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WMG Doctoral Research and Innovation Conference
International Manufacturing Centre and International Digital Laboratory
University of Warwick
21st JUNE 2016
Abstract Book
Sponsors
Contents
Welcome………………………………………………………………... 1
Timetable………………………………………………………………. 3
Sponsors……………………………………………………………….. 4
Keynote biographies………………………………………………...... 6
Oral presentation abstracts………………………………………….. 9
Poster presentation abstracts……………………………………….. 33
1
Welcome
The organising committee warmly welcomes you to the third WMG Doctoral Research and Innovation
Conference at the University of Warwick.
Many types of businesses, consumers, producers, policy makers and NGOs have the power to affect
product and technology development. Each type of stakeholder will require a set of criteria and
indicators to evaluate and define the development strategy. Consequently, interdisciplinarity is a core
component and success factor of research projects that aim to help stakeholders in making informed
decisions. Despite this, there is a lack of clarity on how interdisciplinary research can make a real and
tangible impact, both from an academic and business perspective. This year’s WMG doctoral
conference theme – Research impact through interdisciplinarity – was chosen to shed light upon the
many dimensions of product and technology development. We have structured the scientific
contribution of the event in two main parts.
First, a multi-dimensional representation of the breadth of the interdisciplinary research
conducted within WMG and beyond will be the core of the conference. This includes 12 sessions
with 36 oral presentations and over 60 posters, which are clustered in three main streams.
Presentations and poster sessions will provide an overview of the type of research projects that look
into the development of products and technologies from a variety of viewpoints, including technical,
environmental, economic, and social in a symbiotic approach.
Second, experts from academia and industry will illustrate how research outcomes can be translated
into impact. Two plenary talks and an “impacts bomb” session will allow attendees to learn the
successful impact strategies of leaders working at the interface between research and
industry.
We hope you will enjoy this inspiring metaphorical buffet of scientific events and we look forward to
celebrating with you at the real food buffet that will follow at the end of the day.
We are very thankful to our sponsors for this year, Jaguar Land Rover, and the University of Warwick's
Innovative Manufacturing Global Research Priority and Research Student Skills Programme.
We would also like to thank all the members of the organising committee for the splendid work they
have done in preparing the conference, the academic members of staff who will chair the sessions
and assess the presentations and posters, as well as Professor Stuart Barnes and Professor Kerry
Kirwan for overseeing the conference organisation.
Felipe Cicaroni Fernandes
Conference Chair
Marco Cinelli
Conference Co-Chair
2
Venue information
Conference committee
Name Role WMG Research Group
Felipe Cicaroni Fernandes Conference Chair Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing
Marco Cinelli Conference Co-Chair Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing
Christina Froemder Abstracts Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing
Daniel Carlotta-Jones Website Maintenance Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing
Robert James Finance Energy and Electrical System
Lavinia Bianchi Catering Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing
Joseph Smyth Publicity & IT Experiential Engineering
Edyta Dzikon Publicity & IT Nanocomposites
Nasrin Shahed Khah Sponsorship and Speakers Electrochemical Engineering
Claudia Geitner Sponsorship and speakers Experiential Engineering
Opening and keynote speaker presentations, including impact bomb roundtable, will be held in IMC
002 (IMC Auditorium).
Session talks from stream 1 will be held in IMC 006 + 008.
Session talks from stream 2 will be held in IMC 002 (IMC Auditorium).
Session talks from stream 3 will be held in IMC 004.
Coffee breaks, lunch and poster session will be held on the IDL mezzanine.
Evening BBQ and social event to be held outside of the IMC, to the right of the building, near the
IDL pond.
3
Timetable
8.15 Registration (IMC Auditorium)
8.30 – 8.40 Opening Conference Committee Chair (IMC Auditorium)
8.40 – 9.00 Sponsor Address (IMC Auditorium)
9.00 – 9.40
Plenary session Nigel Taylor (IMC Auditorium)
9.45 – 10.45 Block 1
Stream 1: IMC 006 + IMC 008
Stream 2: IMC Auditorium
Stream 3: IMC 004
Impact of Technology on Society
Materials & Innovative Manufacturing
System Design & Interaction
Future Transports Systems
and Green Technologies Modelling Metrology and System Design
Prof Paul Jennings Dr Pasquale Franciosa Prof Darek Ceglarek
9.45 – 10.05
Talks
Alexandros Mouzakitis Abhishek Das Tim Bradley
10.05 – 10.25 Siddartha Khastgir Prasun Chokshi Erik Puik
10.25 – 10.45 Claudia Newton Jialong Shen Nadia Kourra
10.45 – 11.10 Coffee Break (IDL mezzanine)
11.10 – 12.10 Block 2 Digital Technologies
Nanotechnology and Sustainability
Energy Storage
and Sustainable Energy
Dr Thomas Bashford-Rogers Dr Stuart Coles Dr James Marco
11.10 – 11.30
Talks
Emmanuel Ige George Pappas Michael Brunell
11.30 – 11.50 Josh McNamee Marco Cinelli Daniel Worwood
11.50 – 12.10 Jonathan Hatchett Tracy Thompson Thomas Bruen
12.10 – 13.10 Poster Session (IDL mezzanine)
13.10 – 14.00 Lunch (IDL mezzanine)
14.00 – 14.40
Plenary session Dr David Bott (IMC Auditorium)
14.45 – 15.45 Block 3
Impact of Technology on Society Materials & Innovative
Manufacturing System Design & Interaction
Healthcare Net-Shape Manufacturing Industry 4.0
Prof Theo Arvanitis Dr Gregory Gibbons Prof Robert Harrison
14.45 – 15.05
Talks
Liping Zhang Tom Pinto Ken Asare
15.05 – 15.25 Lorena Santamaria Aishah Dahnel Mussawar Ahmad
15.25 – 15.45 Omar Khan Richard Woodward Ferdinando Vitolo
15.45 – 16.10 Coffee Break (IDL mezzanine)
16.10 – 17.10 Block 4
Supply Chain and Business Models
Metallurgy and Steel Processing
Real Virtuality and Visualisation
Dr Antony Karatzas Dr Zushu Li Dr Carlo Harvey
16.10 – 16.30
Talks
Di Li Kateryna Hechu Pinar Satilmis
16.30 – 16.50 Alexander Garrido Rios Tazdin Amietszajew Debmalya Sinha
16.50 – 17.10 Yi Ding Martha Indriyati Amar Dhokia
17.15 – 18.15
Panel – Impact Bombs Roundtable 4 Presentations of 5 min + Discussion
Dr David Bott Prof Alison Noble
Prof David Abrahams Dr Mark Selby
18.15 – 18.30 Closing Session and Awards
18.30 Social Event (Barbecue)
4
Sponsors
Jaguar Land Rover is the largest investor in automotive research, development and engineering in the UK,
symbolising British craftsmanship, engineering skills and quality in markets around the world.
The Company is built around two iconic, globally-recognised brands. Land Rover is the market leader in
luxury sports utility vehicles; Jaguar is renowned for building sports cars and saloons that epitomise
performance and seductive design.
Together, our brands and products must deliver experiences that customers love, for life. In doing so,
Jaguar Land Rover will become one of the world’s most valuable lifestyle companies.
This vision reflects the transformation of the company under the ownership of Tata Motors Limited. Jaguar
Land Rover is today a solidly profitable, expanding and increasingly international automotive manufacturer.
It is pioneering new technologies, opening plants, creating employment and launching breakthrough
models for discerning customers. This is a company revitalised, committed to excellence in every part of
its business.
5
GLOBAL RESEARCH PRIORITY
The GRP (Global Research Priority) in Innovative Manufacturing (IM) is a global centre of excellence
at the University of Warwick for multidisciplinary research that underpins manufacturing priority areas.
The GRP brings together engineers, chemists, physicists, computer scientists, mathematicians,
statisticians and life scientists.
Academics and industrial R&D (research and development) teams are collaborating to turn the
challenges facing the manufacturing sector into opportunities. They are doing this by creating
innovations to advance manufacturing across three themes:
Circular economy
Agricultural manufacturing
Industrial biotechnology
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/research/priorities/
RESEARCH STUDENT CAREERS AND SKILLS
The University of Warwick is committed to providing an excellent research environment for all its
postgraduate research students. As part of this commitment, the Research Student Skills Programme
(RSSP) is especially designed to help research students to become effective and highly employable
researchers. Students are offered workshops, activities and individual support for their academic study,
developing transferable skills, and preparing for the next professional steps.
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/skills/
6
Keynote Biographies
Plenary Speakers
Nigel Taylor has worked at Jaguar Land rover for 25 years, primarily in the Vehicle Noise, Vibration
and Harshness department, specialising in signal processing and acoustics. During the last 10 years
he has worked in research, where he has won technology awards for time domain route tracking, a
Range Extended Electric Vehicle, and a High Power Battery Pack design. Nigel, previously project
lead for the Jaguar Land Rover, WMG and TMETC Catapult Energy Storage project, is now Senior
Manager in Low Carbon Vehicle research.
