32
Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 1 WINTER 2004 Index WILLIAM B. LEES, RPA, Newsletter Editor, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., 151 Walton Ave., Lexington, KY 40508 U.S.A. President’s Corner William Moss Continued on Page 2 President’s Corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SHA Election Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Jobs at www.sha.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Editor Announces 2005 Deadlines . . . . . . . 3 Attention: SHA Conference Presenters . . . 3 ACUA Response to Noble and Roberts . . . 4 Images of the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 On-line Interpretive Course . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Opinion: The Faithful Slave Memorial . . . . 6 Opinion: Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Public Education and Information . . . . . . . 7 Opinion: Surveying the Membership . . . . . 8 New Maritime Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Maritime Archaeology Conference . . . . . . . 9 Forums at SHA 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Bottle Manufacturer’s Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Current Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Australasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Canada-Québec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Mexico, Central & South America . . . . . 16 Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Underwater (Worldwide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 U.S.A.-Mid-Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 U.S.A.-Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 U.S.A.-Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 U.S.A.-Pacific West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 “Seeing the Past” Conference . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Minutes of Mid-Year Board Meeting . . . . 27 Responsible stewardship and the finan- cial health of the Society were critical issues for SHA in 2004. Consequently, three pri- orities were identified for the year: procur- ing the services of a new business office, pre- paring the 2005 conference in York, and managing SHA’s finances soundly. I believe all three priorities were successfully met: we have a new headquarters that is functioning very efficiently and to the satisfaction of the board; though the York conference has not yet taken place, everything indicates it will be a solid success; and with the sound sup- port of our headquarters staff, strong mea- sures were taken to bring SHA’s financial situation under control. Two other issues can be considered subtexts of this year’s administration. The first concerns international relations, and the second the evolution of the Society as evi- denced by the multiple transitions we have gone through in the past years. International Relations My election to the presidency—the first foreign national to have this honor—was a concrete marker of SHA’s status and con- sciousness as an international organization. There are many more, going many years back, and they are worthy of note. SHA or- ganized a joint thematic conference, half of which was in London and the other half in Williamsburg, with the Society for Post-Me- dieval Archaeology in 1997. Our next con- ference, to be held in January 2005 in York, England, will be the first society-wide event held outside of North America. One-tenth of SHA’s 2,300 members (as of 1 October 2004, but this number often in- creases as a conference approaches) are from outside of the U.S.A. Canadians, followed by Australians and residents of the United Kingdom, are the major groups, but 34 coun- tries in all are represented. Historical archae- ology itself is becoming an international dis- cipline. SHA’s 2004-2005 Guide to Higher Education in Historical and Underwater Archaeology dramatically illustrates this. Fifty-five institutions are listed, with more than a third of these outside of the U.S.A.: six are from the United Kingdom, four from Canada, three from Australia, and one each from Ireland and Israel. More programs exist, though they are not in the guide (for example, those organized by Université Laval, a French-language institution from Canada. Mea culpa...). A quick look at one of SHA’s key com- mittees once again shows the strength of our international contingent. The Editorial Ad- visory Committee is a good example. Of the more than 30 members, 6 represent our in- ternational base. The number and quality of articles in Historical Archaeology over the years on subjects from different parts of the world is a direct result of such international participation and it is an impressive indica- tor. Our affiliation with the Advisory Coun- cil on Underwater Archaeology, which moved from the status of a committee to that of a sister organization in 2002, is a source of global outreach. Lastly, the 2005 J. C. Harrington Medal will be awarded to Marcel Moussette and, for me, this is probably the most significant marker of historical archaeology’s spread into other parts of the globe. It is fitting that SHA has chosen to recognize it in York. Marcel’s contribution to scholarship has been almost exclusively in French and this is a benchmark of the intellectual maturity of historical archaeology, as the concepts and substance of our discipline flow into other SCHAC -7 Rescheduled Due to Hurricane Ivan The South Central Historical Archaeology Conference (SCHAC-7) that was cancelled due to Hurricane Ivan has been rescheduled for 28-30 January 2005 in historic Selma, AL. Details are available on the SCHAC Web site <http://www.uark.edu/campus-re- sources/archinfo/schac.html> or by contact- ing the conference organizer Linda Derry at 334-875-2529.

WILLIAM B. LEES, RPA, Newsletter President’s Corner Index · WILLIAM B. LEES, RPA, Newsletter Editor, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., 151 Walton Ave., Lexington, KY 40508 U.S.A

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Page 1: WILLIAM B. LEES, RPA, Newsletter President’s Corner Index · WILLIAM B. LEES, RPA, Newsletter Editor, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., 151 Walton Ave., Lexington, KY 40508 U.S.A

Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 1

WINTER 2004

Index

WILLIAM B. LEES, RPA, Newsletter Editor, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., 151 Walton Ave., Lexington, KY 40508 U.S.A.

President’s CornerWilliam Moss

Continued on Page 2

President’s Corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SHA Election Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Jobs at www.sha.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Editor Announces 2005 Deadlines . . . . . . . 3Attention: SHA Conference Presenters . . . 3ACUA Response to Noble and Roberts . . . 4Images of the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5On-line Interpretive Course . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Opinion: The Faithful Slave Memorial . . . . 6Opinion: Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Public Education and Information . . . . . . . 7Opinion: Surveying the Membership . . . . . 8New Maritime Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Maritime Archaeology Conference . . . . . . . 9Forums at SHA 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Bottle Manufacturer’s Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Current Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Australasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Canada-Québec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Mexico, Central & South America . . . . . 16 Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Underwater (Worldwide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 U.S.A.-Mid-Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 U.S.A.-Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 U.S.A.-Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 U.S.A.-Pacific West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23“Seeing the Past” Conference . . . . . . . . . . . 26Minutes of Mid-Year Board Meeting . . . . 27

Responsible stewardship and the finan-cial health of the Society were critical issuesfor SHA in 2004. Consequently, three pri-orities were identified for the year: procur-ing the services of a new business office, pre-paring the 2005 conference in York, andmanaging SHA’s finances soundly. I believeall three priorities were successfully met: wehave a new headquarters that is functioningvery efficiently and to the satisfaction of theboard; though the York conference has notyet taken place, everything indicates it willbe a solid success; and with the sound sup-port of our headquarters staff, strong mea-sures were taken to bring SHA’s financialsituation under control.

Two other issues can be consideredsubtexts of this year’s administration. Thefirst concerns international relations, and thesecond the evolution of the Society as evi-denced by the multiple transitions we havegone through in the past years.

International RelationsMy election to the presidency—the first

foreign national to have this honor—was aconcrete marker of SHA’s status and con-sciousness as an international organization.There are many more, going many yearsback, and they are worthy of note. SHA or-ganized a joint thematic conference, half ofwhich was in London and the other half inWilliamsburg, with the Society for Post-Me-dieval Archaeology in 1997. Our next con-ference, to be held in January 2005 in York,England, will be the first society-wide eventheld outside of North America.

One-tenth of SHA’s 2,300 members (asof 1 October 2004, but this number often in-creases as a conference approaches) are fromoutside of the U.S.A. Canadians, followedby Australians and residents of the UnitedKingdom, are the major groups, but 34 coun-

tries in all are represented. Historical archae-ology itself is becoming an international dis-cipline. SHA’s 2004-2005 Guide to HigherEducation in Historical and UnderwaterArchaeology dramatically illustrates this.Fifty-five institutions are listed, with morethan a third of these outside of the U.S.A.:six are from the United Kingdom, four fromCanada, three from Australia, and one eachfrom Ireland and Israel. More programsexist, though they are not in the guide (forexample, those organized by UniversitéLaval, a French-language institution fromCanada. Mea culpa...).

A quick look at one of SHA’s key com-mittees once again shows the strength of ourinternational contingent. The Editorial Ad-visory Committee is a good example. Of themore than 30 members, 6 represent our in-ternational base. The number and qualityof articles in Historical Archaeology over theyears on subjects from different parts of theworld is a direct result of such internationalparticipation and it is an impressive indica-tor. Our affiliation with the Advisory Coun-cil on Underwater Archaeology, whichmoved from the status of a committee to thatof a sister organization in 2002, is a sourceof global outreach.

Lastly, the 2005 J. C. Harrington Medalwill be awarded to Marcel Moussette and,for me, this is probably the most significantmarker of historical archaeology’s spreadinto other parts of the globe. It is fitting thatSHA has chosen to recognize it in York.Marcel’s contribution to scholarship hasbeen almost exclusively in French and thisis a benchmark of the intellectual maturityof historical archaeology, as the concepts andsubstance of our discipline flow into other

SCHAC -7 RescheduledDue to Hurricane Ivan

The South Central Historical ArchaeologyConference (SCHAC-7) that was cancelleddue to Hurricane Ivan has been rescheduledfor 28-30 January 2005 in historic Selma, AL.Details are available on the SCHAC Web site<http://www.uark.edu/campus-re-sources/archinfo/schac.html> or by contact-ing the conference organizer Linda Derry at334-875-2529.

Page 2: WILLIAM B. LEES, RPA, Newsletter President’s Corner Index · WILLIAM B. LEES, RPA, Newsletter Editor, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., 151 Walton Ave., Lexington, KY 40508 U.S.A

Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 2

President’s CornerContinued from Page 1

Published QuarterlySubscription Rate: Individual: Regular ($125), Student ($70), Adjunct ($40),

Friend ($175), Developer ($250), Benefactor ($400), Life ($3,600)Organizational: Institution ($200). All U.S. Funds

Newsletter Editor: William B. Lees, RPA

Special News Editors:Archaeological Conservation Forum:

Judy LoganEmployment Opportunities: Cassandra

MichaudCurrent Publications: Charles EwenPublic Education and Information

Committee: Brian CraneImages of the Past: Robert Schuyler

Current Research Editors:Africa: Kenneth KellyAsia: Edward W. TennantAustralasia: Alasdair BrooksCanada-Atlantic: Robert FergusonCanada-Ontario: Jon JouppienCanada-Prairie: Jennifer HamiltonCanada-Québec: Allison BainCanada-Western: Rod J. HeitzmannCaribbean/Bermuda: Norman F. BarkaEurope: Paul CourtneyMexico, Central & South America:

Pedro Paulo FunariMiddle East: Uzi BaramUnderwater (Worldwide): Toni CarrellU.S.A.-Alaska: Doreen CooperU.S.A.-Central Plains: William Hunt, Jr.U.S.A.-Gulf States: Kathleen H. CandeU.S.A.-Mid-Atlantic: Ben ResnickU.S.A.-Midwest: Lynn L.M. EvansU.S.A.-Northeast: David StarbuckU.S.A.-Northern Plains & Mountain

States: Steven G. Baker

U.S.A.-Pacific Northwest:Douglas C. Wilson

U.S.A.-Pacific West: Sannie K. OsbornU.S.A.-Southeast: Alfred WoodsU.S.A.-Southwest: Michael R. Polk

Editorial Address: The Society forHistorical Archaeology Newsletter, c/oWilliam B. Lees, Cultural ResourceAnalysts, Inc., 151 Walton Avenue,Lexington, KY 40508. Email to:

<[email protected]>

Business Address: 15245 Shady GroveRoad, Ste. 130, Rockville, MD 20850Phone 301-990-2454; Fax 301-990-9771;Email <[email protected]> (New Subscrip-tions, Changes of Address, SubscriptionFulfillment Matters)

2004The Society for Historical Archaeology3rd Class Postage Paid

The paper used in this publication meetsthe minimum requirements of theAmerican National Standards forInformation Sciences--Permanence ofPaper for Printed Library Materials,ANSIZ39.48-1984.

Copy Editor: Daniel McNaughton

cultural universes.I personally hope that international de-

velopment will continue to be a future pri-ority and I will be pleased to contributewhen and where I can. I furthermore hopethat SHA’s international profile can help sta-bilize relations in a progressively turbulentworld.

TransitionI have been on the board of the Society

continuously since 2000, first as a director,then as president. I have seen a full turn-around of SHA’s professional and volunteerguidance in those five years, and I know the

process began even earlier than 2000. Thenumber and scope of these changes can onlybe compared to those brought about in theyears following SHA’s creation in 1967. Wehave just gone through a crucial period withfar-reaching consequences for SHA.

One of the most important changes, as itaffects all aspects of SHA’s existence, was themovement to a professional managementfirm, begun in 1999 and completed only thisyear. The turning point in this process wasof course the retirement of Mike Rodefferfrom this position after 16 years at the helm.Mike first served on the board as secretary-treasurer before moving on to run the busi-ness office, in what was our first shift fromvolunteerism to professional status. Ournew business office, Management SolutionsPlus, Inc. of Rockville, MD, can best be quali-

fied as SHA’s headquarters given thebreadth and quality of services they offer toour membership.

The past three years have seen impor-tant changes in key volunteer positions, bothin the individuals serving the Society as wellas in the constitutional definition of thesepositions. The first change, as you will re-member, came with the retirement of NormBarka and the arrival of Bill Lees as Newslet-ter editor (Bill is just beginning his secondthree-year term by the way!), as well as withthe subsequent retirement of Tef Rodefferand her replacement as secretary-treasurerby Sara Mascia. Both Norm and Tef servedfor over 20 years in their respective positions.The position of secretary-treasurer will befurther affected at the end of Sara Mascia’sterm, as our recent constitutional changeshave split the position into two separateones, those of secretary and of treasurer.Other constitutional changes adopted at thesame time will modify the term of the presi-dent, who will now serve two years as presi-dent elect and two years as president. Thischange is being introduced gradually, as ournext president elect, Doug Scott, will servefor three years, two of which as president.Doug’s successor will be on the board forfour years.

One last change will become effective atour annual meeting in York when RonnMichael hands Historical Archaeology’seditorship over to Rebecca Allen, after 27years in that position. The editor’s positionis somewhat different from the precedingvolunteer posts as it is less concerned withSHA’s membership and much more with theposition of historical archaeology within thewider intellectual community. This lasttransfer will thus be visible well beyond theSociety. Rebecca has been working veryhard, as indeed has Ronn, to assure a smoothtransition and the board has been very im-pressed by her dedication and efforts in theyear before she actually assumes responsi-bility. We wish Rebecca great success, as Iam sure you all do, and we offer our fullsupport during the transition process.

All of these changes move SHA into thenew century. The future will not be a car-bon copy of the past—we all know this associal scientists—but the future bodes well.I believe that the major changes required forthe healthy evolution of the Society havebeen completed and that, from 2005 on-wards, we can get back to the business ofarchaeology, as was the case for the 30-yearperiod from 1970 to 2000! I am pleased tohave been part of this most recent transitionprocess and I am proud to have representedyou through 2004. Thank you for your sup-port, and thank you for your continued par-ticipation in SHA’s voyage of discovery.

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 3

Editor Announces2005 Deadlines

In order to provide temporary cost savings, the SHA Board of Directors hasdecided to combine the fall and winter numbers of the 2005 SHA Newsletter into asingle issue. In addition, the board desires to include the Call for Papers for ourAnnual Conference and the Annual Conference Registration Packet in the News-letter to eliminate separate printing and mailing costs for these items. These changeswill require a revised schedule of deadlines, which are as follows:

SPRING ISSUEDEADLINE 1 FEBRUARY

(intended to be in hands of membership during March)This issue will contain Call for Papers for the Annual Conference

SUMMER ISSUEDEADLINE 1 MAY

(intended to be in hands of membership during June)

FALL/WINTER ISSUEDEADLINE 1 AUGUST

(intended to be in hands of membership during September)This issue will contain:

The Annual Conference Registration Packet Annual Guide to Higher Education

Minutes (annual and mid-year meetings) and financial statement

The Newsletter will still publish the same volume of material as previously,but it will be contained in three issues. Please continue to send in information,including current research news to the appropriate coordinator, to be published.Please remember that I encourage photographs and other graphics that illustratea news item or other contribution.

William B. Lees, Editor

2004 SHAElection Results

It is with great pleasure that I extend myhearty congratulations to the winners of the2004 elections. We all wish you the best ofsuccess during your term of office:

President Elect:Douglas D. Scott

Board of Directors:Terry H. KleinJ. W. (Joe) Joseph

Nominations and Elections Committee:Susan B. M. LangleyAnna Agbe-Davies

ACUA:Mark StaniforthLuis Felipe M. V. CastroDella A. Scott-Ireton

A total of 1,908 ballots were mailed tomembers, and 647 valid ballots were tabu-lated. This represents a return rate of 33.91%.

I would like to thank all those who ranfor office this year. Your dedication and com-mitment are appreciated.

William Moss, President

Attention: SHA AnnualConference Presenters

All presenters at the SHA’s upcoming conference in York need to be aware of the spe-cific audiovisual requirements of the York Moat House Hotel and King’s Manor. Meetingrooms at both locations will be equipped with LCD projectors for those using a PowerPointpresentation.

Presentations at the York Moat House Hotel: You will need to bring: 1) your ownlaptop computer; 2) one CD loaded with all the presentations for your particular session;and 3) a travel adaptor that converts the 2-pin outlet into a 3-pin U.K. outlet. PC users needto bring a 15-pin VGA output cable. If you are using a Mac laptop, please contact the SHAHeadquarters for additional information.

Presentations at King’s Manor: A laptop computer will be provided by the universityfor each meeting room. You should bring one CD loaded with all the presentations foryour particular session.

We strongly recommend that one coordinator be designated for each session to bring aCD with all of the session’s presentations. If you have any questions, please contact GraceJan at the SHA Headquarters by phone at 301-990-2454 or via email at <[email protected]>.

Jobs atwww.sha.org

Employment opportunites in historicalarchaeology can be found on the SHA Website (<www.sha.org>).

Recruitment notices should be sent toCassandra Michaud, SHA Employment Co-ordinator, 200 Orchard Ridge Drive, Suite101, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; Phone: 301-258-5886; Fax: 301-869-8728; Email:<[email protected]>.

York 2005!York 2005!York 2005!York 2005!York 2005!

Sacramento 2006!Sacramento 2006!Sacramento 2006!Sacramento 2006!Sacramento 2006!

Williamsburg 2007!Williamsburg 2007!Williamsburg 2007!Williamsburg 2007!Williamsburg 2007!

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 4

We read with disappointment the com-mentary “Ethical Principles: A DissentingOpinion” by Vergil Noble and Dan Robertspublished in the summer 2004 SHA News-letter (see 37(2):8-9). Their commentary findsfault with two aspects of the SHA EthicalPrinciples. The first is a philosophical dis-agreement about the purpose, definition,and applicability of the ethical principles tothe archaeological profession. Their secondobjection is more specific and strikes directlyat Principle 6, which prohibits the trade, sale,and bartering of artifacts. Although theirobjection to the prohibition against the saleof artifacts is listed second, it is the heart oftheir first objection.

Robert Neyland, ACUA Chair, waspresent at the SHA Board of Directors 21June 2003 meeting in Solomons, MD andheard Noble’s and Roberts’ statements. It isa pity that the vote to adopt the Ethical Prin-ciples was not unanimous. The remainderof the board, however, supported and ac-cepted the Ethical Principles. Noble andRoberts represented a minority with theirdissenting votes. We believe it was appro-priate that they explain the reasons for theirdissent to the SHA membership on such animportant issue. We also believe it is neces-sary to respond to their views.

First, we would like to point out that theSHA’s Standards and Ethics Committee, ini-tially chaired by Henry Miller and after 2002by Douglas Scott, worked half a decade onresearch, revision, and review of recom-mended changes to the Ethical Positions por-tion of the SHA Constitution and Bylaws andthe Ethical Principles. The committee’s workwas not done in a vacuum, but was athoughtful study of the professional andethical principles and guidelines used byother archaeological societies. As a result,the committee produced a document thatreflected broadly accepted and reasonableethical guidance among archaeological pro-fessionals. Also, the committee’s documentanticipated the direction the evolving ethicsof our profession would take in the future.

In our opinion, the views expressed byNoble and Roberts in their “DissentingOpinion” is confusing and obscures the realissue, which is about the “selling of arti-facts.” Both ‘codes of ethics’ and ‘codes of

ACUA Chairs’ Response to Noble and Robertson the Selling of Artifacts

Robert S. Neyland, ACUA Chair, 2002-2005Toni L. Carrell, ACUA Chair, 1995-2001

Paul F. Johnston, ACUA Chair, 1989-1994

conduct’ do the same thing for a profes-sion—they set standards of acceptable be-havior and provide rules and principles gov-erning the members’ behavior. Principle 6rightly serves as both an Ethical Principleand a Code of Conduct.

