

if found necessary.

• The First Party reserves the right to stop the work at any time at any stage if it is

found necessary to do so.

• In case, second party failed to complete any HEIS scheme, the first party will

have the right to get the work completed on the risk and cost of the second party.

6. Duties and Responsibities of the Second Party

• Motivation of the Third Party through mass awareness.

• After feasibility to conduct Survey of Third Party land, soil, topography,

assessment of water source and water quality, source of power, farm operations,

predominant cropping pattern and other relevant data, provide soil and water

analysis.

• Before submission of proposal of design, assess the availability of water and

availability of energy for pumping. Design the water supply system from source of




November 2011

water (canal, well or other) to high efficiency irrigation system which should not

be more than 100 meters from the system. Exceeding this limit, Third Party

would be responsible to bear expenditure for the extra supply to be

arranged.Detremine the need for storage, assist the Third Party in constructing

the tube well, storage, pump set, power source for High Efficiency Irrigation

System.

• Designing of high efficiency irrigation system in accordance with accepted

standards keeping in mind the necessity to keep the cost down while insuring the

trouble free operation.

• Submit hard and soft copies of design and cost estimates to the First Party (PD/

RPD/ DO (OFWM) and consultants for approval of design and issuance of

Technical Sanction /Work Order.

• On receipt of work order supply the material and get it verified from Consultants

within fixed period of 35 days. Afterwards, install the system within 60 days as

per approved standards and specification of the project and get its

commissioning certified from the PISCs.

• Hand over the system to the Third Party in presence of First Party and submit

farmer’s satisfaction certificate (Annex-A).

• Provide warranty of parts/ after- sale –service for a period of two years by paying

regular visits and providing follow up services on the complaints of farmer.

• Warranty to undertake repair/ replace any portion or the entire system

components for a period of two years, if found defective in material or

workmanship. Such repairs/ replacements will be done at the cost of Second

Party. However, in case of any fault/damage caused to the material/system due

to negligence/overlooking of Third Party, the farmer will make upfront payment to

the Second Party for the material.

• Training to the Third Party on:

� Operations of the system.




November 2011

� Maintenance of the system including filtration & flushing system, flow

monitoring etc.

� Acid treatment and chlorination.

� Irrigation and fertigation charts.

� Other agronomic practices for the crop(s) grown.

� Handling of the system after harvest, storage.

• Provision of an operation and maintenances manual to the farmer in local

language at the time of installation along with warranty.

• Assist the Project Staff for validation at different stages and Project Staff in

performing their duties.

• The Second Party will abide by the procedure for imposing the penalties

approved under the project (Annexure-B).

• After handling over the scheme to Third Party under certification of consultants,

the Second Party, however, will not be responsible for any theft, fire, natural

disaster, misuse animal damage, and failure of pumps & engine motor not

supplied by it, modification in the installed system by the Third Party without

consultation, mishandling or any other unauthorized practice/action by the

Second Party.

• The Second Party will establish service centre to provide after sale service in

areas of operations where-ever an area of about 500 ha, is covered by its

equipment/system.

• After final verification of unit, the Second Party will be responsible to provide two

years free of charge after sale-service warranty to Third Party. During the initial

period the Second Party will visit the farm at regular intervals (minimum every

second months) to check the installation, advice the farmer on operation and

maintenances issues.




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• The material equipment and workmanship under the projects will be according to

the acceptable industrials standards and appropriate to the sites’ conditions;

environment and operating practices prevailing on each site of work. All material;

equipments method of the installation; flushing testing; commissioning and

training procedure shall be in accordance with the current issues of the

appropriate/ prescribed standards published by the American; British, National;

European or Japanese institutes

7. Duties and Responsibities of the Third Party (the Farmer)

• Third Party will submit a bank draft in the name of the Second Party equal to

40% of the total estimated scheme cost.

• Third Party will be responsible to provide / arrange the reliable and

dependable water source

• Maintain and operate the system for a period of five years and acquire necessary training, instructions, literature etc, from the First and Second Parties

• Provide assistance and unrestricted accessibility to the representative of first and second parties and PISCs consultants at any stage during project period

• Settle all disputes with the other farmers/land users regarding any nature. The First and Second Parties would not be a party in such disputes.