After 26 years with BP, Courtaulds and ICI, spent in both their corporate centres and business units,
David got involved with start-ups 12 years ago. He was diverted into spending 8 years setting up
and directing the Technology Strategy Board (now rebranded as Innovate UK). He is a Principal
Fellow at WMG, Non-executive Chairman of Oxford Biomaterials, and a Non-executive Director of
Oxford Advanced Surfaces, has been a member of Sheffield University Council and has engaged
in a wide variety of activities involving materials, design, sustainability and innovation.
Dr David Bott
Principal Fellow at WMG, Chairman of
Oxford Biomaterials &
Non-Executive Director of Oxford
Advanced Surfaces Group
Nigel Taylor
Senior Manager Advanced Energy Storage and
Consumption, Low Carbon Vehicles,
Jaguar Land Rover
7
Impact Bomb Session
Prof David Abrahams
Beyer Professor of Applied
Mathematics
Dr Mark Selby
Chief Technology Officer,
Ceres Power
Mark joined Ceres Power in 2006 and was appointed to the Board as Chief Technology Officer in
February 2013. He is responsible for leading all aspects of the strategy and delivery of the Steel Cell
technology development. Prior to joining the company he was part of the Control and Electronics
Department at Ricardo UK Limited. Mark has a background in Control System Development for
Vehicle Dynamics, Electrical Machines, Low Emission Gasoline and Diesel Engines, and Fuel Cell
Products.
As a Control Engineer, the phrase “it’s only software” is familiar. He has often received the credit for
making things work once all the really hard work has been done to get a “plant” built by the hardware
team. The reality is delivering results successfully is always the result of strong teamwork with a
broad range of talents and disciplines. Mark has experience of driving high performing teams to solve
challenging R&D and engineering problems in fields as diverse as software, manufacturing process
engineering, materials science, and chemical engineering at the cutting edge of the Energy Products
Revolution. Today, Ceres is working with some of the world’s leading engineering businesses to
bring Real World Fuel Cells to market.
David Abrahams has held the Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics in the School of Mathematics,
University of Manchester since 1998. He specialises in the mathematical modelling, analysis and
application of waves in physics and engineering, and currently holds grants from EPSRC, Royal
Society and from industrial partners including Thales UK and Dyson. He has made contributions to
fields including underwater and aero acoustics, water waves, elasticity, electromagnetics and non-
destructive evaluation. Over the last decade Abrahams’ group has concerned itself with wave
propagation through materials containing complex microstructure (including biological tissues),
Prof David Abrahams
Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics in the School
of Mathematics, University of Manchester
8
Prof Alison Noble
Technikos Professor of Biomedical Engineering
and Director of Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, University of Oxford
with the aim of obtaining ‘effective’ or averaged properties. This enables the removal of extraneous
detail within the models, and the focus to be on critical phenomenological detail. Abrahams is very
active in supporting multi/interdisciplinary and industrial research activity, and undertakes a number
of such projects including topics in mathematical finance, geophysics and glaciology, and material
science.
Abrahams plays an active role within the international mathematics community. In particular, he was
President of the Institute of Mathematics and its Application (2007-09), was Deputy Chair for sub-
panel B10 (Mathematics) in REF2014, is currently Scientific Director of the International Centre for
Mathematical Sciences (ICMS) in Edinburgh, and will become Director of the Isaac Newton Institute
for Mathematical Sciences in Cambridge in October 2016. Abrahams holds a Royal Society Wolfson
Research Merit Award (2013-2018) and was made Honorary Professor at the University of
Edinburgh in 2015.
Professor Alison Noble OBE FREng is the Technikos Professor of Biomedical Engineering in the
Oxford University, Director of the Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBME), and a Fellow of St
Hilda's College, Oxford. She is a Fellow of the IET, a Fellow of the MICCAI Society, and a Fellow of
the Royal Academy of Engineering. She is also the current President of the MICCAI Society. She
was awarded an OBE for services to Science and Engineering in the Queen's Birthday Honours list
in June 2013.
Professor Noble is a founding director of the Biomedical Image Analysis (BioMedIA) Laboratory, a
multi-disciplinary research group working in the area of biomedical imaging and image analysis, an
important sub-discipline of modern biomedical engineering. She heads a large research activity in
cardiovascular image analysis, women's health imaging (obstetrics and perinatal care) and
microscopy image analysis. Professor Noble has published around 300 publications. She has
supervised 37 PhD students to successful completion, with 17 further DPhil students currently under
her sole or co-supervision. Alison has combined academic research with technology translation
throughout her career. Her most recent venture is as a co-founder and CTO of Intelligent Ultrasound
Ltd, spun-out from the her laboratory in 2012, which focuses on software solutions to make medical
ultrasound a simpler and effective technology to use in existing and new areas of healthcare.
9
Oral Presentations
Stream 1 – Impact of Technology on Society (IMC 006 + 008)
Future Transport Systems and Green Technologies Chair: Prof Paul Jennings
Innovative Methods and Processes for Automotive Software Development
Embedded software is shaping our world and it is difficult to imagine day to day life without it. In the automotive
industry the need for new and innovative ideas for methods and processes for automotive embedded software has
increased dramatically. The complexity of automotive electronics with embedded software drives premium cars with
no fewer than 70 ECUs interconnected by more than five network systems such as Controller Area Networks (CAN),
Local Interconnect Network (LIN), Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST), FlexRay and Ethernet.
In a typical automotive development process, the main challenge of the engineers is to uncover as many failure
modes and/or software defects as possible during the early stages of the vehicle programme. During the early
phases of the development, failure modes and/or software defects are difficult to uncover but easy and inexpensive
to fix. During the last phases of the development, failure modes and/or software defects are easy to uncover
because the final product has been built. At this stage, failure modes and/or software defects are hard and
expensive to fix as changes are required in the software coding, hardware, tooling, and verification validation of the
final product.
The aim of this research is to develop and integrate innovative methods and processes in order to shift failure
modes and/or software defects detection early in the automotive product development. The initial research work is
conducted through an analysis of failures modes and/or software defects found during a typical JLR vehicle
programme development. The research then focuses towards JLR’s supplier base in order to understand the
software development challenges within the wider automotive industry. The main research outcome is the creation
of integrated innovative methods and processes for embedded automotive software development. A new innovative
process called Model-based Product Engineering (MBPE) is proposed together with a new generic Design
Verification Interface (DVI) for automated testing, test exchange and traceability across all MBPE process levels.
Early benefits show detection of failure modes and/or software defects of over 50% prior to supplier software
development, a significant shift within the early stages of the product development. In addition results show a tenfold
reduction in validation and test times driven by functional and diagnostics automated testing.
Alexandros Mouzakitis
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Energy and Electrical Systems
10
Identifying Test Scenarios for the Testing of Autonomous Systems in Vehicles
Recently there has been a growth in the incorporation of autonomous systems within vehicles. From being
perceived as a comfort feature, autonomous systems in vehicles have now become a safety feature which are
foreseen to have a potential to reduce accidents. This has led to a new trend within the automotive industry of
focussing on autonomous systems for driver safety, which might ultimately lead to fully autonomous vehicles.
Considering the fact that 66% of the accidents in the UK in 2014 were caused due to driver error, autonomous
vehicles could prove to be a benefit. However with the introduction of autonomous systems, a greater challenge of
system validation in all scenarios needs to be addressed. Several working groups under the ISO banner have been
set up to address this issue concerning Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) and higher levels of vehicle
automation.
Various testing tools like VEhicle Hardware-in-Loop (VEHiL), Vehicle-in-the-loop (ViL), test track testing, driving
simulators exist which suggests that test methods can’t be standardized. However all test methods require a
standard method for identification of test scenarios for testing of autonomous systems, an aspect that still evades
the industry and the research community and offers and interesting research question. Autonomous systems offer
infinite possibilities for test scenarios and the ability to intelligently and objectively reduce the sample space for
possible scenarios is an urgent requirement for proving the systems to be safe in a time and cost efficient manner.
This research is focussed on identifying an objective method for the creation of test scenarios for autonomous
systems (SAE level 3-5). It involves objectivizing the Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) method,
understanding the characteristics of a “right” test scenario and developing a method for creating the “right” test
scenarios.
Siddartha Khastgir
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Energy and Electrical Systems
Measuring the Perceived Quality of Soft Automotive Interior Materials
There are two key problems in Perceived Quality (PQ) in automotive design. Firstly, there are a lack of standardised
processes and metrics that can be used to objectively assess customer perception of quality. Secondly, there is a
need for supporting methods covering both objective (physical) assessments and the quantification of subjective
attributes impacting on PQ. This research explores haptic quality perception of 23 soft materials used for automotive
interior trim. A sensory lexicon was developed using the Repertory Grid Technique, PQ and preference was
measured using Free-Modulus Magnitude Estimation and Surface Roughness and Compliance testing was
conducted on each material to investigate the relationship between the subjective and objective data.
