WINGVENATION

TYPESSSNAIK

M.Sc.ENTOMOLOGYTNAU

COIMBATORE

Is insect is an animal ? INTRODUCTION:

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

INVERTEBRATA VERTEBRATA

PROTOZOAPORIFERACNIDARIAPLATYHELMINTHESNEMATODA ANNELIDA ARTHROPODAMOLLUSCA,ECHINODERMATA

CHORDATA:FISHES, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, APES, MAMMALS

The only invertebrate animal and it is the first animal having the wings

___insect

2.ORIGIN AND

EVOLUTION OF WING

Fossil records in Carboniferous times,. 2 pairs of fully developed wings+ 2 paranotal lobes

DEVELOPMENT OF THE WING

Diagrammatic cross section of plates of the thoracic segments a thoracic segment with paranotal extensions of the tergum

WING BUDS DEVELOPMENT

CONTRIBUTIONS :

STRUCTURE-COMSTOCK,SNODGRASS

COUPLING-TILLYARD

ARTICULATION-PRINGLE

WINGS

3.WING STRUCTURE 3.WING STRUCTURE

Anterior

PTEROTHORAX

………………….

……………………

HEAD NECK THORAXABDOMEN

INSECT:

NOTUM

PLEURON PLEURON

STERNUM

STRUCTURE OF INSECT THORACIC SEGMENT

• 1 2

3

A

B

C

WING VENATION

VEIN:

1. Longitudinal veins : Extend from base of the wing to the margin. They maybe convex (∩) or concave (U)2. Cross veins : That interlink the longitudinal veins

c

Sc

HUMORAL CROSS VEIN

WING BASE

1.Costa (C) : at the leading edge of the wing,

strong and marginal, extends to the apex of the

wing, it is unbranched.

c

Precoasta (PC): This vein is fused with costain all extant insects, mostly unrecognisable.

Sub costa (Sc) : It runs immediately below

the costa always in the bottom of a trough between C and R .It is forked distally .The two branches of SC are Sc1 and Sc2 and is concave

Sc

Sc1

Sc2

Subcosta (Sc): the second longitudinal vein,

mainly the subcosta posterior sector (ScP). Sc

is reduced or fused with R in most Hemiptera.

3. Radial vein (R ): It is the next main vein , stout and connects at the base with second auxillary sclerite , it divided in to two branches R1 and Rs (Radial sector). R1 goes directly towards apical margin and is convex; Rs is concave and divided in to 4 branches, R2, R3,R4, R5.

R

R1

Rs

R1

R5

R3R4

R2

Radius (R) -- the third vein, usually the strongest vein on the wing, with

branches usually cover the largest area of wing apex. RP is often referred

to as radial sector (Rs) and the end branches as R1-5.

Media (M) :It is one of the two veins articulatingwith some of the small median seclerites.

It is divided in two branches 1. Media anterior (MA)which is convex and Media posterior(MP) and isconcave.Media anterior is again divided into MA1 and MA2.Median posterior is again divided in to MP1, MP2,MP3, MP4.

MA1

MA2.Mp1

Mp2

Mp3

Mp4

MMA

MP

5. Cubitus (Cu): It articulates with median auxillary sclerite. Cubitus is divided into convex CU1 and concave CU2. CU1 is again divided into CU1a and CU1b.

Cu Cu1

Cu2

Cu2

Cu1a

Cu1b

6. Anal veins (A) : These veins are convex.

They are individual un-branched, 1-3 in number.

1A2A

1 or 2 jugal veins (unbranched) are present in the jugal lobe of the forewing.

1j2j

THE INSECT WINGcosta

subcosta

radius

medial

cubitusanal

jugal

C

Sc

R

RS

MA

MP

CuA

CuP

A

J

CROSS VEINS:Humeral cross vein (h) : Between costa and subcostaRadial cross vein (r ) : Between radius and radial sectorSectorial cross veins (s): Between sub branches of radial sectorRadio medial cross vein (r-m): Between radius and media l veinMedical cross veins : Between branches of mediaMedio-cubital veins : Between media and cubitus

VIEN

WING VENATION MODIFICATIONS

1.INCRESED WING

2.REDUCED WINGEg: Thrips - Thysonoptera

Eg: Lepidoptera Moths and butterfly

4.INCRESED WING VENATION

3.REDUCED WING VENATION

WING VENATION

MODIFICATION

Damselfly and Dragonfly's Wings

Here are five (R+M counted as 1) main vein stems on dragonfly and damselfly

wings;

1. Costa (C) -- at the leading edge of the wing, strong and marginal, extends to

the apex of the wing.

