Why is there Turmoil in the Modern Middle East?

Jerusalem Jews: Abraham was

prepared to sacrifice Isaac/Temples.

Christians: Jesus was crucified.

Muslims: Muhammad ascended into heaven; Dome of the Rock.

Christians v. MuslimsThe Crusades

Pope Urban II – launched the First Crusade in 1095 to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims (Turks)

Jerusalem was captured in 1099 and all the Muslims and Jews were slaughtered.

YouTube - Crusades 1

The Crusades Saladin recovers Jerusalem

for the Muslims in 1187. He spares the lives of all the Christians; truce is declared;

Muslims allow Christian Pilgrims to travel to the Holy Land.

Other Crusades were organized, but were never as large as the First Crusade.

Turks become “Protectors of the Faith” in Islam.

YouTube - Crusades 2

Jewish Discrimination Removed from Jerusalem 2000 years ago

by the Romans. Faced with discrimination Prohibited from certain jobs Tortured and killed for their beliefs

Examples of Historical Discrimination

Black Plague Expulsion from France and England Exodus from Spain in 1492 “Christ Killers”… Pontius Pilate frees

Barabus not Jesus

Jewish people are faced with discrimination everywhere they go

Discrimination in the years leading up to World War I (1914) Russian Pogroms (“Devastation”)

Organized campaign to instill fear and cause harm to Jewish people.

French Dreyfus Affair Jewish general falsely accused of sending secret

documents to German embassy in Paris. Will be straightened out eventually, however, this

event was used as propaganda against the Jewish people.

Theodor Herzl Founder of Zionism Nationalism- every ethnic

group deserves a home

Will increase in popularity as anti-sentiment increases in time.

Zionism The Jewish people’s desire

to obtain a homeland. Balfour Declaration: A

letter from British government (James Balfour) to Walter Rothschild.

“Foreign Office,November 2nd, 1917.

Dear Lord Rothschild,

I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country".I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.

Yours sincerely

Arthur James Balfour ”

Nazi Holocaust Hitler—uses the Jewish people as a

scapegoat for all the problems of the once great, fallen empire.

Concentration Camps Three types of camps:

Concentration Labor Death

Jewish People Killed under Nazi Rule

Original Population

Killed under Nazi’s

% Surviving

Poland 3,300,000 2,800,000 15%

Soviet Union 2,100,000 1,500,000 29%

Hungary 404,000 200,000 49%

Romania 850,000 425,000 50%

Germany/

Austria270,000 210,000 22%

Netanyahu Likud party- “consolidation” (unification) Campaign: national security Likud party: will never agree to the return of

the pre-war 1967 borders Will not negotiate with terrorists Accusation against Livni of giving up

Jerusalem

Livni Kadima party – “forward” Willing to possibly make concessions to

Palestinians. Used to work for Mossad 1980s- Ran missions to kill Palestinian

Terrorists. “Terrorist Killer” in the past… possibly more

willing to make concessions than the Lukid.

Quote on Livni: “Tzipi was not an office girl… She was a

clever women with an IQ of 150. She blended in well in European capitals, working with male agents, most of them ex-commandos, taking out Arab terrorists.”

Questions? Why are these elections being held?

Ehud Olmert resigns… accused of corruption

Under the presidency of Barack Obama, what would you infer is the current United State’s stand on the issue? Negotiate for peace with both political parties. The Kadima party is slightly more promising than the others

Why do you think it is difficult for Middle Eastern leaders to make peace? Extremist groups don’t want peace on BOTH sides… Yitzhak Rabin assassinated in 1995 by one of his own for

negotiating with PLO’s Yasser Arafat.

Cold War Why is the United States hesitant to directly

support Israel against the Arab nations? USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs Hypothetical situation Add into the mix: Nuclear Bomb

Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US, USSR, and the entire world.

Partitioning of Palestine After World War II ends in 1948, the British and United

nations decide to divide Palestine into two regions UN General Assembly Resolution 181 Provinces

Jerusalem- an international city, where

all could travel to freely Sound familiar?

West Bank- Arab Territory Gaza Strip- Arab Territory Golan Heights- Arab Territory

Israeli Conflicts War of 1948- Israel Created… one day later

attacked by six nations… Egypt Jordan Lebanon Saudi Arabia Syria Iraq

Israel defeats Six Nations HOW???

