What is Science?

Defining Science:

Science: knowledge gained from the careful, systematic investigation of the natural world

Life Science: the knowledge gained when scientific investigation is applied to living things in the natural world.

Thinking Scientifically:

NOT ALL THINKING IS SCIENTIFIC!!!

To be scientific thinking, it must have these characteristics:CuriosityCautionCommitment to certain

presuppositions

Terms to Know:

Observation – info gained from using one or more of the five senses

Inference – a logical conclusion

Universal Negative – a statement that excludes everything

Value judgment – determination of the worth of something

Terms to Know:Final answer – an answer that is absolutely

true and never needs to be rejected

Scientism – those who believe that science is the only way to learn about the world

Worldview – a perspective from which a person interprets life

Presupposition – an idea that a person takes for granted without having convincing proof

Christian worldview – belief that the Bible is the word of God and only reliable thing in the world (most important)

Main Teachings of a Christian Worldview:

Creation – God has created everything

Fall – man has fallen into a tragic state because of sin

God is working to redeem the world to himself

Why study Life Science?

God made living things for HIS glory!

Romans 11:36

Life science…demonstrate God’s greatness

more clearlyStrengthens appreciation for

God’s goodnessShows the Truth of God’s

loving care in action

Dominion Mandate:

“Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the seas, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth” Genesis 1:28

Mankind has a responsibility to govern God’s creation

Dominion Mandate:

Life Science is important to the work of the Dominion Mandate

This command however, does not give us permission to abuse what God has made

Living things are cursed because of SIN

There are physical and mental effects of the fall

Life is filled with painful struggle

Wrong thinking…

God is redeeming this world to Himself

Relieving human suffering

Proclaiming the Gospel

Its time to reclaim Life Science for God’s Glory

What do scientists do?

So how do you DO science?

Review: What is science?

Scientific Method: an organized way of arriving at a workable solution

In reality – scientist do science in many ways!

One process followed in science…

Establish the problem

Form a hypothesis

Test the hypothesis

Classify and analyze data

Choose and verify the answer

Predict outcomes

In order to solve problems – must fall within limitations of science:

Observable

Measurable

Repeatable

Hypothesis – “an educated guess”

- It helps you in designing an experiment or survey

- Key Terms:- Data- Survey- Experiment- Experimental variable- Experimental group- Control group

Classify the data --- what does it all mean?

Choose an answer! (must be verified)

Predict outcomes!

Why Classify?

Benefits to classifying living things

Classify – means to arrange things into groups

Think about the shoes…

Good classification helps by:Learning about characteristics of

individuals and whole group (generalization)

Makes it easier to organize and find information about specific organisms

Benefits to classifying living things

Classification today is based on physical characteristics

The modern classification system (Carolus Linnaeus)

Seven basic levels from largest to smallest

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Scientific Names

Why scientific names?

Each scientific name given to one organism

Two-name system

First name – Genus

Second name – species

Genus names capitalized, species – not

Both italicized

Why scientific names?

Scientific name usually latinized

The first person to publish a description is usually the one to give its scientific name

Note: Genesis 2:19 – God directs Adam to name organisms…

Problems of Classification

Because we are human, mistakes can be made!

Uncertainty in classifying lack of clear definition or

understanding of what is what!

False conclusionsGet the term “related”

misunderstood, assuming it means “common ancestor”

Problems of Classification

Species and Biblical kinds

Gen 1:11, 24 – God commands all things to reproduce after “their kind”

Complete Section Review 2B and 2C

Then begin to work on and complete Ideas 2B, C, D, E

3A – Living Organisms

What is Life?

Organism – a complete living thing

Organisms…Have life spansCan reproduceGrow

What is Life?Organisms…Are made of cellsCell – tiny unit of living material

surrounded by a thin membraneMade mostly of water and contain

organic compoundsUnicellular vs. multicellularTissue – a group of similar cells

working togetherColonial organisms – organisms

made of many cells that usually live together BUT could live by themselves!

What is Life?

Organisms…Require energyEnergy – the ability to do workMovement requires energy

Respond to their environmentRequires energy to respond to

conditions

What is Life?Organisms also have a Physical Life

and Spiritual LifePhysical life is part of God’s

creative processA complex organization of nonliving

substances that is kept alive by using energy and has characteristics of living things

Life is a condition of being alive (through our understanding of who God is and what He has done!)

What is Life?

Spiritual LifeGod often describes spiritual life

by comparing it to the physical life

Warm-upOpen up your interactive notebook

to the next two pages.

Title the top of the LEFT page “Bacteria what?” reflection and the date

Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria” and date

Answer the following question on the LEFT page:What are bacteria? Why are they

important?