This work brings together engineers and designers working in materials selection to ultimately ensure that chosen
materials meet technical requirements as well as achieving customer satisfaction. It also has the potential to aid
decision-making when selecting materials that may not have previously been used before e.g. newer, innovative
materials and sustainable materials. Findings also suggest that PQ can be improved just by adjusting the thickness
of foam interlayer beneath a material. The results of this research have been used to develop a streamlined process
which can be integrated into an automotive PQ process. Future work focuses on developing a method for predicting
PQ without the need to conduct frequent customer testing. This methodology can be expanded into research
investigating any sensory modality. For example, visual, sound or smell perception for relevant consumer products.
Claudia Newton
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing
11
Digital Technologies Chair: Dr Thomas Bashford-Rogers
HDR Based Facial Expression Recognition Under Complex Lighting
Making recognition more reliable under complex lighting conditions is one of the important challenges for practical
facial expression recognition systems. This work is motivated by being able to verify an image obtained even in
very poor lighting. Even when there are many changes in the lighting of the images, the proposed method
is able to identify or recognize the input image. The nullifying of lighting variations is still an on resolved challenge.
This problem is tackled by fusing together the strengths of robust illumination normalization, local texture - based
face representations, distance transform based matching and kernel based feature extraction. In this work, we
present pre-processing chain where the effects of the changing light on one hand while preserving the useful
appearance details needed for recognition.
We introduce Local Binary Pattern (LBP) texture descriptor, which is a generalization of the texture descriptor which
is less sensitive to noise. The resulting method provides a facial expression recognition rate of 92% at 0.1% false
accept rate. Experiments show that our pre-processing method outperforms several existing pre-processors for a
range of feature sets, data sets and lighting conditions. We carried out this project using MATLAB.
Emmanuel Ige
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Visualisation
Efficient Streaming of High Fidelity Graphics in Real-time
Computer graphics are nowadays near-ubiquitous, but to achieve the highest fidelity in real or even reasonable
time a user must be located at or near a supercomputer or other specialist workstation. Certain simulations may
have dedicated hardware requirements far in advance of what can be provisioned in, for example, a mobile device.
These physical requirements mean that it is not always possible to demonstrate these graphics in any given place
at any time, despite the preponderance of mobile devices with screens sufficient to display the information. Thus
arises the need to consider remote rendering, the streaming of high-fidelity graphics from a well-equipped server to
an under-equipped client.
Current commercial solutions depend on feeding the output from a graphics renderer into a video encoder and
streaming the result in the manner of any other video broadcast. This however fails to exploit renderer-specific
solutions and take advantage of the data available to a renderer for more efficiently compressing the video. There
is no reason the information available to a graphics renderer, such as which regions in the scene are of interest,
should not be communicated usefully to a video encoder or indeed to the client - the client machine may have
graphical capabilities of its own which are not being exploited. The quality of the final displayed graphics need not
be bound by the transmitted resolution of the video stream, or even the dynamic range. From understanding the
various methods by which graphics data can be manipulated, interpolated and streamed, this paper presents novel
methods for transmitting high fidelity graphics from one location to another efficiently.
Josh McNamee
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Visualisation
12
An Evaluation of Power Transfer Functions for HDR Video Compression
High dynamic range (HDR) imaging enables the full range of light in a scene to be captured, transmitted and
displayed. However, uncompressed 32-bit HDR is four times larger than traditional low dynamic range (LDR)
imagery. If HDR is to fulfil its potential for use in live broadcasts and interactive remote gaming, fast, efficient
compression is necessary for HDR video to be manageable on existing communications infrastructure. A number
of methods have been put forward for HDR video compression. However, these can be relatively complex and
frequently require the use of multiple video streams.
This paper discusses the use of a straightforward Power Transfer Function (PTF) as a practical, computationally
fast, HDR video compression solution. The use of PTF is presented and evaluated against four other HDR video
compression methods. A theoretical analysis demonstrates that PTF, and in particular a power of 4, provides a
close fit to a theoretical contrast sensitivity function (CSF). An objective evaluation shows that PTF exhibits
improved quality at a range of bit rates and, due to its straightforward nature, is highly suited for real-time HDR
video applications.
Jonathan Hatchett
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Visualisation
13
Healthcare Chair: Prof Theo Arvanitis
Learning to Ignore the Interferer with No Sense Syllable Stimuli
Experiments on perceptual learning in the visual domain show that people can improve their detection performance
by learning to ignore (visual) 'noise'. Once participants have learned to ignore the constant visual noise and can
successfully detect targets, this skill then transfers to new, random visual noise (Schubo, et al., 2001). This study
explores whether this also follows for perceptual learning in the hearing domain. It aims to investigate if it is possible
to improve our brains’ ability to process auditory stimuli by training a listener to ignore background noise and
recognise the sounds of consonants across time. In addition, Felty et al (2009) demonstrated that listeners achieved
better word recognition performance with fixed babble noise than with random babble noise. This research also
investigates if the learning effect is generalised from training normal hearing listeners under fixed babble noise to
random background environments. Twenty normal-hearing English native speakers (aged between18 to 40)
participated in an experiment. They were randomly assigned to a fixed or random babble noise training group. Both
groups were required to do a pre and post-test with vowel consonant vowel (VCV) tasks (including eight consonants
/b/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /k/, /m/, /n/, /p/ with male and female voices) in random babble noise. The background noise for the
three days training session was different for each group (the fixed group was trained with constant babble noise
and the other one was trained with random babble noise). The results from this study show how people’s listening
performance can be improved with training to ignore fixed and random babble noise. Results from this study will
develop viable base line to be used as clinical tools for training of hearing impaired persons to improving their
hearing ability in noisy environment.
Liping Zhang
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Experimental Engineering
Development of a Virtual Avatar with Real-time Gait Adjustment for Movement Rehabilitation
This research intends to find and develop methods for predicting human motion during full body exercises such as walking
and stepping and investigate how well a machine learning system can naturally and dynamically manipulate virtual avatar
movements to effect desired changes in a user’s motion. The research questions that will be investigated in this project are:
What methods can be used to predict human motion and how can these methods be enhanced to increase accuracy when applied to full body exercises such as walking and stepping?
How can user motion be parameterised and how can this be used to drive a virtual avatar?
How well can immersive experiences be used to trigger unconscious improvement or change in a subject’s gait compared to non-immersive experiences?
What is the potential for virtual avatars in improving rehabilitation time or other suitable outcome measures?
The knowledge gained from this research is potentially applicable the healthcare sector as, in current rehabilitation regimes,
feedback to the user is usually qualitative and relies on the judgement of the physiotherapist, this also applies to clinical
information fed back into patient notes. In contrast, if the user’s motion can be reliably and accurately parameterised, not
only does this provide quantitative feedback for the user, increasing motivation, but also allows this recorded information to
be stored in the patient’s notes as CROMs. Depending on the results obtained, if the system is found to improve appropriate
outcome measures it could introduce new possibilities for the addition of virtual reality to rehabilitation regimes to
supplement current activities in outpatient settings due to the low cost, non-invasive and portable nature of the technology.
The methods developed within the project can also be applied to other disciplines, such as robotics, where prediction or
mimicry of human movement is desired.
Omar Khan
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Digital Healthcare
14
Classification in Emotional EEG-based BCI Using Connectivity Measures
Electroencephalogram (EEG) based Brain Computer Interfacing (BCI) is a new communication channel for people
with motor disabilities, specially, motor imagery (MI) applications. In MI based BCIs the system is able to translate
the user’s intent into a control signal.
Growth in BCI has been fuelled by the actual available technology and the fact that they can be used within a wider
range of applications. BCI is a multidisciplinary research topic whose challenges attract investigators from various
disciplines including neuroscience, signal processing, psychology and machine learning. All of them work together
to find a more global understanding of the brain and its functions.
However, few studies examine the synchronization and association of the brain areas configuring networks during
a motor imagery task. The aims of this research are to assess the changes in the modulation of brain functional
networks during two tasks and use these connectivity measures to perform a classification allowing us to
differentiate between both of them.
Research methods: To pursue the aim of the project different methodologies will be used during the research.
Firstly, to obtain the necessary EEG data an experiment has been designed and approved by the University of
Warwick ethical committee. Once the sample of data is collected, pre-analysed and the noisy elements are
eliminated, it will be examined and clustered into different states by means of unsupervised learning techniques.
After identifying the adequate number of clusters for each frequency band of interest several of their connectivity
features are calculated and sent to a classification algorithm.