Principle 6 states clearly and succinctly,“Items from archaeological contexts shall notbe traded, sold, bought, or bartered as com-mercial goods, and it is unethical to take ac-tions for the purpose of establishing the com-mercial value of objects from archaeologicalsites or property that may lead to their de-struction, dispersal, or exploitation.” Noprofessional archaeologist or professionalarchaeological society is a stranger to thisprinciple. It is fundamental to severalUNESCO conventions and two ICOMOScharters. In the case of the latter, one is forthe Protection and Management of the Ar-chaeological Heritage (1990) and the otherfor the Protection and Management of theUnderwater Cultural Heritage (1996)(seeSHA Newsletter, 35(3):9). It is these interna-tional agreements that indicate the futuredirection of the ethics of our profession andsociety as a whole, although Noble and Rob-erts argue that the ethics concerning the saleof artifacts is headed in a direction favorableto commercial ventures. Their vision is thatof a joint venture between professional ar-chaeologists and the “sellers of artifacts”—one that is throwback to the past, minglingarchaeology with looting.

A “Dissenting Opinion” attempts to takeEthical Principle 6 concerning the sale of ar-tifacts and confuse it with exceptions con-cerning artifacts legally obtained and traded,archaeological collections that need to bedeaccessioned, or duplicate coins. They alsoargue that the sale of authentic legal artifactswill decrease public demand for illegallyobtained artifacts. In the case of the latterargument, the authors are either very naïveor believe the SHA membership might be.

Their last argument concerns the Ameri-can Association of Museums (AAM) and itspolicies of management of historical collec-tions, such as those objects obtained from theattic and not acquired from archaeologicalsites. In the view of the AAM, historical col-lections consisting of antiques and similarmaterials can be disposed of by museums.

There is a fundamental difference betweenhistorical and archaeological collections,however, and museum professional societ-ies have recognized their contribution to theproblem of looting and have incorporatedprohibitions concerning the acquisition ofarchaeological materials unethically ob-tained. Noble and Roberts also fail to men-tion that the AAM code states, “As nonprofitinstitutions, museums comply with appli-cable local, state, and federal laws and in-ternational conventions, as well as with thespecific legal standards governing trust re-sponsibilities. This ‘Code of Ethics for Mu-seums’ takes that compliance as given”(<http://www.aam-us.org/aamcoe.cfm>).

Ethics do change over time. The vastmajority of professional organizations rep-resenting archaeologists and avocationalsupporters no longer endorse what was ac-ceptable disposition of excavated culturalheritage just 50 years ago. Furthermore,there is a growing international recognitionthat the sale of artifacts and the commercialexploitation of sites must end, as demon-strated by the UNESCO Convention on theProtection of Underwater Cultural Heritageand similar international conventions.

Unfortunately, Noble’s and Roberts’opinions clearly differ from ours. However,we firmly believe that view is not in the bestinterest of the SHA membership and theadvancement of our profession. We fullysupport the work of the Standards and Eth-ics Committee and, together with the ma-jority of the board and a majority of themembership, voted to adopt their document.The SHA is playing an important role in theprotection of cultural heritage. With our newEthical Principles we have no doubt that theSociety will continue to be a leader amongarchaeological organizations and representthe membership in a professional manner.

Noble and Roberts did not have timeto prepare a response for this issue, butthey have informed the editor that theywill be submitting one for publicationin the spring 2005 issue of the Newslet-ter-- WBL

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 5

CCC AT MORRISTOWN NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK

CCC workmen pose for the camera while excavating a Revolutionary War hut at the first Brigade Site, Morristown NationalHistorical Park, NJ. Writing at the time, historian Russell Baker complained that “the greatest difficulty will be encountered inattempting to classify the findings chronologically. There is no method yet discovered which brands each article as havingbelonged to a definite period.” The late Ed Rutsch and coauthor Kim Peters discussed the pioneering excavations at Morristownin their 1977 Historical Archaeology article, “Forty Years of Archaeological Research at Morristown, Morristown National Histori-cal Park, Morristown, New Jersey” (11:15-38).

Photo submitted by Richard Veit and reproduced courtesy of Morristown National Historical Park.

On-line Interpretation Course LaunchedThe National Park Service Archeology & Ethnography Program is pleased to announce a new distance-learning course, “Interpre-

tation for Archeologists: A Guide to Increasing Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities” (<http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/ifora/index.htm>).This course and its counterpart, “Archeology for Interpreters: A Guide to Knowledge of the Resource” (<http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/afori/index.htm>) are two parts of a shared competency-training module that trains archaeologists and interpreters together inthe skills and abilities needed to carry out effective interpretation of archaeological resources. Created to help NPS archaeologistsexamine the art and science by which interpretations are made, “Interpretation for Archeologists” offers a useful resource to anyoneinterested in using archaeology to interpret the past. Visit the new course to learn about the methods and philosophies of interpreta-tion and find numerous links, recommendations for further reading, case studies for inspiration, and “Use What You Know” ques-tions for applying knowledge. Through this course, archaeologists will gain tools for engaging the public and fostering a preserva-tion ethic.

Images of the Past

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 6

I recently read “Heyward Shepherd: TheFaithful Slave Memorial” in Historical Archae-ology (37(3)). I was actively involved in re-turning that monument to public view in1995 when I worked at Harpers Ferry Na-tional Historical Park under the supervisionof Superintendent Donald Campbell. In theprocess, I acquired a file of information thatapparently proved useful to the author ofthe journal article, Dr. Paul Shackel. He ac-knowledged the assistance I provided to hisresearch efforts and I thank him for that ges-ture.

However, I must take strong exceptionto Dr. Shackel’s statement that the park su-perintendent redisplayed the monument“under pressure from Senator Helms...” (p.144). Indeed, Senator Helms did forwardcorrespondence to the park that expressedconcerns about the Heyward Shepherdmonument. However, the senator’s officetreated these matters in a routine mannerdesigned simply to notify the park about the

I want to thank the editor for allowingsome space to respond to Bruce Noble’s let-ter about the uncovering of the HeywardShepherd Monument.

I have been working with or associatedwith the Federal archaeology program since1989. I worked at Harpers Ferry NationalHistorical Park from 1989 through 1997 andI still remain involved with the NPS, work-ing through a cooperative agreement withinthe National Capital Region. I recently par-

viewpoint of constituents. At no time didthe senator or his staff seek to pressure thepark to restore the monument to public view.

In addition to misreading the role of thesenator’s office, the journal article did notmention other factors that truly did influencethe park’s efforts to redisplay the monument.One such motivation came from an articlepublished in the spring 1994 issue of ThePublic Historian (16(2)). Written by Dr. JamesOliver Horton, professor of history andAmerican Studies at George WashingtonUniversity and director of the Afro-Ameri-can Communities Project at the SmithsonianInstitution’s National Museum of AmericanHistory, the article reviewed an African-American history exhibit at Harpers FerryNational Historical Park and considered thechallenges public institutionsface in presenting the historyof slavery. Dr. Horton arguedthat, “The historian, both in-side and outside the class-

room, must present our history as fully andin as much of its complexity as possible” (p.129). Along those same lines, he urged that“...the Shepherd memorial must be uncov-ered and set in historical context,” (p. 129).

I am proud to have had an opportunityto work with Superintendent DonaldCampbell to restore the Heyward Shepherdmonument to public view. We were acutelyaware of the sensitivity of the subject. Ouractions were motivated by a desire to por-tray history accurately and to respectfullypresent the multiple viewpoints surround-ing a very complex aspect of our nation’spast. Thank you for this opportunity toclarify the record.

Opinion: The Faithful Slave Memorial

Opinion: Response

ticipated in the writing of anadministrative history ofHarpers Ferry National His-torical Park and have had ac-cess to numerous documentsand histories related to themonument. While Mr. Noble(former Chief of Interpreta-tion and Cultural Resources,Harpers Ferry National His-torical Park, now Superinten-

dent, Colorado Na-tional Monument)seeks to “clarify therecord,” sometimeshistories are muchmore complex thana c k n o w l e d g i n gany single eventthat leads to an endresult. I believe thatit is important tolook at long-termhistories of anyevent in order to understand thecomplex climate in which deci-sions are made.

I agree with SuperintendentNoble that Professor Horton’s ar-ticle in the Public Historian is avery important overview of Afri-can-American history in the park.

However, it is only one of the many vari-ables that influenced the second unveilingof the monument. The initial unveiling ofthe monument in 1931 created tensions be-tween the African-American and theEuroamerican community. There is also along history of demands from the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy and the Sons

Heyward Shepherd Memorial at Harpers Ferry NationalHistorical Park (National Park Service Photo byMarshaWassel, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park)

Interpretive panel installed by National Park Service nextto Heyward Sheperd Memorial (National Park Servicephoto by Marsha Wassel, Harpers Ferry NationalHistorical Park)

Paul Shackel

Bruce Noble

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of Confederate Veterans from the 1970s af-ter the removal of the monument. Thesegroups insisted that the monument be re-stored to its original location. At the sametime the NAACP voiced its opinion againstplacing the monument back in lower townHarpers Ferry for public display. I agree thatHorton’s scholarship is important, but at thesame time we cannot neglect the long his-tory of political and community pressuresthat weighed heavily on the timing to restorethe monument to its original location andunveil it a second time. To think that changecan occur at the federal level in a vacuumwithout some form of political and socialpressure is to ignore the larger context thatis so important to understanding public his-tory. Let me explain what I mean by offer-ing an explanation on a much larger scale.Would the National Historic PreservationAct have been passed in 1966 without thegrowing pressure to change the way we lookat cultural resources and the built environ-ment? No. Would NAGPRA have beenpassed without strong lobbying efforts forover a decade? No. While not having thesame national impact as these importantpieces of legislation, the second unveiling ofthe Heyward Shepherd Monument in 1996is also anchored in a long history of events.

Federal managers tend to treat congres-sional inquiries as a serious matter. NPS of-ficials respond to Congress in a speedy fash-ion because much is riding on the response,including consideration for future appro-priations. Superintendent Noble takes ex-ception with my use of the word “pressure.”During my tenure at Harpers Ferry NHP Isaw much of the latter part of the HeywardShepherd Monument story unfold. I spenttime with Superintendent Campbell discuss-ing the history of the monument and I pro-vided him with information. The park re-sponded to the growing number of inquir-ies. The unveiling of the monument, the tim-ing of the installation of the signage, and thecongressional correspondence are more thana coincidence.

I believe that Superintendent Campbell’sleadership at Harpers Ferry will be remem-bered as bringing fiscal responsibility, rais-ing morale, and overseeing major expansionand restorations in the park. I too am veryproud to have served under his leadership.I have seen Superintendent Campbell dealwith many tough situations and find inge-nious solutions. He faced a difficult situa-tion with the Heyward Shepherd monu-ment, dealing with over two decades of illfeelings toward the park from different in-terest groups.

Public Education andInformation Committee

Reported by Brian Crane

In this issue of the Newsletter, Tara Tetrault reports on an SHA-sponsored work-shop held at the Middle States Social Studies Conference. As before, if you knowabout public education going on in archaeology, or have ideas for columns toappear in this space, the committee would love to hear from you. Please sendinformation to Brian Crane, <[email protected]>.

Imagine—You Are the Archaeologist: IntegratingArchaeology into K-12 Education.

Tara L. Tetrault

The protection of our nation’s cultural heritage has become a pressing issue asdevelopment and looters destroy archaeological sites, and with them go the recordof the human past. Why are these sites important? As archaeologist Brian Fagansaid, “[I]t is a lasting chronicle of thousands of years of extraordinary humanachievement...and part of our common historical legacy.” In the global world oftoday, processes of the past that involve economic, technological, ecological, andpopulation change pertain to the problems of today.

The Society for Historical Archaeology sponsored a workshop in archaeologyat the Middle States Social Studies Conference on 5 March 2004 that providedinterested teachers with a review of archaeological concepts to help introducestudents to the field. Volunteer programs were reviewed and information onlocal programs provided so that area teachers could make use of local culturalresources. Attention was given to programs that have successfully integratedarchaeology into k-12 education.

While it is clear that you should teach archaeology because you want to or youthink it might spark a kid’s interest and you can see ways that archaeology en-ables kids to practice needed skills, you are also doing an important thing byincreasing your student’s awareness of how to preserve our cultural heritage.Children and adults want to have a better understanding of their own culturalheritage and they have a right to become informed when it is not being preserved,especially before it is all gone.

Educators should know that the state of knowledge about past human cul-tures has increased drastically over the past decade. Scholars are building a tre-mendous reservoir of information using archaeology to understand people fromdifferent cultures, classes, genders, and throughout time.

It can be argued that the greatest advantage archaeology has over other topicschildren learn in school is that it is a natural “hook” for students and it keeps theirinterest in the topic at hand. Put another way, no audience is more receptive toarchaeology than children. Introduce children to archaeology and they becomepersonally engaged in interpreting the past and learning lessons. Use archaeol-ogy in education and you will see children becoming excited about learning les-sons in math, science, social studies, art, English, and more. Because of its inter-disciplinary nature, action orientation, and participatory format, archaeology isthe perfect tool for developing cognitive skills in different learning environments.

Because children have an eminent interest in discovery, an increasing numberof teachers want to use archaeology to engage students in their curriculum. Teach-ers are using archaeology in role-playing and problem-solving situations. In sum,workshops like the one the SHA sponsored go a long way to inform teachers onwhere to look for information about local archaeology. Future workshops shouldalso be held at independent school conferences since such schools have been long-time participants in outdoor education.

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 8

The existing Long-Range Plan of the So-ciety for Historical Archaeology (adopted in1996) calls for a survey of the membershipat least every five years in order to managethe Society effectively by identifying issuesto be addressed in the planning process.When I took office as SHA president in 2002,I noted that the responsible committees hadnot yet begun formulating a new question-naire, though the periodic cycle called for itto be distributed that very year. Now itseems that work is moving forward in ear-nest on the implementation, as evident fromthe recent report from the Gender and Mi-nority Affairs Committee (see the fall SHANewsletter 37(3):13). The chair, Anna Agbe-Davies, kindly solicited input into hercommittee’s part of the effort, and in re-sponse I would like to offer some thoughtson the more general matter of conducting amembership survey.

Before addressing the question of an-other membership survey, I would first takeissue with a minor but significant remark inthe opening sentence of that committee re-port. Anna states that a principal mandateof the GMAC is to act as an advocate for“underrepresented or disenfranchised con-stituencies within the SHA.” I certainlyagree that many minority groups are pro-portionately underrepresented in the SHAmembership; we are not a microcosm of so-ciety at large and probably not even a repre-sentative sample of the archaeological pro-fession as a whole. I would disagree withAnna, however, if she meant to suggest thatany subset of the SHA has been intention-ally denied the rights and privileges owedthem as dues-paying members.

To my knowledge no one entitled to fullparticipation in the SHA’s affairs ever hasbeen prevented from voting, except by anaccident of the mails (it is sad but true, how-ever, that typically only about 25% of SHA’smembers bother to exercise that franchise).Moreover, our SHA Board of Directors andvarious committees welcome input from allquarters, as Anna’s GMAC report amply il-lustrates. The SHA can take justifiable pridein the fact that we are an open and largelyegalitarian organization that earnestly in-vites the involvement of all members will-ing to volunteer their time, their energy, orsimply their ideas. It is no doubt true thatsome identifiable subsets of SHA (e.g., stu-dents, non-U.S. citizens, underwater special-ists, and racial or ethnic minorities, just toname a few) do not represent large enoughvoting blocs to advance a particular issue or

Opinion: On Surveying the MembershipVergil E. Noble

direct policy without more general support.That, after all, is the curse of being in anyminority. Even so, every member does havethe opportunity to be heard on any subject,and often minority groups among us haveeffected substantial influence on the SHA’sagenda because they tend to be more vocalabout their particular issues.

As noted above, however, only a fractionof our membership votes, and far fewermembers attend the annual business meet-ing at the January conference. Further, it isa rare occasion when a member offers inputor brings concerns directly to SHA volun-teers, although the ease of email communi-cation has noticeably increased the numberof such occurrences in recent years. It is thisgeneral reticence to express views that pro-vides the best and, perhaps, the only justifi-cation for surveying our membership: toelicit feedback and guidance from that silentmajority on matters of broad concern to themembership. Thus, as the Long-Range Planimplies, the SHA leadership can better un-derstand member needs and take steps toimprove its service.

Basic demographic data that provide a“snapshot” of the membership certainlyhave value, particularly for the curious whowish to see how they place among their peersin terms of employment conditions, salary,and the like. They can also be useful, whenconsidered in the light of answers to otherquestions, for exploring the factors that mayhave affected those outcomes through theprogress of careers. It appears that theGMAC would like to examine the relation-ship of certain conditions in one’s personallife while in pursuit of a career, such assexual orientation or ethnicity, to the currentcircumstances of one’s professional life, anddoubtless most of us would find the conclu-sions interesting. Nonetheless, I do not be-lieve that such pure research is what the SHAboard had in mind when it decided yearsago that a periodic survey of the member-ship was desirable and worth the consider-able investment in resources. Further, thosefar-reaching issues would be approachedbetter through a study of the entire archaeo-logical profession, perhaps in some joint ven-ture similar to the recent SHA-SAA on-linesalary survey, rather than the limited popu-lation of SHA members.

In that same issue of the SHA Newsletter(37(3):1-3), President William Moss ad-dressed the temporary financial challengeswith which he and the board are now con-tending. In keeping with their commend-

able attempts to impose greater constraintover spending, perhaps the board shouldalso consider postponing the already past-due membership survey a while longer, par-ticularly since it seems unlikely that anymajor new initiatives suggested from thesurvey will be undertaken until the SHA re-gains its footing. Whether soon or later,however, the board should take pains tomake the survey as cost effective as possibleby maintaining its focus on more practicalmatters.

However intrinsically interesting somelines of inquiry may be, not all survey infor-mation and analytical interpretations haveequal value or utility. Each committee con-tributing to construction of the next SHAmembership survey is obliged to proposequestions that relate to their areas of respon-sibility, but it is the board that must decidewhat purpose any membership survey is toserve and then focus it accordingly. If therationale for conducting a membership sur-vey is to adhere to objectives laid out in theLong-Range Plan, then the survey should belargely an exercise in applied research de-signed to inform future board actions.

New MaritimeGraduate Degreesin Perth, Australia

We would like to let you know about twonew graduate degrees to be offered in Perth,Australia, from 2005 onwards. Could youplease pass this information on to potentialstudents? The aim of the program is to pro-vide the specialist practical skills and knowl-edge required to be employed or conducthigher-degree research in maritime archae-ology. Archaeologists from both the Uni-versity of Western Australia (UWA) and theWestern Australian Maritime Museum(WAMM) teach the courses.

The Diploma of Applied Maritime Ar-chaeology is designed as a one-year full-timeprogram requiring two semesters of studywith diving to take place in the summermonths. The first semester is July-Novem-ber and the second February-May. Thecourse requires completion of eight 6-pointunits (48 points) comprising:• Marine Science in Maritime Archaeol-

ogy 401• Maritime Archaeology in Context 402

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 9

Forums at the2005 SHA

ConferenceAs the SHA conference has grown

through the years, tight scheduling has re-quired papers and sessions to stay on timeand opportunities for audience discussionhave, it seems, diminished. One approachto returning discussion to the meetings isthrough forums and panel discussions thatseek to present concepts and then elicit com-ment and discussion among the panelistsand audience. At this year’s conference, fourforums are planned on a variety of topics:

Wednesday, 5 January 20052:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.Government Maritime Managers ForumXIV: From the Slop Chest Toward aBowditch for Managers

Organizers: Victor T. Mastone and Chris-topher Amer

Friday, 7 January 20052:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.What Are We Really Learning ThroughPublicly Funded Historical Archaeology(and Is It Worth the Expense)?

Organizers and Chairs: William Lees andJulia King

Participants: M. Beaudry, M. Brown III,K. Crisman, J. King, W. Lees, V. Noble, M.Purser, T. Wheaton

Saturday, 8 January 20052:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.The Black Atlantic and the Archaeology ofthe African Diaspora

Organizer and Chair: Jamie BrandonParticipants: R. Benjamin, S. Croucher,

C. Fennell, G. Fesler, C. McDavid, K.MacDonald, P. Brunache

Sunday, 9 January 20052:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.Student Subcommittee Forum: ConductingArchaeology Across the Pond: Pleasuresand PerilsOrganizer: Linda ZiegenbeinParticipants: K. Deagan, K. Kelly, A.Praetzellis, N. Swanpoel, B. Williams

See you in York!See you in York!See you in York!See you in York!See you in York!

• Maritime Archaeology Artefact Stud-ies 403• Maritime Archaeology Techniques 404SUMMER BREAK• Interpreting Maritime Archaeology 405• Cultural Heritage in Maritime Archae-

ology 406• Surveying Maritime Sites 407• Shipwreck Inspection 408In addition to the diploma units, Master

of Applied Maritime Archaeology studentscomplete a research dissertation valued at24 points (72 points). This is completed July-November.

Applicants for either of the two coursesshould have a three-year bachelor degree inarchaeology or related discipline. Interna-tional students with suitable qualificationsare eligible for admission into the program.Several units include the opportunity to diveon wreck sites. While diving is not a com-pulsory part of the unit, students intendingto dive will need a diving qualification andbasic diving equipment. Applications aredue before 15 May 2005 and there is a limitof 12 places.

