Western Imperialism in Asia (2)

8/9/2019 Western Imperialism in Asia (2)

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The First Phase of Western Imperialism: Mercantilism; The Coming of the

Westerners to Asia; Struggle Over the Moluccas and India; Coloniation of the

Philippines

There are two sides to consider when looking at the mechanism of Westernimperialism and colonialism in Asia: the motives of the westerners and the Asian

reactions. But before all these developments, are the factors that motivated the western

imperialists/colonialists to seek routes for trade, expansion and exploitation.

The !"#, saw in the $berian peninsula the culmination of the victories of the

reconquista%the wars undertaken b& the 'hristian (panish to retake the territories

formerl& held b& the )oors*, that saw the united kingdoms of 'astille and Aragon finall&take +ranada, the last stronghold of the )uslims. (eville and Barcelona became (pains

centers of mercantilism and industriali-ation. Wide varieties of fabrics were

manufactured, as well as potteries, barrels, rope, glass and man& other articles. ortugal,

for its part, became a maritime power under rince enr& the 0avigator, who promotedthe stud& of navigation and sponsored the expeditions that coloni-ed the A-ores and other

islands, where slaves imported from West Africa worked sugar plantations.

The wars of the crusades undertaken b& 'hristian 1urope from the thto the 2th'enturies had brought the people of Western 1urope into closer contact with the 1ast and

had created among the crusaders new tastes, in food, luxuries, and other refinements of

living. 1uropeans learned to pri-e cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg, ginger and other spices.

These spices, together with d&es, perfumes, precious stones, and other items of luxur&were transported b& ship or caravan to ports in 1astern )editerranean. 3enetians and

+enoese merchants gained monopol& over the trading of these goods between the4ttomans and the 1uropeans since the fall of 'onstantinople on !52.

The (paniards and the ortuguese were interested in participating in this lucrative

trade, but the )editerranean was closed to them b& 3enetian naval power. The onl&option was to finance vo&ages in search of new routes. Advances in navigation enabled

1uropeans to b&pass )uslim traders and seek maritime routes to Asian markets. $n the

late !66s, ortuguese navigators rounded Africa and reached $ndia while the $talian

mariner 'hristopher 'olumbus opened a transatlantic route for (pain to what he thoughtwere the $ndies but proved to the islands of the 'aribbean. 4n !77, ortuguese explorer

Bartholomew 8ias round the 'ape of +ood ope, the southern tip of Africa. 9rom 56#

to 56, the ortuguese establish colonies on the $ndian coast at 'ochin and +oa.

After defeating a )uslim fleet at 8ui in 56", the ortuguese, under Alfonso de

Albuuerue take over +oa, and sacked )alacca in 5 %)a;ul """:!


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$slami-ed. These were followed b& Bantam and )ataram, in =ava> and in 5# Brunei

demonstrated determined efforts to convert its nearb& neighbors. $n 5


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Alexandria empt&, no spices having reached that port that &ear across the )editerranean

connection.

What are the other events in Asia with regards to the ortuguese and the (panishF

$n 5!, the 'hinese encountered ortuguese who sailed from $ndia. $n 5#2, the 'hinese

expelled the ortuguese.

There were several examples given b& (cott %""#* where de 'onti left 3enice on

business in !", crossed (&ria, $ra, ersia, $ndia and 'e&lon and got as far as (umatra>#5 &ears later, he returned through the Ged (ea and 1g&pt with an $ndian wife and famil&,

and sought the opes absolution for having ab;ured his faith in =iddah %(cott ""#:#5,

uoting Godrigo 9ernande- de (anta ella, Cosmogra!ia bre"e introductoria in e# $ibro

de Marco Po#o. . . con otro tratado de Micer Pogio f#orentino que trata de#as mesmastierras & %s#as %(eville, 55!*, pp.6?"66*. $n 565, @udovico de 3arthema of

Bologna also reached (umatra, having become a )uslim and picked up a ersian partner

and two 'hinese 'hristian companions on the wa&: one would wander what language

the& used to hire ships complete with captain and crews in )alacca, At;eh and BorneoC%(cott ""#: #5?#, uoting Itinerario de $uco"ico Bart!ema Bo#ognese'in +ian

Bauttista Gamusio,De##e (a"igationi et )iaggi, 3ol. $ %3enice, 55!*, pp.6?"6*.

Another example given b& (cott %Ibid.*was an event when the first person that

3asco da +ama happened to meet when he arrived in $ndia in !"7, happened to addresshim in (panish.

