Workshop on APA Style Morning Session II

Workshop on APA StyleWorkshop on APA StyleMorning Session IIMorning Session II

WSU College of NursingWSU College of NursingOctober 24, 2008October 24, 2008

Ellen BartonEllen BartonLinguistics/EnglishLinguistics/English

WSU Director of CompositionWSU Director of Composition

BartonBarton Workshop on APA StyleWorkshop on APA StyleWSU College of NursingWSU College of Nursing

Overview -- TopicsOverview -- Topics

writing processwriting process top-down and bottom-uptop-down and bottom-up

top-down – genres and outlinestop-down – genres and outlines bottom-up – language (paragraphs bottom-up – language (paragraphs

and sentences) and formatand sentences) and format draftsdrafts

11stst draft – finding info/outlining draft – finding info/outlining 22ndnd draft – organizing/APA headings draft – organizing/APA headings 33rdrd draft – editing and formatting draft – editing and formatting


Genres and SectionsGenres and Sections

IMRD definitionsIMRD definitions (APA, 2001, p. 7) (APA, 2001, p. 7) I – development of the problem under I – development of the problem under

investigation and statement of the investigation and statement of the purpose of the investigationpurpose of the investigation backgroundbackground claim (thesis)claim (thesis)

M – description of the method used to M – description of the method used to conduct the investigationconduct the investigation

R – report of the resultsR – report of the results D – interpretation and implications of D – interpretation and implications of

the resultsthe results


Method -- OutlineMethod -- Outline

Method SectionMethod Section (APA, 2001, pp. 17-20)(APA, 2001, pp. 17-20)

MethodMethod SiteSite Participants and SampleParticipants and Sample ProcedureProcedure

Data collection.Data collection. Data analysis.Data analysis.

APA HeadingsAPA Headings (APA, 2001, pp. 111-115, pp. 289-290)(APA, 2001, pp. 111-115, pp. 289-290)


Method -- AnalysisMethod -- Analysis

Method -- qualitative study Method -- qualitative study (Aldridge and (Aldridge and Barton, 2007)Barton, 2007) levels and topics of headingslevels and topics of headings data collection – qualitative studydata collection – qualitative study

participantsparticipants sample and limitationssample and limitations

data analysis – discourse analysisdata analysis – discourse analysis introduction, steps, sample analysis introduction, steps, sample analysis

(Figure 1, Figure 2)(Figure 1, Figure 2) Method – quantitative study Method – quantitative study (Thomas, 2008) (Thomas, 2008)

(handout)(handout)


Method -- ExerciseMethod -- Exercise

MethodMethod on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline

the subsections/headings you expect to the subsections/headings you expect to be in your Method section, using APA be in your Method section, using APA stylestyle

in Procedure, what will you include in in Procedure, what will you include in data collection? in data analysis?data collection? in data analysis? outline key phrasesoutline key phrases


Results – OutlineResults – Outline

Results section Results section (APA, 2001, pp. 20-26)(APA, 2001, pp. 20-26)

ResultsResults data and analysisdata and analysis

data tables – report datadata tables – report data graphical figures – represent graphical figures – represent

relationshipsrelationships statistical analysis (for quantitative)statistical analysis (for quantitative) interpretive analysis (for qualitative)interpretive analysis (for qualitative)


Results – AnalysisResults – Analysis

Results Results (Aldridge & Barton, 2007)(Aldridge & Barton, 2007) overview and “roadmap ¶”overview and “roadmap ¶”

ResultsResults References to Negative OutcomesReferences to Negative Outcomes

examples and Table 1examples and Table 1 Possible Treatment OptionsPossible Treatment Options

examples and Table 2examples and Table 2 Summary SectionsSummary Sections

examples and Table 3examples and Table 3


Results -- TemplatesResults -- Templates

overviewoverview – use parallel structure to – use parallel structure to introduce major findings/headingsintroduce major findings/headings

This difference can be seen across three This difference can be seen across three features, including (a), (b), (c)features, including (a), (b), (c) … …

datadata -- tell reader what to look for -- tell reader what to look for as shown in Table 2,as shown in Table 2,

figuresfigures -- explain relationships -- explain relationships To give a sense of the structure and content To give a sense of the structure and content

of Phase 2 in EOL discussions, two coded of Phase 2 in EOL discussions, two coded excerpts are presented in Figures 1 and 2.excerpts are presented in Figures 1 and 2. (example from Method)(example from Method)


Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion combine data, data analysis, and combine data, data analysis, and

discussion w/in category/headingdiscussion w/in category/heading qualitative study – analysis and qualitative study – analysis and

discussion of RQs/themesdiscussion of RQs/themes quantitative study – analysis and quantitative study – analysis and

discussion of hypothesesdiscussion of hypotheses usually followed by a Conclusion sectionusually followed by a Conclusion section


Results -- ExerciseResults -- Exercise

ResultsResults on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a

“roadmap ¶” for what you expect to be “roadmap ¶” for what you expect to be your major findingsyour major findings

outline the categories of findings (use outline the categories of findings (use parallel structure for major finding (a), (b), parallel structure for major finding (a), (b), (c), …)(c), …)

outline the subsections of your Results outline the subsections of your Results section, using APA headingssection, using APA headings