Full details of the course and associatedtuition fees are available at <http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/post-graduate/maritime_archaeology>. Someother useful Web sites are: Western Austra-lian Maritime Museum, <http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/maritime>; Pro-spective postgraduate students at UWA,<http://www.uwa.edu.au/prospective/postgrad>; International students at UWA,<http://www.international.uwa.edu.au/>.

If you require further information aboutthese new courses then please contactDianne Anstey, Administrative Officer, Ar-chaeology M405, School of Social & CulturalStudies, University of Western Australia, 35Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009; Phone: 61-8-6488-2868, Fax: 61-8-6488-1023; Email:<[email protected]> or Dr.Alistair Paterson (UWA) at<[email protected]> or JeremyGreen (WAMM) at <[email protected]> orCorioli Souter (WAMM) at<[email protected]>.

CPNS MaritimeArchaeology

Conference #2Following the major success of our first

conference held during August 2004 theCentre for Portuguese Nautical Studies(CPNS) is proud to announce the second

CPNS Maritime Archaeology Conference tobe held at Mossel Bay, Southern Cape Prov-ince, South Africa during March 2006.

We are inviting all interested parties toindicate their interest to attend and/orpresent at this major international event.Experts from across the world will join us indiscussions on various aspects relating toPortuguese Maritime History during theCarreira da India period. The conference’stheme will be “Portuguese Maritime HistoryDuring the Carreira da India Period.”

The conference will be held Friday toSunday with parallel sessions:

Session 1: Trade Ceramics and TradeGoods

Session 2: Portuguese Maritime Expan-sion, Trade Routes, Ports of Call, HistoricalBackground

Session 3: The Portuguese ShipSession 4: Maritime Archaeology—Local

and International Projects, Museums, Leg-islation, Discipline of Maritime Archaeology,Shipwreck and Survivor Sites, Artifact Pres-ervation

Session 5: Naval Artillery, Maps andNavigation

Session 6: Various Hands-on WorkshopsAnyone interested in speaking at the

conference is asked to contact us ASAP andprovide us with a suggested topic/s. Youwill be under no obligation to attend orspeak but we need some input to start plan-ning the program. You are welcome to sug-gest any topic relevant to Portuguese mari-time history of this period and also to sug-gest additional workshops you would beinterested in attending or presenting. Withthis first notification we would like all inter-ested parties to come forward with sugges-tions for this conference. We would like tooffer all the opportunity to visit our won-derful country and at the same time partakeof a world-class, one-of-a-kind conference.Postconference proceedings will be pub-lished in scientific format. Plan now to bringalong your family as well. Mossel Bay is inone of the prime tourist areas (“GardenRoute”) and various pre- or postconferenceoutings will be suggested. This part of thecountry is tourist friendly and safe and forR250 ($50) per day a car could be rented andthe area explored.

Send us an email confirming your inter-est in attending as speaker and/or delegateand we will add you to the conference mail-ing list for updates. We will provide addi-tional/further information on our Web site<http://www.cpnssa.org/>. For furtherinformation contact Paul Brandt, Director:CPNS, Phone: +27-82-940-2423, Fax: +27-12-319-2436, Email: <[email protected]>.

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 10

Although most people are familiar with Bottle Makers and Their Marks, the epic volume by Julian Harrison Toulouse, there have beenseveral other publications addressing manufacturer’s marks used by glass factories producing bottles. To the best of my knowledge, thisis a complete list of books and other reliable sources that attempt to classify marks of this type. These are reviewed in chronological order.

Knittle, Rhea Mansfield1927 Early American Glass. Appleton-Century, NY.

Knittle’s work is the earliest attempt at manufacturer’s mark classification I have been able to find. The marks she addressed werealmost all from the 19th century. On pages 441-442, she noted 46 marks arranged in alphabetical order in three columns that listed themarks, the manufacturing company, and the city of location. Knittle made no attempt to date the marks, and, like most of these earlyworks, she made no attempt to cite her sources.

Jones, May1963 The Bottle Trail, Volume 3. Nara Vista, NM.

May Jones is one of the true pioneers of bottle research. Despite her isolation in the small town of Nara Vista, NM, she built a networkof bottle collectors that extended throughout the U.S. and included such noteworthy researchers as Grace Kendrick, author of The AntiqueBottle Collector, itself a pioneer work in the field often cited by archaeologists and collectors, and Julian Harrison Toulouse, reviewed laterin this bibliography.

Jones wrote a total of nine lengthy newsletters between September 1961 and February 1968. Because she was unlettered, rural, andwrote in a rambling, colloquial style, many dismiss her work. They are foolish. Jones collected information from her vast network ofcollectors, and wrote numerous letters to glass houses, breweries, food packagers, and others connected with glass containers. She was aninveterate reader and shared her knowledge freely.

Volume 3 of The Bottle Trail was her first look at manufacturer’s marks. At this point, she made no attempt to be comprehensive butillustrated a number of marks along with her comments about them including a letter from a Mr. Caroll of Anheuser-Busch giving hisopinions about marks that may have appeared on bottles used by that company.

Jones, May1965 The Bottle Trail, Volume 5. Nara Vista, NM.

In 1965, Jones produced her first tables of manufacturer’s marks. She included very few dates at that point but satisfied herself byattempting to match marks with factories. In this volume, she was also the first to illustrate the Owens-Illinois Glass Co. mark andcorrectly identify the meanings of the accompanying numbers by reproducing a six-page letter from Toulouse.

Jones, May1966 The Bottle Trail, Volume 6. Nara Vista, NM.

In Volume 6, Jones began to make a serious contribution. She produced two tables; one of older marks (mostly from beer bottles) andthe other of more recent logos. The table of newer marks identified 85 with appropriate companies, although she added very few dates.The table of older marks, however, included illustrations, company identification, and frequent dates for 38 marks along with severalvariations. Her illustrations were excellent and contained details often missing from archaeological reports and collectors’ literature.Many of the dates were remarkably close to those used by Toulouse and ones we have subsequently discovered.

Jones, May1968 The Bottle Trail, Volume 9. Nara Vista, NM.

Jones’ final effort, Volume 9, concentrated on the marks shown in her older table from Volume 6 but presented all the information shehad been able to amass. In some cases, the information was quite impressive for the time. It included information I have still not found inany other source. She produced, for example, a large volume of information on the Missouri Glass Co., including city directory data thatplaced the factory in business continuously from 1859 to 1911. Toulouse completely ignored this information when compiling his data forthe M. G. Co. mark found on beer bottles from the 1880-1900 period. After Volume 9, however, Jones faded into obscurity.

Peterson, Arthur G.1968 400 Trademarks on Glass. Washington College Press, Takoma, MD.

Peterson’s small (54 pages) book is divided into three sections. The first “Trademarks on Glassware, 1860-1914” deals with marksregistered for tableware. Section II “Lamps and Accessories” also deals with registered marks. The sections pertinent to this discussionare section III “Bottles and Jars” and an appendix entitled “Some Trademarks Introduced After 1914.”

Although section III is useful, it should be noted that these are trademarks used by the company rather than marks appearing onbottles and jars. For example, Peterson illustrated the upside-down bottle superimposed over a “G” used by the Graham Glass Co.,Evansville, IN, first used in 1914. The logo appeared extensively in company literature and advertisements; however, it was never used on

An Annotated Bibliography ofBottle Manufacturer’s Marks

Bill Lockhart

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 11

glass bottles. Graham used an extensive and complex method of factory identification, date codes, and mold marks on the heels of itsbottles but did not include the “Bottle-and-G” mark.

The final section is on trademarks after 1914 and describes(but did not illustrate) marks actually found on bottles along with the dateeach mark was first used. These dates are sometimes at odds with those found in Toulouse and are generally more accurate. Unfortu-nately, Peterson failed to include end dates and only listed 37 marks on pages 48-49.

Toulouse, Julian Harrison1969 Fruit Jars. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Camden, NJ.

In this book, Toulouse made an attempt to catalog all known fruit-jar manufacturer’s marks. The work is impressive. He arranged themarks in alphabetical order, a style that sometimes makes it difficult to find a mark and even more arduous to locate a company. Thisdifficulty is exacerbated by the lack of a comprehensive index. He solved that problem to a certain extent, however, by including an indexof sorts entitled “Fruit-Jar Manufacturers and Their Jars.” This section lists all companies identified in the book and the marks on the jars;however, it fails to include page numbers. The main section of the book showed drawings (and occasional photographs) of marks foundon fruit jars and a short description, date range, and discussion of each mark and the glass house that used it. Although he failed toinclude any company histories (an oversight he corrected in his second book), he included sections on “Men Who Made Fruit-Jar History,”“Using the Jars,” “Dating the Fruit Jar,” “The Shape of the Fruit Jar,” “Patent Chronology,” and “Fruit Jar Seals.” The added chapters arevery useful, especially to a researcher unfamiliar with fruit jars.

Toulouse, Julian Harrison1971 Bottle Makers and Their Marks. Thomas Nelson, NY.

Often considered the “bible” for manufacturer’s marks, this epic work is astounding in its breadth. By his own count, Toulouseoffered information on more than 1,200 different marks found on glass bottles and jars. The book is filled with information that could onlyhave come from a factory “insider.” Toulouse, in fact, spent his career in the glass manufacturing industry before he wrote his two bookson marks for collectors.

The book is all the more remarkable when you consider that he accomplished his task without all the modern conveniences which arealmost essential in compiling large databases today. He had no Internet, no email, and no access to eBay auctions (a great source forempirical bottle information). Often, his information about marks came from collectors writing in to organizations like that of May Jones(see above), another early pioneer in the field of marks on glass. He followed such information collecting with calls to glass manufactur-ers, letters to companies, a review of the available literature, and research in city directories. The sheer volume of information he pre-sented is daunting. The study is arranged in alphabetical order by marks. While this enables a researcher to locate fairly easily a specificmark, it separates the various company histories into choppy sections and makes tracing histories or cross-checking references verydifficult. It also resulted in frequent contradictions.

Toulouse’s work, however, has a downside. It is riddled with typographical errors, especially in the recording of dates. He is fre-quently a century off, for example on page 317, he dates the mark LAMB from “1855 to 1964” - the dates are 1955 to 1964. He is often alsoa decade away from the correct date, such as his dating of the L-G mark from 1946 to 1954 (page 321). Other sources place the start at 1936,and empirical evidence backs the earlier decade as a more correct date. In another instance, Toulouse (page 263) had Christian Ihmsenbringing his two sons into the business in 1850, when his sources placed the date at 1860.

Toulouse frequently miscopied dates from his sources. An example is his statement (page 132) that W. Cunningham & Co. changed itsname to Cunningham & Ihmsen in 1865; his sources both dated the change at 1857. Another example is when he placed Ihmsen’sretirement (page 120) at 1879; his source provides a date of 1878. Toulouse also contradicted himself such as when he placed the closingof Cunninghams & Co. at 1909 on page 99 but at 1907 on page 120. Since he was not specific as to his sources, we do not know which dateis correct. There are so many typographic errors in the book that most of his dates should be considered approximate.

He also missed the mark (pardon the pun) by accepting the identification of marks that apparently do not exist. Our research grouphas been unable to find several marks that are shown in Bottle Makers and Their Marks despite the use of archaeological databases, eBay,Internet searches, a large array of collectors networks, and numerous books and articles. These apparently bogus marks include IG onpage 264, attributed to the Illinois Glass Co., C. C. Co. (page 117), supposedly used by C. Conrad & Co. (their actual mark is much morecomplex and interesting), and five out of the nine marks on pages 268 and 269 that he claimed were used by the Illinois Pacific GlassCompany (or Corporation or Coast Co.). We have found only four marks used by the various incarnations of Illinois Pacific, one of whichhe did not list.

Another major failing of the work is the general exclusion of date codes and other marks on bottle bases and heels. These often providehelpful information and show specific dates of manufacture. In his introduction, he made it clear that he considered embossed numbersto be of little or no help in identifying or dating glass.

Bottle Makers and Their Marks is essential in any research into manufacturer’s marks, but its information should be compared with otherdata as well as checking the sources used by Toulouse wherever possible.

Herskovitz, Robert M.1978 Fort Bowie Material Culture. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Herskovitz only presented a short discussion (pages 7-11) about manufacturer’s marks and only those associated with beer bottles.However, his disagreement with some of Toulouse’s attributions and the assertion of alternative explanations makes this a worthwhileaddition to a research library. On pages 8 and 9, Heskovitz offered a table of 76 marks found at Fort Bowie (1862-1894) that included thebasemarks, the number of bottles or bases on which each mark was found, additional letters/numbers accompanying the marks, name ofthe manufacturer (where known), and date ranges. Many of his attributions, however, came from Toulouse.

Continued on Page 12

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Ayers, James E., William Liesenbien, Lee Fratt, and Linda Eure1980 Beer Bottles from the Tucson Urban Renewal Project, Tucson, AZ. Unpublished manuscript, Arizona State Museum Archives, RG5,Sg3, Series 2, Subseries 1, Folder 220.

This unpublished manuscript is beyond a doubt the best and most comprehensive study of beer bottles that has been undertaken todate. The authors deserve a standing ovation for every aspect of the research except their failure to publish. I postponed citing the studyin hopes of its publication, but it is time the work became more publicly known.

The study is divided into three untitled sections. The first of these, 60 pages in length, dealt with the history, variations, and manufac-turing techniques pertinent to beer bottles. This section was well presented and is a must-read for anyone researching beer bottles. Thesecond section (pages 1-44 plus five unnumbered pages) discussed specific manufacturing companies and the marks they used. Theauthors chose to present the information alphabetically by company instead of by mark. Although this makes it more difficult to locate aspecific mark, the company information is condensed into a single section.

The manufacturers section is very helpful in that it corrects, contradicts, and offers alternative explanations for many of the marks,dates, and information set forth in Toulouse (see above). For example, where Toulouse offered only two possible companies for the use ofthe M. G. Co. mark (neither of which fit the date range for the bottle style and manufacturing techniques), Ayers and associates listed fouradditional possibilities and discussed their likelihood. Of great importance, the authors included specific citations for their sources. Thisis most helpful in any serious study of marks.

The final section consisted of unnumbered pages with drawings of bottle shapes, finishes, and manufacturer’s marks. These aredetailed and include heel marks along with numbers and letters accompanying the marks themselves. This section is helpful but is notreferenced to the second section. I am certain the researchers intended to connect the two parts, but the report is incomplete in this respect.A final problem is that the references for the bottle section are not listed separately from those for the rest of the Tucson report.

Overall, this is a very important study, one that is almost essential for any subsequent research on beer bottles or any comprehensivestudy of bottle marks.

Giarde, Jeffery L.1980 Glass Milk Bottles: Their Makers and Marks. Time Travelers Press, Bryn Mawr, CA.

Giarde specialized in milk bottles and addressed 201 marks used on them. He followed the style used by Toulouse, cataloging themarks alphabetically. Along with dates and historical information, he also discussed specific points about milk bottle manufacture thatwas not pertinent to other containers produced by the same company. He frequently listed marks not found in Toulouse along with thepresence/absence of date codes and other marks specific to each company. He provided an especially comprehensive look at milk bottlesproduced by the Owens-Illinois Glass Co.

In a second section, Giarde addressed other marks (e.g. REGISTERED SEALED 1-11-14) and how to interpret them, pyroglazing (theapplied color labeling used after 1933), war slogans, patent numbers, other dating elements, and color. Giarde’s dates are frequentlyobtained empirically and are generally accurate, although he occasionally included marks and/or dates taken directly from Toulouse orPeterson. This is an excellent reference for anyone seeking information on milk bottles and their marks.

Wilson, Rex1981 Bottles on the Western Frontier. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Wilson’s section on manufacturer’s marks was restricted to Appendix A, pages 113-130, although he included brief references to themarks, identification, and date ranges throughout the text. Except for a very short discussion on marks found on ceramic bottles, thesection only discussed marks on bases of beer bottles found at Fort Union. Wilson explained, “The marks are depicted here because thebottles can be dated safely between 1863 and 1891 [the dates Fort Union was open]” (Wilson 1981:113). Wilson included no dates for eachmark but attributed them to factories in most cases. He illustrated each mark found on the site along with accompanying letters, numbers,and symbols. Wilson provided an excellent study of mark variation.

Roller, Dick1983 Standard Fruit Jar Reference. Privately published, n.p.

Although not a book about manufacturer’s marks, Roller’s fruit-jar identification manual deserves a place in the listing. The mainsection of the work used drawings, photos, and descriptions to identify different types of fruit jars and, where possible, to name themanufacturer and set the approximate date range. This is in alphabetical order by mark, maker, or name embossed on the fruit jar (e.g.STANDARD). In some cases, he included background information, although he did not cite his sources. Roller appended his book withsections of patents relating to fruit jars, relevant trademarks, biographical sketches of some “fruit jar pioneers,” and company histories ofthe Keystone Glass Works, Sheet Metal Screw Company, Mason Manufacturing Company, Consolidated Fruit Jar Company, Hero GlassWorks, Ball Brothers, Hazel Glass Company, and Kerr Glass Manufacturing Company. Unfortunately, he did not include an index.Although currently out of print and difficult to find, the book contains useful supplemental information.

Bibliography of Maker’s MarksContinued from Page 11

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Bethman, David1991 The Pioneer Drug Store: A History of Washington State Drug Stores and Their Bottles. Privately printed, n.p.

Although Bethman’s book is a study of Washington State drugstore bottles, he included a seven-page section on manufacturer’s marksfound on drugstore bottles. Bethman addressed 26 marks specific to drugstore bottles, many of which are absent from Toulouse. Others,like the six marks used by Whitall Tatum and Company are expansions on the Toulouse information. Although the book is difficult tofind, the information is well worth the effort if you are involved in the study of drugstore bottles.

Richardson, Lillian C., and Charles G. Richardson1992 The Pill Rollers: A Book on Apothecary Antiques and Drug Store Collectibles. Old Fort Press, Harrisonburg, VA.

The Richardsons only included a single page (page 162) that is pertinent to this bibliography. Their approach was to research dates formarks that identified pharmaceutical companies. They identified and dated 23 such marks and noted whether the marks were placed onbases, shoulders, or (in one case) sides of the bottles. Although only useful for pharmaceutical bottles, the list provides another level ofidentification available to researchers.

Creswick, Alice1995 The Fruit Jar Works, Vol. I, Listing Jars Made Circa 1820 to 1920’s. Douglas M. Leybourne, N. Muskegon, MI.

Although this book is very specialized (fruit jars, as the title stated), it is a great identification guide—an attempt to catalog every fruitjar made during the 1820-1920 period. This book could have been devised with archaeologists in mind (it was not) because of the way itis formatted. Almost every jar is illustrated, including the lids, bases, and reverse sides where embossing is present. This is ideal foranyone dealing with fragmentary glass as well as complete jars. Not only does Creswick include major variations, she shows even minordiscrepancies. For example, she shows illustrations of 21 variations in basal markings on one variety of Mason jar. In addition, sheprovides descriptions that included the identification of the manufacturer (when known) and the date range of production. She oftenidentified manufacturers and date ranges not found in other sources.

Creswick began her book with a brief history of canning and followed the identification section (the main body of the book) with anextensive appendix on patents and copyrights. A second appendix (although she did not use the term) was a 12-page list of fruit jarmanufacturers that included many entries not found in any other sources I have reviewed. She finished with a brief history of jar makersfrom Allegheny County, PA, in 1876 and historical sketches of several jar makers. My only complaint about the work is that it is out ofprint and quite expensive. The two-volume set is generally priced from ca. $275. I have been unable to obtain a review copy of Volume II(fruit jars after 1920), but I suspect it contains the same high-quality information.

Porter, Bill1996 Coke Bottle Checklist. Privately printed, n.p.

Porter operated in another specialty area—the “hobble-skirt” Coca-Cola bottle. On pages 3 to 6, he enumerated all manufacturer’smarks known to be found on Coke bottles along with specific information about marks that are only found on hobble-skirt bottles. Coca-Cola demanded that each manufacturer follow the Coke scheme for marking, so marks were sometimes different from those otherwiseused by the same companies (e.g. CHATT for Chattanooga Glass Co. instead of the usual Circle C mark) and were placed in differentlocations on the Coke bottles. He continued (pages 6-8) by providing other useful information specific to Coke bottles including a discus-sion of date codes and locations for all marks. Although a specialty area, Porter’s work is accurate and useful.

Whitten, David2004 “Glass Factory Marks on Bottles.” <http://www.myinsulators.com/glass-factories/bottlemarks.html>.

This is one of the most useful and well-maintained Web sites for researchers of manufacturer’s marks. Whitten has compiled anaccurate list alphabetically ordered by marks. Generally, the site contains minimal factory information, although Whitten occasionallyincludes longer discussions and provides links to other pages for additional information on selected companies. These pages are updatedon a regular basis. Unlike the other sources listed in this bibliography, this site is immediately accessible to almost anyone (requires acomputer and Internet access). For a fast and accurate identification of manufacturer’s marks, this is an excellent resource.

