Whose presentation is this?Whose presentation is this?SUBJ(present, Violeta Seretan)SUBJ(present, Violeta Seretan)

OBL(collaborate, Lorenzo Thione)PP-OBJ(with, Lorenzo Thione)

SUBJ(supervise, Martin van den Berg)

(Decoding the predicate-argument structure of nominalizations)

10/25/200510/25/2005 22

OverviewOverview

nominalization problemnominalization problem NOMLEX resourceNOMLEX resource DenominalizerDenominalizer service based on NOMLEX service based on NOMLEX additional resources (CSLI)additional resources (CSLI) APIs for NOMLEX, CSLIAPIs for NOMLEX, CSLI related and future workrelated and future work demodemo

10/25/200510/25/2005 33

Text normalization for Text normalization for QAQA

Mark Twain Mark Twain publishedpublished Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1885 in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1885 in America.America.

– Who published H.F.? Who published H.F.? – Where was H.F. published?Where was H.F. published?– When was H.F. published?When was H.F. published?

QA/NLU needs to deal with a large spectrum of variation in text:QA/NLU needs to deal with a large spectrum of variation in text:1.1. morphological: morphological: published, publishespublished, publishes2.2. syntactic: syntactic: H.F. was publishedH.F. was published3.3. lexical: lexical: {novel, book, masterpiece, work} {publish, write, author, appear}{novel, book, masterpiece, work} {publish, write, author, appear}4.4. nominalizationnominalization: : the publicationthe publication

Normalization (via parsing): Normalization (via parsing): 1.1. base word form: base word form: publishes -> publish; published -> publishpublishes -> publish; published -> publish2.2. canonical word order: canonical word order: SUBJ(publish, SUBJ(publish, Mark TwainMark Twain); OBJ(publish, ); OBJ(publish, H.F.H.F.))

Lexical semantic resources:Lexical semantic resources:3.3. synonyms, hyponyms, hypernyms, …synonyms, hyponyms, hypernyms, …

What about nominalization?What about nominalization?

10/25/200510/25/2005 44

NominalizationNominalization

Since the Since the publicationpublication of Huckleberry Finn in 1885, there have been many of Huckleberry Finn in 1885, there have been many reactions to the novel, some of them quite extreme.reactions to the novel, some of them quite extreme.

– When was H.F. published?When was H.F. published?

NominalizationNominalization :  : NP having “a systematic correspondence with a NP having “a systematic correspondence with a clause structure” (Quirk et al. 1985)clause structure” (Quirk et al. 1985)

Goal: decoding the clause structureGoal: decoding the clause structure

publicationpublication of Huckleberry Finn of Huckleberry Finn

OBJ(OBJ(publishpublish, Huckleberry Finn), Huckleberry Finn)

deverbal deverbal nounnoun

nominalization

matrix matrix verbverb

10/25/200510/25/2005 55

Mark Twain’sMark Twain’s publication publication of his bookof his bookpossessive determiner PP adjunct (nominal possessive determiner PP adjunct (nominal arguments)arguments)

the the bookbook publication publication by Mark Twainby Mark Twainmodifier modifier PP adjunct (nominal PP adjunct (nominal

arguments)arguments)

Mark TwainMark Twain - publish – - publish – bookbook SUBJECT SUBJECT OBJECT OBJECT (verbal roles)(verbal roles)

Mapping nominal Mapping nominal arguments into verbal arguments into verbal roles roles

10/25/200510/25/2005 66

Role ambiguityRole ambiguity

Rome’s destructionRome’s destruction – SUBJ or OBJ? – SUBJ or OBJ?