$n 5!", the =esuit missionaries entered =apan. $n 5


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The following data are taken from the +o"ernment and Po#itics of ,out!east Asiab&

+eorge )cTurnan Hahin %1d.*. @ondon: 'ornell Dniversit& ress. "".

The $mpact of the West on (outheast Asia

Burma

$n the Treat& of Iandabo of 7#, the British were able to acuire Arakan andTenesserim from Burma while the state of Assam was given up, even the right to interfere

in the affairs of )anipur. A trivial incident provided the British with a new pretext to

renew the fighting in 75#.

The arrival of the 9rench as a ma;or power in (outheast in 7


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concern, whose directors had no lust for territorial expansion as such. But its mercantilist

methods inevitabl& involved it in political and militar& tasks. Thus it wrested the spice

trade from the ortuguese and then held it against the competition of British, (panish,and $ndonesian and other Asian traders.

To keep its monopol&, it established forts and maintained garrisons in variousparts of the archipelago> it also controlled a number of small )oluccan islands

territoriall& to restrict output and so maintain high prices.

4nce its powerful commercial and maritime position had been established, the

compan& was a standing challenge to the interests and prestige of the states of the area.

And these statesEparticularl& the inland kingdom of )ataram in 'entral and 1ast =ava

and the port?centered commercial and maritime powers of Bantam in West =ava, At;eh in0orth (umatra, )akassar in (outh (ulawesi, and Ternate in the )oluccasEwere b& no

means weak in relation to the Westerners. Thus the


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earning a 2666L profit. When news spread through @isbon, new ortuguese

ships were assembled and set sail for $ndia under edro Alvare- 'abral on )arch

566. 4nl& reached 'alicut.

The Kamorins allowed 'abral to purchase a warehouse and left

5!merchants, called factors, to bu& spices when prices were low and keepthem stored near the dock until the next fleet returns.

'abral plundered a )uslim ship laden with spices and inretaliation, the )oors,C attacked 'abrals ortuguese factor&, and

killed all Westerners found.

3asco da +ama returned with a fleet of 5 heavil&?armed ships on56# and blasted the 'alicut ort then captured several )uslim vessels

and cut of the hands, ears, and noses of some 766 )oorishC seamen.

Dnder the Treat& of Tordesillas of !"!, (pain held monopol& ofnew land including $ndia and Bra-il to ortugal.

56"?55J 8on Alfonse d Albuuerue vicero& of ortugal in the 1ast became the

master architect of ortugals $ndian 1mpire.

56 J Albuuerue sei-ed control of +oa, being the best )alabar base for his

headuarters and as ortugals capital on the $ndian soil.

ortuguese spice imports rose from less than a uarter of a million poundsin 56 to more than #.2 million pounds per &ear b& 565. When 3enetian

merchants found that the& could bu& onl& million pounds of spices in

Alexandria, the& were surprised that these were so less to that of !"5when the& used to bu& 2.5 million pounds.

5 J Albuuerue sei-ed )alacca and defeated (ultan )ahmoud.

55 J e got hold of 4rmu-, 8iu, and (ocotra.

5!# J The first =esuit missionaries arrived in +oa.

5!7 J (t. 9rancis =avier arrived in +oa.

55! J 1nglands )uscov& 'ompan& was launched in order to rival 1nglands 1ast $ndia

'ompan&.

557 J 8efeat of the (panish Armada b& (ir 9rancis 8rake. 8utch and 1nglish sea

captains hoisted sails to ;oin the ;ourne& the 'ape of +ood ope.


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5"5?6 J The 8utch sent 5 ships to =ava, (umatra, and the )oluccas as blockade

runners and as spice traders.

)arch #6, 6# J (tates?+eneral in @isbon issued a charter to 3ereenigde 4ostindische

'ompagne %Dnited 1ast $ndia 'ompan& or 34'* granting its


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22 J 'hief )erchant Galp 'artwright ventured as far north as 4risa.

5! J 4liver 'romwells Treat& with ortugal gave 1nglish ships full rights of trade inan& ortuguese possession in Asia.

6 J There were more than a hundred 1nglish factorsC residing in $ndia.

'losing decades in the south of )adras on the 'oromandel 'oast.


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peasant was obliged to grow commercial crops for the government J legall& in /5 of his

land, in practice, generall& #/5s or more.

