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Developing harmonized food safety regulations and standards based on science to promote regional and international trade. Wilna Jansen van Rijssen PhD, ILSI-SA, Dr Boishoko Ntshabele , Director: Food Safety and Quality Assurance, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, SA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Developing harmonized food safety regulations and
standards based on science to promote regional and
international tradeWilna Jansen van Rijssen PhD, ILSI-SA,
Dr Boishoko Ntshabele, Director: Food Safety and Quality Assurance, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, SA
24 June 2014
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Globalization of trade in foods
• Advantages: – Consumer choices of products– Foreign exchange
• Impediment:– Tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade
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International organizations
• Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO) - 1962 – Protect health of consumers – Ensure fair practices in trade
• World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements (1995)– SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary) - measures– TBT (Technical Barrier to Trade) - measures
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GOALS OF THE AGREEMENT
• Recognise the sovereign right of members to provide the level of health they deem appropriate
• Ensure that SPS measures do not represent unnecessary , arbitrary, scientifically unjustifiable, or disguised restriction on international trade.
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REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
SPS AGREEMENTThis Agreement applies to all sanitary and
phytosanitary measures which may, directly or indirectly, affect international trade. Such measures
shall be developed and applied in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtocan_e.pdf
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SPS MEASURES
• Protect animal and plant life or health within the territory of the Member
• Protect human and animal health from risks arising from additives, contaminant, toxins, disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs
• Diseases carried by animals, plants or products thereof
• Spread of pest
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SPS vs TBT
• SPS – a narrowly defined range of health protection but strict requirements on these measures. Always based on scientific principles
• TBT – range of technical requirements – to avoid consumer deception, standards, quality, some safety and health.
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WTO: SBS AND TBT AGREEMENTS (WHO/FSF/FOS/97.8.REV 1 (1998)
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SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION
• An appropriate level of protection (ALOP) or acceptable level of risk?
• How does members show that measures are based on science?
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HOW?
International standards HARMONIZATION
and/or
Scientific risk assessmentconsistently applied / not more trade restrictive
than necessary
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REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
To harmonize sanitary and phytosanitary measures on as wide a basis as possible, Members shall base their
sanitary or phytosanitary measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations, where they exist, except as otherwise provided for in this
Agreement
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) - Food
• International Office of epizootics (OIE) - animals
• International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) - Plants
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CASE STUDY Steviol glycoside
• Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves• Sweetener• Stevioside and Rebaudioside A (Nine named
steviol glycosides)• ADI of 0-4 Mg/kg in 2004• European Commission authorized the use in
2011
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241660600_eng.pdf
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SPS MEASURES NOT BASED ON 3 SISTERS
• Available scientific evidence• Relevant processes and production
methods• Relevant inspection, sampling and
testing protocols• ETC• Economic factors
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Risk Assessment Risk Management
Risk Communication
Scientific advice /
Information/ analysis
Regulation and control/
Enforcement
Dialogue with
all stakeholders
CODEX: STRUCTURE OF RISK ANALYSIS
Risk assessment policy
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COMPONENTS OF RISK ANALYSIS AS DEFINED BY CODEX
Risk assessment: A scientifically based process consisting of the following steps:
i) hazard identification; ii) hazard characterization; iii) exposure assessment and iv) risk characterization.
http://www.codexalimentarius.org/scientific-basis-for-codex/en/loading
• RI
•
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COMPONENTS OF RISK ANALYSIS AS DEFINED BY CODEX
Risk management: The process, distinct from risk assessment, of weighing policy alternatives in consultation with all interested parties, considering risk assessment and other factors relevant for the health protection of consumers and for the promotion of fair trade practices, and, if needed, selecting appropriate prevention and control options.
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COMPONENTS OF RISK ANALYSIS AS DEFINED BY CODEX
Risk communication: An interactive process of exchange of information and opinion on risk among risk assessors, risk managers and other interested parties.(individuals, groups and institutions).