Expected impact: The research will provide a new way to explore and understand the cognitive processing
underlying two imagined tasks. Furthermore a novel algorithm will be used on classification of MI based BCI’s.
Lorena Santamaria
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Biomedical Informatics, Imaging & Healthcare Technologies
15
Supply Chain and Business Models Chair: Dr Anthony Karatzas
How Do UK Manufacturers Make Re-shoring Decisions and What are the Impacts?
Over the last 20 years, the manufacturing output of UK has been steadily declining. Globalisation has considerably
contributed to this, due to the trend to move production away from the UK. This emerged in the late 1970’s and is
termed off-shoring. However, since 2005 there has been a counter-trend of manufacturing back to the UK,
popularised as “re-shoring”. This trend has also been experienced by a number of developed countries (e.g.
Germany, USA). Governments see benefits associated with it, e.g. propelling the rate of GDP growth. Therefore,
re-shoring has become an area of intense interest within academic, industrial and policy circles. However, the
understanding of re-shoring amongst academics, policy makers and industrialists is still limited, since extant
literature has not clearly defined the concept, nor what and how to re-shore. Thus this research argues it is
necessary to clarify its definition, the current status, its drivers and potential consequences, and to devise a holistic
decision framework taking into consideration all relevant parameters.
This research involves multiple disciplines: business, manufacturing, operations, supply network and markets. By
enhancing the supply network through re-shoring, the manufacturing and operations can be optimized, in order to
improve business performance and create long-term competitive advantages. This research adopts the critical
realism philosophy, and uses the survey as the method to collect empirical data, since it bests fit this multi-purpose
research which lacks the primary data to clarify the picture. The outcomes of this research will be a framework that
can help industrial managers to engage in re-shoring, theoretical models tested by empirical data to state the
relationships of associated variables, and a database showing re-shoring status by industry. Therefore, the
audience of this research is industrial managers, governments, and academic scholars.
Di Li
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Supply Chain and operations
What is the Best Strategy for Military Logistics Systems? A Conceptual Approximation.
After the Second World War, modern military logistics systems have experimented with different approaches in an
attempt to meet the high demands of military forces in the different scenarios in which they must operate. For this
purpose, military supply chains have followed a strategy of benchmarking type, emulating successful models used
by their counterparts supply chain business. In this sense, the premise followed by many military logistician has
been: "If it works well in commercial supply chains, will work well in military supply chains". However, the review of
the literature indicates that in not all cases the importation of those initiatives has been successful for military supply
chains. Therefore, this presentation delves into the underlying causes of such failures, exposing the main gaps in
knowledge as a fundamental part of the theoretical framework of an ongoing doctoral research in the field of logistics
of defence.
Alexander Garrido Rios
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Business Transformation
16
From Supply Chain Integration to Operational Performance: The Moderating Effect of Market Uncertainty
Purpose – this study aims at examining the moderating effect of market uncertainty on the relationship between the
supply chain integration and the operational performance of an original equipment manufacturer in a typical supply
chain.
Design/methodology/approach – Based on an extensive and critical literature review, two exploratory conceptual
hypotheses have been developed for the non-linear relationship between the supply chain integration and
operational performance of the original equipment manufacturer; and how may that relationship be moderated by
a specific construct of market uncertainty. Empirical survey instrument has been designed and applied to gather
the data from a wide spectrum of automotive industry in China. Confirmative factor analysis and threshold
regression analysis were used as the primary research methodology to test the hypotheses.
Findings – We find strong support to the hypotheses from the empirical evidence, which leads to the finding that
the relationship between the supply chain integration and operational performance is ‘non-linear’, and the ‘non-
linearity’ can be significantly moderated by the market uncertainty as one of the key environmental factors for the
supply chain.
Originality/Value – This study extends the current literature by contributing for the first time the discussion of an
analytical model that represents the relationship between supply chain integration and its operational performance
with respect to the market uncertainty as a moderating factor.
Key words: supply chain integration, performance, China, supply chain management.
Yi Ding
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Business Transformation
17
Stream 2 – Materials and Innovative Manufacturing (IMC Auditorium)
Modelling Chair: Dr Pasquale Franciosa
Geometric Modal Analysis (GMA) for Shape Error Analysis in Manufacturing
Shape error modelling and analysis are of crucial industrial value to achieve quality product in deformable sheet
metal assemblies, especially, automotive and aerospace assemblies. Currently, Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
model represents the ideal part which fails to take into consideration of real part shape error. On the contrary,
fabricated or manufactured part inherently consists of shape error which results in part-to-part fit-ups error, reduced
quality or residual stress development during assembly. However, developing a unified shape error model that can
link design (CAD model) with manufacturing (shape error) remains an obstacle due to major challenges involving
part shape modelling. These challenges can be classified into three categories: (i) identification and characterisation
of real part shape error, (ii) functional data model (bridged with CAD model) to emulate real part, and (iii) extracting
most significant shape error patterns/modes which can facilitate quality improvement during design and
manufacturing.
To address the aforesaid challenges, a functional data analysis model, named Geometric Modal Analysis (GMA),
is proposed aiming to extract dominant shape error patterns/modes from the fabricated part measurement data (i.e.
Cloud-of-Points, CoP). Firstly, to facilitate shape error modelling of 3D surface object (e.g. sheet metal part), the
3D object is enveloped in 3D volumes with uniform smooth voxel structure, and, then, shape error field is
decomposed into shape error modes using Three Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (3D DCT). Next, to
identify the most significant shape error modes and emulate real part more accurately with less number of modes,
mode truncation and mode magnitude correction criteria have been introduced.
The proposed GMA model decomposes the engraved shape errors into significant shape error modes to identify
and characterise real part. Industrial case studies are conducted to demonstrate shape error analyses of sheet
metal part produced by stamping process. The GMA model, further, can act as an enabler for assembly process
simulation related tasks, such as design synthesis, tolerance allocation, root cause analysis based faults
identification, or statistical process control using CoP data. These capabilities will result in increased productivity
and quality to place manufacturers at the forefront of a rapidly developing market.
Abhishek Das
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Digital Lifecycle Management
18
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Microstructure Modelling of 22MnB5 Boron Steel during Tailored
Hot Stamping Process
Because of demand for lower emissions and better crash-worthiness, the use of boron steel has greatly increased
in manufacturing of automobile components. For many applications in the automotive industry, it is required that
only certain regions in a hot stamped part are fully hardened whereas other regions are required to have softer
microstructure. For example in a structural component like B-pillar, which may undergo impact loading, it is desirable
that there are certain regions in it which are softer and more ductile so that the component's overall energy
absorption is improved. The innovative process of tailored quenching allows this by controlling the local cooling
rates, through actively dividing the tooling into heated and cooled zones. A barrier to optimal application of the
technique is that a reliable microstructural model is required to quantify the fractions of softer ferrite and bainite
phases, which results in the different regions of a tailored quenched component. Currently most of the existing
models for phase distribution prediction in boron steel only take into account the thermal history of the region while
not considering the effect of deformation on the final microstructure.
In this work an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based model is developed, which predicts the final phase distribution
in different regions of a tailor quenched component by taking into account both the thermal history and the effect of
deformation. Gleeble testing was done to physically simulate the thermal & mechanical conditions which the
different regions of a tailor quenched component undergo during hot stamping. The final phase fractions in
microstructure from each of the Gleeble sample were quantified using data obtained from nano-indentation testing.
The data obtained from these Gleeble experiments & nano-indentation testing was used to develop and validate
the ANN-based model for final phase distribution prediction in tailor hot stamped parts. This ANN-based model can
be easily coupled with thermo-mechanical Finite Element simulation.
Prasun Chokshi
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Engineering Materials and Manufacturing
An Assessment of RCF Crack Vertical Angle and Crack Shape Using the ACFM Signal
The alternating current field measurement (ACFM) technique can be used to detect and predict the pocket length
of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracks in rails, based on a sizing algorithm developed for small cracks that have a
planar semi-ellipse shape. RCF cracks usually grow at a shallow angle into the rail (vertical angle) that depends on
train speed, axle loads and rail grade. Knowledge of the vertical angle is important, as this allows the crack vertical
depth to be determined from the pocket length, which then determines the amount of material (rail depth) to be
removed by grinding if RCF cracks are to be eliminated. No method for determining vertical angle for small cracks
using electromagnetic type sensors is currently available. In the present work the relationship between ACFM
signals and RCF crack vertical angle has been studied. The Bz trough-peak ratio is being proposed as a new
method to determine the crack vertical angle. Results from computer simulations, using Comsol Multiphysics, and
experimental measurements on calibration samples and rails removed from service containing multiple RCF cracks
are reported. In addition, RCF cracks become complex in shape as they grow, which will affect the vertical angle
predictions. X-ray tomography and progressive milling has been used to determine the crack shapes and angles
for RCF cracks in rails removed from service. The crack profiles have been reconstructed and modelled to study
the effect of crack asymmetry on the crack vertical angle prediction.