Arab nations have trouble coordinating with one another…. Don’t listen to one another

Israel supported financially (if not militarily) by many nations/ Golda Meir

Infrastructure of Israel already exists Backed into a corner… fighting for survival

Israeli Conflicts 1956- Suez Crisis…

“"Hospitality is one thing, surrendering the canal is another”

Gamal Abdel Nasser

-Originally controlled by British-Taken over by Egypt

-In response, British will ask Israel to reclaim the canal.-Israel easily invades and will seize control…

Golan Heights- Syria

1) Strategic for military purpose

2) Control of water ways(Jordan River)

Nasser continued “We are eager for

battle in order to force the enemy to awake from his dreams and meet Arab reality face to face.” -- 1967

Six Day War (1967) Fear of an imminent attack from bordering

Arab nations force Israel to attack first. Extremely successful

In a little less than six days, Israel defeats Arab Nations… only losing 800 troops in opposition too the Arabs 15,000 (approximately 1:16 ratio)

“IDF soldiers Zion Karasanti, Yitzhak Yifat and Haim Oshrí, at Jerusalem's

Western Wall shortly after its capture on June 7, 1967 and 40 years later.”

How and why would the Arab World attempt to strike at the US for its support of Israel?

1. Terrorism – Islamic Fundamentalism

2. Economics – OPEC Oil Embargo

Recap of the Arab-Israeli Wars Who seems to have the upper hand in the

conflict?

What are the main issues that the Israeli’s and Arabs are fighting over?

Is there a simple solution to the problem at hand?

Islamic Fundamentalism 1967 - Six Day War had shown many Muslims

that God had turned away from them; Decisive victory for the Jews; It was a humiliating defeat for Muslims.

Islamic Fundamentalism – the only way back to God was to return to pure religion. Islam at its founding – the time of Mohammed Strict interpretation of the Koran; Sharia Law Jihad – wage war against those that insult Islam.

“Near Enemy” – impure Muslim society; secular “Distant Enemy” – the West; secular; pro Israel

Sayyid Qutb Arrested under

Nasser administration. Why?

Very intelligent Studied in Greeley,

Colorado @ Colorado State Teachers College

Qutb continued Developed hatred towards

American way of life In charge of newspaper

that went against Nasser’s western peace policies.

Will be hanged under Nasser administration Ran a newspaper Accused of trying to plan a

revolt against Nasser

Left- Anwar Sadat

B. Left- Younger Golda Meir

Down- Golda Meir

Surprise Attack in 1973 On Yom Kippur, Anwar Sadat (Nasser’s

successor) sends army out to catch Israeli’s off guard.

Success at first, but land will be reclaimed by Israel, under prime minister Golda Meir.

Truce is agreed too for the time being.

Known as the Yom Kippur War.

Cold War Why is the United States hesitant to directly

support Israel against the Arab nations? USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs Hypothetical situation Add into the mix: Nuclear Bomb

Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US, USSR, and the entire world.

OPEC Formed in Baghdad 1960 Stationed in Vienna,

Austria Goal: To regulate oil

prices Original members

Iran Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia Venezuela

US Interferes in Yom Kippur War Help to re-supply the

Israeli’s after the Arabs surprise attack them via airlift.

Tensions increasing between US and Arab nations. US has supported

Israel since 1948

Oil Embargo of 1973-74

American demand for resources

American cheap prices

What would be the best way to get back at the United States for being sympathetic for Israel?

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) Punishment to America for helping Israel during Yom

Kippur conflict

Stop shipping oil to the US

“You should pay more for oil. Let’s say ten times more.” –1973 Shah of Iran increasing prices by 70% to America's Western European allies. Overnight, the price of a barrel of oil to these nations rose from

$3 to $5.11. [In January 1974, they raised it further to $11.65.]

What does the United States do? $1 Million to $400

Million Alternative energy

resources Solar Power Wind Power Arctic Drilling?

Case Study: General Motors (GM) 1970s- Number 1 Car

Maker in the World Had begun research on

alternative fuels Electric cars using Fuel

Cells How does this work? Similar to a battery…

except runs on a never ending cycle.

If GM began this research, and were the leading researcher, then why are we not driving them today?

Profit: General Motors could make more money selling gas guzzling SUVs

Who leads in Fuel Cell research today?

Is it too late for General Motors to make the shift over?