As a revenue?raising techniue, this was a success. Between 72! and 7


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$n 7

dispossessed heir of erak. This and subseuent treaties in the 7


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1arl& 7th'entur& J 1uropean trade with 3ietnam declined but the Western?

missionar& activities particularl& that of the 9rench continued despite theopposition b& the 3ietnamese )andarins who viewed 'hristianit& as a threat to

the ordered social structure that maintained the ruling class in its dominant

position.

moved up towards the center reconuering ue, went

north and invaded anoi??was helped militaril& b& )onsignor igneau de

Behaine, Bishop of Adran, who had tried to enlist official support from the 9renchgovernment> and failing to do so procured the aid of 9rench volunteers from

ondicherr& who trained 0gu&en AnhNs arm&, euipped his nav&, and directed the

construction of fortifications.

=une , 76# J 0gu&en Anh proclaimed head of 1mpire of 3ietnam took the name +ia

@ong %76#?7#6* but his administration was an oppressive, militar& despotism.

But he reinstituted competitive examination> though forced labor withoutrecompense %cor"ee* was continued. e was nevertheless credited with

attempting to alleviate his peoples distress b& redistributing rice lands, revising

and unif&ing the code of law, standardi-ing weights and measures, and reformingland registration %cadastre*.

7#6?7! J )inh )ang, successor to +ia @ong, created a strong, centrali-ed empire and

was particularl& devoted to 'hinese literature, law and 'onfucian traditions.

772 J An edict issued declaring those who prefers 'hristianit& a crime punishable b&

death.

7!?7!< J Thieu Tri, the next emperor, pursued anti?'hristian policies with even more

vigor.

7!6s J 9rench naval forces stormed into 3ietnam ports to demand and obtain the release

of imprisoned 9rench missionaries.


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7# J Tu 8uc signed a Treat& with 9rance which gave 2 provinces ad;acent to (aigon.

7< J 9rench occupation of 'ochin 'hina completed.

7


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=a&avarman 3$$ %7?ca.#5* was able to push back and defeat 'hampa enabling the

Hhmer 1mpire to reach its greatest expansion and to buildAng-or T!om%a Buddhist

structure* complex with its 6 miles of walls, the man&?towered Ba&on, and countlessother temples.

With the passing of =a&avarman 3$$ in the earl& 2th

'entur&, Hhmer power beganto wane. (ome factors that contributed to the fall are: the neglect of the bara%, the

h&draulic s&stem that made possible the states economic strength> the growth and

influence of the Thai peoples who, in the #thand 2th'enturies, began to replace Hhmerauthorit& in the )enam %'hao hra&a* Basin and along the upper )ekong river.

$t was in the face of these events that the wa& was laid open to the sack of Angkor

b& the Thais in !2# and the subseuent collapse of the empire. 'ambodia then enteredupon a troubled and unhapp& epoch from which it was not to emerge until the 9rench

intervention in the mid?"th'entur&.

8uring the !66 &ears following the fall of the Hhmer empire, 'ambodia was besetfrom within b& a long series of d&nastic rivalries and sub;ected from without to

encroachment b& (iam and Annam. 4nl& b& adroit diplomatic maneuvering was'ambodia able to maintain its independence, but at the cost of rendering vassalage to

both (iam and Annam and of sacrificing provinces along its northern frontier and in

'onchinchina:

(iamese tutelage was imposed upon 'ambodia in 5"!. $n


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attacks and internal strife. 0orodom was badl& in need of the 9renchs help since

his brother, (ivotha, coveted the throne and might ask the (iamese aid to do so.

7! J The new 9rench residentcrowned 0orodom while persuading (iam to renounce

its su-eraint& over 'ambodia, while abandoning claims over Battambang and

(iem Geap.

=une


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from time to time, became the helpless victims of kidnapping especiall& those living on

the coastal areas of the archipelago.

9ilipinos living on areas pacified b& the (paniards are commanded, through the

reduccion, to live within the sound of the church bellsC while who refused to do so

would be punished b& having their houses and fields burned to the ground. $f the otherAsians who were coloni-ed b& 1uropean powers were commanded to produce spices,

hence give profits to their colonial masters, the 9ilipinos were asked to produce and sell,

at a price dictated b& the colonial authorities, products common to each localit&. Blankets in the $locos region, vinegar in Bulacan would be boughtC under a uota

s&stem called banda##a.The rea# situado, meant to financiall& manage the colon& hardl&

augment the tasacion%in specie or in kind* plus the eight rea#escollected annuall& from

each $ndio.