2. Subcosta (Sc) -- second longitudinal vein, it is unbranched, joins C at nodus.

3. Radius and Media (R+M) -- third and fourth longitudinal vein, the strongest

vein on the wing, with branches, R1-R4, reach the wing margin, the media

anterior (MA) are also reach the wing margin. IR2 and IR3 are intercalary

veins behind R2 and R3 respectively.

4. Cubitus (Cu) -- fifth longitudinal vein, cubitus posterior (CuP) is unbranched

and reach the wing margin.

5. Anal veins (1A) -- unbranched veins behind the cubitus.

6. A nodus is formed where the second main vein meets the leading edge of the

wing. The black pterostigma is carried near the wing tip.

The main veins and the crossveins form the wing venation pattern. The

venation patterns are different in different species. There may be very

numerous crossveins or rather few. The Australian Flatwing Damselfly's

wings are one of the few veins patterns. The venation pattern is useful for

species identification.

COCKROACH'S WINGSCockroach's forewing are also known as tegmen, more or

less sclerotised. It is used in flight as well as protection of

membranous hind wings.

Wing veins of Austral Ellipsidion Cockroach

1. Costa (C) -- at the leading edge of the wing.

2. Subcosta (Sc) -- second longitudinal vein, it is

relatively short.

3. Radius (R) -- third longitudinal vein, with many

pectinate branches.

4. Media (M) -- fourth longitudinal vein, reach the wing

margin.

5. Cubitus anterior (CuA) -- fifth longitudinal vein, with

dichotomous branches occupy large part of tegmen.

6. Cubitus posterior (CuP) is unbranched, curved and

reach the wing margin.

7. Anal veins (A) -- veins behind the cubitus.

The veins of hind wing are about the same as front

wing but with large anal lobe folded at rest between CuP

and 1A. The anal lobe usually folded in a fan-like manner.

Grasshopper's WingsGrasshopper forewings are tough opaque tegmina, narrow and covering the

hind wings and abdomen at rest. Hind wings are board membranous and folded

in fan-like manner.

Wing veins of Giant Grasshoppe

1. Costa (C) -- at the leading marginal of the forewing and

hind wing, unbranched.

2. Subcosta (Sc) -- second longitudinal vein, unbranched.

3. Radius (R) -- third longitudinal vein, branched to Rs in

forewing and hind wing.

4. Media anterior (MA) -- fourth longitudinal vein, branched

in basal part as Media posterior (MP).

5. Cubitus (Cu) -- fifth longitudinal vein, on forewing and

hind wing dividing near the wing base into branched CuA,

and unbranched CuP.

6. Anal veins (A) -- veins behind the cubitus, unbranched,

two in forewing, many in hind wing.

STICK INSECT'S WINGS

Stick insect forewings are tough opaquetegmina, short and covering only the base partof the hind wings at rest. Hind wings from costato Cubitus are tough and opaque like theforewings. The large anal area are membranousand folded in fan-like manner. There are no orvery few branching in Stick Insect wing veins.

Wing veins of Children's Stick Insect

Wing veins of male Goliath

CICADA'S WINGS:Both forewings and hindwings of Cicada aremembranous.

1. Costa (C) -- at the leading wing marginal, in forewing

extends to the node and lies close to Sc+R.

2. Subcosta + Radius (Sc+R) -- in forewing Sc and R

fused together to the node. Radial sector (Rs) arises

near the node and unbranches.

3. Radius anterior (RA)

4. Radius posterior (RP)

5. Media (M) -- branches to M1 to M4.

6. Cubitus anterior (CuA) -- branches to CuA1 and

CuA2.

7. Cubitus posterior (CuP) -- unbranches.

8. Anal veins (A) -- veins behind the cubitus, 1A and 2A

fused in the forewing, CuP and 2A are folded.