OBJ(destroy, Rome)OBJ(destroy, Rome)

SUBJ(destroy, Rome)SUBJ(destroy, Rome)

A.A. Rome’s Rome’s destructiondestruction by barbarians by barbarians OBJOBJ

B.B. Rome’sRome’s destruction destruction of Carthage of Carthage SUBJSUBJ

Rome’s destructionRome’s destruction – OBJ (by default) – OBJ (by default)

John’s admirationJohn’s admiration – SUBJ (by default) – SUBJ (by default)

10/25/200510/25/2005 77

NOMLEX – NOMLEX – NOMinalization LEXiconNOMinalization LEXicon Macleod et al., New York UniversityMacleod et al., New York University 1’025 deverbal nouns 1’025 deverbal nouns detailed mapping from nominal arguments to verb roles detailed mapping from nominal arguments to verb roles

:ORTH "destruction":ORTH "destruction":VERB "destroy":VERB "destroy"

:VERB-SUBC ((NOM-NP :SUBJECT ((N-N-MOD):VERB-SUBC ((NOM-NP :SUBJECT ((N-N-MOD) (DET-POSS)(DET-POSS) (PP :PVAL ("by")))(PP :PVAL ("by"))) :OBJECT ((DET-POSS):OBJECT ((DET-POSS) (N-N-MOD)(N-N-MOD) (PP :PVAL ("of")))(PP :PVAL ("of"))) :REQUIRED ((OBJECT :DET-POSS-ONLY T:REQUIRED ((OBJECT :DET-POSS-ONLY T :N-N-MOD-ONLY T)))):N-N-MOD-ONLY T))))

default role

role to assign

10/25/200510/25/2005 88

NOMLENOMLEXXMLML

(NOM :ORTH "accusation"(NOM :ORTH "accusation"

:PLURAL "accusations":PLURAL "accusations"

:PLURAL-FREQ "not rare":PLURAL-FREQ "not rare"

:VERB "accuse":VERB "accuse"

:NOUN-SUBC ((NOUN-PP :PVAL ("about"))):NOUN-SUBC ((NOUN-PP :PVAL ("about")))

:NOM-TYPE ((VERB-NOM)):NOM-TYPE ((VERB-NOM))

:VERB-SUBJ ((DET-POSS):VERB-SUBJ ((DET-POSS)

(N-N-MOD)(N-N-MOD)

(PP :PVAL ("by")))(PP :PVAL ("by")))

:SUBJ-ATTRIBUTE ((COMMUNICATOR)):SUBJ-ATTRIBUTE ((COMMUNICATOR))

:OBJ-ATTRIBUTE ((COMMUNICATOR)):OBJ-ATTRIBUTE ((COMMUNICATOR))

:VERB-SUBC ((NOM-NP-PP :SUBJECT ((DET-POSS):VERB-SUBC ((NOM-NP-PP :SUBJECT ((DET-POSS)

(N-N-MOD)(N-N-MOD)

(PP :PVAL ("by")))(PP :PVAL ("by")))

:OBJECT ((PP :PVAL ("against"))):OBJECT ((PP :PVAL ("against")))

:PVAL ("of")) :PVAL ("of"))

(NOM-NP :SUBJECT ((DET-POSS) …(NOM-NP :SUBJECT ((DET-POSS) …

Perl

10/25/200510/25/2005 99

NOMLEX API in JavaNOMLEX API in Java

com.fxpal.sake.test (NomLexInterface)com.fxpal.sake.test (NomLexInterface)

com.fxpal.ltng.services.normalization.noun.nomlex com.fxpal.ltng.services.normalization.noun.nomlex

(NomLex, NomLexEntry, NomLexClassConstants, Subcat)(NomLex, NomLexEntry, NomLexClassConstants, Subcat)

10/25/200510/25/2005 1010

How useful?How useful?

Oracle acquired PeopleSoft at the end of last year.Oracle acquired PeopleSoft at the end of last year.

Oracle’s acquisition of PeopleSoft at the end of last Oracle’s acquisition of PeopleSoft at the end of last year…year…

Google hits, 10/25/2005:Google hits, 10/25/2005:"Oracle acquisition of "Oracle acquisition of PeopleSoft"PeopleSoft"

"Oracle acquired PeopleSoft""Oracle acquired PeopleSoft"

"Oracle's PeopleSoft "Oracle's PeopleSoft acquisition"acquisition"

"Oracle acquires PeopleSoft""Oracle acquires PeopleSoft" 1’0201’020

"Oracle has acquired PeopleSoft""Oracle has acquired PeopleSoft" 248248

"Oracle will acquire PeopleSoft""Oracle will acquire PeopleSoft" 424424

More hits:

587587

~14’500~14’500

693693

10/25/200510/25/2005 1111

Argument-role mappingArgument-role mapping

Oracle's Oracle's acquisitionacquisition of PeopleSoft of PeopleSoft possessivepossessive PP ( PP (of of ))