11A – Kingdoms Archaebacteria and

Eubacteria

The two Bacteria KingdomArchaebacteria – make up the

smaller kingdomHave cell walls that lack special

compounds found only in the walls of eubacteria

More likely to be found in extreme environments (springs, salty lakes, sewage, and the intestines of some animals)

The two Bacteria KingdomEubacteria – contain more familiar

organismsResponsible for decomposing most

organic matterKingdom also contains disease-

causing organismsExamples: cyanobacteria (blue-

green algae)

Rapid growth ratesTiny organisms whose average

length is about 1 micrometer

With proper conditions – can grow and reproduce every twenty minutes!

A large group of bacteria can be seen without the aid of a microscope

To grow rapidly, bacteria need:FoodOxygenSpace

Rapid growth ratesMany die due to lack of oxygen or

food, or due to the build up of wastes as a result of overcrowding

The Body Structure of BacteriaThree basic shapes: (draw the shapes

in your interactive notebook)Spherical - CoccusSpiral - SpirillumRod-shaped – bacillus

They may appear as individuals or as a group living togetherStaph – bacteria arranged in a clusterStrep – arranged in end to end long

chains

Thus Streptococcus (Strep throat) - chains of spherical bacteria

The Body Structure of BacteriaSome bacteria can move!Flagellum – a long thread-like

structure that spins like a propeller

Others reproduce asexually by binary fission

Importance of Bacteria –They can make us sick (plague,

leprosy, strep throat, food poisoning)BUT they are actually more helpful

than harmful!Decomposers, food (yogurt, pickles,

cheese), and antibiotics and other chemicals!

Warm-up Open up your interactive notebook to the

next two pages.

Title the top of the LEFT page “Protists what?” reflection and the date (8/31/10)

Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdom Protista” and date (8/31/10)

Fill out the self evaluation sheet on your desk about how you participated in your group project.

Go ahead and finish Ideas 11A and section review 11A – you have 15 minutes to finish and then we will grade it!

THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT ASSIGNMENT!

11B – Kingdom Protista

ProtistsA very diverse kingdom

They can move, reproduce, get food

All have nuclei and are unicellular

Two groups:Protozoa (animal-like)Can move themselves and capture

preyExample: Paramecium and amoeba

Algae (plant-like)Perform photosynthesisUnable to move themselvesExample: Spirogyra

ProtistsEuglena – characteristics of both –

can move AND perform photosynthesis

Structure and movementUnicellular – if can live by itselfMulticellular – cannot live aloneColony – a group of unicellular

protists living together, but can live alone

ProtistsThree ways protists moveFlagella – whiplike hairs (Euglena)Cilia – small hairlike projections

(Paramecium)Pseudopodia – forming a bulge;

“false foot” (Amoeba)

Look at handout on Protists

NutritionEat other protists, bacteria, debris,

or use energy to make their own food

ProtistsParamecium – oral groove

Euglena – photosynthesis

Food vacuoles

Importance of Protists Involvement in ocean’s planktonSome scientists estimate that 90% of

all food energy in the ocean originated from protists with chloroplasts

Diseases and harmful events caused by protists:MalariaAfrican sleeping sicknessRed tide

ProtistsReproduction in ProtistsAsexually by mitotic cell divisionFragmentation – of coloniesConjugationCell division

Warm-upOpen up your interactive

notebook to the next two pages.

Title the top of the LEFT page “Fungi what?” reflection and the date (9/2/10)

Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdom Fungi” and date (9/2/10)

Warm-upOn the “Fungi What?” page (Left)

you will observe various mushrooms and you will

Write down and describe what you see.

Draw what you see.

11C – Kingdom Fungi

Structural Characteristics of Fungi

Two common types of fungi – black bread mold and the edible mushroom

Hyphae – long filaments of fungal cells

Black bread mold – example of filamentous hyphae

Stalk of mushroom – example of hyphae grouped together

Structural Characteristics of Fungi

All fungi produce sporesSpores are involved in

reproduction and survive through unfavorable growth conditions

Black Bread mold has 3 types of hyphae:Rootlike (rhizoids)Spreading (stolons)Spore-bearing (sporangia)

Structural Characteristics of Fungi

The main parts of the edible mushroom:StalkCap Gills

Mycelia – densely packed hyphae

Label the diagram in your handoutsYOU WILL NEED TO BE ABLE TO

LABEL THIS ON YOUR TEST!!

Warm-upFINISH LABELING YOUR

MUSHROOM AND BLACK MOLD DIAGRAM!

Obtaining EnergyFungi DO NOT have chloroplasts

They get energy from material around them

They secrete digestive enzymes into the area around them

Saprophyte – if the food is already dead before the fungus absorbs it

Parasite – if the food is alive before absorbing

Obtaining EnergyLichen – Fungi living together

with algae

Symbiotic – When both species benefit from each other from living together

Mycorrhizae – Fungi living in symbiotic association with the roots of plants

Ecological and Economical Importance

Important members of the natural environment

Many industries are based on fungi and their by-products

Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in the world

They also interact with plants in beneficial and harmful ways

Blue cheese, yeast, Penicillin