Prudhoe bay- Population in 2000: 5 1977- 20% of US oil

consumption comes from Alaska.

Risks involved?

Is this the right solution? What are some other alternatives?

Review 1.) What event caused the Arab world to

direct there attention towards the United States? Yom Kippur War

2.) What are the two ways they try to strike back at America? OPEC (economics) Terrorism (guerilla)

Outline Two attempts for peace

Camp David Accords Oslo Agreements

The Two State Solution- is it a good idea?

Camp David Peace Accords US President Jimmy Carter hosts a

negotiation conference between Egypt and Israel. After 13 days, Egypt recognized Israel as a

nation. Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. 30 years of hostilities end? Anwar Sadat receives Nobel Peace Prize

1977 Times Magazine Man of the Year "We used to reject you, true. We refused to meet

you anywhere, true. We referred to you as the 'so-called Israel,' true. At international conferences our representatives refused to exchange greetings with you, true. At the 1973 Geneva Peace Conference our delegates did not exchange a single direct word with you, true. Yet today we agree to live with you in permanent peace and justice. Israel has become an accomplished fact recognized by the whole world and the superpowers. We welcome you to live among us in peace and security." --Anwar Sadat

Reaction to Camp David Accords Sadat will be

assassinated by Muslim Extremists

Acts of terrorism increase in Israel as a result

Intifada- “uprising” of the Palestinians

Oslo Peace Accords Israeli Prime Minister

Yitzhak Rabin agrees to grant Palestinians self-rule in Gaza Strip and West Bank (Two State Solution)

Will result in the assassination of Rabin by an Israeli extremist

Second Intifada- Suicide Bombers

Rabin is assassinated by Jewish extremists

Failure to find peace The more attempts

that are made for peace, the angrier Islamic fundamentalists get.

Around 2000, the Second Intifada begins Suicide Bombings Qassem Rockets

Two State Solution?

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/23/60minutes/main4749723.shtml

Peace Negotiations Ultimately Fail

Iran Shah: Mohammed Reza Pahlavi- Westernized Ayatollah: Ruholla Khomeini- Fundamentalist

Iranian Revolution (1979) 1953- Overthrow the

Democratically elected government of Mohammad Mosaddeq

USA restores Shah to power Shah Pahlavi embraces

Western governments & oil companies

Cultural Clash: Modern West vs. Traditional Islam

Ayatollah Khomeini: Iranian conservative Muslim leader - lives in exile for speaking against Pahlavi.

1978 - Khomeini sparks riots in Iran; Shah flees Theocratic government

established; Sharia Law Anti-Western; Anti-

American 1979 – Shah seeks treatment in the

United States… Iran demands his return Muslim radicals take control in Iran -

increasing tensions with Iraq (secular)

Perspectives United States

Occurs before Yom Kippur War and Oil Embargo

Need Oil to keep up living standards for typical Americans

Consider Iranian actions to be communist

WWI/WWII success; riding the wave

Iran US has no right to interfere

in Iranian politics American government is

greedy Actions are not acceptable,

revenge is necessary. US= “The Great Satan” Want the Shah to undergo

trial

How do they do this?

American Hostage Crisis Khomeini takes control of Iran Encourages extremists to seize US

Embassy in Tehran 66 American hostages 444 days Demand that the US make Shah Pahlavi face

trial Will release everyone by 1981

What was life like for these 444 days? “But the student radicals knew little of the world and its ways,

let alone the difference between a diplomat and a spy. They saw an operative with James Bond-like powers in every corner. One interrogator questioned State Department security officer Alan Golacinski about his digital watch, convinced that it was a secret radio.”

“Some hostages were badly beaten. Others faced terrifying mock executions. A few were thrown in solitary confinement. Bowden skillfully gets inside the minds of the hostages, vividly describing their churning emotions and harrowing experiences.“

-- Guests of the Ayatollah

Iran vs. Iraq: Who does the US favor? Iran

Had just undergone a revolution

Khomeini does not like the United States

Iraq: Saddam Hussein 5th President of Iraq:

Dictatorship Ran a secular

government Followed Nasser as a

model Thought of himself as

one who would bring modernization to Iraq

Conflict with Iran 1980- Iraq invades Iran Border Disputes WWI? Trenches, Poison Gas, over 1,000,000 die Nothing is settled, UN negotiated ceasefire

in 1988

Interference: From who else? US will tend to take

Iraq’s side in the war. Interesting side note

1983: Ronald Reagan/Donald Rumsfeld

January 2001-December 18, 2006.