BEETLE'S WINGS

Beetle's functional wings are the hind wings.

The hind wing is longer than the elytra,folded

longitudinally and transversely under the

elytra.

Beetle wing venation is reduced and modified due to the folding structure.

1.Costa (C), Subcosta posterior (ScP) -- at the leading wing marginal, fused for most of the length.

2.Radius anterior (RA) - divided into two branches beyond the middle of the wing.

3.Radius posterior (RP) - basal connection is lost. 4.Media posterior (MP) -- branches, long and strong vein. 5.Cubitus anterior (CuA) 6.Anal veins (AA, AP) -- veins behind the cubitus, separated

by anal fold.

FLY'S WINGSFly has only one pair of functional wings. The hind

wings reduced to small club-like structure known as

halteres. The halteres vibrate rapidly during flight, act

as gyroscopic sense organs of balance.

WING VEINS OF TABANOIDAE WING VEINS OF TIPULIDAE

WING VEINS OF ASILIDAE

WING VEINS OF BOMBYLIIDAE

WING VEINS OF SYRPHIDAE

WING VEINS OF TACHINIDAE

1. Costa (C) -- not found in Diptera.

2. Subcosta (Sc) -- became the leading wing vein,

unbranched.

3. Radius (R) -- branched to R1-R5.

4. Media (M) -- branched to M1-M4.

5. Cubitus (CuA) -- unbranched, CuP is reduced in

Diptera. Some species CuA and 1A are separated,

some species meets when reaching the wing

margin, some species fused.

6. Anal veins (A) -- only two anal veins 1A and 2A

are present, 2A is not distinctive in some species.

7.Discal Cell (dc) -- well define in most spe

BUTTERFLY'S WINGSButterfly has two pairs of membranous wings, clothed with with two

layers of 'scales'.

WING VEINS OF PIERIDAE

WING VEINS OF PAPIOLONIDAE

WING VEINS OF NYMPHALIDAE

WING VEINS OF LYCAENIDAE

1. Costa (C) -- not found in Butterflies.2. Subcosta + Radius 1 (Sc+R1) -- at the leading wing marginal, fused or

very close for most of the length, in hind wing fused and well developedin the humeral area, subcosta never branches in butterfly.

3. Radius (R2-R5) - radius divides into branches beyond the middle of thewing up to five branches in Papilionidae. On forewing, the last R is stalkedin all butterflies except Hesperiidae is separated.

4. Radius sector (Rs) - in hind wing.5. Media (M1-M3) - the basal section has been lost.6. Cubitus anterior (CuA1-CuA2) - CuP section has been lost.7. Anal veins (A, 1A+2A, 3A) - either one vein A, or two veins 1A+2A, 3A.8. Humeral vein - Notice that the hind wing of most butterflies (except

Lycaenidae) has the humeral vein. There is the enlargement of thehumeral area of the hind wing which is overlapped with the fore wing.The humeral vein strengthened the hind wing overlapped area so that thetwo wings coupling better.

HYMENOPTERA WING

WING VEINS OF SAWFLY

WING VEINS OF WASP

WING VEINS OF ANT

Costa (C) -- not found in Hymenoptera. Subcosta (Sc) -- unbranched.Radius (R) -- branched to R1-R5. Media (M) -- M is unbranches, in forewing M is fused with Rs for part of its length. Cubitus (CuA) -- unbranched, CuP is absent in Hymenoptera.Anal veins (A) -- only two anal veins 1A and 2A are present, 2A is not distinctive in some species.

1.ODONATA: Pterostigma-both the fore and hind wings Reticulum-both wings

2.HYMONOPTERA,PSOCOPTERA, MEGALOPTERA AND MECOPTERA

PTEROSTIGMA.

3. CHALCIDOIDEA:

only the subcosta and the part of the radius present.

SUBCOSTA

4.Lepidoptera : Sc is in circular in cross section-bending in any direction

Wing membrane

SUB COSTA

Wing modifications:1.SCLEROTIZED FOREWINGS:

Tegmina – Orthoptera and DermapteraHemelytra – Hemiptera/HeteropteraElytra – Coleoptera

2.WING REDUCTION:Halteres (reduced HW) – Diptera Acts as balancers during flight

3.APTEROUS – NO WINGS:Flies, Dermaptera, Thysanura, etc.

