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Fakultät ETIT, Institut für Automatisierungstechnik, Professur für Prozessleittechnik SS 2012, 19.06.2012 Dipl.-Ing. M. Obst Prof. Dr.-Ing. L. Urbas CAE in der Prozessautomatisierung Wissensbasierte Systeme im Engineering

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Page 1: Wissensbasierte Systeme im Engineering - TU Dresden · Advantages of CBR-Systems • Cases provide a direct justification for the proposed solution end users typically trust a specific

Fakultät ETIT, Institut für Automatisierungstechnik, Professur für Prozessleittechnik

SS 2012, 19.06.2012 Dipl.-Ing. M. Obst Prof. Dr.-Ing. L. Urbas

CAE in der Prozessautomatisierung Wissensbasierte Systeme im Engineering

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Urbas/Obst © 2012 CAE@PA Folie 2

Ausgangspunkt

Herausforderungen:

• Engineering von Anlagen ist ein stark arbeitsteiliger und interdisziplinärer Prozess

• Planungswissen ist z.T. nur als Erfahrungswissen vieler Ingenieure verfügbar

• Sich ändernde Märkte erfordern

Schnellere Marktreife

Flexiblere Anlagenstrukturen

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Ausgangspunkt

Aktuelle Forschungsbereiche

• 50% - Idee: Vom Produkt zur Produktionsanlage in der halben Zeit Sei schnell, denn der Markt wartet nicht Denke und plane in Modulen und Standardlösungen Nutze wieder verwendbare Modelle für Prozesse, Informationen und

Arbeitsabläufe Kenne deinen Einfluss auf Wirtschaftlichkeit und Risiko des Projektes Vermeide Perfektionismus, denn eine Punktlandung kostet Zeit und Geld Vertraue deinem Kunden / Lieferanten Bringe Kontinuität ins Projekt, von der Entwicklung bis zur

Inbetriebnahme Wiederverwendung standardisierter Module

Wissensbasierte System der KI in der PLT

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Fakultät ETIT, Institut für Automatisierungstechnik, Professur für Prozessleittechnik

Modularisierung in der PLT

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Modularisierung

Moduldefinition aus Sicht der PLT • Abgeschlossene und wiederverwendbare Einheit zur Erfüllung einer

oder mehrerer Prozessfunktionen mit:

• allen notwendigen VT und AT Equipmentbauteilen u. Funktionalitäten

• klar definierten Schnittstellen nach außen

• geringen Aufwänden bei Anpassungen an spezifische Gegebenheiten

• unabhängiger Konstruier- und Prüfbarkeit

• einfacher Transportfähigkeit

Modularisierung: gewerke- und phasenübergreifende Betrachtung einer Prozessfunktionseinheit

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Modularisierung

Modularisierung im Engineering 1/2

• Modularisierung im Baukastensystem ähnlich der Konstruktionslehre bedeuten erhöhten Materialbedarf und mehr Instrumentierung

• Gründe: - Überdimensionierung - min. Wechselwirkungen

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Modularisierung

Modularisierung im Engineering 2/2 • Besonderheiten der Prozessindustrie

stoffliche & energetische Kopplung über Modulgrenzen Hohe Abhängigkeit von Prozessführungsstrategie und funkt.

Sicherheit von chem. & phy. Eigenschaften

• Anpassbarkeit der Module ist notwendig um sinnvolle

Stückzahlen zu erreichen Assistenzsystem zur Beschleunigung des Engineering

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Fakultät ETIT, Institut für Automatisierungstechnik, Professur für Prozessleittechnik

Wissensbasierte Systeme

Page 9: Wissensbasierte Systeme im Engineering - TU Dresden · Advantages of CBR-Systems • Cases provide a direct justification for the proposed solution end users typically trust a specific

CBR ∈ KBS

Allgemeine Architektur Wissensbasierter Systeme (Knowledge-Based Systems-KBS)

Verschiedene Ansätze: Regelbasiert Modelbasierte Fallbasiert

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Problem

Lösung(en)

KBS

Knowledge Base

Inference Engine

[1]

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Rule-Based KBS

• Core Concept: Knowledge = rules and facts, defined by domain experts IF <condition> THEN <action> All Rules evaluated in parallel Match-Resolve-Act

Cycle

• Nugget: complete and correct rules base correct

conclusions

• Tar: efforts for knowledge acquisition and maintenance uncertainty and incomplete knowledge

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[1]

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Model-Based KBS

• Core Concept: Knowledge = domain model, defined by expert or learnt from data Differential equations, statistical models Decision Trees, Bayesian Networks, aNN, ..