Discussion – OutlineDiscussion – Outline

Discussion sectionDiscussion section (APA, 2001, pp. 26-27)(APA, 2001, pp. 26-27)

A. summary w/ r. to original purpose/ A. summary w/ r. to original purpose/ RQs/hypothesesRQs/hypotheses

B. similarities and differences in terms B. similarities and differences in terms of the research literatureof the research literature

C. examine, interpret, and qualify C. examine, interpret, and qualify resultsresults

theoretical consequencestheoretical consequences implicationsimplications limitations (here or in Conclusion)limitations (here or in Conclusion) importance (here or in Conclusion)importance (here or in Conclusion)


Discussion -- AnalysisDiscussion -- Analysis

Discussion Discussion (Aldridge & Barton, 2007)(Aldridge & Barton, 2007) summary of major finding(s)summary of major finding(s) interpretation of major finding(s)interpretation of major finding(s)

““accumulation of negative evidence”accumulation of negative evidence” implication of major findingimplication of major finding

““appropriate discourse strategy”appropriate discourse strategy” qualification of major findingqualification of major finding

issue of “treatment imperative”issue of “treatment imperative”


Discussion -- ExerciseDiscussion -- Exercise

DiscussionDiscussion on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a

summary of what you expect to be your summary of what you expect to be your major finding(s)major finding(s)

(look back at your Purpose statement!)(look back at your Purpose statement!)

outline an interpretation of the major outline an interpretation of the major finding(s)finding(s)


Conclusion -- OutlineConclusion -- Outline

Conclusion section Conclusion section A. limitationsA. limitations

method, analysis, generalizationmethod, analysis, generalization B. importanceB. importance

relation of research findings to larger relation of research findings to larger issuesissues

applications of research findingsapplications of research findings e.g., clinical applicationse.g., clinical applications


Conclusion -- AnalysisConclusion -- Analysis

Conclusion Conclusion (Aldridge & Barton, 2007)(Aldridge & Barton, 2007)

limitationslimitations data -- single communicative eventdata -- single communicative event analysis -- medical uncertaintyanalysis -- medical uncertainty generalization -- small samplegeneralization -- small sample

importanceimportance first study in terms of outcomesfirst study in terms of outcomes clinical application – ethical discourse clinical application – ethical discourse

strategy for EOL discussionsstrategy for EOL discussions


Conclusion -- ExerciseConclusion -- Exercise

ConclusionConclusion on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline

2-3 limitation sentences:2-3 limitation sentences: The first limitation of this research is . . . The first limitation of this research is . . .

outline a concluding sentence indicating outline a concluding sentence indicating the importance of your research:the importance of your research:

The importance of this research is . . . The importance of this research is . . .


Abstract -- OutlineAbstract -- Outline

IMRD Abstract IMRD Abstract (120 words)(120 words) A. research problemA. research problem B. participantsB. participants C. methodC. method D. major findingsD. major findings E. conclusions, implications, applicationsE. conclusions, implications, applications write the abstract last! write the abstract last! (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15)(APA, 2001, pp. 12-15)


Abstract -- OutlineAbstract -- Outline

Lit Review AbstractLit Review Abstract (120 words)(120 words)

A. topic A. topic (problem)(problem) B. purpose (thesis) B. purpose (thesis) C. organization, scope C. organization, scope (comprehensive, (comprehensive,

selected)selected) and sources and sources D. conclusions D. conclusions (major points in critical (major points in critical

perspective)perspective) write the abstract last! write the abstract last! (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15)(APA, 2001, pp. 12-15)


Writing in APA StyleWriting in APA Style

planning and 1planning and 1stst draft draft make a basic APA style outline make a basic APA style outline (handout)(handout)

IntroductionIntroduction – problem, literature gap, purpose – problem, literature gap, purpose (terms, claim/thesis)(terms, claim/thesis)

Background – Background – literature reviewliterature review categoriescategories

Method – Method – site, participants, proceduresite, participants, procedure data collectiondata collection data analysisdata analysis



ResultsResults – – overview, major findingsoverview, major findings data (tables?)data (tables?) data analysis (figures?)data analysis (figures?)

DiscussionDiscussion – – summary, literature, summary, literature, interpretation, implicationsinterpretation, implications

ConclusionConclusion – – limitations, importance, limitations, importance, applicationsapplications

then, write the 1then, write the 1stst draft! draft!



revising to 2revising to 2ndnd draft draft organize paper into APA headingsorganize paper into APA headings organize materials w/in sections/ organize materials w/in sections/

headings and paragraphs (¶s)headings and paragraphs (¶s) note: specific assignmentsnote: specific assignments

convert assignment into outlineconvert assignment into outline outline and write 1outline and write 1stst draft draft revise to 2revise to 2ndnd draft draft

focus on thesis statement! focus on thesis statement!



READREAD read journal articles in your programread journal articles in your program

absorb APA style in useabsorb APA style in use use primary sources (journal articles) for use primary sources (journal articles) for

your researchyour research WRITEWRITE

plan time to write multiple draftsplan time to write multiple drafts 11stst draft –outline and write draft –outline and write 22ndnd draft – revise w/in APA headings draft – revise w/in APA headings

Documents

Workshop on APA Style Morning Session II