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FOOD SAFETY REGULATION: PROACTIVE LEGISLATION / REACTIVE LEGISLATION• RISK ASSESSMENT : toxicity assessment
Registration/permit for new molecules (additives /pesticides/toxicants/vet drugs)
• Hazard assessment/characterization: Toxicological assessment of chemical ADI / ARfD (acute reference dose)/PMTDI (provisional maximum tolerate daily intake)
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FOOD SAFETY REGULATION:
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: Residue limits (MRLs) /tolerance levels , statutory determined/GAPs/exposure Dietary intake data
• GEMS/food intake (Global Environmental Monitoring System- Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/acute_data/en/ http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/cluster_diets_2012.pdfhttp://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/regional_diets/en/
• Map - Countries by Cluster – 2006 png, 151kb
JECFA
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JECFA assessmentCASSAVA toxicants
Further research is needed to more accurately quantify how nutritional
factors ultimately contribute to the human diseases observed in
populations whose diets consist mainly of improperly processed cassava,
which involves high cyanide exposure. There is a need for more
extensive occurrence data for cyanogenic glycosides. These include data
showing the ratio of cyanogenic glycosides to cyanohydrins to HCN in
raw and processed versions of a range of foods containing cyanogenic
glycosides. More occurrence data for foods other than cassava are
needed, as are occurrence data for all foods from a broader range of
countries around the world.
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More consumption data for cassava and cassava products from a broader
range of countries would enable more detailed estimates of dietary exposure to be
conducted or refined. More acute and chronic dietary exposure assessments from a
broader range of countries, particularly African countries, would enable a better
estimation of the global risk of dietary exposure to cyanogenic glycosides.
Codex practice nonglycoside cassava.pdf CAC/RCP 73-2013
JECFA 2012
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PROVISIONAL MEASURES
INSUFFICIENT scientific evidence to permit a final decision.
• Emergency response• Provisional measures adopted on the
basis of available pertinent info• Seek for additional information• Reasonable time period
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PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE
• Precaution vs precautionary principle (approach)
• Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety• Risk management - decision making• “uncertainty” in risk assessment• No zero risk
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South Africa - additives• List of permissible sweeteners referred to in Regulation 4 of the re
gulations relating to the use of sweeteners in foodstuffs
• Regulations relating to the use of sweeteners in foodstuffs (R733/201)
• Also see Codex General Standards for Food Additives • List of permissible sweeteners referred to in Regulation 4 of the re
gulations relating to the use of sweeteners in foodstuffs
• Regulations relating to baking powder and chemical leavening substances (R2486/1990)
• Regulations – Preservatives and antioxidants: Amendment (R60/2009)
• Regulations relating to mayonnaise and other salad dressings (R92/1986)
• Regulations relating to food colourants (R1055/1996) • Regulations – Jam, conserve, marmalade and jelly (R2627/1986) • Regulations governing emulsifiers, stabilisers
and thickeners and the amounts thereof that foodstuffs may contain (R2527/1987)
• Regulations - Preservatives and antioxidants (R965/1977) • Regulations governing acids, bases and salts and the amounts the
reof the foodstuffs may contain (R115/1986)
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REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• Members shall accept the sanitary or phytosanitary measures of other Members as equivalent, even if these measures differ from their own or from those used by other Members trading in the same product, if the exporting Member objectively demonstrates to the importing Member that its measures achieve the importing Member's appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection.
• Zoning (Kruger National Park – TB in lions)• Compartmentalization (a farm quarantined) • Zero tolerance• Single source (a single exporting a novel product)
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EQUIVALENCE
• More than one measure may be effective • The importer must be granted
reasonable access to inspect, test etc• Ex – FMD treatment of milk (EU), New
Zealand accept products only from FMD free countries.
• Pest and disease free regions – fruit (oranges)
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DISPUTE SETTLEMENTS
• Mad cow disease• Animal growth promoter - 3x
natural- hormones & 3 synthetic hormones
• EU ban on GMOs not based on science, consumer perceptions
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WTO: RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS• Transparency- Information exchange
– One enquiry point– Publication of regulations– Notification procedures
• International harmonization (Codex standards)– Food additives/ veterinary drugs/pesticide residues
• Risk-based approach– HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point), process control– Risk assessment
• Control, inspection an approval procedures
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CHALLENGES
• Harmonizing– Guidelines for pesticides and veterinary
drugs risk assessment and management.
• Capacity• Toxicologist?