Jialong Shen
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Steels Processing
19
Nanotechnology & Sustainability Chair: Dr Stuart Coles
Quaternary Heteroatom-doped Carbon Nanospheres as Anodes in Lithium and Sodium Ion Batteries
In this work we report the fabrication of microporous carbon nanospheres (MCNs) doped with nitrogen (N),
phosphorous (P), sulphur (S) and oxygen (O), and we evaluate their electrochemical performance as anodes in
lithium ion and sodium ion batteries (LIBs, SIBs). The MCNs are obtained from a carbonisation process of highly-
crosslinked organophosphazene nanospheres (OPZs), synthesized by a facile and robust chemical reaction
between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 4,4’-sulphonyldiphenol (BPS). The OPZs were carbonized
at 700, 850 and 1000 °C and a high heteroatom-doping content was observed by means of an X-ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The graphitization degree of the CNSs was calculated from the ID/IG ratio of the
Raman spectra and the textural properties (specific surface area and pore size distribution) were characterized by
N2 sorption isotherms. The chemical and textural characteristics of the CNSs were correlated to the carbonisation
temperature. The electrochemical performance of the CNSs as an anode material was evaluated by testing lithium
half-cells. The CNSs showed high initial discharge capacity which was significantly decreased after few cycles due
to the electrolyte decomposition and the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) formation. Long charge-discharge cycling
showed an impressive stability and coulombic efficiency as high as 99.9% after 1000 cycles. The CNSs were also
tested as anodes in SIBs in order to investigate their storage ability of a different alkali ion such as Na+ and a
comparison with LIBs’ results is presented.
George Pappas
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites
Enhanced Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS for Use in Electroactive Devices
Plastic electronics is a growing area of interest for manufacturers and research institutes because plastic electronic
devices can be potentially fabricated in a low cost, mass-produced way. Developments in the area of plastic
electronics show PEDOT:PSS, an electrically conducting polymer which is a mixture of two ionomers, to be a good
candidate for use in mass-produced electronic systems, to manufacture components such as sensors and thin film
electrodes, solar cells, printed batteries, OLEDs and other devices to reduce energy consumption for the individual
householder or business. Research into the enhancement of electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS using
surfactants and solvents as dopants is currently being evaluated at applied potential difference from 1-50V within
WMG. This is in response to the many articles in the literature where behaviour of PEDOT:PSS at high voltages
has so far been completely ignored by the academic community. It is of interest to evaluate how PEDOT:PSS
behaves under a high potential difference as well as at lower potentials in order to take into account how an
electrode or sensor made from PEDOT:PSS would behave in an environment where for example an electrical surge
occurs.
Tracy Thompson
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Multi-Materials
20
Criteria Decision Aiding: A Way Forward for Sustainable Nanotechnology
My research is concerned with the advancement of nanotechnology, the technology of matter at the nanoscale (i.e.
1-100 nanometers) that is emerging as the next industrial revolution, on a sustainable path. Achieving this goal
represents a complex decision-making problem, involving different stakeholders, assessment criteria and value
systems. Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding (MCDA) was employed during this doctoral research to provide solutions
for Decision-Makers (DMs) who want to support the sustainable development of nanotechnology.
This was achieved by means of two main contributions.
1. Development of a framework of sustainability assessment criteria for nanoproducts (NPs) [1].
Interdisciplinarity: coverage of environmental, social, economic and technical performance of NPs.
Research methodology: a literature review to formulate the problem and a pilot and main survey of experts in the
area of nanotechnology.
Research outcomes: comprehensive and reliable set of assessment parameters to evaluate NPs’ sustainability.
Pathways to impact: interested stakeholders (e.g. sustainability consultants) can use the criteria to evaluate the
sustainability of NPs, by performing relative and also absolute assessments.
2. Advancement of two models to classify synthesis processes for nanomaterials based on green chemistry
principles implementation [2].
Interdisciplinarity: integration of green chemistry and decision support competencies.
Research methodology: MCDA process, including problem definition and formulation, models construction and
decision recommendation development.
Research outcomes: classification models that can be used to: (i) identify the specific reasons and the extent for
which some nanosynthesis processes perform better than others from a green chemistry perspective and (ii) assess
the implementation of green chemistry principles in new nanosynthesis processes in the form of a performance
class.
Pathways to impact: chemists and process engineers can screen production routes by means of the models’
recommended performance class.
References
[1] Journal of Cleaner Production DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.118 (2016)
[2] Green Chemistry 17, 2825-2839 (2015)
Marco Cinelli
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing
21
Net-Shape Manufacturing Chair: Dr Gregory Gibbons
Fundamental Principles of Surfi-Sculpt
Surfi-Sculpt® is a novel patented surface engineering process which is neither an additive nor subtractive process.
It is a method of manipulating the texture of a material or work piece by deflecting a power beam (such as an
electron beam or a laser beam) across its surface so that the parent material melts and is displaced.
The fundamental principles causing this process to work are not currently fully understood since there is no
consensus in the literature. Dance (2007) states that the process relies on harnessing the combined effects of
temperature-variant surface tension and vapour pressure whilst another study by Earl, et al. (2015) reports that the
process utilises capillary action as a result of a protruding liquid filament (jet). This lack of detailed understanding
has so far limited Surfi-Sculpt’s uptake and use in industry.
This paper will report and review the results of high speed videoing of the electron beam Surfi-Sculpt process inside
the vacuum chamber to determine the principles behind the process. This will enable a greater understanding of
the process to support the identification of the key processing parameters for its use.
References:
Dance, B. G. I., 2007. TWI Internal Report - 2010 IP Course v1, Great Abington: TWI Ltd.
Earl, C., Castrejón-Pita, J. R., Hilton, P. A. & O'Neill, W., 2015. The dynamics of laser surface modification. Journal
of Manufacturing Processes."
Tom Pinto
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Net-Shape Manufacturing
Ultrasonic Assisted Drilling of Carbon Fibre Composite and Titanium Alloy Stacks
Carbon Fibre Composite (CFC) and titanium (Ti) alloys have been widely employed in the aerospace industry due
to their high strength to weight ratios. For making a military aircraft body, these materials are usually stacked
together with titanium alloys serving as the airframe, while CFC is the outer skin. Drilling is performed in one shot
from the CFC outer skin through to the titanium alloy airframe for the purpose of assembling them by mechanical
means. Conventional drilling of these CFC/Ti stacks, however, often results in two major issues; rapid tool failure
and poor hole quality. This paper considers the potential of employing Ultrasonic Assisted Drilling (UAD) on stack
materials in order to improve tool life and hole quality. Experiments comparing conventional drilling and UAD on
CFC/Ti stacks using reground 6.1 mm-diameter tungsten carbide twist drills with cutting speeds of 25, 50 and 75
m/min and feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev are presented. During UAD experiments, ultrasonic amplitude and frequency
were fixed at 5.5 µm and 39 kHz, respectively. Machinability was assessed in terms of thrust forces, tool wear, CFC
delamination and titanium burr. Thrust forces were measured using a dynamometer and tool wear was examined
using microscopes. Hole defects; CFC entry delamination was examined using an optical microscope, while
titanium exit burr was investigated using both an optical microscope and a depth gauge. The dominant types of tool
wear were caused by titanium adhesion/fusion on the cutting edges. In addition, abrasive wear caused by abrading
carbon fibres against cutting edges were also observed. It was observed that UAD resulted in less tool wear rate,
lower thrust forces and a reduction of adhered titanium alloy on the cutting edges and less titanium burr compared
to conventional drilling. However, larger CFC delamination was observed during UAD than conventional drilling.
Aishah Dahnel
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Net-Shape Manufacturing
22
Joining Techniques for High Volume Composite Intensive Automotive Manufacture
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials within the high volume automotive industry offer opportunities for
lightweight vehicle architectures. These lightweight materials present a number of manufacturing challenges over
metallic alternatives with ongoing research and development contributing to the increased competitiveness of
automotive manufacturers. One of these technical challenges is joining between both FRP’s and mixed material
substrates likely to play a prominent role in future automotive body structures. Thus the research question is: can
joining techniques be developed to meet the requirements for mixed material & FRP structural joints within the high
volume automotive industry? FRPs are less suited to mechanical fasteners, frequently used with metallic
automotive structures. Previous changes from steel manufacture to aluminium resulted in an increase of adhesive
and rivet use. A change from metallic to FRP manufacture will result in increased reliance upon adhesive
technologies. Surface perpetration methods are critical and development is of key importance for this work as well
as reducing lengthy cure cycles.