• Nuggets: good model reliable conclusions

• Contra: high efforts for generating good models model needs to match characteristics of domain results difficult to interpret

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[1]

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Case-Based KBS

• Core Concept: Knowledge = memory for problem-solution pairs + similarity metrics

• Core Assumption:

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Similar problems have

similar solutions [1]

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… & growing

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1

10

100

1000

SpringerLink: case-based-reasoning, case-based-design

CBR CBR(2012) CBD CBD(2012) [1]

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General CBR Architecture

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Problem

Solution(s)

KBS

Knowledge Base

Similarity

Stored Problem

Stored Solution

Stored Problem

Stored Solution

Stored Problem

Stored Solution

• Retrieve • Reuse • Adapt • Store

Case [1]

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Example System Diagnosis

• Assumptions we observe symptoms

e.g. no fieldbus communication

we can make measurements e.g. voltage, protocoll sequences

• Goals 1. Deduce causes from symptoms 2. Conduct tests to disambiguate causes 3. Repair the system

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[1]

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Case Definition

• case = instances of specific diagnosis situations • cases are independent from

each other! • Problem Description

Symptoms Measurements Context

• Solution Description Cause of fault Possible disambiguation steps Possible repair steps

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Solving a new problem

• Problem Description make observations and measurements describe the problem formalize it

• Query = case without solution

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[1]

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Compare Problem Descriptions

• Similar problems have similar solutions!

• Formalization: Similarity Measures!

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[1]

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Observations on Similarity

• Related to aspect or purpose domain, degree of abstraction

• Mostly not transitive different aspects, low difference

• Not necessarily symetric item / prototype, diff. roles

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Similar?

[1]

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Similarity Computation

• Degree of similarity [0;1] 0 means “not similar at all” 1 means “maximal similar” (sometimes identity)

• Step 1: Computation of local similarities Local similarities express the degree of similarity on attribute

level

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[1]

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Similarity Computation

• Step 2: Determination of attribute weights importance of individual attributes Example:

Observation, Battery voltage, and status of lamps might be very important

Car type and construction year might be less important

• Step 3: Computation of global similarities degree of similarity on case level

Local similarities Attribute weights Amalgamation function Folie 21

[1]

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Similarity Computation for Case 1

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Similarity Computation for Case 2

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… Case Adaptation

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[1]

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Finally: Create & Retain Case

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[1]

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Good News, Bad News

• The true story is not as simple as the example

• CBR ≠ set of algorithms

• CBR = methodology for instance based problem solving

• different authors = different process models Kolodner, Aamodt & Plaza, Avramenko & Kraslawski, …

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[1]

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Modelle

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Kolodner (1993)

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Modelle

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Aamodt & Plaza‘s 4R-Model (1994)

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Retrieve

• Case Representation Attribute-Value based representation

Object-oriented representation

Specific representations

• Similarity Conceptual meaning and formalization of similarity

Traditional similarity measures

Structural similarity measures

• Retrieval Index structures

Use of databases

Retrieval algorithms

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[1]

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Reuse

• Statistical reuse approaches Voting

• Adaptation approaches Derivational Analogy: Reuse of solution procedures

Transformational Analogy: Reuse of final solutions Adaptation rules

Adaptation operators

Compositional Adaptation

Generalized Cases

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[1]

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Revise

• Not well supported by current CBR systems

• Today mostly done manually Revision by domain experts

Application in the real world

Simulation approaches

• Revision criteria Correctness of the solution

Quality of the solution

Other application / user specific criteria

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[1]

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Retain

• Learning of … New experiences (cases)

Organization of the case base

Similarity measures & attribute weights

Adaptation knowledge

• Methods Storing and deleting cases

Optimization and Machine Learning algorithms Hill climbing approaches

Genetic algorithms

Symbolic inductive learning algorithms

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[1]

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Advantages of CBR-Systems

• Cases provide a direct justification for the proposed solution end users typically trust a specific experience

they easily understand the inference mechanism

• CBR allows to generate additional explanations

• Reduced Knowledge Acquisition and Maintenance Effort

• Higher Problem Solving Efficiency

• Consideration of Implicit Quality Criteria

• Flexibility and Broad Applicability

• Transparency, Explainability, & User Acceptance Urbas/Obst © 2012 CAE@PA Folie 33

[1]

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Disadvantages

• There is nothing comparable for CBR! there is not “the one CBR algorithm”

CBR is a methodology but not a clear formal theory

its very difficult to make statements about the expected accuracy of a CBR systems without actually implementing it

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[1]

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When to apply CBR

• domain is not enough understood to apply rule-based approaches

• effort for defining a rule-based or model-based system is too high

• case data is already available or easy to acquire

• not enough data to apply pure statistical approaches but additional background knowledge is available

• demand for an assistant system

• demand for transparent inference mechanism or explanations

• domain involves implicit quality criteria

• domain includes a lot of exceptions and special situations Urbas/Obst © 2012 CAE@PA Folie 35

[1]

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When not to apply CBR?

• pure classification / regression problems where a lot of training data is available

Machine learning & statistical pattern recognition

• a good domain model / theory exists model / rule-based approaches

• correctness has to be guaranteed model / rule-based approaches

• demand for statistical optimal solutions statistical pattern recognition

• correctness and quality of solutions can be evaluated automatically, efficiency is not crucial pure search approaches (e.g. planning & configuration tasks)

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[1]

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Literaturhinweise

Bücher • Kolodner, J.L. (1993). Case-Based Reasoning. ISBN 978-1558602373.