PostscriptIn 2003, a small research group gradually formed for the study of manufacturer’s marks, other marks on glass containers, and bottles

in general. The group has a mixed membership, composed of both archaeologists and bottle collectors, working together for a commongoal. Currently the group consists of Bill Lockhart, Bill Lindsey, Carol Serr, and David Whitten, with occasional input from Mike Miller.

The goals of the group are to correct many of the errors in Toulouse and other works and to locate information on marks that have notyet been identified. Within this process, we are also learning more about bottle making, what other marks on bottles can tell us, andinnovative forms of research. The primary reporting mechanism for the group is a column written by this author called “The DatingGame” which appears in each issue of Bottles and Extras, the quarterly journal of the Federation of Historic Bottle Collectors. Occasionalarticles will also appear in the SHA Newsletter and other publications. The eventual goal of the group is to produce a new book on marksfor use by archaeologists, collectors, and other interested researchers. At the time of this publication, the group has researched more than150 marks, frequently discovering new date ranges not comprehensively recorded by any other source. Our research sharply disagreeswith many of the previously-published data. In addition, we offer an element lacking in virtually all previous studies of marks—discus-sions on how we reached our conclusions. This allows the reader to decide whether to accept or reject our dates and identification.

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AFRICAReported by Kenneth Kelly

Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, Tanzania:During the 19th century when Zanzibar wasruled by Oman, large numbers of immi-grants from around the Indian Ocean andthousands of slaves from mainland Africawere arriving and interacting with eachother and the preexisting indigenous Swahilipopulation. Clove plantations were areaswhere many of these groups lived and in-teracted, but have so far been almost whollyignored by archaeologists.

In June 2003 the “Zanzibar Clove Plan-tation Survey 2003” directed by SarahCroucher, a Ph.D. student at the Universityof Manchester, carried out surveys in fourareas on the two main islands which com-prise the political area of Zanzibar (Zanzi-bar and Pemba islands). These were the firstsurveys which had ever been carried out inthe region with the intent to study 19th- andearly-20th-century sites, particularly thoserelating to clove plantations. In total 64 siteswere recorded which included abandonedvillages, plantation owners’ houses and slavesites, all dating to the 19th or early 20th cen-turies.

Following this in January and February2004 excavations were carried out at theplantation site of Mgoli on Pemba. This wasdirected by Sarah Croucher in conjunctionwith representatives from the Departmentof Archives, Museums, and Antiquities, Zan-zibar. The excavations investigated areasaround the large stone-built plantationowner’s house. These located a rubbish pitassociated with the house, and artifacts re-lating to the baraza or seating area aroundthe front of the house. Another trench lo-cated what was identified, through oral his-torical evidence, as a concubine’s house.

Finds included locally produced andimported ceramics, particularlyspongewares which were probably exportedfrom Scotland and the Netherlands. Glass-ware, beads, metal jewelry items, and bulletcartridges were also found at the site.

AUSTRALASIAReported by Alasdair Brooks

ASHA-AIMA Conference News: TheAustralasian Society for Historical Archae-ology (ASHA) and Australasian Institute for

Current Research

Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) held theirannual meetings at a joint conference in NewZealand between 24 and 27 September 2004,with the conferencetheme “Gold, Wars, andWhaling—Trans-TasmanConnections.” This wasthe fourth joint meetingbetween the two organi-zations, and the thirdASHA conference inNew Zealand. For thefirst time ever, the meet-ing was held at two ven-ues. The conference be-gan in Wellington, thecapital city of NewZealand, withpreconference field tripson 23 September, fol-lowed by two days of pa-pers at historic TurnbullHouse, opposite the NewZealand Parliament. Onthe evening of Saturdaythe 25th, a majority of theconference attendees then boarded the ferryto Picton on New Zealand’s South Island.After an all-day field trip through QueenCharlotte Sound on the 26th, another day ofpapers was held at the Yacht Club in Picton.

Unsurprisingly, the conference had aheavily nautical theme, with the first full daydevoted to papers relating to maritime andwhaling issues. Some presenters had trav-eled further than most with Tane Caserlyfrom the Carolinas, Brian Williams fromNorthern Ireland, and Susan Lebo fromHawai’i braving particularly bad cases of jetlag to make the trip to the southern tip ofthe North Island. The society AGMs fol-lowed. SHA members might be interestedto hear that ASHA President Neville Ritchiehas stepped down after five successful yearsin charge, and Susan Lawrence has beenelected in his stead. Susan Piddock waselected to the Vice-President position for-merly held by Susan Lawrence. Congratu-lations to both Susans.

At the end of the day, a particularly in-teresting tour was offered of the remains ofthe Inconstant, otherwise known as“Plimmer’s Ark.” This ship was wrecked inWellington Harbor in the late 1840s and wasturned into a warehouse and shop by localmerchant John Plimmer. Subsequent recla-mation of harborfront land (and an 1855

earthquake with a Richter magnitude of 8.2that raised the harbor land by a meter) ledto the city expanding around the ship, which

was never moved. Recent excavations haveled to the removal and preservation of muchof the remains of the ship, but a portion hasbeen left in situ under the escalator of a shop-ping center (itself converted from an historicbank building), with extensive public inter-pretation displays. The conference dinnerwas also held on Friday, at the Tugboat onthe Bay restaurant, which is—unsurprisingly—a converted tugboat on thebay.

The second day of the conference wasmore land oriented, with sessions devotedto gold, artifact studies, and New Zealand,before ending with two more maritime pa-

Turnbull House in Wellington.

View of central Wellington.

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pers on shipwrecks. Ilka Schacht’s paper ondetermining the significance of archaeologi-cal collections from historic sites, particularlyas regards Ilka’s survey of otherarchaeologist’s opinions on culling collec-tions, gave rise to a notable discussion. Thisemotive issue continues to spur debate.

Your correspondent was regrettably un-able to make the trip to the South Island–perhaps just as well given the reports ofrather choppy seas during the ferry cross-ing—and therefore missed the all-day fieldtrip to Queen Charlotte Sound and the finalmorning of papers (once again, both mari-time and land-based) in Picton.

The 2005 ASHA conference will be heldin Melbourne, VIC, with 2006 currentlyscheduled for Darwin, NT.

QueenslandCooktown Sewerage and Archaeology(Submitted by Gordon Grimwade): The de-cision to put in a sewer system for the farnorth Queensland port town of Cooktownhas offered a rare opportunity to furtherrecord the town’s archaeological history.Cooktown was permanently established in1873 as the port for the Palmer Goldfield. Itis probably better known, however, as theplace where Lt. James Cook organized re-pairs on HMB Endeavour after it hit a nearbyreef.

A survey of the entire town area was car-ried out by Gordon Grimwade, MartinRowney, and the traditional owners a fewmonths ago. It identified key areas of con-cern and all heritage-listed properties.

As a result, regular monitoring is under-taken in sensitive areas. Where the town’srare granite kerb and channelling has to becrossed the engineers will burrow under-neath and “thread” the pipes into position.The kerbing and channelling dates back tothe late 19th century when a Cornish stone-mason, a Mr. Pascoe, was contracted to un-dertake the work.

In the first stage of clearance work twowells lined with clay bricks were locatedright in the middle of a proposed seweragefeeder line. Rather than excavate and, in theprocess destroy, these important features thesewerage line was realigned and the wellsremain intact. It is uncertain who built thesewells but they are in an area known to havebeen used by Chinese market gardeners.

Northern TerritoryKnight’s Folly: An excavation at Knight’sFolly on the fringe of Darwin’s Central Busi-ness District, undertaken by Julie Mastin, hasnow run for several weeks. A confusing ar-ray of concrete slabs and footings hasemerged from the leaf mould (humus), sug-gesting that a lot of unrecorded building ac-

tivity took place on the site in addition tothe two houses known to have been erectedthere.

So far only one section of concrete pathcan be dated definitely. On 28 July a slabwas uncovered with a largely complete in-scription of the workmen’s initials and thedate 27-7-44, a day late of meeting the sixti-eth anniversary.

Mastin’s work on Knight’s Folly is likelyto become a factor in the NT Government’sproposed development of the Darwin CityWaterfront. This is a $600 million develop-ment of a convention and exhibition centeron now largely unused waterfront and in-dustrial areas. An Environmental ImpactStatement has been prepared for the NT De-partment of Infrastructure Planning & De-velopment and the selection of the preferredbidder for the development is expected bythe end of this year.

This is of particular interest to historicalarchaeologists as several important sites arewithin or adjoining the development area.As well as Knight’s Folly, the camp site ofGoyder’s landing for the 1869 survey andfounding of Darwin (then namedPalmerston) and WWII-period features suchas the naval fuel oil storage tunnels cut intothe escarpment above the port are likely tobe affected.

While recognition of sites of Aboriginaland European cultural heritage significanceis noted in the EIS, there are presently nodetails available on moves to be taken eitherto minimize damage or to appropriately in-corporate them into the development. Thiswill be an activity to be watched with inter-est over the months ahead.

Western AustraliaAugusta Fieldwork: The first systematic sur-vey of the 1830 settlement of Augusta inWestern Australia’s extreme southwest wascompleted in June and early July. This earlysettlement failed because of poor soil andsupply problems, and the region was virtu-ally uninhabited until the 1870s when thearea’s hardwood timbers attracted overseascompanies. Students from the University ofWestern Australia’s Centre for Archaeologydid the survey, and a small 175th Anniver-sary Grant from the Western AustralianGovernment funded the project.

Despite limited historical documenta-tion, poor visibility, and recent increasedtown development encroaching on possiblesite areas, archaeological remains from the1830s were found. The location of some set-tlers’ dwellings was already known, but sys-tematic survey of these areas brought to lightmore material remains not previously re-corded. The cellar of Turner’s house in Al-bany Terrace is enclosed by a fence, but

nearby (and previously unrecorded) werethe remains of a structure pad cut into theside of a moderately steep hill (most likelyfor the farm’s kitchen), a light but extensiveartifact scatter, and evidence of a cobbledpath. Further surveys and an excavation areplanned on this site in 2005.

Other previously unrecorded structuralremains were found consisting mostly ofstone house foundations. However, possiblebridge remains over an unnamed but per-manent brook was an unexpected discovery.The remains are close to the location of an1834 bridge, but further analysis is needed.No obvious “typical” bridge timbers (pylons,cross spans, etc.) are visible because of deepsoil and vegetable matter overlay, but waterpasses unhindered under this feature, andthere is no evidence of a fallen log nearby.If this is a bridge, preservation has been en-hanced because the permanent stream andoverlay most likely countered destruction bybushfire. In the Perth region, bushfire in-stead of flood was the main cause of bridgedamage in the Swan River Colony’s earlyyears.

The survey’s main aim was to documentarchaeological remains dating to the 1830s,but other unrecorded archaeological evi-dence dating to the area’s M. C. Davies tim-ber-milling era (1883 to 1907) in the form oftramway earthworks and the jetty at FlindersBay indicated other potential projects forstudy at honors or post-graduate level. Thesurvey’s results were presented to about 80Augusta Historical Society members at aspecial meeting in Augusta on 30 June. Fur-ther funded surveys and excavations areplanned for next year corresponding withthe town’s 175th anniversary of founding.

CANADA-QUÉBECReported by Allison Bain

Excavations at the Site of the Intendant’sPalace, Québec City 2004 (Submitted byMarie-Pier Desjardins, Catherine Lavoie,François Ponton and Marie-Annick Prévost):Excavations conducted at the site of theIntendant’s Palace since the beginning of the1980s have greatly contributed to our knowl-edge about one of the most important sitesof Nouvelle France during the 17th and 18thcenturies. The Intendant was responsible forall economic transactions. He decided whocame to the new colony, imported neededproducts, and managed all economic trans-actions with France. In the summer of 2004,thanks to financial support from the City ofQuébec, undergraduate and graduate stu-dents from Université Laval discovered thejoys and hardships of archaeology duringtheir spring field school, under the directionof professors Réginald Auger and Allison

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Bain.The excavations unearthed what was

presumed to be a latrine related to the Sec-ond Palace (1715-1760), indicated by the re-mains of a wooden structure surrounded byfour stone walls. The artifacts and ecofactsunearthed confirmed our suspicions. Bo-tanical remains, textiles, and leather shoeswere tremendously well preserved. Goblets,tumblers, mugs, glass bottles, Derbyshire-

style brown stoneware bottles, windowglass, pipes, utensils, blue shell-edged platesand, of course, creamware chamber potswere also recovered. The artifacts roughlydate the latrine to the late 18th and early 19thcenturies. However, the seemingly hugeamount of work to build such a sizeable com-plex, and the discovery of a small drain andpieces of wood buckets found at the bottomsuggest that the structure itself could havebeen built and initially used as a well. Adetailed sampling strategy ensured that sedi-ment samples were taken for botanical, en-tomological, zoological, micromorphologi-cal, and parasitological analyses.

On another area of the site, further west,a brick floor that supported two intact maltovens was unearthed. They were related tothe Boswell brewery built in 1886 and de-stroyed in the middle of the 20th century.Their astonishing preservation, combinedwith textual sources, shed light on the his-tory of the industrial economy of QuébecCity. Beneath the brick floor, stone struc-tures believed to be the remains of latrinesrelated to the Second Intendant’s Palacewere discovered. Built in 1726, the latrineswere drained by means of a channel coveredwith a stone arch. Finally, an alignment of

extremely well-preserved wooden posts (10-12 in. diameter) was also excavated. The lo-cation, organization, and assemblage of theposts suggest that they are the remains ofthe palisade which surrounded the FirstIntendant’s Palace in 1699. The excavationof the palisade and latrines located beneaththe malting ovens are the object of the 2005excavations.

For further reading see Moussette 1996,

Historical Archaeology 30(2):8-21. An 18th-century image of the Palace is available at<www.canadiana.org/citm/imagepopups/c000360_f.html> and the Québec Ministry ofCulture and Communications maintains asite on the Palace at <www.mcc.gouv.qc.ca/p a m u / c h a m p s / a r c h e o / p a r t e n a i /palais.htm>.

MEXICO, CENTRAL ANDSOUTH AMERICA

Reported by Pedro Paulo A. FunariPlease note a new email address for

Pedro Paulo A. Funari:<[email protected]>

Archaeology and Material Culture in anUrban Context, Bogotá, Colombia: MonikaTherrien, Jimena Lobo Guerrero, and FelipeGaitán have begun a study of civility andpolicy in Colonial Santafé de Bogotá. Begin-ning in May 2001, the project Material Cul-ture and Urban Space: Civility and Policy inColonial Santafé de Bogotá was designed asa long-term research program focused onhow a socially and ethnically diverse popu-lation such as that of the capital city of NewGranada developed a wide array of eco-

nomic, political, and cultural strategies inorder to confront, resist, or bend the Span-ish colonial model to its advantage. Al-though this study will eventually considerevidence ranging from the mid-16th centuryto the rise of the Republic of Colombia inthe early 19th century, the first stage of theproject, ending in December 2003 andfunded by the Fundación de InvestigacionesArqueológicas Nacionales (FIAN), only useddata from the first century following the es-tablishment of Santafé de Bogotá in 1538. Forthis period, the archaeologists analyzed his-torical and archaeological data to learn howlocal groups of very diverse cultural back-grounds interacted on a daily basis, adaptedor concealed their lifeways in order to main-tain their social preeminence, ascended thecolonial social ladder, or simply survived inan adverse cultural context. The first phaseof this research is centered on the anthropo-logical concept of the house and on the so-cial relations fostered within the physicalborders of colonial dwellings. Objects recur-rently found in local households between1550 and 1650 allowed the team to assess theextent to which Renaissance European ur-ban models had been adopted or trans-formed by both the Spanish and the indig-enous people composing the first genera-tions of residents of Santafé de Bogotá. Themethodological strategy concentrated re-search upon two socially distinctive areas ofwhat gradually became the urban core of thecity during the 16th and 17th centuries, andwhich are now part of the historical districtof La Candelaria. The first one, tradition-ally known as Pueblo Viejo (the Old Town),has often been identified by historians as apreexisting Muisca hamlet where the city ofSantafé had first been founded before beingrelocated to where it now stands; the sec-ond one refers to the carefully planned co-lonial urban grid stretching out from thePlaza Mayor, renamed Plaza de Bolivar, af-ter Independence.

In order to perform a comparative studyof these two presumably different historicalsites, the team carried out archaeological ex-cavations at eight properties of historicBogotá, recovering abundant material datathat were systematically compiled, analyzed,and contrasted with the information ob-tained from more than 200 notary recordsof the 16th and 17th centuries. The archaeo-logical analysis of both stratigraphic forma-tions and ceramic remains strongly suggestthat the site of Pueblo Viejo was not occu-pied before the Spanish conquest. On thecontrary, following a pattern that has fre-quently been noted in other Hispanic colo-nial settlements in South America, the PlazaMayor seems to have been laid out in an areashowing compelling evidences of humanactivity predating the Spanish invasion by

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at least 600 years. This may indicate that thesegregation process relegating people of in-digenous or poor mestizo origins to the ur-ban periphery is a rather late phenomenonwhich could have been reinforced by theconsolidation of 19th-century slums sur-rounding early Republican Bogotá.

Building upon these preliminary find-ings, archaeological excavations have justresumed in marginal areas of the colonialcity—namely the Santa Barbara neighbor-hood—that might help the archaeologists toget a better insight into the process of urbanconcentration of populations of Muisca de-scent. In addition, a careful analysis of thearchaeological material recovered in LaCandelaria has allowed the team to refinethe typological classification of local contact-period ceramics. The Guatavita Sherd Tem-pered Ware (Guatavita Desgrasante TiestosContacto) and the Sand Tempered ContactWare (Arenoso Contacto) are two recentlyidentified ceramic types sharing general sty-listic attributes but differing in some of theirmanufacturing aspects. While these ceramicware types still correspond to an indigenouspottery tradition, the patterns and colorsused in their painted decoration show someinnovative traits closely related to the emer-gence of new lifeways throughout the con-tact period. Thus, these types are not onlygood chronological markers of a specific timerange (ca. 1550-1600) but have also helpedrefute persistent ideas regarding the quickdisappearance of fine indigenous potteryright after the Spanish invasion.

Sixteenth- and 17th-century probate dataoffer a unique perspective on the configura-tion of new social relations within an earlycolonial center such as Santafé. A close ex-amination of the material possessions ofsome of the first Spanish, white SpanishAmericans, and Native Americans whosettled in the city show important changesin the furnishing of the colonial house thatsuggest new cultural postures that relate tospecific notions of civility. Furthermore, his-torical records provide archaeologists witha privileged perspective on the clothing con-cerns that ruled colonial life in early Bogotá.Clothing materiality is considered as a primemarker of cultural identity in the context ofan urban project where the basic systems ofcategorizations upon which the colonialworld rest are constantly being defied. Ac-cording to the team, Spanish immigrantsrarely owned sumptuous fabrics available incolonial Santafé. Rather, white SpanishAmericans (criollos) or even mestizosseemed fond of using expensive garmentsor textiles to contest the social superiority ofEuropean-born individuals. Correspond-ingly, up to the 17th century, basic indig-enous ways of dressing experienced littlechange in urban contexts. Yet, the fabrics

out of which Native Americans tailored theirtraditional outfits—mantles, skirts, waistbelts, and head belts—did diversify quickly,evidencing a quite fluid process of integra-tion of foreign textiles into native fashions.From this perspective, the house constitutesan extension of the individual’s body, onethat is meaningfully dressed and increas-ingly controlled according to rapidly chang-ing principles of civility.

Moving aside from the mere transposi-tion of European urban models to America—which has become a commonplace in thestudy of urbanism in the New World—theteam seeks to identify several of the compo-nents that structure the urban landscape andwhich allow them to observe different waysof building, ordering, transforming, andmodifying both the concept and the physi-cal appearance of the colonial city. As a re-sult, they suggest that concepts such as ci-vility and urban planning of the Renaissancehave been treated in local historiography ashomogenizing devices through which thecolonial past has been described as a staticprocess. This fits the marginalizing agendaconceived by the Spanish crown and theCatholic church as a means of preserving thepower structure upon which they both rest.Certain sectors of the academy have beensuccessful in transmitting versions of thepast that constantly reproduce a historic sta-tus quo that has frequently limited the un-derstanding of colonial records. Yet, histori-cal archaeology has contributed to developan analytical approach that questions long-standing categories that may not fit the con-crete social situations that anthropologistsseek to understand.