:ORTH ":ORTH "acquisitionacquisition"":VERB "acquire":VERB "acquire":VERB-SUBC ((NOM-NP :SUBJECT ((DET-POSS):VERB-SUBC ((NOM-NP :SUBJECT ((DET-POSS) (N-N-MOD)(N-N-MOD) (PP :PVAL ("by")))(PP :PVAL ("by"))) :OBJECT ((N-N-MOD):OBJECT ((N-N-MOD) (PP :PVAL ("of"))))(PP :PVAL ("of"))))

SUBJ(acquire, Oracleacquire, Oracle)OBJ(acquire, PeopleSoftacquire, PeopleSoft)

10/25/200510/25/2005 1212

DenominalizerDenominalizer

Input: Input: sentencesentence Output: Output: pairs nominal pairs nominal argumentargument – verb – verb rolerole

for each nominalizationfor each nominalization

(noun, (argument –role)*)*(noun, (argument –role)*)*

Exemples:Exemples:

• Oracle's acquisition of PeopleSoft finally materialized after Oracle's acquisition of PeopleSoft finally materialized after an 18 months struggle between the two companies.an 18 months struggle between the two companies.(acquisition, (Oracle - SUBJECT) (PeopleSoft - OBJECT))(acquisition, (Oracle - SUBJECT) (PeopleSoft - OBJECT))

• Oracle acquisition finally materialized.Oracle acquisition finally materialized.(acquisition, (Oracle - SUBJECT) (Oracle - OBJECT))(acquisition, (Oracle - SUBJECT) (Oracle - OBJECT))

10/25/200510/25/2005 1313

AlgorithmAlgorithm

parse sentenceparse sentence

for each deverbal nounfor each deverbal noun

get noun arguments get noun arguments

for each NOMLEX entry for nounfor each NOMLEX entry for noun

for each subcat of the entryfor each subcat of the entry

1. match1. match arguments against subcat arguments against subcat

2. filter2. filter assignment results assignment results

select a subcatselect a subcat

output assignments for selected subcatoutput assignments for selected subcat

Note: Note: overlapping nominalizations ok: overlapping nominalizations ok: an increase in product salesan increase in product sales

com.fxpal.ltng.services.normalization.noun.*com.fxpal.ltng.services.normalization.noun.*

10/25/200510/25/2005 1414

1. Matching 1. Matching

Oracle's acquisition of PeopleSoft finally materialized.Oracle's acquisition of PeopleSoft finally materialized.

Arguments (Arguments (acquisitionacquisition):):

POSS(acquisition, Oracle)POSS(acquisition, Oracle)

ADJUNCT(acquisition, of)ADJUNCT(acquisition, of)

PP-OBJ(of, PeopleSoft)PP-OBJ(of, PeopleSoft)

NOM-NP NOM-NP

:SUBJECT:SUBJECT ((DET-POSS)((DET-POSS)

(N-N-MOD)(N-N-MOD)

(PP :PVAL ("by")))(PP :PVAL ("by")))

:OBJECT :OBJECT ((N-N-MOD)((N-N-MOD)

(PP :PVAL ("of")))(PP :PVAL ("of")))

10/25/200510/25/2005 1515

2. Filtering2. Filtering

Oracle's PeopleSoft acquisition finally materialized.Oracle's PeopleSoft acquisition finally materialized.

Arguments (acquisition):Arguments (acquisition):

POSS(acquisition, Oracle)POSS(acquisition, Oracle)

MOD(acquisition, PeopleSoft)MOD(acquisition, PeopleSoft)

NOM-NP NOM-NP

SUBJECTSUBJECT ((DET-POSS)((DET-POSS)

(N-N-MOD)(N-N-MOD)

(PP :PVAL ("by")))(PP :PVAL ("by")))

OBJECT OBJECT ((N-N-MOD)((N-N-MOD)

(PP :PVAL ("of")))(PP :PVAL ("of")))

Alternatives:

Oracle: SUBJECTPeopleSoft: PeopleSoft: SUBJECT, SUBJECT, OBJECTOBJECT

10/25/200510/25/2005 1616

NOMLEX constraints NOMLEX constraints (1)(1) Uniqueness ConstraintUniqueness Constraint::

A verbal role may be filled only once.A verbal role may be filled only once.