Dnder the/0oni (o"isrule from Gome, Hing hilip $$ was given the power to

interfere in the affairs of the church and these are manifested in the institutions of the

Patronato 1ea#and)isitationpowers of the king that are extended to the +overnor?+enerals who administer the colonies. These are made smooth when there was no

separation of the 'hurch and the (tate. The/0oni (o"isalso made clear the fact that theregular priests %those belonging to religious orders* would be responsible for the

conversion of the $ndios to 'atholicism while the seculars %those priests who do not

belong to an& religious orders* would be responsible for the catechism of the newl&converts in the earl& part of the occupation. istor& would tell what happened b& the

following two hundred plus &ears.

The s&stematic rendering of the $ndios to the level of near illiterac& plus theutili-ation of the former nobilities as tax collectors, pett& administrators especiall&

needed for getting the right number of those who would be rendering theo#o % ser"icio

%forced labor* of males aged 5 to 6 and as executors of getting the banda##aalienatedthe former descendants of chieftains from their constituents but at the same time

encouraged the institutionali-ation of the comadrazgos&stem that killed the s&stem of

meritocrac& and encouraged patronage in all levels of transactions especiall& in thegovernment bureaucrac& from the colonial period up to the present.

While it is true that the 8utch utili-ed the former rulers in =ava as regents to

administer the colonial sub;ects, the )ataram sultanate in 'entral =ava was not alienatedfrom the sub;ects since the s&stem of patron?client relationship went wa& be&ond the

$slami-ation of =ava. The ,unni$slam in =ava blended with the indigenous practice

resulting in the s&ncretic abangan, their version of folk $slam, plus the fact that the 8utchdid not forcibl& convert the ma;orit& of the $ndonesians to rotestantism.

The British in $ndia and )ala&sia are also interested in exploiting the resources ofthe coloni-ed territories but the ma;orit& of the population were not forcibl& converted to

Anglican 'hristianit& hence, the basic cultural framework remained intact> and the fact,

too, that $ndia, b& the arrival of the ortuguese during the earl& th'entur&, to be

followed b& British started the suabble for territories and influences.


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The hilippines was nearl& abandoned as a colon& in the earl& part of the

occupation due to the fact that the archipelago did not seem to be profitable enough and itwas onl& through the insistence of the religious, who rationali-ed that the archipelago

would be a convenient ;umping offC post station towards 'hina and the neighboring

heathenC countries.

The 8utch and the British noticeabl& and s&stematicall& administered their

colonies in a business?wiseC fashion, their 1ast $ndia 'ompanies. $t was onl& on thelatter sign of misadministration and the sub;ects rebellious actions that the government in

the mother countr& took direct control of the colonial government.

There were reported to be two important entrepots and trading centers in thehilippine archipelago at the coming of the (paniards:Ma%ni#ad%Ma2#i2#uin 'hinese* in

@u-on andMa2itorMa2%iin northern )indoro and it was believed that the latter was

destro&edC in order to center all probable trading activities in )anila.

,u2#otor (ulu was believed to be even ahead in time as a trading center, attested

b& some 'hinese?sounding and $slamic inscriptions on )ount Tumantangis believed tobe of the !th'entur& vintage.

(ome historians are musing that, had @ega-pi been dela&ed b& 56 &ears in comingto the hilippines, he would not be able to coloni-e the north?central part of the

archipelago and we might have been, in one speculation, a province of $ndonesia due to

the fact that, b& 66, the 8utch have a settlement north of the hilippines.

The 9rench was able to coloni-e the area now known as the $ndo?'hina, formerl&

known as 'ochin?'hina onl& due to the fact that the kingdoms/states on the mainland of

(outheast Asia are either engaged in expanding their territories or sphere of influence orthere were internal struggle involving succession like in 'ambodia and 3ietnam. The

hilippines was too isolated to be involved in conflict with the surrounding kingdoms.

Additional Geferences:


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'onstantino, Genato G. A Past 1e"isited. Mue-on 'it&: The 9oundation

"


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Cold War in Asia !The "orean and #ietnam War$ India%Pa&istan War Over

"ashmir$ The "hmer 'ouge$ etc(); *vents in Asia +p to the Present; *thnic and

Territorial Conflicts

He& Words:

The 8omino Theor&> The Ged )enace> )c'arth&sm> The (abah 'laim>C(phere of

$nfluenceC> %$n (outh and 0orth Horea* ,aemau# 8e?)aoi-ation>8eng Rio?pengs Gevisionist 'apitalismC> Tien An

)en $ncident

2* 'hinas $nvasion of Tibet and the 1xile of theDa#ai $amaTo 8harmsala, $ndia.