Historical Archaeology at Atacama Plateau,Southern Andes, Argentina: Since 1989, aresearch team from the School of Archaeol-ogy, National University at Catamarca (Ar-gentina) directed by Alejandro F. Haber (Na-tional Council for Scientific and Technologi-cal Research and National University atCatamarca), has undertaken a series of stud-ies on the archaeology and history of theAtacama Plateau (Southern Andes). Inter-est is focused particularly on the reproduc-tion strategies of the local peasant indig-enous communities. With regard to the his-toric period, a series of studies about theparticular problems that arose in the 16thand 17th centuries (early colonial period),18th century (colonial period), 19th century(Bolivian and Chilean republican period)and 20th century (Argentinean period) havebeen developed. The research on the earlycolonial period (National University atCatamarca Project “Archaeological Researchof the Agricultural Limits of the Oases ofAntofalla,” 1999-2005) was mainly carriedout at the Tebenquiche Chico site and fo-

cused on the characteristics of the settlement,economy, and social reproduction of the in-digenous groups in the context of the grow-ing Alto Peru colonial pressure. An outcomeof the research is the finding that the habita-tion of the site involved reconstruction of thehouses and the hydraulic systems dating tothe first millennium A.D. occupation. Thosereconstructions suggest that the occupationwas not a result of random or unplannedsettlement. Instead, the location of the vil-lage allowed for some agricultural and peas-ant activities, as well as vicuña hunting,whose fine wool was highly appreciated inthe early colonial market. The indigenousgroups who inhabited the site were able toorientate their economy to the colonial mar-ket while maintaining a relatively high de-gree of autonomy regarding productionstrategies and recreation of the social inter-action on a local scale, far away from the ar-eas of main colonial stress. Carolina Lemahad dedicated her degree thesis(“Tebenquiche Chico during the 16th and17th centuries,” 2004, National University atRosario) to study this issue. Research on the18th century focused on the Nuestra Señorade Loreto de Yngaguassi, San Antonito yAgua Salada gold mining villages(Antorchas Fund Project 14116/167: “En-clave Landscapes in the Antofalla Area,Atacama plateau, second half of the secondMillennium AD,” 2002). Through architec-tural surveying, mapping, and stratigraphicsequencing of the walls, the chronology ofgrowth of the architectural compounds andthe villages as a whole were reconstructed.By the mid-18th century, the residential unitswere spatially linked to different small driftsand, furthermore, each unit had its own mill-ing and foundry implements. This seems toshow, contrary to traditional historical nar-ratives, that management and control of pro-ductive technology was in indigenoushands. Furthermore, this has led to recon-sideration of the traditional interpretation ofYngaguassi as a village founded by the pre-Hispanic Inca state. Later colonial attemptsto establish control over gold production isevidenced, particularly in Yngaguassi, by theconstruction of the church and the villagerearrangement. These attempts ended withthe uprising in 1775, when the indigenousinhabitants expressed clearly their desire forautonomy and eradication of the Spaniards.Research on the mining structures of the 19thcentury was carried out in 1997 and 2002(Antorchas Foundation Project 14116/167:“Enclave Landscapes in the Antofalla Area,Atacama plateau, second half of the secondMillennium AD,” 2003). Three mines dat-ing to the Bolivian republic period of occu-pation of the Atacama Plateau (1825-1879)were detected. One of them, located on aslope of the Volcán Antofalla, was active

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during the 1850s and early 1860s. Initially,the Volcancito structures were constructednear the silver deposits, which could be ex-ploited with minimal technological invest-ment; this suggests indigenous miners couldhave controlled production. By the end ofthe 1850s, probably as the result of financ-ing by an Argentinean merchant, a mineral-processing factory was built in the Antofallacanyon. As a result the volume of silver thatcould be processed increased, and ore oflesser quality could be extracted and pro-cessed. It was unlikely, regarding the mag-nitude of the economic inversion in the con-struction and operation of the “Trapiche deAntofalla,” that the indigenous peasantscould have maintained the control of themining production. Instead, this case showsthe progressive capitalist expansion over thepeasant indigenous communities, in timesof formation of a national bourgeoisie. Theliterary representations of the Atacama Pla-teau from the 19th and early 20th centurieswere also researched, in search of the ori-gins of themes such as extreme marginalityand radical otherness that can persist in thegeographic and archaeological literature ofrecent decades.

MIDDLE EASTReported by Uzi Baram

Cyprus During the summer of 2003, the Institute ofNautical Archaeology at Texas A&M Uni-versity began conducting underwater sur-veys off the southern coast of Cyprus, in thearea of Episkopi Bay and the Akrotiri Pen-insula. The project is part of the Universityof Cincinnati excavations at the Late BronzeAge settlement of Episkopi-Bamboula, nearthe prominent Greco-Roman site of Kourion.Permission for the project comes from theDepartment of Antiquities, Cyprus, whilefunding and logistical support are graciouslyprovided by RPM Nautical Foundation ofFlorida.

Archaeologists hope to determine theextent and nature of commerce and contactsin this important area of the island through-out its long history. In addition to numer-ous ancient ceramics, the project has uncov-ered a pair of Ottoman clay smoking pipebowls. They were found wedged into cracksin the rocky reefs not far from shore, only 3m deep. The two pipe bowls are very simi-lar in both style and decoration, and prob-ably date to the same period. Though partof the flaring bowl of one pipe is missing, itis clear that both are lily-shaped, a form com-mon from the mid-19th century. They aremade of reddish medium-fine clay, and ex-hibit spherical sockets with internal diam-eters of approximately 1.6 cm.

No characteristic makers’ marks werefound on these pipes, an interesting obser-vation since very few of those examples dat-able to this period excavated in Greece lack

such a monogram, usually located at the jointof the shank and bowl. In his study of theCypriot collections, Uzi Baram has noted thepreponderance of mass-produced pipes, eas-ily distinguished from smaller-scale local-ized production by their makers’ marks. Thedecorative elements adorning the bowls,however, do provide useful material forcomparison. Both are impressed at the keel-bowl joint, one with a common rosette andthe other with a radiant dot. The stem sock-ets are decorated by three bands of short in-cised lines, a pattern of rouletting typical onpipes throughout the Ottoman Empire.Around the flaring bowl, sets of 10 round ordiamond dots are arranged in a triangularpattern similar to bowling pins, while a rou-lette of diamonds encircles the bowl belowthe rim. There are no good parallels for thetriangularly oriented dots at the prominentexcavated Ottoman sites in Greece orIstanbul; the closest comparable pipe comesrather from Palestine. Indeed, the lack ofcharacteristic makers’ marks on these pipesalso hints at a production model more in linewith what Baram noted among the Palestin-ian collections, namely regional and local

workshops (Submitted by JustinLeidwanger, Institute of Nautical Archaeol-ogy, Texas A&M University).

UNDERWATER (Worldwide)Reported by Toni Carrell

BrazilCentro de Estudos de Arqueologia Náuticae Subaquática (CEANS): CEANS is locatedat the Center for Strategic Studies, CampinasState University (NEE/UNICAMP). Underthe direction of Gilson Rambelli, the organi-zation has carried out several projects in un-derwater archaeological research in Brazil,in partnership with numerous local institu-tions. The “Survey of underwater culturalheritage at Pernambuco” and “Underwaterarchaeology at Saint Peter and Saint Paul”were joint projects with the Federal RuralUniversity at Pernambuco (UFRPE). AnaNascimento and Sueli Luna, with theOceanário Pernambuco, participated as well.

CEANS is active in the Amazon basin,working in collaboration with the EmílioGoeldi Museum at Pará; on the south coastof Rio de Janeiro State with Vera Guapindaiaand Edithe Pereira; at Angra dos Reis withRio de Janeiro State University (UERJ) andthe director of its Anthropology Laboratory,Nanci Vieira Oliveira, and with Oceanus(Natureza & Imagem Produções); at Pirajuin São Paulo State with the Archaeologicaland Ethnological Museum, and with Projparand José Luiz de Morais; on the south coastof São Paulo State with Ibama (BrazilianWildlife Authority), and the Lower RibeiraValley Project, University of São Paulo, withMaria Cristina Mineiro Schatamacchia.

CEANS is also part of a research groupon historical archaeology led by ProfessorPedro Funari at NEE/UNICAMP. Thisgroup is recognized as a leading researchteam by the Brazilian National Science Foun-dation (<www.cnpq.br>).

For more information on CEANS, con-tact Gilson Rambelli, Centro de Estudos deArqueologia Náutica e Subaquática-CEANS,do Núcleo de Estudos Estratégicos-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brasil, CEP,13083-970; Phone/Fax + (5519) 3788-7790;Email: <[email protected]>.

Dominican RepublicMonte Cristi Shipwreck Project: From 2June to 28 August 2003, archaeologists, vol-unteers, and students from the Universityof San Diego (USD) joined in the seventhexcavation season of the “Pipe Wreck,” anorthern European merchant shipwreck thatlies in Monte Cristi Bay on the north coast ofthe Dominican Republic. The field seasonhad two objectives; the first was to excavate

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the southwestern portion of the site to de-termine a southern boundary of artifact dis-persal. Year after year the wreck continuesto yield thousands of clay pipe fragmentsand ceramic sherds, with no decrease inquantities to suggest a distribution perim-eter. The region selected for this year’s ex-cavation was the extension of an area ex-plored in 2001, where it was evident thatprevailing winds and currents dispersed anddeposited the cargo during wrecking.

The second objective was to further in-vestigate a distribution of iron cooking caul-dron fragments on the shallow reef north-west of the site. These artifacts, found byteam members in 2001, matched well a vari-ety of pieces recovered from the wreck inpast seasons. Even salvors from the early1980s chronicled cauldrons and cauldronfragments scattered about the western por-tion of the wreck. If the pieces on the reefwere, indeed, remnants of the ship’s cargo,their presence suggests that the vessel toreopen its starboard hull while trying to enterMonte Cristi Bay.

One thousand two hundred and twenty-seven pipes were recovered during the 2003campaign. Of these, 93% had bulbous bowls,a type popular among continental Europe-ans; the remaining 7% were a funnel elbow-angled (FEA) variety, a European-manufac-tured trade item that was popular amongNative Americans of the Upper HudsonRiver Valley. Both forms are clearly of Dutchmanufacture. Three bulbous-bowled pipeswere anomalous to the cargo and likely ofEnglish manufacture. One, a somewhatmore crudely fashioned red clay pipe, ispresently under examination to determineif it might have been produced in the NewWorld, such as contemporary native-madepipes excavated from Port Royal, Jamaica.

Three principal ceramic types character-ize the wreck cargo: Rhenish stoneware fromGermany and two varieties of glazed earth-enware that likely had their origins in Hol-land. Fragments of Westerwald pottery aswell as green-glazed and orange-glazedwares were also recovered but in such smallquantities that they may have been ship’swares as opposed to merchandise.

Among the organic artifacts were 1,128wood fragments, of which 514 were ofroughly uniform size and charred. Untilnow, such burnt fragments were thought toindicate a fire onboard ship (a still-viablehypothesis); however, they are presentlyconsidered part of a cargo of charcoal. Sev-enteenth-century Dutch West India Com-pany correspondence often notes cargoes ofcharcoal for their ships in the Caribbean. Arepresentative sample of this carbonizedwood is being prepared for analysis in 2004.One piece of charred rope (probably rig-ging), was also raised.

Conch shells (Strombus sp.) found on thenorthern and southwestern portions of thesite were initially regarded as intrusive de-bris until it was noticed that the third spi-raled whorl in several specimens had beenpenetrated by a sharp, narrow object. Sev-enteenth-century Dutch West India Com-pany records occasionally mention barrelsof conch that were shipped from the Carib-bean to New Netherland, or present-dayNew York. In light of the archaeological andhistorical data, these shells are consideredpart of the vessel foodstuffs. Four such arti-facts are sitting in a freshwater tank at theUniversity of San Diego, awaiting furtherexamination.

Three to five summer seasons of excava-tion remain. A tentative final publicationdate is 2007, but this may well extend to 2009.Laboratory conservation of the Monte CristiShipwreck Project artifacts is ongoing by theONPCS staff and will likely extend past thelatter date. For more information contact Dr.Jerome L. Hall, University of San Deigo,Email: <[email protected]>.

Turks and Caicos IslandsShips of Discovery: Despite HurricaneFrancis, Ships of Discovery and the Turks &Caicos National Museum (TCNM) mounteda search for the slave ship Trouvadore from28 August through 11 September 2004. Theshipwreck holds particular historical signifi-cance for the British territory of 25,000 be-cause nearly all of the native islanders to-day are likely to have ties by blood or mar-riage to the survivors of the 1841 wreckingevent. The ship and its story is even moreunusual because all 193 slaves made it toshore and all but one survived to see theirfreedom granted by the British government,which outlawed slavery in 1834.

The first hint of the ship’s existence camein 1993 when Grethe Seim, late founder ofthe National Museum, and Dr. Donald H.Keith were looking through records of arti-facts at the Smithsonian Institution in Wash-ington, D.C. A document mentioned twowooden African idols from a shipwreck. Asit turned out, the idols were not African butKava-Kava figures from Easter Island, likelymementos brought by Spanish or Portu-guese sailors engaged in the slave trade inthe Pacific. Additional archival research inBritain, Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas and theUnited States all pointed to the wreck loca-tion as Breezy Point on the desolate northcoast of East Caicos Island and the ship’sname as Trouvadore.

Because the 3-mile-long survey area wasalong a shallow fringing reef and inshorelagoon, a combination of GPS-guided toweddivers and the use of DPVs to examine nar-row fingers were used. The clear, shallowwater permitted the survey team, under the

direction of Donald Keith, to identify fourshipwrecks, one of which is a modern yacht,and three other locations indicating possiblestrandings. One of the sites is a wooden-hulled sailing ship that could date to themiddle or late 1800s. Preliminary photo-graphic and mapping documentation wascompleted at the site but no identificationwas possible given the limited hull remainsexposed above the sea floor.

The project was licensed and supportedby the government of the TCI and representsan important precedent because it is the firstprofessional scientific survey conducted inthe islands. Ships of Discovery and theTCNM plan to submit an application to thegovernment of the TCI to continue the sur-vey and to conduct test excavation at thewooden-hulled sailing ship site in the future.

The team included: Jason Burns, Geor-gia State Underwater Archaeologist; JamesHunter, US Naval Historical Center; NigelSadler, director of the TCNM; JackieMulligan, communications for the TCNM;Anders Seim, Trustee for the TCNM; MitchRolling of Blue Water Divers; Lavardo Tal-bot, TCI Government Department of Envi-ronment and Coastal Resources; and RandelDavis, Donald Keith, and Toni Carrell ofShips of Discovery. The crew of the Turks &Caicos Explorer, which served as the supportboat on-site, played an active role in the sur-vey. The team also included the award-win-ning filmmakers of Windward Media, whoare making a documentary for PBS televi-sion. Funding support was provided by acombination of private donors, resort devel-opers, and the islands’ hotel and tourismassociation and tourism board. For moreinformation on the project visit<www.slaveshiptrouvadore.com>.

U.S.A.-MassachusettsStellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctu-ary: The sanctuary had a very busy 2004 ar-chaeological field season. Designated in1992, the sanctuary encompasses 842 squaremiles of ocean and bottomland in Massachu-setts Bay and is the repository of numerousmaritime heritage resources, including ship-wrecks. Sanctuary archaeologists and staffconducted four field projects, which rangedin scope from deepwater remote sensingsurveys to scuba diving investigations. Thesummer season began in June and July witha six-day remote sensing survey with sidescan sonar onboard the NOAA ship NancyFoster. The research focused on determin-ing the extent of the debris field around thewrecks of the steamship Portland and schoo-ners Frank A. Palmer/Louise B. Crary as wellas examining multibeam targets. This sur-vey ultimately located six new shipwrecksin the sanctuary, which appear to be awooden barge, a 20th-century fishing ves-

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sel, a wooden sailing ship, and three piles ofcoal. This project was made possiblethrough support from NOAA’s MaritimeHeritage Program.

In July the sanctuary conducted a two-day research cruise on board the Universityof Connecticut’s vessel R/V Connecticut, inconjunction with the annual sanctuary-spon-sored Aquanaut Program, and investigatedfour shipwrecks. The Aquanaut Programbrings together teachers, students, and sci-entists in real- world marine science projects.The National Undersea Research Center atthe University of Connecticut (NURC-UCONN) provided the investigation’s pri-mary research tool, the remotely operatedvehicle (ROV) Hela. The primary target ofthis project was the coal schooner Frank A.Palmer. This survey investigated theschooner’s stern section and learned moreabout the vessel’s overall condition. Theteam also located and imaged the schooner’spartially intact steering wheel along withartifacts from the captain’s cabin such as histoilet and sink. In addition to the Frank A.Palmer, the project investigated three othershipwrecks: a wooden-hulled sailing shipwith a cargo of granite pavers located ear-lier in the summer, a wooden-hulled sailingvessel with a cargo of coal, and a wooden-hulled eastern-rigged fishing vessel.

Throughout July and August 2004, sanc-tuary archaeologists documented the coalschooner Paul Palmer to obtain a better un-derstanding of the site’s archaeological fea-tures. Using scuba equipment, the research-ers visited the site with tape measures, slates,and underwater still and video cameras torecord the sunken schooner. The projectdivers collected information that will helppositively identify the site as Paul Palmer andestablish its archaeological significance. Thedivers used a variety of vessels to reach thesite including the R/V Gannet and thesanctuary’s newest vessel, the R/V Sentinel.Divers obtained 100% video coverage, whichwill be used for the management and inter-pretation of the site to the public. Thisproject was also made possible through sup-port from NOAA’s Maritime Heritage Pro-gram. Additional assistance was suppliedby NOAA’s Maritime Archaeology Centerand the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary.

During three days in September 2004 thesanctuary, in conjunction with NURC-UCONN, returned to the steamship Portlandto continue the site documentation begun in2002. Project personnel used the NURC-UCONN remotely operated vehicle (ROV)Hela to gather digital still and video imag-ery of the shipwreck. The investigation fo-cused on photographing Portland’s maindeck as part of an ongoing project to assess,study, and interpret the shipwreck for thepublic. This project was also made possible

through support from NOAA’s MaritimeHeritage Program. For more informationabout the sanctuary and its maritime heri-tage projects contact sanctuary archaeologistDeborah Marx at <[email protected]>.

U.S.A.-OklahomaRed River Wreck Project: The Institute ofNautical Archaeology at Texas A&M Uni-versity and the Oklahoma Historical Soci-ety conducted additional work on a wreckin the Red River of Oklahoma under the di-

rection of Dr. Kevin Crisman of Texas A&Massisted by John Davis of the Oklahoma His-torical Society. Crisman has identified thewreck as that of the Heroine which sank in1838 after hitting a snag a few miles from itsdestination. The 140-ft.- long single-enginesteamboat was carrying a cargo includingmilitary stores for the U.S. garrison at FortTowson, Choctaw Nation (Oklahoma). TheHeroine’s home port was apparently Cincin-nati where she had taken on government-contract supplies including barrels of saltpork, candles, beans, and flour.

Archaeological work onthe wreck was begun withinitial recording and recon-naissance in 2001 and 2002and with major investigationsof the stern of the wreck tak-ing place in 2003 and continu-ing this year with additionalwork on the stern and drivemachinery. The work thisseason included six weeks ofexcavation and recording inJuly and August followed byan additional two weeks inOctober. Unusually robustflow in the Red River im-peded progress to some de-gree, but excavation and re-cording of the stern one-thirdof the wreck was completedincluding excavation of thewell-preserved port hull andProject Director Kevin Crisman (in water) with stirrup.

Oklahoma Historical Society Board of Directors during visit to Red River project. Dive platformis in background. John Davis and Kevin Crisman of the project team are on far right.

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an intact section of the port guard. Substan-tial progress was also made on the excava-tion and recording of the vessel’s drive ma-chinery.

The focus of the project continues to bethe excavation and documentation of thevessel, which is the earliest Western rivers’steamboat to receive intensive archaeologi-cal study. Artifacts recovered from thewreck continue to be few in number and in-clude remnants of the cargo in the form ofbarrels of salt pork, cargo-handling toolssuch as hand trucks and tackle, ships’ fur-nishings such as stove pipe and a wash ba-sin, and crew possessions such as boots andshoes. Information and artifacts from thewreck will be utilized in major exhibits inthe currently under construction OklahomaMuseum of History and at a future facilitynear the wreck site at the Fort Towson His-toric Site. This project is funded by the Okla-homa Historical Society through an ISTEAgrant from the Oklahoma Department ofTransportation. Additional support is pro-vided by the Institute of Nautical Archaeol-ogy.

Meetings of Interest19-21 Feburary 2005. 16th Annual Sym-

posium on Maritime Archaeology and His-tory of Hawai’i and the Pacific. The confer-ence will be held at the Pacific Beach Hotel,Honolulu, HI. For more information visitthe Web site: <www.mahhi.org>, Email:<[email protected]>.

ACUA Photo CompetitionThe Advisory Council on Underwater

Archaeology invites all SHA members toparticipate in the annual ArchaeologicalPhoto Festival Competition to be held at thenext SHA Conference on Historical and Un-derwater Archaeology. Entries must be re-ceived by 1 December 2004. Results of thejudging and selected images will be dis-played during the next SHA Conference onHistorical and Underwater Archaeology tobe held in York, England, 5-9 January 2005.Details, fees, and entry forms can be down-loaded from the SHA Web site. Note thatentries from the UK and EU should be sentto Chris Underwood while entries from theWestern Hemisphere should go to ToniCarrell. Contact information for Chris andToni can be found on the entry form.