Oracle's PeopleSoft acquisitionOracle's PeopleSoft acquisition

Matching alternatives:

Oracle: SUBJECT

PeopleSoftPeopleSoft: : SUBJECT, OBJECTSUBJECT, OBJECT

10/26/200510/26/2005 1717

NOMLEX constraints NOMLEX constraints (2)(2) Ordering ConstraintOrdering Constraint::

If there are multiple pre-nominal arguments, they must If there are multiple pre-nominal arguments, they must appear in the order: appear in the order: SUBJECT, INDIRECT OBJECT, DIRECT OBJECT, OBLIQUE.SUBJECT, INDIRECT OBJECT, DIRECT OBJECT, OBLIQUE.

FX’s printer sales grew by 50%. FX’s printer sales grew by 50%.

Matching alternatives:

FX: SUBJECT, OBJECT, OBJECTprinterprinter: : SUBJECT, OBJECTSUBJECT, OBJECT

order: FX, printerprinterverbal roles: SUBJECT, OBJECT

10/25/200510/25/2005 1818

NOMLEX constraints NOMLEX constraints (3)(3) Obligatoriness ConstraintObligatoriness Constraint::

By default, the subject and object are optional. By default, the subject and object are optional. A NOMLEX entry can specify obligatory roles to be filled.A NOMLEX entry can specify obligatory roles to be filled.

circulation - circulation - REQUIRED (SUBJECT)REQUIRED (SUBJECT)blood circulation blood circulation SUBJ(circulate, blood)SUBJ(circulate, blood)

destruction destruction - REQUIRED ((OBJECT :DET-POSS-ONLY T- REQUIRED ((OBJECT :DET-POSS-ONLY T :N-N-MOD-ONLY T)))):N-N-MOD-ONLY T))))

Rome’s destructionRome’s destructionOBJ(destroy, Rome)OBJ(destroy, Rome)

10/25/200510/25/2005 1919

Selectional Selectional Restrictions Restrictions

com.fxpal.ltng.services.normalization.noun.cslicom.fxpal.ltng.services.normalization.noun.csli

(Nouns, Verbs, NounsVerbs)(Nouns, Verbs, NounsVerbs)

10/25/200510/25/2005 2020

Applying Applying selectional restrictionsselectional restrictions

room reservationroom reservation

Alternatives:Alternatives:

roomroom - SUBJECT, OBJECT - SUBJECT, OBJECT

reserve reserve - selectional restrictions: SUBJECT: sentient; OBJECT: * - selectional restrictions: SUBJECT: sentient; OBJECT: *

roomroom - location, physobj - location, physobj

semantic types for about 5000 Nsemantic types for about 5000 N selectional restrictions for about 5000 Vselectional restrictions for about 5000 V

459/941 verbs from NOMLEX (48.77%) 459/941 verbs from NOMLEX (48.77%)

10/25/200510/25/2005 2121

CCoverageoverage extension extension

What if a noun is not in NOMLEXWhat if a noun is not in NOMLEX??

1.1. additional deverbal nouns in the CSLI data additional deverbal nouns in the CSLI data 4’087 “event nouns” 4’087 “event nouns” 3348 new, 739 already in NOMLEX3348 new, 739 already in NOMLEX3348/1025 3348/1025 326% more data326% more data

2.2. NOMLEX template:NOMLEX template:

NOM-NP NOM-NP :SUBJECT:SUBJECT ((DET-POSS)((DET-POSS)

(N-N-MOD)(N-N-MOD) (PP :PVAL ("by")))(PP :PVAL ("by")))

:OBJECT :OBJECT ((DET-POSS)((DET-POSS)(N-N-MOD)(N-N-MOD)(PP :PVAL ("of")))(PP :PVAL ("of")))