An in depth literature analysis of the automotive and related industry’s was conducted. This identified the techniques
of atmospheric plasma surface treatment for low energy polymers as well as induction curing of adhesives for
carbon fibre reinforced FRP substrates as suitable process for the present industrial requirement. The development
and optimisation of these techniques throughout this work shows great potential for the creation of rapid structural
FRP intensive joints essential for high volume production. This work builds on processes existing within the
aerospace industry and niche automotive sector where acceptable cycle times are significantly longer for the joining
of FRPs. Upon completion this will provide industrial sponsors, Jaguar Land Rover, with increased understanding
of optimal joining techniques for FRP and mixed materials. This will contribute to the increased use of composites
in future vehicle structures.
Richard Woodward
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Structural Composites
23
Metallurgy and Steel Processing
Chair: Dr Zushu Li
Real-time Measurement of Contraction Behaviour of Peritectic Steels During Solidification
Manufacturing peritectic steels is considered to be problematic due to crack formation during continuous casting as
compared to non-peritectic steel grades. The crack formation is believed to come from either variations in
contraction and/or latent heat compared with other grades. In order to understand the source of these defects, it is
essential to study the contraction behaviour in real-time conditions during solidification of steels.
The contraction measurements were carried out in graphite and water-cooled copper moulds using a laser
measurement apparatus. It was observed that the initial contraction of steel solidified in a copper mould is higher
than with a graphite mould, this was coupled with a thermal imaging camera to get local and global temperature
information. Further, confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) studies were performed to investigate an effect
of latent heat on the microstructure evolution during solidification.
Kateryna Hechu
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Steels Processing
Valuable Metals Recovery Through Electrolysis in Molten Salts
Due to the growing industrial needs, the list of critical or rare and valuable metals is ever growing, and so far includes
Be, Co, Mn, Ni, and most of the Lanthanides. A range of these metals are present in the e-waste. Currently they
are recovered by hydro- and pyrometallurgical methods, generating significant amounts of waste and lacking in
performance. This work is focused on evaluating a clean molten-salts based electrochemical method of recovering
valuable metals. In order to achieve high electroreduction efficiency, as well as high metal purity, a novel two-phase
salt system is proposed. Sodium borate salts are used to dissolve metals from waste feedstock. The valuable metal
cations are transferred through the liquid-liquid to the sodium chloride melt, where the electrolysis is conducted.
Metals included in this analysis are Co, Cu, Mn and Ni. To evaluate the basic electrochemical and thermodynamical
behaviour of the system, potentiodynamic electrochemical measurement methods were used. Cyclic voltammetry
measurement data was analysed to find the best potentials for specific metals reduction and separation. Scanning
electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis was used to further analyse the reduced metal as the reaction product.
As a result, the feasibility of the electrochemical recovery of valuable metals from specific molten salts was
evaluated and found to be an interesting alternative to currently used metal recovery methods.
Tazdin Amietszajew
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Electrochemical Engineering and Steels Processing
24
Recrystallization Kinetics of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag/TiB2 PMMC
In situ EBSD (heating cycle up to 540°C with heating rate 5 K min-1) was carried out to investigate the
recrystallization kinetics of a hot rolled Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy with and without a 4.5 wt.% TiB2 particulate
reinforcement. In the reinforced alloy, the particles were mainly distributed along the grain boundaries with an
average diameter of 0.7 µm. Compared with the unreinforced alloy; recrystallization is retarded. The TiB2 particles
tended to hinder recrystallization and pin the grain boundaries rather than act as potential sites for particulate
stimulated nucleation (PSN). However, recrystallization was observed when there was a cluster of TiB2 particles.
In the case of prolonged heating to 540 °C, the unreinforced alloy exhibited large equiaxed grains, while large grains
elongated in the rolling direction were observed in the reinforced material as a result of grain boundary pinning. A
similar result was obtained during ex-situ examination of annealed material.
Martha Indriyati
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Steels Processing
25
Stream 3 – System Design and Interaction (IMC 004)
Metrology and System Design Chair: Prof Darek Ceglarek
Selective BRDFs for High Fidelity Graphics
There are two primary methods for calculating material appearance in physically based rendering, the first is to use
a gonioreflectometer to capture the light exiting a specific point from many angles and store this data in a table, this
is called a data driven Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). Data driven BRDFs are well suited
to capturing high frequency specularities and view dependent colour effects but suffer from high computation costs,
as values for each possible viewing and lighting angle need to be stored in memory, and poor accuracy near grazing
angles, due to the capture method. The second method for representing material surface properties is to use an
analytical function. These BRDFs are quick to evaluate, versatile and can simulate a wide variety of materials but
their computational cost increases as more lighting effects are included and they do not capture high frequency
specularities. The aim of this project is to ascertain whether a realistic image can be created using materials that
are made up of mixtures of analytical and data driven BRDFs without any perceivable differences and thus improved
computational costs. This will be investigated through a pairwise similarity judgement experiment in which
participants are asked to rate the similarity of a reference image and the mixed images side by side.
Tim Bradley
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Visualisation
The Quality of a Design will not Exceed the Knowledge of its Designer;
An Analysis Based on Axiomatic Information
Knowledge is essential to the product designer. It contributes to a better understanding of the difficulties in a design.
With the right knowledge, design errors can be recognised in the early stage of product design, and appropriate
measures can be applied before these errors escalate and delay the project. The axiomatic complexity theory, part
of the Axiomatic Design methodology, can warn the designer in this process by disclosing his lack knowledge to
fully understand the design. The Cynefin framework is a sense-making framework that distinguishes an
organisational situation within four contexts. The state of relevant knowledge is the most important parameter to
determine the actual context where an organisation, system, or design process is currently located. When
knowledge is acquired, the context changes. Axiomatic Design and the Cynefin framework are applied in this paper
to characterise the relation between the quality of the design and the knowledge of its designer. It is investigated if
one follows the other, and how prompt that relation is. The outcome is that the quality of a design is proportional to
the accumulation of applied knowledge to the product design. Therefore the quality of the design follows knowledge
implementation but does not exceed the level of relevant knowledge of the designer. Knowledge should not be
restricted to the designers only. Other people, e.g. production- and maintenance-engineers, will also need the
knowledge to take care of the product as the life cycle advances.
Erik Puik
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Digital Lifecycle Management and Manufacturing Systems
26
Metrological Investigation of Scatter Filtration in X-ray CT
X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) is a non-destructive evaluation method that is gaining interest in dimensional
metrology applications. XCT utilises x-rays, collecting 2D radiographs that are then reconstructed to a 3D model
that provide information about the specimen and assist with the characterisations of defects. This technology has
the potential to provide information, unobtainable by other non-destructive, non-contact techniques. There are
numerous factors that can affect the XCT results and increase their measurement uncertainty such as shift and
changes of x-ray focal spot, geometrical alignment issues, environmental issues and the unpredictability of x-rays.
One of the most common issues in XCT is beam hardening and scattered radiation that can result in artefacts and
hence variation in dimensional measurements. This study investigates the effect of physical pre and post filtration
on scattered radiation on dimensional measurements. Here a calibrated specimen is used based on designs for
ISO 10360-11 CT for dimensional measurements. The scattered radiation is measured for different pre and post
copper filtering thicknesses and the resultant threshold depended measurements that varies with the degree of
scatter. The results provide information that assists the selection of filtration in order to reduce scattered radiation
and improve dimensional measurements, while they demonstrate that post filtration should be considered when
scanning specimens that generate large amounts of scatter.
Nadia Kourra
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Metrology
27
Energy Storage and Sustainable Energy Chair: Dr James Marco
Results Zero Volt Storage of Commercial Lithium Titanate Cells
With the increase in usage of lithium ion batteries there has been an increased focus in recent news on the safety
aspects of the technology, especially during as air transport, with many passenger flights now banning the transport
of all lithium ion batteries. In addition to the transport concerns there still remain many safety risks and operational
costs during warehousing/storage, as well as during the assembly of high voltage systems.
This study looks at reducing the voltage potential of commercial 13 Ah lithium titanate cells to zero volts, well below
the limits of traditional lithium ion batteries, for one month storage periods followed by performance characterization
the of the cells after each month. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that by reducing the cell to a zero potential
for shipment, storage and high voltage manufacturing the potential for all short circuit events, internal or external,
can be eliminated significantly increasing the safety of the cells. It will be shown that compared to the control cells
which were stored under the same environmental conditions but at the manufacturers recommended voltages, cells
stored at zero volts suffer no impact to capacity, cycling capability, voltage stability; additionally it is shown that
there has been no increase in impedance, high rate performance remains unaffected, and no discernible damage
has been done to the cell during long term storage in a severely over-discharged state.