U.S.A.-MID-ATLANTICReported by Ben Resnick

VirginiaSummer 2004 Field Investigations at Struc-ture #112, New Towne, Jamestown Island:Between June and August 2004, ColonialNational Historical Park volunteers and stu-

dents under the direction of National ParkService archaeologist Dr. Andrew Veechconducted circumscribed excavations atStructure #112 on Jamestown Island, JamesCity County, VA. The goal of the archaeo-logical investigation was to determinewhether or not the forecourt, extending fromthe south-facing (riverfront) façade of Struc-ture #112, had been enclosed by a fence dur-ing the 1680s and 1690s. Tangible evidencefor such a late-17th-century forecourt enclo-sure fence would be a most important find,for it would lend credence to the theory thatStructure #112 had served as the final state-house of the Virginia colony, prior to the1699 movement of the colonial capital fromJamestown to Williamsburg.

All scholars conversant withJamestown’s colonial architecture acknowl-edge Structure #112 as a building of greatcivic and architectural importance. Withbrick foundations measuring 51 × 33 ft.,Structure #112 stands as the largest single-unit dwelling house yet discovered amongstthe buried ruins of 17th-century Jamestown.The structure is also generally recognized asthe home for two of the most powerful, in-fluential, and longest-serving 17th-centuryVirginia governors: Sir John Harvey (in of-fice from 1630-1635, 1637-1639) and Sir Wil-liam Berkeley (in office from 1642-1652, 1660-1677). The controversy surrounding Struc-ture #112 relates to its potential civic func-tions during the 1680s and 1690s, namely itspossible role as colonial statehouse.

Colonial Virginia’s legislative body, theBurgesses, periodically assembled atJamestown to conduct official business, con-vening in buildings large enough to housethe entire assembly. The Burgesses first con-vened in 1619 inside the Jamestown church,qualifying that building as Virginia’s firststatehouse. Three additional Jamestownbuildings subsequently served as Virginia’sstatehouse prior to 1699. However, neitherthe identity of those three other statehousesnor their respective order of legislative ser-vice has been worked out to unanimousscholarly satisfaction, despite years of scru-tiny of the matter.

Among the many foundations unearthedover the years on Jamestown Island, twohold the strongest likelihood for having beenthe fourth and final of Jamestown’s colonialstatehouses (i.e., that serving as statehousefrom 1663-1698): Structure #112 and Struc-ture #144. Both structures were standingand in use during this period, and the sur-viving foundations of both conform reason-ably to the expected layout of thestatehouse’s ground floor (derived from pe-riod documents). Thus, the task of accu-rately identifying the final Jamestown state-house has not been easy, as the physical anddocumentary evidence pertaining to both

Structures #112 and #144 has been sugges-tive, but not clear cut. A fresh avenue of ar-chitectural inquiry into the two structurestherefore had to be identified and pursued,so that research into Jamestown’s final state-house could progress.

Recently, Dr. Cary Carson of the Colo-nial Williamsburg Foundation identified justsuch a new research avenue-namely, abalustraded fence of “railes & banisters,”which records indicate was built in 1685 (andrepaired in 1691) to enclose the statehouseforecourt. Prior to 2004, no archaeologistshad bothered to search for such abalustraded fence, either at Structure #112or at Structure #144. So, in an effort to re-solve Jamestown’s final statehouse quan-dary, archaeologist Andrew Veech (NPS) setout this past June to demonstrate either thepresence or absence of a fence enclosing theriverfront yard of Structure #112. The find-ings of Veech’s dig cannot be deemed con-clusive. Nevertheless, those findings do in-crease the likelihood that Structure #112 is,in fact, Jamestown’s final statehouse. Theonus now rests on Structure #144 to elicitsome compelling, new evidence. A concisedescription of Veech’s Summer 2004 exca-vation at Structure #112 follows.

Structure #112 was initially discoveredand excavated by NPS archaeologist Dr. JohnCotter in 1954 and 1955. Cotter’s 1958Jamestown Island base map plots Structure#112, and that entire base map has since beendigitized and geo-referenced into ColonialNational Historical Park’s GIS database.Enlisting the aid of park GIS coordinatorDave Frederick, Veech first relocated thesoutheast corner of Structure #112 and sub-sequently relocated the structure’s porchtower and southwest corner. Having thuspinpointed several of Structure #112’s keyreference points, Veech and his crew feltsufficiently oriented to commence their 2004excavations.

Working on the premise that 17th-cen-tury fence lines often stretch from buildingcorners, an initial series of excavation unitswas extended southward at a 90º angle fromthe southwest corner of Structure #112. Thearea south of the southwest corner was se-lected for initial exploration rather than thatsouth of the southeast corner, because thelatter appeared to have heavily disturbed bya drainage ditch, as discerned from the Struc-ture #112 HABS drawing. Much of the areaeventually explored by Veech in 2004 hadalready been excavated by Cotter in 1954-1955 and a Colonial Williamsburg crew in1993. Thus, the standard stratigraphic pro-file encountered consisted of archaeologicalbackfill underlain by clay subsoil. Once thearchaeological backfill was removed fromthese study areas, the underlying subsoilwas carefully troweled to expose any fea-

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tures indicative of an enclosure fence.A series of aligned fence posthole fea-

tures were uncovered and mapped by Veechand his crew in summer 2004, and thesepostholes very well may be the survivingvestiges of the “railes & banisters” fencementioned in the records of 1685/1691. Run-ning for a distance of 24. ft due south fromthe southwest of Structure #112, excavatorsuncovered a line of four massive (ca. 24 in.diameter) postholes, regularly positioned on8-ft. centers. A crosssection of one of thesefour posts revealed it descending more than3 ft. into the subsoil and terminating in ashallow basin.

This south-running fence line, comprisedof postholes placed at 8-ft. (or approximately8-ft.) centers, continues for more than 100 ft.beyond these initial four large postholes.However, these subsequent postholes palein comparison to the first four, averagingonly 8 to 12 in. in diameter. Upon finallyreaching the colonial road (aka “BackStreet”) and the edge of the colonial prop-erty lot, this north-south line of smaller di-ameter postholes abruptly turns eastwardand hugs the edge of the road. No large cor-ner post signaled this shift in the fence’s ori-entation. Postholes comprising this east-west, street-front fence line appear neitheras straight nor as regularly spaced as thepostholes comprising the north-south fenceline extending from the southwest corner ofStructure #112. Nonetheless, these east-westpostholes, too, measure between 8 and 12 in.in diameter and are spaced at roughly 8-ft.centers.

Subsequent excavations extending southfrom the southeast corner of Structure #112exposed a second line of four massive (ca.24 in. diameter) postholes on 8-ft. centers,extending 24 ft. from the structure’s cornerand precisely mirroring the posthole align-ment found extending 24 ft. south from thestructure’s southwest corner. While not ir-refutable, these two parallel fence lines arethe best evidence found to date of the “railes& banisters” associated with Jamestown’slast statehouse. The lack of anarchaeologically obvious east-west crossfence, running 51 ft. across the length ofStructure #112 to connect these two fencesegments is troubling, and forces a cautiousappraisal of these new archaeological discov-eries. But until the time when equal or bet-ter fencing evidence arises at Structure #144,the weight of evidence for the final state-house now seems to rest with Structure #112.

Two other notable finds also came tolight in the Structure #112 re-investigationof Summer 2004. Firstly, a definitive line ofnorth-south-running structural posts wastraced and plotted just east of the H-shapedhearth of Structure #158. These posts repre-sent the eastern exterior wall of Structure

#158, which some scholars reason to be Gov-ernor Berkeley’s “private apartment.” Sec-ondly, a 44-in.-diameter, brick-lined wellwas discovered about 10 ft. south-southwestof the southwest corner of Structure #112’sporch tower. The upper 5 ft. of this well wastested, and the recovered artifacts suggest afourth-quarter-of-the-17th-century in-filling.Perhaps this well (aka Structure #174) wasin-filled in 1677 or 1678, following the de-struction of Structure #112 by NathanielBacon.

U.S.A.-MIDWESTReported by Lynn Evans

IllinoisNew Philadelphia (submitted by Christo-pher C. Fennell): In the summer of 2004, acollaborative project of the University ofMaryland’s Center for Heritage ResourceStudies, the Illinois State Museum’s Researchand Collections Center, the Department ofAnthropology at the University of Illinois,Urbana-Champaign, the History Depart-ment of the University of Central Florida,and the New Philadelphia Associationhosted the first Summer Fieldschool in Ar-chaeology and Laboratory Techniques at thesite of New Philadelphia, IL. This fieldschoolwas sponsored by the National ScienceFoundation’s Research Experiences for Un-dergraduates Program, and was conductedfrom 25 May through 30 July.

This fieldschool is part of a long-term,collaborative research project to study thegrowth and eventual demise of the town ofNew Philadelphia, known for its compellingand nationally significant character as theearliest town founded by an African Ameri-can in the antebellum United States. FrankMcWorter was the town founder and anAfrican American who had earlier hired outhis own time and established a saltpetermining operation while enslaved in Ken-tucky. With the money he earned, he pur-chased his freedom, and in the early 1830sacquired lands in a sparsely populated areaknown as Pike County, IL, situated in therolling hill region between the Illinois andMississippi Rivers. He founded the town ofNew Philadelphia in 1836, subdivided it, andsold lots. McWorter used the revenue fromthese sales to purchase the freedom of addi-tional family members. Both whites andblacks purchased property in New Philadel-phia and the town existed as a demographi-cally integrated community well into the20th century. By the 1880s the town was dis-solved as a legal entity, and by the early 20thcentury only a few houses survived. Today,all of the buildings of the town are gone, andthe landscape is covered with prairie grassesand agricultural fields.

Without visible signs of the preexisting

landscape features, the archaeological re-search team used historic and topographicmaps and aerial photographs to map thecontours of the town site onto the currentlandscape. In 2002 and 2003, local farmersplowed the fields and a systematic, archaeo-logical walkover survey of the town site wasconducted. The walkover survey locatedover 7,000 artifacts, including pieces of ce-ramics, window glass, and nails, in discreteconcentrations that indicated the locationand remains of domestic houses and com-mercial enterprises dating from the 19th andearly 20th centuries.

An archaeological fieldschool was con-ducted this summer, which included geo-physical surveying and excavations.Michael Hargrave (CERL, Army Corps ofEngineers) supervised electric resistivity andelectromagnetic surveys at the site. Subsur-face anomalies identified by Dr. Hargravein the geophysical surveys were further in-vestigated with soil-core surveys and exca-vations. Paul Shackel (University of Mary-land), Terry Martin (Illinois State Museum),and Chris Fennell (University of Illinois) con-ducted excavations with the assistance ofthree graduate and nine undergraduatefieldschool students. The fieldschool exca-vations this summer included 19 5-ft.-squareunits, and uncovered several intact features,including the remains of foundation wallsand storage spaces. Thousands of artifactsand faunal remains were recovered, alongwith soil samples for flotation analysis. Ar-tifacts include architectural hardware (suchas wrought and cut nails), ceramics, glass-wares, kitchen utensils, sewing materialsand implements, miniature figurines, claymarbles, and other personal items, all dat-ing from the mid-1800s through later peri-ods of occupation. Additional archaeologi-cal investigations will be carried out over thenext two summers, with funding from theNSF-REU program. The project participantsalso plan to apply to have the entire townsite added to the National Register of His-toric Places.

U.S.A.-NORTHEASTReported by David Starbuck

New YorkSignificant Sites Found on Grounds ofCulinary Institute of America: Archaeolo-gists working in Hyde Park, NY, on thegrounds of the famous cooking school, theCIA, found occupations spanning 3,000years of history. Many well-preserved his-toric features such as basement foundations,wells, a dam, cobble floors, and terraced hill-sides were uncovered. Led by Dirk Marcucciof Landmark Archaeology, the archaeolo-gists uncovered thousands of historic arti-

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facts dating from the mid-1700s to the early1900s including a 1778 Spanish coin,marbles, tobacco pipes, buckles, and largequantities of ceramics and glass. Early workled to the CIA revising its original construc-tion plans so as to avoid most of the site.Marcucci and his team have finished exca-vating that area of the site to be impacted.

Archaeology at the Whitehall Ferry Termi-nal Site: Excavations to 7.5 ft. below currentgrade by backhoe and by hand by LewisBerger and Associates revealed that original18th-century landfill deposits at this NewYork City site were extensively disturbed byutilities. However, a portion of a timberlandfill-retaining structure was uncovered.Eighteen timbers 14 ft. long and 14 in. in di-ameter were exposed. The timbers were ar-ranged in grid patterns to form cribs or cells.Large cobbles found on top, within, and ad-jacent probably were used to sink thewooden structure in place. Earth fill thenwas placed on top. An intact section of thisfill contained finds such as a wig curler, win-dow glass, nails, gunflints, delft, stoneware,porcelain, white salt-glazed stoneware, andcreamware. Tobacco pipes with marks in-cluding SH, IS, TK under a crown, andDEJONG also were found.

Archaeology at Federal Hall National Me-morial: The Federal Hall National Memorialwas built between 1834 and 1842 as a cus-toms house. The building was placed overthe site of the Federal Hall where Washing-ton was inaugurated. Uneven settling of thestanding structure required engineering testpits to determine the cause. Hartgen Ar-cheological Associates discovered a founda-tion from an earlier structure and recoveredartifacts from the mid-18th-century occupa-tion. This earlier foundation was circularand appears to be one of a series of uniden-tified structures that were once behind thebuildings on Wall Street in the early 19thcentury.

Investigations at Tweed Courthouse: Newconstruction and restoration projects at thefamous Tweed Courthouse in New YorkCity required archaeological testing andmitigation conducted by Hartgen Archeo-logical Associates. Twenty-eight partiallyintact and heavily disturbed historic burialswere found on the north side of the court-house. Many more disarticulated humanremains were found in other places. Archi-tectural finds included stone foundations, abrick drain, a well, privy, and walls. Sev-eral of these remains probably were associ-ated with the former almshouse buildingand/or military barracks that once stood onthis property. Intact burials were left in situ.Artifacts included buttons, crown glass

waste, a scale weight, coins, chamber pots,pipes, pins, and knives. Faunal analysis byMarie-Lorraine Pipes showed the presenceof cattle, pig, sheep, chicken, duck, goose,passenger pigeon, fish, oyster, mussel, andclam. The privy fill was tested for parasiteeggs and found positive for their presence,but at lower levels than at most urban sites.Most common were intestinal parasites.

Archaeology at a Watchman’s House: Kise,Straw, and Kolodner performed data- recov-ery work at the canal watchman’s house andmidden site at the Cuddebackville dam inOrange County. The dam is to be removedto increase the available habitat for severalendangered species of wildlife. Artifactsassociated with the watchman’s house dateto the 19th century and include whitewares,a silver cuff link, pipes, buckles, and buttons.Three cast-iron stove feet were found near achimney. No previous archaeological re-ports have been found on canal watchman’shouses. Comparison of this site with canallock keepers’ houses showed that thewatchman’s house artifact assemblage con-tained a narrower variety of artifacts. Mostartifacts indicated a male presence with theexception of a porcelain hairpin. No child-related artifacts were found.

World War I Training Trenches Evaluated:The Institute for Long Island Archaeologyinvestigated WWI features located on thegrounds of the Brookhaven National Labo-ratory in Suffolk County. Features locatedby surface survey were mapped. Trenchcomplexes and three foundation complexeswere found. These included a U-shapedtraining trench and approach trench, com-munication trenches, and a pistol-firing-range trench. Foundations were from infan-try regiment officers’ quarters and buildingsthat housed five training battalions.

Inn, Hotel, and Diner Sites Excavated: Aspart of the realignment of New York Route17, the Public Archaeology Facility at SUNY-Binghamton excavated the sites of four hos-pitality-related buildings. At the Park Innsite, the rear yard was found to have a highlydiverse artifact assemblage dating to theearly-20th-century resort period. At theProspect Inn, foundation remains and wa-ter control features were found along with amoderate amount of cultural material re-lated to the resort period and occupationsearlier in the 19th century. The FleischerHotel site contained several buildings andrecreational features associated with the ho-tel. The foundation was intact. There was amoderate artifact density and diversity. Atthe Sullivan Diner Site, a well was present,but the yard areas of this 19th-century struc-ture were severely compromised.

U.S.A.-PACIFIC WESTReported by Sannie Osborn

CaliforniaOld Sacramento County Hospital Cemetery(Submitted by Doug Edwards, PacificLegacy, Inc.): In March 2003, during exca-vation for an addition to the Cancer Centerat the University of California, Davis Medi-cal Center in Sacramento, construction work-ers unearthed a human cranial bone frag-ment and several other bones. A forensicanthropologist concluded they were fromthe historic period and were not NativeAmerican. It soon became apparent the re-mains were from a long-forgotten cemeterylocated on the grounds of what had been theSacramento County Hospital (1866-1972).The Medical Center retained Pacific Legacy,Inc. to remove and reinter all graves locatedwithin the project area.

As archaeological work commenced, alarge excavator was used to remove the over-burden in approximately 6-in. layers to justabove the average depth of the burials. Asmaller backhoe then carefully removed in-crements of 3 to 4 in. of soil. After each pass,archaeologists examined the ground surfacefor evidence of graves, which initially re-vealed themselves through the outline ofcoffin wood. This process worked well toexpose distinct rows of graves, in which thedarker, moister soils of the graves contrastedsharply with drier surroundings.

The first phase of recovery identified 37burials, mostly in very poor condition, atapproximately 5 ft. below the current sur-face level and 3 ft. below the original groundsurface. The burials were contained insimple redwood caskets laid east-west inorientation along five or six irregular north-south rows. Separation between graves in arow was approximately 1 ft., while the rowsthemselves were spaced between 1 and 2 ft.apart. At this point it was believed that allof the graves within the project area had beenidentified.

Further excavation in an adjoining sec-tion, however, revealed that linear north-south undulations initially thought to haveresulted from the installation of under-ground utilities were in fact trench burials.Five burial trenches at approximately 4 ft.below original ground surface contained 42head-to-toe graves that were generally inmuch better condition than those previouslyremoved. The reason for this manner ofburial remains an issue of debate amongpeople involved with the project. Some positthat it might have been a mass burial neces-sitated by an epidemic, such as that wroughtby influenza in 1918-1919; others contend itwas merely an efficient and cost-effectivemeans for burying indigents in a cemetery

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known to have been reaching its capacity asearly as 1912.

After exhumation, all 79 burials weretransported to Pacific Legacy’s office and labin Cameron Park for inventory and exami-nation. Osteological analysis is currently inprogress to determine individual and collec-tive characteristics of the two populations(the east-west individual graves and thetrench burials). Examination of diagnosticartifacts, it is hoped, will enable dating ofthe two cemetery sections and contribute toour understanding of the socioeconomic pro-file of those laid to rest in them.

Concomitant with lab work, historicalresearchers are piecing together a history ofthe hospital and its wards, a task that hasbeen complicated by several factors. To be-gin with, because the cemetery was a potter’sfield where unknowns and the poor wereinterred in unmarked graves, little effort wasmade to record their passing. Members ofthe Sacramento County Cemetery AdvisoryCommission have generously shared theirtranscriptions of the erratic death recordspertaining to the cemetery. County Hospi-tal records, however, have heretofore notbeen located. Archival records from the in-stitution, which operated continuously formore than a century, have all but vanished.

Pacific Legacy hopes that an interdisci-plinary approach aided by invaluable tidbitsof information gathered from local individu-als and organizations will enable definitivedocumentation of the location and popula-tion characteristics of the SacramentoCounty Hospital Cemetery. At the veryleast, the project report will raise awarenessof the cemetery’s existence and make a con-tribution to the surprisingly limited litera-ture pertaining to the below-the-grounddynamics of historic-period cemeteries in thewestern United States.

SF-80 Bayshore Project (Submitted by MaryPraetzellis, Sonoma State University andThad M. Van Bueren, California Departmentof Transportation): Archaeological studieshave recently been completed for the SF-80Bayshore Freeway Project in San Francisco.The work was carried out by the Anthropo-logical Studies Center (ASC) at Sonoma StateUniversity under contract with Caltrans Dis-trict 4. The archaeological project was nec-essary to achieve compliance with the Cali-fornia Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).A Treatment Plan was prepared and imple-mented for the seismic retrofit of columnsand footings supporting the elevated struc-ture of Interstate 80 on 10 city blocks cover-ing the area from Fourth Street betweenHarrison and Bryant to the viaduct’s junc-tion with SF-101.

Fieldwork took place intermittently be-tween 19 May 1999 and 11 December 2001.