Brachypterous – shortened/reduced wingsGerrids, Orthoptera, etc.

Hard shell like without clear venation. They form horny sheet and protect membranous hind wings.

ELYTRA - COLEOPTERA

Tegmina - Orthoptera

TEGMINA

Forewings are leathery and tough .They protect the membranous hindwings.

COCKROACH

ORDER DIPTERA-HALTERESOne pair of well-developed wings, other pair reduced to knob like haltereseg :Flies

HALTERES

Order -Lepidoptera-SCALES

Wings are broad thin , membranous but covered with unicellular scales all over the surface

BUTTERFLIES

MOTHS

ODONATA -MEMBRANOUSNaked thin with clear venation. Always

useful of flight.

DRAGONFLY,DAMSELFLY

THYSANAPTERA [FRINGED WINGS]

Wings are highly reduced with reduced venation. wings are fringed with long marginal hairs giving feather like appearance.

THRIPS

FISSURED WINGS(Plume moth)

1.THYSANURA:2. COLLUMBOLA3.PROTURA 4.DIPLURA

ORDERS AND THEIR MODIFATIONS

APTERYGOTA

5. EPHEMEROPTERA- Wing flexing menism is absent.

6.ODONATA –broad wings and petiolated wings.

7.ORTHOPTERA:TEGMINATETTIGONIDAE _ALAR TYPE OF SOUND PRODUTION

8.PHASMIDA – LEAF LIKE MODIFIED WINGS

9.DICTYOPTERA: NETWORK LIKE WING FW- TEGMINA HW- MEMBRANOUS

10.ISOPTERA:EQUAL WINGS

11. HEMIPTERA:TINGIDAE :LACE WING BUGSMIRIDAE :CORIUM, CLAUS AND CUNIUS LYGAEIDAE :CUNIUS IS ABSENT

ANTHOCORIADE:EMBOLIUM IS PRESENT

12.DERMAPTERA –FW : TEGMINA OR ELYTRA HW:EAR LIKE SEMCIRULAR ,MEMBRANOUS , ANAL AREA BRANCHES - FAN LIKE –LONGITUDINALLY, TWICE TRANSEVERSELY

13.MALLOPHAGA, SIPHONULATA,PSOCOPTERA:-2NDRY WING LESS

16.THYSONOPTERA –FRINGED WINGS

17. NUEROPTERA –NERVE LIKE WINGS

14 . DIPTERA :HALTERES

15.COLEOPTERA : ELYTRA

16. HYMENOPTERA : FW – LARGE HW- SMALL REDUCED WING VENATION

17. LEPIDOPTERA: SCALES

WING COUPLING

1. Jugate2. Male frenate3. Female frenate4. Amplexiform5. Hamulate

1.JUGATE TYPE• Costal margin of front wing possess a small lobe

at its base called fibula, which rest on the surface of the hind wings.

2.Frenate (Lepidoptera)FRENULUM RETINACULUM

MALE

FEMALE

3.AMPLEXIFORM• Costal margin of hind wing and anal

margin of fore wing overlap one above the other.

4.Hamulate (Hymenoptera)Hamuli (hooks)

HAMULI

The ability to fly allowed insects to use widely

Scattered Food Resources.

To Invade New Habitats.

Escape unfavorable environments.

USES OF INSECT WINGS

Important adaptation mechanisms

Seal to protect spiracles (pleural and dorsal)

Prevents dessication (water loss)

WHAT IS THE USE TO A TAXANOMIST?

CLASSIFICATION

DRAGONFLIES DAMSELFLIESWings are unequal hind wings are basally broader than fore wings

Equal

Wings are broadlyattached to the abdomen

Petiolated wings

Venation is not similar in both the wings

Venation is similar in both the wings

Wings are spread laterally at rest

Wings are held at anangle above the abdomen

DRAGON FLY DAMSELFLY

Flight along with other arthropod characteristics, has resulted in insects becoming the most abundant and diverse group of terrestrial animals.

PRESENTED BYSABHAVAT SRINIVAS NAIKID NO: 13-503 -010