US Secretary of Defense

1990- Iraq invades Kuwait Out of fear of a Saudi invasion, they invade

first and take control of oil fields in Kuwait UN economic sanctions fail

By early 1991, 39 nations declared war on Saddam Hussein and Iraq Who are most of these nations? Iraq leaves Kuwait and agrees to a cease fire

Persian Gulf War akaOperation Desert Storm Scorched Earth

Policy Burning of Oil Effects? Then?

Now?

Effects of Kuwait War 3:05-6:30

United States on Arabian Penninsula Following the Gulf

War, the US Coalition remains.

Infuriates fundamentalists Believe that they would

contaminate the holy sights

Infidel army angers those such as Osama Bin Laden

How about Afghanistan? 1950s Soviet

influence increasing 1979 Soviets invade 1980s“Mujahedeen”

”holy warriors” stage a revolt Looming Tower

War in Afghanistan (1979-89)

1979 - Soviets invade Afghanistan Muslims come to defend Afghanistan; Holy

War- Soviet Infidels Muslim Rebels (Mujahedeen) fight guerilla war

against Soviets with U.S. weapons 1989 - Soviets withdraw; Holy Warriors defeat a

Superpower – Taliban rises; Base for Al Qaeda

The Looming Tower: Hijira 1.) The title of the

chapter is Hijira. Who is Osama Bin Laden comparing himself to? How does he try to make that connection? Comparing himself to

Muhammad, the prophet of Islam

Osama: Saudi Arabia to Afghanistan

Muhammad: Mecca to Medina -Angry Muslim child. Why? A

Danish publication of Muhammad

2.) What was Afghanistan like when Bin Laden arrived?

Suffering from 20 years of war

Highwaymen: Depiction of chaos

Insufficient funds… would take a child

Government had been turning towards modernity

4.) Who are the Taliban? Who made the Taliban into a “formidable” army? Were unorganized, but

powerful Were able to take over

from President Rabbani Supported by Pakistani

intelligence

5.) Define Wahhabism. Where is it popular? Ideology: A return to

fundamental practices of first three generations of Islamic history.

Saudi Arabia

6.) What other country supported the Taliban and what was the connection? Pakistan Had set up schools that

had helped many Taliban students

Mullah Omar Well known for having

been a fierce fighter in war against the Soviet Union.

What do we know about him? Not much Refused to be

photographed Tall; about 6’6” Wounded while battling

Soviets from shrapnel

7.) Who was Mullah Mohammed Omar? What was his vision? How did he succeed in achieving his goal?

Ruled Taliban in Afghanistan; declared himself “The Ruler of All Muslims”.

Vision: To put an end to chaos brought about by the War with USSR

Supported by many people Ancient robe/parades around with hands in the

sleeves/cholera epidemic/rapture People want one ruler and stability “Corruption and moral disintegration had gripped the

land.”

Quick Question Mullah Omar and the Taliban would be

considered Islamic Fundamentalists who takes his beliefs to the extreme. Is there a such thing as a Christian Fundamentalist? Evangel Pentecostal Christians North Dakota Summer Camp Documentary called Jesus Camp Jesus Camp Sharia in America?

8.) What do the madrassas teach the refugee boys that attend them? Why do they live in the shadows of their fathers?

The fundamentals of Wahhabism Portrayed as sissies and

beggers Studied the Koran/Sharia

Glorification of the Jihad War against infidels

Success of fathers Had taken down a

superpower Mujahideen eager to get

their own glory

Taliban fueled by 3 streams 1.) Money and arms from

Saudi Arabia and Pakistan 2.) Afghan refugee

students from Pakistan Exclusively male world Studied Koran/Perfection

of a Muslim World 3.) Opium- Under Taliban,

Afghanistan became the number one Opium exporter in the world

9.) Why was Opium significant to the Taliban? Served as the main

source of income for Taliban.

Number 1 poppy exporter in the world

Worked alongside drug dealers and smugglers

10.) What is the Islamists dream, and how does Omar tap into this? To find stability and

unification under one ruler.