ASC archaeologists monitored footing exca-vation at selected bents and directed themechanical excavation of soil in sensitiveareas. The predictive model developed forthe project was found to be accurate: intacthistoric ground surfaces-a prerequisite forthe occurrence of important remains-werelocated in the majority of footings monitored.Archaeological deposits that met the re-search design criteria were excavatedstratigraphically, by hand, using rapid-re-covery methods. A geoarchaeological soil-coring program also was implemented tohelp identify potential prehistoric depositsassociated with buried soil horizons im-pacted by the new piles.

The work resulted in the discovery ofeight artifact-rich, historic-era privy depos-its. No prehistoric sites were found. By ap-plying the criteria specified in the researchdesign, one of the historic-era features (Privy7) was evaluated as ineligible for the Cali-fornia Register of Historical Resources dueto limited materials and poor focus. The re-maining seven features were determined eli-gible and subject to in-depth analysis. A re-port and Web site were completed by theASC to present the results of the investiga-tion to the public and professionals.

The technical report was edited by MaryPraetzellis and is entitled SF-80 Bayshore Via-duct Seismic Retrofit Projects Report on Con-struction Monitoring, Geoarchaeology, andTechnical and Interpretive Studies for Histori-cal Archaeology (June 2004). It is organizedin five parts. Part I introduces the archaeo-logical studies: where the work took place,how it was envisioned, how it developed.The results of the geoarchaeology programare reported by Jack Meyer in Part II.Through this coring program, an importantstratigraphic sequence was defined that hassince been used to refine the predictive mod-eling for prehistoric deposits in San Fran-cisco. The program explains the absence ofprehistoric sites in the area of direct impactby the timing and extent of landscapechanges that buried virtually all formerlystable prehistoric land surfaces. Part III de-scribes the methods and findings of the ar-chaeological monitoring program, includingevaluations of significance.

Data describing the seven eligible collec-tions are presented by Michael Meyer inBlock Technical Reports in Part IV for easeof comparison with the Cypress Project col-lections from West Oakland. The collectionsare associated with a variety of householdsfrom the family of wealthy CharlesDuisenberg, a merchant and former GermanConsul, on Block 3, to the Irish household ofthe William Noonan family and their numer-ous lodgers, many of whom were unem-ployed and illiterate, on Block 6. Familiesassociated with features from Block 4 in-

cluded those of Irish widow Anne Mills, Irishlaborer Anthony Dean, German express manJohn Wendt, Irish glass cutter ThomasO’Neil, and Irish liquor-store porter AndrewBuckley.

Finally, in Part V the seven collectionsare used to address the project research de-sign. Erica Gibson focuses on consumer be-havior, while Jack Mc Ilroy and AnnitaWaghorn tackle the Irish, given the predomi-nance of households of that nationalitywithin the neighborhood. The Bayshorefindings are compared with assemblagesfrom the nearby San Francisco-Oakland BayBridge West Approach Project (an investi-gation still in progress) and West OaklandCypress Freeway Replacement Project-ananalysis made possible by the use of consis-tent methods of recovery, lab analysis, andreporting among those investigations. Sta-tistical comparisons were carried out byBruce Owen. Patterns were revealed at thehousehold, street, neighborhood, and citylevels and consistencies and contrasts be-tween San Francisco and West Oakland arepresented. In a concluding discussion,Adrian Praetzellis reflects on the implica-tions of the Bayshore results for urban ar-chaeological research. The collections fromthis project are permanently curated at theASC Collection Facility.

As part of Caltrans public outreach ef-forts, Annita Waghorn and Kristin Meyerdeveloped a Web page for the project gearedtoward the general public. This page ishosted at: <http://www.sonoma.edu/asc>.The report is available in hard copy ($40) oras a CD readable with Acrobat 6.0 ($7). Toobtain hard copies or CDs write the CaltransPublications Unit at 1900 Royal Oaks, Sac-ramento, CA 95815, call 916-445-3520, orcheck their Web site at <http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/archaeology/default.shtml> for on-line ordering. Thelisted costs include taxes and shipping.

Cypress Project (Submitted by MaryPraetzellis and Thad M. Van Bueren): The I-880 Cypress Freeway Replacement, a projectof Caltrans District 4, involved the recon-struction of a 3.1-mi. section of freeway inOakland and Emeryville, CA. As part of itsplan to comply with Section 106 of the Na-tional Historic Preservation Act, Caltranscontracted with the Anthropological Stud-ies Center (ASC) to examine the Area of Po-tential Effects (APE). An archaeological sen-sitivity study found 22 out of 48 city blocksin the APE were likely to contain importantremains and the project research design de-fined the characteristics of those potentialhistoric properties.

Between 1994 and 1996, ASC tested 22city blocks that would be affected by con-struction. Nearly 2,600 archaeological fea-

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tures were discovered, including 121 signifi-cant ones containing more than 400,000 arti-facts and ecofacts that dated between the1850s and 1910. Because of the enormousquantity of data, the reporting was accom-plished in two separate stages. A series ofseven Block Technical Reports (BTRs) havealready been announced. Two interpretivevolumes are now also available and a vol-ume interpreting the results of the project tothe public is in progress.

The seven BTRs, completed in 2002, al-low archaeologists easy access to all the Cy-press data on features determined eligiblefor the National Register of Historic Places.The features are associated with a wide va-riety of groups, from unskilled working-class households to upper-middle-classfamilies; immigrants from numerous coun-tries; and native-born whites and AfricanAmericans. Each BTR is organized byproject block and archaeological feature.Complete historical associations are pro-vided for every discrete archaeological as-semblage as well as narrative and tabulardescriptions of the remains in a standardformat.

A report synthesizing archaeologicalfindings for the project was recently com-pleted. It is entitled Putting the “There,” There:Historical Archaeologies of West Oakland (2004),edited by Mary Praetzellis and AdrianPraetzellis. The volume uses data containedin the BTRs to address themes identified inthe project research design. The method iscollaborative, involving professionals in ar-chaeology, history, folklore, oral history, andvernacular architecture. The use of a plain-English style and frequent illustrativesidebars and graphics is intended to makethe volume appeal to a variety of readers,from professionals to interested communitymembers. Each main essay, short essay, andsidebar is a stand-alone piece; while themesrun through the report, it can be read in anyorder. It is organized in four main parts,with a number of supporting appendices.

Part I: Introduction presents the how,why, where, and who of the Cypress Project,along with a brief narrative history of WestOakland. Part II: Consumerism containsthree chapters on the material conditions oflife in West Oakland. The first main essay,“Consumerism, Living Conditions, andMaterial Well-Being,” by Adrian Praetzellisis a straightforward study of evidence fromparticular households relating to materialaspects of life that contribute to the feelingof comfort and satisfaction: health and nu-trition, and consumer goods. It reaches somesurprising conclusions regarding who waspurchasing what and why. Short essays andsidebars cover a range of consumer itemsfrom clothes (by Sunshine Psota) to cures (byMaria LaCalle, Erica Gibson) to teapots (by

Toni Douglass), along with competingworldviews of commercial capitalists andspiritualists (by Michael Meyer), and on be-coming Jewish Americans (by AdrianPraetzellis).

“Consuming Aspirations: Bric-A-Bracand the Politics of Victorian Materialism” byPaul Mullins changes the scale and views theconstant negotiation of conflicting personal,collective, institutional, and state interests inthe “politicalized” symbolism of bric-a-bracpurchases by project households. “Outsidethe Marketplace: Adaptive Strategies andSelf Reliance, Making It and Making Do” byMary Praetzellis and Adrian Praetzellis tack-les consumerism from its flip side. What didhouseholds acquire outside the marketplacethrough hunting and gathering, growing,sewing, repairing, adapting? What did theyrecycle, reuse, or discard? How did thesestrategies differ by category (bottles vs.buildings) and through time? Short essayscover the buildings in West Oakland (byMarta Gutman), the adaptation of buildingsby Greek Americans (by Karana Hattersley-Drayton), household-canning practices (byRegina George), insights fromarchaeologically recovered seeds (byMadeline Hirn), clothing and shoe repairs(by Sunshine Psota), and the developmentof local sewage-disposal practices (byMichael Meyer).

Part III: Ethnicity and Urban Subculturescontains five chapters focusing on the peopleof the neighborhood. “‘Busy as Bees:’Women, Work, and Material Culture in WestOakland,” by Marta Gutman examines thebreadth of women’s work at home throughthe astonishing number and diversity of re-covered artifacts associated with women’swork, as well as the meaning these artifactsheld for specific households, taking into ac-count the interests of domestic reformers inthe neighborhood. This study looks atwomen’s work as productive, including un-paid labor, while recognizing the differen-tiation of women’s work along class, racial,and ethnic lines. Short essays and sidebarsin this chapter cover toys (by SuzanneHoward-Carter), religious artifacts (by EricaGibson), corsets (by Sunshine Psota), pets (byElaine-Maryse Solari), and the local orphan-age (by Marta Gutman). Another contribu-tion entitled “The Landscape(s) of Lodging”by Marta Gutman examines room renting inWest Oakland between 1880 and 1900, di-recting attention to the gender and materialculture of room renters during a period oftransition. A short essay brings the studyforward into the 20th century with the storyof Annie Patterson’s rooming house.

“Aristocracies of Labor: Craft Unionism,Immigrants, and Working-Class House-holds” focuses on railroad occupations. Thisstudy by Mark Walker categorizes project

households along two axes, skilled (i.e., craftorganization) and origin (whether the headof household was native-born or immigrant)to study basic standard of living as expressedin diet and examines how these groups ofworkers represented themselves using thediscourse of Victorian material culture.Short essays by Mary Praetzellis cover twolocal union organizers-“Dad” Moore of theBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters andJack London.

Two chapters in this part provide fo-cused essays on ethnicity. “ChineseOaklanders: Overcoming the Odds” byMary Praetzellis synthesizes research onChinese laundries in the West and on theChinese in Oakland, and highlights the im-portant contributions of the Chinese to thesettlement and development of the West.Short essays include two biographies-YeeAh-Tye and Lew Hing-and the discovery ofthe burial of a young Asian man beneath abackyard cottage. “‘Black is Beautiful’: FromPorter to Panther in West Oakland” by MaryPraetzellis and Adrian Praetzellis traces theAfrican-American community from initialsettlement in the 1860s, when porters asso-ciated with the railroad and independentbarbers settled in West Oakland, to the birthof the Black Panther Party in less than 100years. Short essays focus attention on theTilgman Family and “race work” (by MartaGutman), music in Black and Tan clubs onSeventh Street (by Willie Collins), the BlackPanther Party, and barbers (by WillieCollins).

Part IV: More than “Just a Place to StartFrom” contains a single chapter by AdrianPraetzellis and Mary Praetzellis that recon-siders the history of West Oakland, challeng-ing the notion of the urban slum. It contraststhe largely negative presentation of WestOakland by historical commentators with aview based on historical archaeology andmakes some recommendations for futurework on archaeology projects.

Appendices in this interpretive reportinclude: a project timeline; a list of otherscholarly and interpretive products thathave been created from Cypress Project data;the historical associations of each archaeo-logical feature; summaries and artifact lay-out photographs of 69 of the features stud-ied; an edited version of the Field Director’sdiary by Jack Mc Ilroy; and statistical stud-ies of faunal and glass remains by BruceOwen. The report can also be previewed at<www.sonoma.edu/asc>. A CD attachedto the interpretive report contains the reporttext and appendices, artifact catalog, revisedfaunal tables and faunal methods, and cop-ies of the seven Block Technical Reportsviewable with Acrobat Reader 6.0.

Copies of Putting the “There,” There: His-torical Archaeologies of West Oakland (hard

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copy with CD including BTRs $32); theseven-volume BTR series (hard copy set $100or CD $5); and an earlier collection of inter-pretive essays entitled Sights and Sounds:Essays in Celebration of West Oakland (hardcopy $15) can be obtained by writing theCaltrans Publications Unit at 1900 RoyalOaks, Sacramento, CA 95815, calling 916-445-3520, or checking their Web site at< h t t p : / / c a l t r a n s - o p a c . c a . g o v /publicat.htm> for on-line ordering. Theprices include all taxes and shipping.

Mandela Park & Ride Project (Submittedby Thad M. Van Bueren): Historical archaeo-logical investigations were recently com-pleted within a Caltrans park and ride facil-ity in West Oakland to address relinquish-ment of the parcel for a mixed-use housingproject to be built with U.S. Housing andUrban Development funding by the Oak-land Housing Authority. The work was car-ried out under the terms of a treatment planthat identified areas within the parcel atMandela Parkway and Seventh Street likelyto contain National Register-eligible historicarchaeological properties. A previous studyby Archeotec, Inc. established that no eligibleprehistoric resources were present.

Broad exposures of sensitive areas inportions of two city blocks were completedbetween 23 September and 4 October 2002by Caltrans archaeologists, assisted by staffof the Anthropological Studies Center (ASC)at Sonoma State University. That work re-sulted in the identification of 63 features. Sixof those features were sampled and three(Features 1, 17, and 40) were determined eli-gible and subject to complete excavationbased on their adjudged ability to addressimportant questions posed in the treatmentplan. Lab work and specialized analyseswere then completed on the recovered col-lections by Past Forward, Inc. and Jones andStokes.

A report of findings from this investiga-tion was recently completed by Thad VanBueren with major contributions by ScottBaxter and Anmarie Medin. It is entitled AGermanic Enclave in West Oakland: Archaeo-logical Investigations for the Mandela Park andRide Relocation Project in the City of Oakland,California (2004). The report analyzes eligiblefeatures associated with the Berger, Braun,and Cordes families who settled in the areaaround the same time (1869-1870) andformed a closely knit local enclave of Ger-manic descent. The families were all of in-termediate socioeconomic standing, withBraun working as a clerk and bookkeeper,Berger as a watchmaker, and Cordes own-ing a broom- manufacturing company andbrewery.

Detailed comparisons among the threefamilies and with other West Oakland resi-

dents sampled during the Cypress FreewayReplacement Project revealed noteworthypatterns that appear linked to varying de-grees with traditional ethnic proclivities andevolving class consciousness. The Mandelafamilies shared with other families of simi-lar economic position an emphasis on ap-pearances (both personal and property),elaborate and stylish table settings, and lit-eracy/education, while rejecting temper-ance, spending more lavishly on food, andplacing a higher emphasis on recycling andhome production than most families of simi-lar social standing. Gardening was an im-portant activity and both food plants anddecorative species were likely cultivated.

Traditional (ethnic) influences were mostclearly discernable in an emphasis placed oncleanliness by West Oakland Germans andthe traditional foodways of the threeMandela families. That German immigrantsemphasized cleanliness is suggested by theirearly abandonment of privies relative toother groups. For example, the Berger andBraun families retrofitted their privies aswater closets before municipal sewers be-came available. They also had detachedwash houses with stoves. In the Cordeshousehold ornate potpourri and soap disheswere found and the family head engaged ina business that made cleaning products(brooms). While the cuisine of most WestOakland Germans did not differ from othergroups in any appreciable manner, theMandela collections are noteworthy and dif-ferent. This may have something to do withthe close ties among the three families, whichmay have reinforced traditional preferences.The Mandela families all spent more lavishlyon food than other West Oakland families,emphasizing expensive cuts of meat andelaborate multicourse meals. All threeMandela families favored beef to a degreesignificantly greater than other neighbor-hood families, while also incorporating awide array of wild game and poultry. Yet,distinct differences in regional cuisine arealso evident. For example, the Berger fam-ily came from the Rhine region and empha-sized wine with foods seasoned by a widearray of condiments and spices, while theCordes family came from Prussia and fa-vored ale, food with fewer seasonings, andmore soups and stews. These patterns high-light the importance of understanding howsocial networks may have influenced cul-tural adaptations at scales larger than thehousehold.

Hard copies of the report can be obtainedfor $15 by writing the Caltrans PublicationsUnit at 1900 Royal Oaks, Sacramento, CA95815, calling 916-445-3520, or checking theirWeb site at <http://caltrans-opac.ca.gov/publicat.htm> for on-line ordering. Theprices include all taxes and shipping.

“Seeing The Past”Conference

“Seeing The Past: Building KnowledgeOf The Past And Present Through Acts OfSeeing” is a conference designed to explorethe act of seeing and how observation leadsto certain types of knowledge. The confer-ence will be held 5 to 6 February 2005 (ab-stract deadline is 15 November 2004). Thisconference will explore how visual media areused to construct our knowledge of the past.It will engage in a discussion of a wide rangeof forms, practices, and theories of percep-tion and the subsequent formation of knowl-edge in both the past and the present.

The objective of this conference is to pro-mote productive dialogue and provide a fo-rum for discussion in moderated sessions.Papers will be precirculated and posted ona conference Web site. All participants areencouraged to read papers and participatein an on-line forum. The presentation ofpapers will be limited to a 5-10 minute “pro-vocative statement” intended to stimulatediscussion. Following the conference, thepapers will be published in Stanford’s Ar-chaeology Journal. Papers will be classed intotwo categories:

1) Seeing the Past (in the present). Thiscategory encompasses the ways in which wepresent the past through visual technologiesand media to other scholars, the public andourselves. The objective is to explore howdifferent media present different pasts. Pos-sible topics in this area may include (but arenot limited to) GIS/digital rendering of sitesand monuments, visual modeling, the com-mercialization/packaging of the past, thepast through photography/other media,how modern sites are used (i.e. heritage/tourism), and how the past is represented inmuseums;

2) Seeing the Past (in the past). This cat-egory includes studies on how past peoplesused visual culture to understand their pastand present. What can an image, sculptureor monument convey that a text cannot?How did people see? What did people see?Possible topics may include (but are not lim-ited to) temporal and spatial developmentof settlements and cemeteries, rock art, tex-tual and artistic representations, monumen-tality, spatial reuse, ritualized architecture,and landscape studies.

The conference theme is designed to en-able productive dialogue across a range ofdisciplines.

For more information contact, StanfordArchaeological Center, Stanford University,Building 60, Main Quad, Stanford, CA94305-2170; Email: <[email protected]>.

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President William Moss called the meet-ing to order at 8:07 a.m. at SHA headquar-ters in Rockville, MD. Present: Judith Bense,Barbara Heath, Julia King, William Lees, SaraMascia, Kim McBride, Robert Neyland,Daniel Roberts, Greg Waselkov, and MarthaZierden. Also present: Karen Hutchison,Beth Palys, Grace Jan, Don Marshall andNellie Longsworth.

I. Announcements and Open-ing Remarks

Moss welcomed all of the board mem-bers to the new SHA headquarters and in-troduced the Management Solutions Plus(MSP) staff. Moss also asked the board toadopt the meeting agenda.

The minutes of the board meetings heldat the Hyatt Regency in St. Louis were re-viewed. President Moss called for the ap-proval of the minutes. Hearing no amend-ments or objections, the minutes were ap-proved.

II. ReportsPresident’s Report (W. Moss): Moss re-

ported that, following the January boardmeeting, he concentrated on working withthe members of the Selection Committee(King, Bense, and Mascia) to meet and ne-gotiate a contract with Management Solu-tions Plus to become the new SHA BusinessOffice. He also reported that he was able tonegotiate the early termination of the con-tract with Talley Management Group. Mostof the first six months of his presidency wasspent focusing on the resulting transition.Moss stated that the transition was not easyand reported that he was required to inter-vene in order to ensure that TMG was com-plying with our requests.

Moss also reported that he has beenworking with conference organizers on theYork 2005 Annual Meeting. He stated thatthe committee was reviewing the on-lineregistration process in order to determine itscost-effectiveness. In May, Moss, ConferenceCommittee Chair Pat Garrow, and Grace Janof MSP traveled to York to work with HaroldMytum to visit the conference venue andwork on the preparations for 2005.

Moss further reported that he asked the

Minutes of the Mid-Year Meeting of the Board ofDirectors of the Society for Historical Archaeology,

SHA Headquarters, Rockville, MD, 26 June 2004

Sacramento 2006 Conference Committee toprepare a Web page and worked with SHAheadquarters staff on hotel negotiations forthe Jamestown 2007 Conference.

Moss reported on activities at the SAAMeeting in Montreal:• Moss represented SHA at the SAA

President’s Breakfast.• ACRA asked RPA, and other interested

organizations, about the possibility of impos-ing obligatory continuing education require-ments for membership. The proposal wastabled.• WAC has created a presidents’ listserve

for archaeological associations around theworld.

Moss further reported on the followingtopics:• The Board liaison structure is working

well.• The creation of the Strategic Plan has

been tabled in the context of transition to anew business office.• He will continue to monitor the mem-

bers’ response to the updated SHA Web site.• He has been monitoring the Jamestown

Collection issue, reported during the Janu-ary Meeting. He will be writing a letter ofconcern to the National Park Service regard-ing conditions for storing their collection.Heath will send Moss the contact name.• He will be working with King to fol-

low up on her excellent work on SHA de-velopment. The first step will be to mail re-quests for donations for the 2005 conference.• He is working on following up with

members who had difficulty renewing in2003.• He sent a letter of thanks to John

Jameson for his efforts at the WAC Confer-ence.• He sent letters to Ed and Judy Jelks,

thanking them for their start-up contribu-tions to the Ed and Judy Jelks Student TravelAward fund.• He sent letters of thanks to TMG’s staff

as per the January board resolution.• He has concluded the agreement with

ESRI for reduced cost for ArchView train-

ing for members.

