William the Conqueror• Became King after

winning Battle of Hastings-1066

• Consolidated his power & position-How?– Created Doomsday Book

– Survey of wealth in Eng.

• Why is this important?Tool for levying taxes

Distributing land

Determining # of knights required by each vassal

*Created a single national unity.

Creating “England”• What do I mean by the

title?• William’s son-Henry I

– Strengthened royal power– Created a central treasury– Est. uniform judicial system

• Used traveling judges

– Enforced KING’S Law– Became common law

• Why is this important for building a royal govt.?

• People identified with King’s law-not feudal lord’s

• Sense of national unity

Controlling the Church In England

• Church still outside of King’s authority

• Henry II - clergy must be tried by his court

• What do you think is the Church’s position on this?

• Archbishop Becket-refused to submit to King– Henry-had him assassinated– Becket proclaimed a saint

• How does this portray Henry II?– Had to publicly confess his

faith– Gave up efforts to control

clergy

Noble Struggle

• Nobility rebelled-cause was high taxes for Crusades

• Forced King John to sign the Magna Carta – Nobility right to

representation before taxation

– King left in power

• What kind of govt. does this create?

• By 1200’s nobles began to advise King– Expanded to include some

townspeople– Created the Parliament– House of Lords and

Commons

The French• After Carolingians-strongest

feudal lords took over largest estate’s

• Elected Hugh Capet as King-Why need a King?

• New dynasty: Capetians– No real power at first-

depended upon lords– 1st objective-control their

lands• Ile de France-Paris-make it the

center of French politics

– King Philip the Fair-Increase power of central government-use the courts

– Where did he get his idea?

Underminingthe Church

• Philip succeeded in controlling the Church

• Used the social divisions in France to divide & conquer

• He created the Estates General-representative of the 3 classes-– Clergy– Nobility– Commoners

• Why is it important that the King created it?

• King used it to control the clergy & bypass the nobility

Testing French Power• Capetian kings worried about growing power of English Kings

• Remember: English Kings are a French vassal

• King Philip II Augustus-used his strong bureaucracy & royal $ to resist English threat

• English & German allied against French-

• French won handedly-asserted French role in European politics

The New HolyRoman Empire

• Otto I able to forcibly take over and consolidate German feudal lords

• Came to protection of Pope John XII– What do you suppose the

Pope did in return?

• Crowned emperor-– Controlled Germany & N.

Italy

• Otto and his successors embraced the Church-gave land to bishops

• Appted bishops and abbots

Cluny Reform• Church trying to regain

their control– Formed new monastery at

Cluny– Strict adherence to

Benedictine Rule– Determined to maintain a

spiritual Church– Exalt idea of clerical

celibacy– Rejected subordination of

clergy to secular official

• Was popular amongst common people & nobles

• What idea does the Cluny reform movement express?

Papal Movefor Autonomy

• By 1050, Pope ruled by grace of King’s sword

• What do I mean?• King Henry III-

appointed popes he liked: Clement II

• Was anti-pope-church officials didn’t recognize

• After his death-papacy exerted its power-– Created College of

Cardinals:

– Archbishops who elect the Pope

Investiture Controversy

• Pope Gregory VII-decreed only C of C can choose Popes

• Henry IV-serious threat to his stability-– Made his bishops swear

loyalty to him– Gregory excommunicated

Henry Why is this a big deal?

– Henry begged Pope for forgiveness. Why is this a smart move?

– Henry back to placing bishops-excommunicated again- Does it have any meaning this time?

Concordat of Worms • German nobles eager to

see a weakened King sided with Church

• Concordat of Worms-Only Church can appoint bishops and Popes– Though Kings can give

land and gifts to the new bishops

• Weakened German emperor-lords rebelled against strong kings and sided with Church