Omar tried to be this man

Wearing of the cloak

11.) What happened to women under the Taliban? What effect did this have overall? Stay in residences Loss of self-expression Health Care/Civil

Service destroyed 40% doctors 50% gov’t workers 70% teachers

12.) What were some of the things banned by the Taliban? Kite flying Dog racing Trained

pigeons Unclean

Things: Pork, pig, pig

oil, anything made of human hair

Cinema, Satellite dishes

Cameras Pool Tables Chess Masks Alcohol Tapes Computers VCR Television Sexual

propaganda

• Wine• Lobster• Nail Polish• Firecrackers• Statues• Sewing catalogues• Pictures• Christmas cards

Plato: Allegory of the Cave People accept the reality of which they are given.

13.) “Throw reason to the dogs, it stinks of corruption.” - Taliban This sign was posted on

the office of the religious police.

People embrace it: desperate and exhausted from twenty years of war.

How is this similar to the enlightenment?

Enlightenment served as a means of exposing corruption… the Taliban, by American standards, an anti-enlightenment

14.) Why do most Afghani’s embrace the Taliban rule at first? Desperate Didn’t think that things

could get any worse

15.) What is symbolic of the cave in Islam? How does bin laden use it?

Seen as an escape from Western world

Stalactites- drips that hang from caves, often used in Islamic art. Muhammad in cave in Medina had

encounter with Gabrielle. Enemies pursue, protected by magic

spider web Tora Bora: Modern cave with

‘enhanced’ defense (computers and ammunition).

16.) How does bin Laden see himself as personifying the Umma? Umma- Muslim

Community Attack on one is an attack

on all Bin laden, seeing himself

as the prophet, sees himself as the ideal leader of the Umma

Wants to start a war of terror against the United States

17.) When bin Laden declares war on the US, what grievances does he mention? 1.) “Declaration of War

Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places.

Medina and Mecca after first Gulf War

2.) US interest in middle-eastern oil.

18.) Who is Khaled Sheikh Mohammed? Who is his nephew? Why do you think Mohammed sought out Bin Laden?

Man who visits Osama bin Laden at Tora Bora cave.

Nephew: Ramzi Yousef

Mohammed wanted to discuss plans with bin Laden about how they could try to terrorize the United States.

19.) What are some schemes Mohammed and bin Laden discuss? Plan to bomb 12 American jumbo jets (called Operation

Bojinka) Actually happened, was a success

An assassination of Bill Clinton in 1994 Had route sketched out while visiting Manila in 1994

An assassination of Pope John Paul II Planned to get priest cassocks.

These plans were encrypted on Yousef’s hard drive, which was captured Flying airplanes into buildings

Bin laden claims not to know Mohammed personally

1993: World Trade Center Bombing Planned by a group

including Ramzi Yousef; Khaled Sheik Mohammed’s uncle.

Plan Car bomb in parking deck

supposed to knock North tower into South tower, bringing them down.

Kills 6, injure about a thousand, but ultimate goal is a failure.

Intentions Before the attack, Yousef

sent a demand to NY newspapers to:

A.) US stops sending aid to Israel

B.) Stop having diplomatic relations with Israel

C.) US stops interference with all Middle Eastern countries

How did many of the things discussed in this chapter come together in a “perfect storm,” culminating with the September 11th attacks?

September 11, 2001 Rationale: “Injustices against

Muslim people by Israel and the United States.”

“… if killing those who kill our sons is terrorism, then let history be witness that we are terrorists.”—Osama Bin Laden

US Invades Afghanistan (2001) Operation Enduring Freedom

Capture Bin Laden Destroy Al-Qaeda Remove Taliban regime who allowed a safe-

haven for Al-Qaeda

International Security Assistance Force Created by the United Nations Coalition of over 30 nations

US invades Iraq (2003) Reasons for Invading

Weapons of mass destruction Supporting Al-Qaeda Abuse of Human Rights and financial assistance

to Palestinian suicide bombers.

Saddam Hussein Executed at Camp Justice in Baghdad

Sunni vs. Shiite?

What is the best way to find peace? Land for Peace: US

Perspective Israel: Give back land to

Palestinians that they acquired in Six Day War.

Israel: Leave Arab area’s and allow them self-rule

Palestinians: Peace and recognition of Israel

Extra Credit Opportunity (+2) 3-5 minute presentation on:

Terrorist attacks of: 1998 US Embassies in Africa (Tanzania and Kenya) 2000 USS Cole

5 W’s: Who, What, When, Where, Why Significance Relation to any current events?