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Mayo Clinic Proceedings

October 1994

Janssen Pharmaceutica Ine Sporanox Marion Merrell Dow Ine Cardizem CD* Marion Merrell Dow Inc./

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*Internal Medicine edition.

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Internal Medicine and Primary Care

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William Fowler—1983 Nobel Prize Winner

Marc A. Shampo, Ph.D., and Robert A. Kyle, M.D.

American nuclear astrophysicist William Alfred Fowler shared the 1983 Nobel Prize in physics with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910- ). He was awarded the prize "for the theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements of the universe." Fowler's theory suggests that, in stellar evolution, elements are synthesized progressively from light elements to heavy elements in nuclear reactions that also produce light and heat. Fowler's work is still the basis of the knowledge on the formation of chemical elements.

Fowler was born on Aug. 9, 1911, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When he was 2 years old, his family moved to Ohio; he attended elementary and high school in Lima, Ohio. In 1929, he entered Ohio State University to study ceramic engineering, but after 1 year of college, he switched his major to engineering physics; he gradu-ated with a bachelor's degree in 1933. He did graduate work at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) at Pasadena and re-ceived a Ph.D. degree from that institution in 1936. From 1936 to 1939, he was a research fellow in nuclear physics at Caltech; he became an assistant professor of physics in 1939. He was promoted to associate professor in 1942 and to full professor in 1946. From 1970 until his retirement in 1982, he was Institute Professor of Physics, after which he became Institute Professor Emeritus of Physics. He now lives in Pasadena.

Except for a few years during World War II (1939-1945) when he was a civilian engaged in military research on the development of rocket and atomic weapons, Fowler was associated with the Kellogg Radiation Laboratory at Caltech. He conducted research on nuclear forces and reaction rates, nuclear spectroscopy, structure of light nuclei, thermonuclear sources of stellar energy, and ele-ment synthesis in stars, supernovas, and the early universe. In addition, he did work on the general relativistic effects in quasar and pulsar models and nuclear cosmochronology.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Fowler traveled widely. Because he received various fellowships, Fowler was able to study and lecture in the United States and abroad.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Fowler has received numerous medals, awards, and honors from institutions and scientific socie-ties all over the world. He was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Chicago (1976), Ohio State University (1978), Uni-versity of Liège (Belgium, 1981), Observatory of Paris (1981), Denison University (Ohio, 1982), Arizona State University (1985), Georgetown University (1986), University of Massachusetts (1987), and Williams College (Massachusetts, 1988).

In 1987, Sweden issued a set of five stamps honoring Nobel Prize winners in physics. One stamp honors Fowler.

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