Michael Brunell
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Electrochemical Engineering
Thermal Modelling of Cylindrical Automotive Battery Cells
The ageing rate and performance of lithium-ion cells is negatively influenced by unfavourable cell thermal
conditions, specifically, high temperature and large in-cell temperature gradients. Maintaining the cell operating
temperature within a preferred range (circa 20-25 °C) whilst minimising the presence of such gradients imposes
challenging constraints on the design of the thermal management system, which must also satisfy weight, volume
and cost constraints. This paper seeks to identify realistic load conditions that exasperate the in-cell temperature
gradient within cylindrical cells for both electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The effectiveness
of different cell cooling strategies on reducing the in-cell temperature gradient is analysed through development of
a 2-D transient thermal model which is validated against experimental temperature measurements.
Thermal modelling results indicate that air cooling across the radial surface of the cell is satisfactory in minimising
the cell-temperature gradient to below 2 °C for the EV case. Singular tab cooling offers similar thermal performance
but requires the use of a liquid heat transfer medium. HEV type cell simulations predict that in-cell temperature
gradients can exceed 15 °C with singular tab cooling or radial cooling after 4 repeated cycles of the US06. Double
tab cooling with a liquid heat transfer medium is suggested for limiting temperature gradients to below 5 °C. An
alternative to double tab cooling is also proposed to improve the thermal performance of singular tab cooling. This
involves use of a heat pipe to act as the mandrel material of the cell, with heat pipe ends connected to heat spreader
discs. The analysis predicts that similar cell thermal performance can be achieved as double tab cooling with an 8
mm heat pipe and 1 mm thick spreader discs at a cost of 7 % reduction in cell energy density and 11 % increase
in cell mass.
Daniel Worwood
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Energy and Electrical Systems
28
Model Based Design of Balancing Systems for Electric Vehicle Battery Packs
Electric vehicle battery packs typically contain 80-7000 cells. Manufacturing tolerances and operating conditions
mean they all have differences in energy storage capability. Due to the way the cells are connected, when one cell
is fully charged or discharged, the entire battery pack is also considered fully charged or discharged, even if the
other cells have energy available. This means the weakest cell limits the performance of the entire battery pack.
Active cell balancing systems have been proposed as a way of using power electronics to move energy between
the cells, ensuring they are all at the same charge level. This would allow a vehicle to be driven further without the
extra weight and cost of additional cells. At present the extra cost and complexity of these systems has been they
have not been adopted by the commercial market. A literature review suggests that while many types of balancing
hardware have been developed, there is no clear control strategy and as such the potential benefits of active
balancing are not being realised.
For this EngD, various control system techniques such as H∞ regulation and optimal state estimation are
combined with electrical cell models to design and develop active balancing controllers. These all aim to maximise
the available energy of the battery pack, and will be prototyped using hardware-in-loop simulation before being
validated with a module of cells. The increase in energy output can be quantified and a cost-benefit analysis
performed for various applications, such as electric vehicles and grid storage.
Thomas Bruen
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Energy and Electrical Systems
29
Industry 4.0 Chair: Prof Robert Harrison
Digital Modelling Methodology for Effective Cost Assessment
During New Production System Introduction
In today’s manufacturing industry, much effort is given to the development and implementation of novel
methodologies in support of life cycle performance of most manufacturing systems. However, this has led to
advance research efforts to develop dedicated yet less integrated tools useful for collaborative analyses at the
product design phase. Typically, technical key performance indicators (KPIs) are assessed by engineers and used
as basis for selecting optimal design concepts. Product cost is usually calculated in most enterprises by Accounting
and Finance with very little process knowledge. Estimating cost values for products and processes at early design
stage have received very little attention in research today and the author is of the view that technical KPIs must be
balanced with economic KPIs to enable a holistic evaluation of design options early in a New Process Introduction
(NPI). Also, Product (P), Process (P) And Resource (R) attributes and requirements must be integrated in such a
way that the net effect of change on one can be understood and used as basis for approving engineering changes.
To achieve this, the author suggests PPRC methodology capable of integrating Product, Process and Resource
and also introducing Cost as a KPI for the assessment of product design feasibility and cost implications. It is based
on the assumption that product features can be associated with process capabilities which then can be mapped
onto resource competencies and capacities. The consumption of resources incurs cost. The Remote Laser Welding
(RLW) Navigator project is used to illustrate and validate the proposed PPRC methodology.
Ken Asare
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Digital Lifecycle Management and Manufacturing Systems
A Framework for Automatically Realizing Assembly Sequence Changes
In a Virtual Manufacturing Environment
Global market pressures and the rapid evolution of technologies and materials force manufacturers to constantly
design, develop and produce new and varied products to maintain a competitive edge. Although virtual design and
engineering tools have been key to supporting this fast rate of change, there remains a lack of seamless integration
between and within tools across the domains of product, process, and resource design - especially to accommodate
change. This research examines how changes to designs within these three domains can be captured and
evaluated within a component based engineering tool (vueOne, developed by the Automation Systems Group at
the University of Warwick). This paper describes how and where data within these tools can be mapped to quickly
evaluate change (where typically a tedious process of data entry is required) decreasing lead times and cost and
increasing productivity. The approach is tested on a sub-assembly of a hydrogen fuel cell, where an assembly
system is modelled and changes are made to the sequence which is translated through to control logic. Although
full implementation has not yet been realized, the concept has the potential to radically change the way changes
are made and the approach can be extended to supporting other change types provided the appropriate rules and
mapping.
Mussawar Ahmad
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Automation Systems
30
Multi-Weighted Task Sequencing Method for In-line Metrology of Automotive Assembly Systems
The increasing interest toward intelligent systems and sustainable manufacturing places a premium on reducing
material waste and re-works and has led to a demand for the development of zero-defect strategies, with a paradigm
shift from off-line and dedicated to in-line and distributed quality control tools with integrated robotic systems.
However, a leading challenge preventing the systematic uptake of in-line metrology is the lack of real-time defect
detectability with possibility to selectively gather in-line data only for the most critical key measurement
characteristics (KMCs).
To cope with those challenges this research aims to develop a novel approach for selective in-line metrology for
dimensional and geometrical process control. This talk will focus on automatic task sequencing generation of robotic
in-line metrology systems.
The methodology is formulated as follows: (i) definition of the technological and geometrical envelop of each KMC;
(ii) calculation of the best candidate point within each KMC by minimizing the multi-weighted function (distance and
accuracy); (iii) calculation of the optimum sequence passing through the best candidate points.
The proposed methodology will be demonstrated using the robotic Hexagon WLS400A 3D optical measurement
solution.
This research makes two contributions:
1) Research: the proposed method offers a quasi-analytical solution to the well-established Traveling Salesman
Problem with Neighbourhoods (TSPN), which is still a challenging problem for both robotics and automation, and
operational research community. The proposed method calculates the optimised task sequencing via candidate
points based on analytical solutions, and avoids any heuristic approach. The optimum sequence is generated
according to pre-defined criteria, such as shortest robot path, minimum energy and minimum cycle time.
2) Industrial: the method can be exploited to any industrial robotic system carrying out either assembly or
measurement tasks. The research opens up new avenues for rapid detection and correction of assembly defects
“on the fly”, with subsequent reduction of scrap and number of repairs/re-works.
Ferdinando Vitolo
[email protected] ([email protected])
WMG, University of Warwick (Visiting Fellow from University of Naples)
Research Group: Digital Lifecycle Management
31
Real Virtuality and Visualisation Chair: Dr Carlo Harvey
A Machine Learning Driven Sky Model
Sky illumination is important for generating realistic renderings of virtual environments in a number of applications
ranging from entertainment to archaeology. Current solutions use complex analytical models which can be costly
to compute interactively; or require the capture of sky environment maps which constitute a laborious and
impractical task in order to obtain smooth animations. In this work, we present an alternative model for sky
illumination based on machine learning. This approach compactly represents sky illumination from both existing
analytic sky models and from captured environment maps. For analytic models, our approach leads to a low,
constant runtime cost for evaluating lighting. When applied to environment maps, our approach approximates the
captured lighting at a significantly reduced memory cost, and enables smooth transitions of sky lighting to be created
from a small set of environment maps captured at discrete times of day. This makes capture and rendering of real
world sky illumination a practical proposition. Our method encodes the non-linear mapping of sun and view direction
to radiance values using a single layer Artificial Neural Network. The network is trained using a sparse set of
samples which capture the properties of the lighting at various sun positions. Results demonstrate accuracy close
to the ground truth for both analytical and capture based methods. Our approach has a low runtime overhead
meaning that it can be used as a generic approach for both offline and real-time applications.
Pinar Satilmis
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Visualisation
High Fidelity Rendering of Real Life Scenes
High fidelity rendering produces images that are virtually indistinguishable from a real life physical scene. Lucrative
industries such as Computer Games, Motion Pictures, Animations and many more auxiliary industries are
dependent on such rendering of real-life scenes. Besides meticulous 3D object definitions and material properties,
the renderer requires very detailed real-life light information to render such images with the expected level of
believability and similarity with the real scene.