• Leake, D.B. (1996). Case-Based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons, and Future Directions. ISBN 978-0262621106.

• Watson, I. (1997). Applying Case-Based Reasoning: Techniques for Enterprise Systems. ISBN 978-1558604629.

• Avramenko, Y., Kraslawski, A. (2008). Case Based Design Applications in Process Engineering. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-75707-8

Artikel • Aamodt, A., Plaza, E. (1994). Case-based reasoning; Foundational issues, methodological variations,

and system approaches. AI Communications, 7(1):39-59

• Aha, D., Kibler, D., Albert, M.K. (1991). Instance-based learning algorithms. Machine Learning, 6:37-66

Internet • http://cbrwiki.fdi.ucm.es/mediawiki/index.php/Main_Page

• http://www.iccbr.org/iccbr10/jCOLIBRI-Overview.pdf

• http://gaia.fdi.ucm.es/research/colibri/jcolibri

Referenz: • [1] Vorlesung Case-Based Reasoning, Dr. Armin Stahl, Uni Kaiserslautern

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Fakultät ETIT, Institut für Automatisierungstechnik, Professur für Prozessleittechnik

Case Based Reasoning im Engineering

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Übersicht

Soft Computing & Process Design (Saridakis, Dentsoras 2008)

• design knowledge representation (modeling), Rule-based, Model-based, (Case-Based)

• algorithmical search for optimal solutions, e.g. constraint satisfaction

• retrieval of pre-existing design knowledge Case-Based

• learning of new knowledge RB, MB, CB

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• A sample of recent CBD applications Pipe Layouts in

Architecture (Börner 2001)

Metal Casting Design (Mileman et al 2002)

Assembly Planing (Siddique, Wilmes 2007)

Fluidic Engineering (Stein 2008)

Beispiele

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Eigene Forschungsarbeiten

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Unterschiedliche Realisierungen

Weitere Parameter: • Geräteauslegung • Rohrklasse • Gerätetypen • …

?

Zielsetzung

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Eigene Forschungsarbeiten

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Bestimmung der Ähnlichkeit zweier Module (R&I)

1. Modellierung des R&I Fließbildes (eines Moduls) als Graph

Graphenbasierte Ähnlichkeit

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Eigene Forschungsarbeiten

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Graphen basierte Ähnlichkeit (1/2)

Wie wird die Ähnlichkeit zweier Graphen bestimmt?

Matching

Isomorphismus

Sub-Graph Isomorphismus

Größte gemeinsame Sub-Graphen (Cliquen)

Probleme:

Binäres Maß (Nicht geeignet für ein Ranking)

Umfangreiche Berechnung

Ungefähres Graphen Matching

Graph Edit Distance (GED)

[St12]

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Graph-Edit-Distance (GED) • Menge von Operationen e(G)=G zur Manipulierung eines Graphen

Einfügen/ Löschen von Knoten

Veränderung der Knotenbeschriftung

Einfügen/ Löschen von Kanten

Veränderung der Kantenbeschriftung

• Jeder Operation hat ein Gewicht (Kosten) c(e)

• Kosten ein Sequenz (s) von Operationen(e1,...,en):

• GED: Kosten der günstigsten Sequenz von G zu G‘

Eigene Forschungsarbeiten

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[St12]

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Beispiel: Ähnlichkeit zweier Module (R&I)

G G‘

= ?

c(Einfügen/ Löschen von Knoten) = c1=2

c(Veränderung der Knotenbeschriftung)=c2=1

c(Einfügen/ Löschen von Kanten)= c1=2

c(Veränderung der Kantenbeschriftung= c2=1

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Bestimmung der Ähnlichkeit zweier Module (R&I)

1. Modellierung des R&I Fließbildes (eines Moduls) als Graph

Graphen basierte Ähnlichkeit -> Struktur

2. Objektorientierte Modellierung

Objektorientierte Ähnlichkeit

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Eigene Forschungsarbeiten

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Bestimmung der Ähnlichkeit zweier Module (R&I)

1. Modellierung des R&I Fließbildes (eines Moduls) als Graph

Graphen basierte Ähnlichkeit -> Struktur

2. Objektorientierte Modellierung

Objektorientierte Ähnlichkeit

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Objektorientierte Ähnlichkeit

Ansatz: Kombination zweier Metriken

1. Attribute similarity: Vergleich zweier

Objekte in Bezug auf die Attribute (der

nächsten gemeinsamen Klasse)

2. Class similarity: Berechnung

der Ähnlichkeit auf Grund der

Vererbungshierarchie

HerstellerPreisDurchmesser

Stellventil

Bauform

Hubventil

Gehäuseausführung

Drehkegelventil

Membranwerkstoff

Membranventil

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Eigene Forschungsarbeiten

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Bestimmung der Ähnlichkeit zweier Module (R&I)

1. Modellierung des R&I Fließbildes (eines Moduls) als Graph

Graphen basierte Ähnlichkeit -> Struktur

2. Objektorientierte Modellierung

Objektorientierte Ähnlichkeit -> Komplexe Informationen

Kombination beider Techniken!