10/25/200510/25/2005 2222

Future workFuture work

extensive test and evaluationextensive test and evaluation

other nominalization data other nominalization data – deverbal noun recognitiondeverbal noun recognition– mapping information (FrameNet)mapping information (FrameNet)

other lexical resources other lexical resources PropBank – semantic rolesPropBank – semantic rolesVerbLex – selectional restrictionsVerbLex – selectional restrictions

role assignment in contextrole assignment in context– word sense disambiguation, anaphora, discourseword sense disambiguation, anaphora, discourse– collocations collocations

the author will make no accusation the author will make no accusation SUBJ(make, author) -> SUBJ (accuse, author)SUBJ(make, author) -> SUBJ (accuse, author)

10/25/200510/25/2005 2323

Related workRelated work

PUNDIT system (Dahl et al., 1987)PUNDIT system (Dahl et al., 1987) SNOWY QA system (Hull and Gomez 1996)SNOWY QA system (Hull and Gomez 1996) NOMLEX for IE (Meyers et al., 1998)NOMLEX for IE (Meyers et al., 1998) N-N interpretation (Lapata 2002, Girju et al. N-N interpretation (Lapata 2002, Girju et al.

2004)2004)

10/25/200510/25/2005 2424

Dahl, Deborah A., Palmer, Martha S.; and Passonneau, Rebecca J. 1987. Dahl, Deborah A., Palmer, Martha S.; and Passonneau, Rebecca J. 1987. "Nominalizations in PUNDIT." Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the "Nominalizations in PUNDIT." Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Stanford, CA.Association for Computational Linguistics, Stanford, CA.

Girju, Roxana, Ana-Maria Giuglea, Marian Olteanu, Ovidiu Fortu, Orest Bolohan, and Girju, Roxana, Ana-Maria Giuglea, Marian Olteanu, Ovidiu Fortu, Orest Bolohan, and Dan Moldovan. Support vector machines applied to the classification of semantic Dan Moldovan. Support vector machines applied to the classification of semantic relations in nominalized noun phrases. In Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL Workshop on relations in nominalized noun phrases. In Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL Workshop on Computational Lexical Semantics, 2004.Computational Lexical Semantics, 2004.

Hull, Richard and Fernando Gomez (1996). Semantic Interpretation of Nominalizations. Hull, Richard and Fernando Gomez (1996). Semantic Interpretation of Nominalizations. PDF Format. Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial PDF Format. Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Portland, Oregon, August, 1996, pp. 1062-8.Intelligence, Portland, Oregon, August, 1996, pp. 1062-8.

Lapata, Maria. 2002. The Disambiguation of Nominalisations. Computational Lapata, Maria. 2002. The Disambiguation of Nominalisations. Computational Linguistics 28:3, 357-388.Linguistics 28:3, 357-388.

Macleod, Catherine, Ralph Grishman, Adam Meyers, Leslie Barrett, and Ruth Reeves. Macleod, Catherine, Ralph Grishman, Adam Meyers, Leslie Barrett, and Ruth Reeves. 1998. Nomlex: A lexicon of nominalizations. In Proceedings of the 81998. Nomlex: A lexicon of nominalizations. In Proceedings of the 8thth International International Congress of the European Association for Lexicography, pages 187–193, LiCongress of the European Association for Lexicography, pages 187–193, Lièège, ge, Belgium.Belgium.

Meyers A., et al. Using NOMLEX to produce nominalization patterns for information Meyers A., et al. Using NOMLEX to produce nominalization patterns for information extraction. In Proceedings of the COLING-ACL Workshop on Computational Treatment extraction. In Proceedings of the COLING-ACL Workshop on Computational Treatment of Nominals, 1998.of Nominals, 1998.

Quirk, S. R., Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Svartvik. 1985. A comprehensive grammar Quirk, S. R., Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Svartvik. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of English language, Longman, Harlow.of English language, Longman, Harlow.

Terada Akira, Tokunaga Takenobu. Corpus based method of transforming nominalized Terada Akira, Tokunaga Takenobu. Corpus based method of transforming nominalized phrases into clauses for text mining application. IEICE Transactions on Information and phrases into clauses for text mining application. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems. Vol.E86-D. No.9. pp.1736 -- 1744. 2003. Systems. Vol.E86-D. No.9. pp.1736 -- 1744. 2003.

ReferencesReferences

10/25/200510/25/2005 2525

Thank you!Thank you!