Secretary-Treasurer’s Report (S.Mascia): Mascia reported that over the lastfew months she worked with KarenHutchison and Beth Palys on the transitionto the new headquarters. She stated that anew financial coding system was establishedand the SHA finances have been consoli-dated into one budget. She also reported thata new bank account was established inMaryland, and after some difficulty with thetransfer of funds, the SHA is back on track.Following the conversion of approximately$70,000 of the organization’s assets, almostall of the invoices presented to the new head-quarters have been paid in a timely manner.

Mascia stated that following the signingof the contract with MSP, she asked BethPalys to recommend an accountant to com-plete a financial audit for 2003 and a partialaudit for the first quarter of 2004. As a re-sult Don Marshall of Dembo, Jones, Healy,Pennington & Marshall, P.C. was contractedby Mascia to complete this project.

Mascia reported that MSP is a very goodmatch for the SHA and she is pleased withthe level of professionalism and responsive-ness from the staff. After three months ofobservation, Mascia stated that she has noreservations about having Hutchison pro-cess and pay invoices directly from head-quarters.

During the second half of the year Masciareported that she would be concentrating onthe question of the viability of continuing tostore back issues and the disposition of thepublications we currently have in storage.She will also consult with Ronn Michael.

Mascia also expressed her thanks to thestaff at MSP for their efforts at facilitating achallenging transition.

Copies of the current Profit and LossStatement and SHA Balance Sheet weregiven to the board members. Mascia statedthat although the transition has not cost theSociety as much as anticipated, the boardand headquarters staff would have to con-tinue to be vigilant in their efforts to controlcosts.

Editor’s Report (R. Michael): Michael’swritten report stated that during the first six

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 28

SHA board after conclusion of the mid-year meeting in Rockville, MD (back row, left to right): Greg Waselkov, Dan Roberts, Judy Bense, BarbaraHeath, Bill Lees; (front row, left to right): Karen Hutchison (Management Solutions Plus), Bob Neyland, Martha Zierden, Sara Mascia, Kim McBride,Julie King, and William Moss.

Mid-year meeting of the SHA board in the headquarters office (clockwise from left): Sara Mascia,Martha Zierden (partially hidden), Judy Bense, William Moss, Karen Hutchison (partially hidden,Management Solutions Plus), Dan Roberts, and Grace Jan (Management Solutions Plus).

months of 2004 he has completed all normaleditorial activities (processing manuscripts,correspondence, copyright forms, reviewingproofs, etc.). He reported that two issues ofHistorical Archaeology have been printed sofar this year. He also reported that the edi-tor transition is progressing as scheduled.He stated that he and Rebecca Allen plan aseamless transition by early 2005.

Newsletter Editor (W. Lees): Lees re-ported that the spring issue of the Newslet-ter has been printed and mailed to the mem-bership. He stated that the SHA would nolonger be printing the directory in the News-letter. Instead, MSP will prepare the list andpost it as a downloadable file on the Website. Lees also reported that a notice wasplaced in the Newsletter announcing that theSHA will be accepting advertisements.

Moss noted that Lees’ term as NewsletterEditor was up. Bense moved that the boardask Lees to continue as Editor for anotherthree-year term. Seconded by Roberts.Motion carried.

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 29

• The Budget Committee also recom-mended that the Society should find a vol-unteer copy editor for the Web site insteadof paying a professional;• The Budget Committee recommended

that we look at saving money on boardtravel. They recommended that the SHAhold the mid-year meeting at MSP’sRockville, MD headquarters each year,which would save some money. The com-mittee also has recommended that eachboard member try to help with travel ex-penses. Following a discussion on possibleways to save costs, Mascia moved that boardmembers could only be reimbursed up to$1,000 for travel (existing policy is to fullycover room and travel costs) to the 2005 con-ference;• The Budget Committee also wanted to

bring the question to the board of limitingthe reimbursement for the lobbyist’s travelcosts to the annual meeting. Neyland rec-ommended that the Society should pay upto $1000 for the lobbyist to attend the Yorkmeetings based on board members’ dona-tions of their travel reimbursements;• The Budget Committee has recom-

mended that we limit the number of awardsgiven out at the annual meeting in order tosave money. The committee requested thatMoss speak to Beaudry about this issue;• The Budget Committee also was to

keep the Publication and CD Endowmentfunds restricted. They further recom-mended that the Deetz and Québec Travelfunds should be moved into separate desig-nated Smith Barney accounts (like the Edand Judy Jelks Student Travel fund).

Lees moved to accept all of the aboverecommendations of the Budget Committee.Seconded by Roberts. Motion carried.

Mascia reported that the Budget Com-mittee also discussed late membership re-newals by the membership. The SHA hashad to expend a significant amount of moneyduring the year paying for staff time andpostage for mailing out journals and news-letters to members who renew significantlylate. Instead of saving money on the bulkmailing of SHA publications, they must bemailed at a more costly rate. The committeesuggested that the membership receive theJournal and Newsletter for the year when theyjoin or renew on time (within 30 days). Laterenewals should be asked to pay full pur-chase cost, including postage and handlingfees, should they wish to obtain the Journaland Newsletter for the period prior to theirrenewal. McBride moved that membersshould not receive the back issues if they joinor renew after 1 February. Seconded byBense. Motion carried 11-0-1.

Following a discussion regarding the rec-

Business Office (K. Hutchison):Hutchison reported that the transition of al-most all of the materials from TMG was com-plete as of late May 2004. She stated thatMSP has still not received a 2003 Conferencereport and the original paid SHA 2003 in-voices from TMG. She reported that MSPhas worked with the secretary-treasurer set-ting up a chart of accounts, new stationeryhas been printed, and the new customizedmembership and publications databases areworking well. Hutchison also reported thatthe total SHA 2003 membership was 2,388.

Hutchison stated that the 2005 Confer-ence plans are moving forward. The 2005Call for Papers went out on 17 May 2004 andFUZInteractive was selected to prepare theon-line abstract submission site. A link tothat site was posted on the SHA Web page.She stated headquarters has received 80 ab-stracts representing 12 groups with 112 at-tendees. The staff has found that there havebeen a few problems with preregistration.She stated that they would work to improvethe process for the 2006 conference.

Hutchison and Palys introduced DonMarshall from the accounting group thatperformed the recent audit for the Society.Marshall conducted an extensive review ofthe audit and his recommendations with theboard. Mascia expressed her thanks toMarshall for all of his efforts.

Budget Committee (S. Mascia): Masciaand Palys reviewed the new format for the2004 Budget, the Balance Sheet, and theProfit and Loss statements.

Mascia reported that the Budget Com-mittee met to discuss the auditor’s financialreport and recommendations as well as theproposed 2005 Budget. The Budget Com-mittee focused on the following issues:• The analysis of membership costs;• The centralization of the SHA financial

records;• The readoption of the accrual system;• The future preparation of an SHA In-

vestment Policy;• The inventory of back issue publica-

tions.Mascia reported that the past few years

have been financially challenging for theSHA. At the January board meeting, theboard asked Ken Cleveland to review theSHA expenses and determine a “cost-per-member” figure. It was his opinion that theSHA membership fees were substantiallylower than where they should be. Thisspring Beth Palys was asked to complete acost-per-member analysis. Her preliminaryfigures indicate that the actual cost per mem-ber for the SHA is approximately $130. Thisfigure includes the cost of publication pro-

duction, membership announcements andrenewal mailings, Web site costs, the Busi-ness Office fee, postage, insurance, and con-ference expenses. Mascia completed a re-view of other archaeological/anthropologi-cal organizations membership fees andfound that the SHA was charging consider-ably less, while attempting to offer more.Based on the data supplied by Palys and thecomparative fees analysis, the Budget Com-mittee unanimously agreed to recommendthat the SHA raise its membership fees tocover the cost of membership. The proposedrates are:

Regular . . . . . . . . . . . . . $125Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . $70Retired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $75Friend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $175Developer . . . . . . . . . . . $250Benefactor . . . . . . . . . . . $400Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,600Adjunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . $40Institution . . . . . . . . . . . $200Lees moved that the board adopt the new

membership rates proposed by the BudgetCommittee. Seconded by King. Motion car-ried.

Moss recommended the formation of acommittee to review the various member-ship categories. Moss, Heath, Mascia, andHutchison will review the current levels andreport their recommendations in January2005.

Mascia reported that the Budget Com-mittee also decided to carefully review therequested funds for the 2005 budget in or-der to find ways to save money and preventthe potential loss of $36,000. The BudgetCommittee made the following recommen-dations:• The committee has recommended that

we refrain from having a table at conferencesincluding the AAA for 2005. ($1,500);• No souvenirs at conference;• A $15 fee was recommended for the

Conference Abstract Book;• The committee has recommended that

we adhere to the Auditor’s recommendationthat we do not have a separate checking ac-count for the journal editor;• The committee has also recommended

that we review editorial expenses with in-coming editor, Rebecca Allen, and look forways to cut costs;• Headquarters will also be asked to look

for ways to cut costs;• The Budget Committee recommended

that the SHA produce only three newslet-ters in 2005. They stated that the contentwould remain the same, but the Societywould save printing, fulfillment, and post-age costs;

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Volume 37: Number 4 Winter 2004 Page 30

ommendation of the Auditor to consolidatethe SHA budgets (Operations and Publica-tions) into a single budget, Lees moved thatwe abolish the separate Publications budgetand move publication sales and expensesinto the overall SHA Operations budget. Thecurrent balances in the two Smith Barneypublications accounts would remain re-stricted. Seconded by Neyland. Motion car-ried.

Mascia reported that additional issuesthat the Budget Committee will consider inthe future include:• The establishment of a membership

policy task force to review future fees in-creases;• Creating a separate Abstract Fee for the

annual conference;• The possibility of abolishing the costly

on-line registration process. Lees has sug-gested that the committee look into includ-ing the Call for Papers and registration inthe Newsletter;• Charging a fee for the dance following

the banquet;• Alternatives for storage/sale of the

SHA back issues.

Standing Committee ReportsACUA (R. Neyland): Neyland presented

copies of letters sent out by the ACUA on avariety of issues of concern to the commit-tee. They included a letter to Representa-tive Thomas Jackson in the Alabama Houseof Representatives, urging House membersto retain the preexisting Alabama Underwa-ter Cultural Resources Act, and a letter tothe Director of the Wisconsin Historical So-ciety urging them to retain their MaritimePreservation and Archaeology Program.Neyland also reported that the UnderwaterArchaeology brochure in French is completeand he will be working on creating a distri-bution list.

Conference Committee (P. Garrow):Grace Jan of MSP reported on the prepara-tions for the York conference. She stated thatthe contract with the Moat House in Yorkwas set. The National Railway Museum willbe the location of a reception and the ban-quet will be held at the Moat House. Shestated that the information for exhibitors wassent out.

She reported that she was working withGarrow on future conferences including Sac-ramento in 2006 and Williamsburg in 2007.She reported that the hotel contract forWilliamsburg will be completed before the2005 Annual Meeting in York.

Garrow reported that a proposal hasbeen received from a committee in Torontoto host the Annual Meeting in 2009. Garrow

and Jan plan to conduct a site visit in Sep-tember.

Nominations and Elections Committee(J. King): King reported that the committeegenerated a slate of potential candidates foroffice. She thanked committee membersJudy Bense, Tom Wheaton, Mike Polk, andRebecca Allen for their assistance. The slateincludes:

President:John BroadwaterDouglas Scott

Board of Directors:J. W. (Joe) Joseph IIITerry KleinDana McGowanMichael Trimble

Nominations and Elections:Anna Agbe-DaviesJames BrusethSusan LangleyDon Weir

McBride moved that the board accept therecommended slate. Seconded by Waselkov.Motion carried.

Presidential CommitteeReports

Academic and Professional TrainingCommittee (T. Scarlett): Moss reported thatScarlett’s term as chair was up. Moss andBense will work on recommending a newchair to the board.

Awards Committee (M. Beaudry):Beaudry reported that the committee hasvoted to honor the following individuals/organizations at the annual conference inYork:

J. C. Harrington Medal:Professor Marcel Moussette

Awards of Merit:Society for Post-Medieval ArchaeologyThe Ironbridge Gorge Museums TrustDr. David GaimsterDr. Marilyn PalmerEnglish Heritage

Beaudry also reported that because Gor-don DeAngelo was unable to attend the St.Louis conference his 2004 Award of Meritwas presented at the annual meeting of theNew York State Archaeological Associationin Rochester on 1 May.

Beaudry stated that she plans to workwith the new SHA headquarters personnelto correct the errors made by TMG on the

Deetz Award presented in St. Louis. Shehopes to get a corrected award to the recipi-ent as soon as possible.

Waselkov reported that he chaired acommittee charged with developing guide-lines for the Ed and Judy Jelks Student TravelAward. He presented a written report to theboard on the administration of the award.Lees moved to adopt the policy as presented.Seconded by McBride. Motion carried.Waselkov will make the policy known to themembership in the Newsletter and on theWeb site.

Curation, Collections Management,and Conservation Committee (R.Sonderman):

Moss passed out copies of the proposedArchival Standard Operating Proceduresand the Scope of Collections Statement forthe board to review. He requested that themembers be prepared to vote on these byemail.

Development (M. Polk): Polk submitteda written report. He stated that this newcommittee was working on defining its rolewithin the organization. He reported thatthe goals of the committee were to developlong-term strategies for financing Societyprograms through supplemental donations.

King suggested that the future presidentelect, who will be holding that office for twoyears, should chair this committee.

Gender and Minority Affairs Commit-tee (A. Agbe-Davies): Agbe-Davies reportedthat the committee sponsored a well-at-tended session in St. Louis. She stated thatthe committee has continued to provide aNewsletter column. Agbe-Davies met withManuel Diaz-Barriga, the Chair of the AAACommittee on Minority Issues in Anthropol-ogy, who provided her with advice andideas for contributing to the SHA in the fu-ture. She also reported that she was askedto join the Membership Committee.

Government Affairs Committee (A.Giesecke, N. Longsworth): Giesecke pro-vided a written report on the status of a num-ber of legislative and regulatory issues.Giesecke also provided copies of thecommittee’s correspondence. SHA Lobby-ist Nellie Longsworth was introduced to theboard. She stated that she would like to pro-vide the membership information on gov-ernment activities for the Web site.

Longsworth reported that we need astatement with standard language on whatthe SHA is and does. She feels that this state-ment should be sent out to all the Represen-tatives.

McBride asked the committee to revisitsome tasks that they could not get accom-

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serving as the Society’s representative toICUCH. Russell reported that the 2004 meet-ing for this committee may be held in SouthAfrica.

Russell also stated that a letter-writingcampaign has been planned, pending finan-cial and administrative support. When thecampaign gets underway, letters from theSHA president will be sent to various agen-cies informing them of the recent adoptionof the Convention on the Protection of theUnderwater Cultural Heritage by theUNESCO General Assembly.

III. New BusinessCenter for Digital Archaeology Initia-

tive: King reported Richard Leventhal andSteve Plog received support from the MellonFoundation to explore the development of aCenter for Digital Archaeology (CDA). Thefoundation was hopeful that such a centerwould support the preservation and acces-sibility of digital archaeological informationand serve to avoid unnecessary duplicationof effort. King reported that the SHA wasasked to send letters in support of the cre-ation of a Center for Digital Archaeology(CDA). The letters will be used to approachfunding organizations and solicit additionalsupport for the second phase of project fund-ing from the Mellon Foundation.

Lees moved that we support this initia-tive. Seconded by Roberts. Motion carried.

Request from Geophysical Survey Sys-tems Inc. (GSSI): link to Web site: Mossreported that the SHA was asked to supporta link to the GSI Web page. Mascia asked totable the discussion until the board receivesadditional information to review.

Request from Dr. Innocent Pikirayi:Moss reported that he received a request viaemail to donate back issues of SHA publica-tions to a new archaeological program atMidlands State University in Zimbabwe.The board agreed to send a copy of the CDright away and the books at a later date.Heath stated that she would be willing todonate funds for the shipping costs.

Hearing no more new business Mossadjourned the meeting at 4:50 p.m.

plished with our previous business office(e.g., identifying election districts with ourmembers’ zip codes).

Longsworth suggested that the SHApresent John Nau with an award. Kingagreed. Mascia suggested this could be doneat the 2005 mid-year meeting. Zierdenmoved that the Awards Committee considerpresenting an Award of Merit to John Nau.Seconded by Bense. Motion carried. Mosswill advise Beaudry of this recommendation.

King asked if there were any future lob-bying efforts planned by the committee. Sherecommended that something be plannedfor the spring of 2005.

Longsworth also asked that the commit-tee establish a policy for responding to fast-moving issues.

History Committee (R. Schuyler):Schuyler reported that Benjamin Pykles hasbeen asked to be a member of the commit-tee. Former SHA President Vince Foley willbe interviewed by Roderick Sprague as partof the Oral History Project.

InterSociety Relations Committee (M.Zierden): Zierden reported that the commit-tee has been very active representing theSHA at numerous conferences. She statedthat she will be working with Hutchison toprepare a new set of procedures for publi-cation sales at conferences in the future.Zierden stated that the conference in Yorkwould provide the opportunity to networkwith European colleagues.

Internet Advisory Committee (S. Dean-Olsen): Dean-Olsen reported that the rede-signed Web site, completed by Mark Free-man, was well received by the membership.She reported that requests have gone out toselect SHA committees asking them to pro-vide statements to the general public thatcould be published on the Web site. Dean-Olsen also reported that Rebecca Allen wasstill working on an Internet technical publi-cations series.

Committee liaison Waselkov reportedthat a search committee needs to be formedfor a new SHA Webmaster. Waselkov wasappointed to chair the search committee.

Membership Committee (B. Heath):Heath reported that the committee has com-pleted preliminary work on a new member-ship survey. She stated that as part of thistask, she has been reviewing the last SHAmembership survey and identifying the pro-posed survey content (issues and questions).She also reported she will be working withMSP on determining the best method fordistributing the survey and updating infor-mation on the membership.

Heath stated that the committee has also

been assisting the SAA with their upcom-ing salary survey. She reported that the sur-vey may be ready by October 2004.

Operations Review Committee (D. Rob-erts): Roberts reported that the committeehas begun reviewing the SHA ProceduresManual, which has not been reviewed since1997.

Public Information and Education (K.McBride): McBride presented a written re-port on the many tasks conducted by com-mittee members. She reported that the Un-locking the Past book and Web site project isstill the most important ongoing task for thecommittee. The project is on track. Authorproofs were sent out this spring and shouldhave been returned to the editors by 15 June.Options for indexing the volume are beingexplored by John Jameson and LuAnnDeCunzo.

McBride reported that Brian Crane hascontinued to coordinate contributions to theSHA Newsletter. She also reported that thecommittee sponsored a working session onProject Archaeology revisions at the St. Louisconference. At the conference, Project Ar-chaeology Director Jeanne Moe brought theProject Archaeology booth for the first time.McBride also reported that Patrice Jeppson’sSubcommittee on K-12 Grade Issues contin-ues to be very active.

McBride stated that although the SHAneeds to work on putting a public face onthe Web site, this task can wait until our fi-nancial situation improves. She will askmembers to start collecting material for theWeb site, and when there is money available,the information will be ready to be movedonto the site. She would also like to workon adding links to other Web sites with simi-lar goals and information.

Register of Professional Archaeologists(R. Clouse): Clouse reported that there wereabout 1,600 members of the Register of Pro-fessional Archaeologists. He stated that thenumber has remained relatively stable overthe last 18 months. The annual list of mem-bers was distributed in June.

Clouse stated that RPA will be lookinginto the issue of professional development.

Clouse also reported that during the lastyear, the RPA archives were transferredfrom the University of South Carolina toMercyhurst College.

UNESCO Committee (M. Russell):Russell reported that the most importantinitiative of the committee is maintaining aformal relationship with the InternationalCommittee on Underwater Cultural Heri-tage (ICUCH), an international scientificcommittee of ICOMOS. Toni Carrell is now

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THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER

Please note the deadlines for submission of newsfor UPCOMING ISSUES of the SHA Newsletter

ISSUE DEADLINE

Spring 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 February 2005Summer 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 May 2005Fall/Winter 2005 . . . . . . . . .1 August 2005

SHA Business Office15245 Shady Grove Road

Ste. 130Rockville, MD 20850Phone: 301-990-2454

Fax: 301-990-9771Email: <[email protected]>

SHA 2005ConferenceYork, England5-9 January

<http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/SHA2005/SHAwelcome.htm>