• Inform the First Party in writing immediately about issues and disputes, if arise between Third Party and Second Party.

• Provide in writing his satisfaction on the performance of installed HEIS (Annexure-A).

• The Third Party will ensure to secure supplied material in his safe custody and in case of theft or damage, the Third Party will be held responsible for payment up to the extent of loss if occurred due to his negligence. The Third party will also be held responsible for any delay/undue resistance during installation of scheme.

• In case of non functioning of unit after handling over the same under certification of consultants and satisfactory certificate dully issued (by Third Party), the entire amount incurred on system will be recovered from Third Party as Arrears of Land Revenue (if farmer declines to refund the same).

8. Settlement of Dispute

• During execution of the scheme, if any dispute arises, relating to any

aspect of this assignment, the parties shall first attempt to settle the issue

through mutual and amicable consultation. However on request by




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Second and Third parties the RPD/ DO (OFWM) will help out both the

parties. If the same is not resolved through such consultations, the matter

will be referred for arbitration to the Provincial Project Director whose

decision will be final and binding for the parties to such dispute, and will

not be challengeable in any court of law.

• The First Party will not be responsible for any damage, if so occurred

during or after completion of the work, due to natural clematis and

mismanagement or negligence/any other reason on the part of Second

and Third Parties.

• The First Party will be not responsible for non functioning of HEIS unit,

due to insufficient water reservoir/power resources (electricity connection

+ diesel engine etc.) as the Second and Third Parties are fully responsible

to ensure feasibility of the scheme before entering into this contract

agreement.

First Party (PD/ RPD/ DO (OFWM):__________________________________

Second Party (SSC): _____________________________________________

Third Party (Farmer): _____________________________________________

WITNESSES

1. Signature: _________________ 2. Signature: _________________

Name: ____________________ Name: ____________________

Place:_____________________

Place:_____________________

Date: _____________________

Date: _____________________

Village: ___________________

Village: ___________________

Tehsil: ____________________

Tehsil: ____________________




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(Annexure-A)

SATISFACTION CERTIFICATE

I the undersigned Mr.____________________________________________with

permanent address___________________________________________________

Declare and verify, then the High Efficiency Irrigation(Drip) system awarded by

Government of Punjab under Project “Punjab Irrigated – Agriculture Productivity

Improvement Project – PIPIP (Pilot Phase)” installed by

M/S_____________________________ on an area of ___________________ acres at

my land is complete in all respects and I am satisfied with the current performance of the

system as per design approved by the Project Staff. I will strictly abide all terms and

conditions imposed by the Government time to time.




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November 2011

(Annexure-B)

PROCEDURE REGARDING IMPOSING PENALTIES

Sr.

No

Violation Committed

Penalty

1 Irrigation System Design,

installation & bill of quantities of

each installation project.

Improper installation

Fresh installation of micro irrigation

system properly as per correct design at

SSC cost and a penalty of Rs. 5000/- per

installation.

2 Improper design leading to over

estimation or under estimation of

bill of quantities.

Correction of design and installation of

HEIS at SSC cost and penalty of Rs.

5000/- per installation.

3 Quality control & quality assurance

i) Use of spurious/recycled raw

material (deviation from

specified technical

specifications)

a) Once-Replacement of all non-standard

material of the batch and fine of Rs.

10000/- for each unit

ii) Deviations from prescribed

standards in the agreement.

b) Twice-Replacement of all non-

standard material of the batch no. and

fine of Rs. 15000/- for each unit +

cancellation of work order for the

district.

iii) Use of low grade/class products

in comparison to specified

standards.

c) Three times- black listing from the

Project and State, forfeiture of security

deposit and recollection of the area to

other bet performing companies.

4 Failure to attend farmer’s

complaints within stipulated time.




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Documents

World Bank - Pakistan Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture ......Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) Environmental and Social Assessment Directorate General