10/25/200510/25/2005 2626

Selectional restrictions Selectional restrictions datadata CSLI resource: CSLI resource:

– nounsnouns 44474447 semantic tsemantic tyypes (ontology)pes (ontology)

– verbsverbs 48584858 subcategorizationssubcategorizations selectional restrictionsselectional restrictions

– noun-verbnoun-verb 5700 V (9415 N)5700 V (9415 N) noun-verb pairsnoun-verb pairs

10/25/200510/25/2005 2727

Grammatical TransferGrammatical TransferNOMLEXNOMLEX XLEXLE ExampleExample

DET-POSSDET-POSS POSS POSS Rome's destructionRome's destruction

PPPP ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (POS=NOUN)ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (POS=NOUN) destruction of Carthagedestruction of Carthage

TO-INFTO-INF XCOMP XCOMP the desire to leave the desire to leave

AS-NP-AS-NP-PHRASEPHRASE

ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (as, POS=NOUN)ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (as, POS=NOUN) his resignation as his resignation as chairmanchairman

N-N-MODN-N-MOD MODMOD the room reservationthe room reservation

P-INGP-ING ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (POS=VERB)ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (POS=VERB) the accusation against the accusation against launching launching

INGING ADJUNCT, QA_PROG(+)ADJUNCT, QA_PROG(+) my appreciation being my appreciation being therethere

FOR-TO-INFFOR-TO-INF ADJUNCT, SUBJADJUNCT, SUBJ the wish for him to gothe wish for him to go

ADVPADVP ADJUNCT (POS=ADV)ADJUNCT (POS=ADV) his departure abroadhis departure abroad

AS-INGAS-ING ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (as, POS=VERB), ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (as, POS=VERB), QA_PROG(+)QA_PROG(+)

characterization as characterization as beingbeing

AS-ADJPAS-ADJP ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (as, POS=ADJ)ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ (as, POS=ADJ) the characterization as the characterization as usefuluseful

P-POSSINGP-POSSING ADJUNCT, PP-OBJ(POS=VERB), POSSADJUNCT, PP-OBJ(POS=VERB), POSS the acceptance of his the acceptance of his talkingtalking

10/25/200510/25/2005 2828

FrameNetFrameNet

aim: word – semantico-syntactic mappingaim: word – semantico-syntactic mapping semantic roles: frame elements (frame-specific)semantic roles: frame elements (frame-specific) BNC corpus (100M words); American English – LDC, ANCBNC corpus (100M words); American English – LDC, ANC more than 600 frames, about 9.000 wordsmore than 600 frames, about 9.000 words

communicatorcommunicator evalueeevaluee reasonreasonnot expressed (27/48)not expressed (27/48)

possessive determinerpossessive determiner (6/48)(6/48)

PP (PP (fromfrom) ) (2/48)(2/48)

……

not expressed (40/48)not expressed (40/48)

PP (PP (againstagainst)) (5/48) (5/48)

PP (PP (aboutabout)) (3/48) (3/48)

……

PP (PP (ofof) (9/48)) (9/48)

S (S (thatthat) (9/48)) (9/48)

not expressed (8/48)not expressed (8/48)

… … PP (PP (aboutabout)) (3/48) (3/48) ……

Example: Example: accusationaccusation

frame: Judgment_communicationframe: Judgment_communication

FE (for this word) and their realization:FE (for this word) and their realization:

10/25/200510/25/2005 2929

NOMLEX constraints NOMLEX constraints (4)(4) restrictions on possible combinationsrestrictions on possible combinations

– specified in NOMLEX entry specified in NOMLEX entry

adaptation adaptation :NOT ((AND :NOT ((AND :SUBJECT ((DET-POSS) (N-N-MOD)):SUBJECT ((DET-POSS) (N-N-MOD))

:OBJECT ((N-N-MOD)):OBJECT ((N-N-MOD))

*plants' weather adaptation*plants' weather adaptationplants’ adaptation to weather plants’ adaptation to weather

Note: Not implemented (cannot decide which assignment to Note: Not implemented (cannot decide which assignment to remove).remove).

10/25/200510/25/2005 3030

Denominalizer UIDenominalizer UI

parse triples

output

com.fxpal.sake.test.DenominalizerTestcom.fxpal.sake.test.DenominalizerTest