Light Fields represent very detailed light information to reproduce high-fidelity illumination that can account for
spatial variations throughout scene. However, no approaches till date represent both spatial and temporal variations
in light, for example, moving spotlights on a stage. Moreover, the current light field approach has a high main
memory requirement which makes it is hard to work with light in complex environments.
The objective of this work is to propose a new high-fidelity illumination model which not only represents detailed
spatial variations in incident light in a scene but captures the temporal variations of the light over time which will be
scalable enough to work with complex scenes without having unrealistic memory overheads.
Presently a polynomial based approximation approach has been implemented to significantly reduce the memory
overhead of an Incident Light Field implementation into a constant overhead regardless of the (spatial and angular)
resolution of the light field. Current work is going on implementing the spatio-temporal light fields.
Debmalya Sinha
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Visualisation
32
High Fidelity Olfaction Simulation for Virtual Environments
In order to develop a fully immersive and virtual environment, we must be able to replicate stimuli to the senses to
levels that are perceptually equivalent to the real world. Whilst great strides have been made in visual and auditory
fields, smell has been largely neglected and as such, currently there is no framework which allows for the accurate
recreation of smells within virtual environments.
This work proposes a framework for the delivery of perceptually equivalent smell in virtual environments. When
broken down, this falls into several stages. Firstly there is the capture stage which requires an effective way to
capture smells and be able to analyse and quantify them on a chemical level. The next stage requires a mechanism
by which the reproduced odours can be presented to users in the most perceptually authentic way i.e. accurate
temporally, in concentration, and in smell character itself. The final stage requires a feedback to control the odour
presentation dynamically and change characteristics as needed, since environments are rarely static.
This presentation focuses on the second stage of the pipeline namely the delivery mechanism of the odours and
the methods of calculating the effective dynamic range of smells being presented.
Amar Dhokia
WMG, University of Warwick
Research Group: Visualisation
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Poster Presentations
Impact of Technology on Society
Name Email Poster Title
Dept./ Company
1 Rossella Suma [email protected] Evaluation of the Effectiveness of HDR Tone Mapping Operators for Photogrammetric Applications
WMG
2 Zhiquan Yeo [email protected] Driving the Evolution of Competencies towards Higher Value Manufacturing
WMG
3 Deniz Hazir [email protected] Supply Chain Integration in the Construction Industry: How to configure for better outcomes in projects
WMG
4 Steven Day [email protected] The Circular Economy and Supply Chain Management
WMG
5 Elvir Hasedzic [email protected] Innovation Challenges within Product Development Processes (poster)
Jaguar Land Rover
6 Yihan Guo [email protected] A Valuation Model for Property Appraisal via Machine Learning and Social Network Analysis (Poster)
WMG
7 Wanrong Zhang [email protected] A Development and Delivery Model of Service Product
WMG
8 Sha Abubakar [email protected]
Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT) Adoption for Firms to Increase Participation in the Global Aerospace Manufacturing Value Network
WMG
9 Phil Catt [email protected] Asset Management in High-Hazard Process Industries
URENCO
10 Rajesh Shankar Priya
[email protected] Productivity and its Impact in Manufacturing Strategy.
WMG
11 Fran Allen [email protected] Improving the Accessibility and Use of Home Adaptation Advice for People Living with Dementia and their Carers.
WMG
12 Fenix Linghu [email protected]
Selective Innovation Concentration and Balance of Acquired Resources and Innovation Performance in Automotive IJVs in China
WMG
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Materials and Innovative Manufacturing
Name Email Poster Title
Dept./ Company
13 Lewis Yule [email protected] A Multimicroscopy Approach to Relate Microstructural Features to the Electrochemical Activity of Steel.
WMG
14 Mario De Giovanni [email protected]
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Semisolid Processed in-situ Al-Cu-TiB2 Composites
WMG
15 Shafayat Rashid [email protected] Scrap Reduction During the Casting of Plane Bearings
Cranfield University
16 Yutao Zhou [email protected] Synthesis of High Porous Polymer/Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Nanocomposites
WMG
17 Beth Dickens [email protected] Well Defined Polymer Networks Through Tailored Synthetic Design
WMG
18 Felipe Cicaroni Fernandes
[email protected] Use of Waste Vegetable Oils in Green Composite Structures
WMG
19 Cynthia Adu [email protected] Development of Sustainable Manufacturing Materials from Cellulose based by-Products
Cranfield University
20 Manoj Babu [email protected] Generation of Part Geometric Errors for Variation Simulation Analysis of Deformable Parts at Preliminary Design Phase
WMG
21 Corentin Pasco [email protected] Prepreg Compression Moulding - Experimental and Modelling Study.
WMG
22 Richard Powe [email protected] High Strain Rate Testing of Carbon Fibre Polymer Composites
WMG
23 Erkan Ozkat [email protected] In-Process Monitoring of Remote Laser Welding Process Based on Decoupled Multiple-physics Simulation
WMG
24 Michael Wood [email protected] The Non-Destructive Assessment of Adhesive Bonds in High-Volume Manufacturing Environments
WMG
25 Winstone Deaver Stanley
Additive Manufacturing (Inkjet 3D-Printer) of Gradient Refractive Index (GRIN) Optics
WMG
26 Mohd Zahidfullah Abd Razak
Electrical Properties of Hybrid Fillers Reinforced Polystyrene Nanocomposites
WMG
27 Sandy Leung [email protected] Ionic Liquid Mediated Biopolymer Constructs with Antimicrobial and Antifungal Properties
WMG
28 Jaipal Gupta [email protected]
The Effect of Functionalisation of Carbon Nanotubes on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Composites of Poly(propylene) and MWCNTs
WMG
29 Christopher Micallef
[email protected] Lightweighting Opportunities for ADL Single and Double Deck Buses Operating Across Numerous Territories Around the World
WMG
30 Stephen Spooner [email protected]
Investigation into the Cause of Spontaneous Emulsification of a Free Steel Droplet; Validation of the Chemical Exchange Pathway
WMG
31 Mo Ji [email protected] Effect of Grain Size Distribution on Recrystallisation Kinetics of a Model Alloy
WMG
35
32 Samuel Clark [email protected]
In-situ Characterisation of Austenite/ferrite Transformation Kinetics and Modelling of Interphase Precipitation Inter-Sheet Spacing in V Microalloyed HSLA steels
WMG
33 Aniruddha Gupta aniruddha.gupta@ warwick.ac.uk
Effective Rake Angles Approach for Ultrasonic Assisted Drilling of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics
WMG
34 Nor Farah Huda Abdhalim
Force , Surface Roughness and Machining Temperature During Finishing Operation of Ultrasonic Assisted Milling (UAM) of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
WMG
35 Ashraful Alam [email protected] Electrically Conductive, Mechanically Robust Graphene/Polymer Composite Hydrogels
WMG
System Design and Interaction
Name Email Poster Title
Dept./ Company
36 Vlad Marsic [email protected]
Towards Smart, Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A User-in-the-Loop Test Methodology for the Connected Car - Wireless Network Services inside a Dynamic Car
WMG
37 Joseph Smyth [email protected] Evaluation of the 3xD Simulator WMG
38 Robert James [email protected] Smart and Connected Vehicles: On-Board and Off-Board Data
WMG
39 Arun Ulahannan [email protected] Understanding Next Generation Vehicle HMI through intelligent User Experience Design
WMG
40 Robert Courtney [email protected] Vehicle Performance Customisation WMG
41 Quirin Kellner [email protected] Presentation: Battery Power Requirements in High-Performance Vehicles
WMG
42 Michael Abbott [email protected] WMG Wireless Power Transfer Facility (Concept 2022)
WMG
43 Vadim Melnicuk [email protected] Towards Hybrid Driver State Monitoring: Review, Future Perspectives and the Role of Consumer Electronics
WMG
44 Andy Pinder [email protected] Presentation on Impacts of Climate Taxation for Energy on Manufacturing
WMG
45 Bugra Alkan [email protected] Complexity of Distributed Component-Based Automation Control Systems
WMG
46 Mus'ab Ahmad [email protected] An Innovative Energy Predictive Process Planning Tool for Assembly Automation Systems
WMG
47 Alexander Kharlamov
alexander.kharlamov@ warwick.ac.uk
The Impact of Planners’ Behaviour and Personality on Planning: Implications for Operations Management
WMG
48 Ercihan Kiraci [email protected]
Moving Towards in-line Metrology: Evaluation of the Capability of the Laser Radar for in-line Dimensional Inspection for Automotive Assembly Systems
WMG
49 Stratos Doukakis [email protected] An Evaluation of Power Transfer Functions for HDR video compression
WMG
50 Ratnajit Mukherjee
[email protected] A Study on User Preference of High Dynamic Range over Low Dynamic Range Video
WMG
36