!* D((Gs $nvasion of Afghanistan

5* The Gise and 9all of the Ta#iban%as an offshoot of the a#2>aeda

World Trade 'enter BombingE(ept. , #66** $ran?$ra War


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Timeline

*vents Prior to the Second World War:

"6 J All $ndia )oslem @eague is founded b& Aga Hhan. OO

"67 J )uslims and indus riot in 'alcutta, $ndia.OO

"# J 8r. (un Iat (en/(un Wen founds the +uo )in 8ang %0ationalist eoples

art&*.

"2 J )ohandas H. +andhi, leader of the $ndian assive Gesistance )ovement, is

arrested.OO

"< J The 4ctober Gevolution occurs in Gussia, followed b& the Gussian 'ivil War.P

"< J The Balfour 8eclaration on alestine occurs, pledging British support to thecreation of a =ewish homeland, provided the rights of non?=ewish alestinians

are respected.OOO

"7 J Turkish resistance collapses in alestine> 4ttomans surrender to Allies.OOO

"#6 J The Gussian 'ivil War ends in victor& for the Bolsheviks.P

"# J The first congress of the 'hinese 'ommunist art& takes place in (hanghai.

"# J @enins 0ew 1conomic olic& goes into effect in the (oviet Dnion.P

"## J (oviet Gussia is renamed the Dnion of (oviet (ocialist Gepublics %D.(.(.G.*

P"#! J +andhi fasts for # da&s to protest feuds between indus and )uslims in

$ndia.OO

"#! J The (hah of ersia, Ahmed, is dethroned, and Ge-a Hhan is appointed regent,then shah.

"#< J )ao Kedongs autumn harvest uprising is defeated, but )ao begins to seepotential for peasant revolution in 'hina.

"#" J All?$ndia 'ongress claims independence.OO

"#" JThe =ewish Agenc& becomes representative of all Kionist and non?Kionist =ews.

OOO

"#" J As a result of continued fighting among Arabs and =ews, the British declare


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martial law in =erusalem.OOO

"26 J+andhi demands $ndian independence.OO

"2! J The Ged Arm& begins the @ong )arch, their strategic retreat to 'hinas

northwest. This will end in Ianan, their wartime capital b& "25.

"2< J Dnder the +overnment of $ndia Act, the $ndian constitution is drawn up, and the

All?$ndia 'ongress art& wins elections.OO

=anuar& 5, "!# J +andhi appoints =awaharlal 0ehru as his successor.

OO

)arch #", "!# J The British present a plan for $ndian independence after the wars end. OO

August ", "!# J+andhi and other All?$ndia 'ongress art& leaders are arrested.

8ecember , "!! J TheIrgununder )enachem Begin proclaims a revolt againstBritish rule in order to carr& out he Biltmore rogram of establishing a =ewish

(tate in alestine.OOO

9ebruar& #!, "!5 J The Arab @eague is founded to oppose the creation of a =ewish state.

OOO"! J The 'ommunist Gepublic of 3ietnam is recogni-ed b& 9rance.O

"! ?? $ndia and akistan become separate British dominions. Both become

independent the following &ear.OO

"!< J 1xodus "!


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"56 J The Gepublic of (outh Horea is established after attempts to reunif& with 0orth

Horea fail. The boundar& between 0orth and (outh is drawn along the 27thparallel.QQ

"56 J 0orth Horea invades (outh Horea and captures (eoul, initiating the Horean'onflict. D.(. +eneral 8ouglas )acArthur is given command of Dnited 0ations

forces.QQ

"56 J The Arab @eague institutes an economic bo&cott of $srael.OOO

"56 J The (oviet Dnion puts ballistic missiles aboard submarines.P

"56 J 'hiang Hai (hek establishes the anti?communist government of 0ationalist 'hina

on the island of Taiwan %9ormosa*.

"56 ?"52 J The Horean War is the first war to feature extensive aerial combat b& ;etfighters, combat use of helicopters %tactical ad logistical*, and s&nthetic bullet?

proof vests for infantr&.QQ

"56s J The D.(. tests nuclear weapons, including the first h&drogen bomb, at Bikini and

1rewetok atolls in the )arshall $slands.P

"5 J +eneral )cArthur is relieved of his 9ar 1ast command for critici-ing resident

Trumans polic& of limiting the war to the Horean eninsula. A stalemate beginsto take shape.QQ

"5! J3ietnam splits into 0orth and (outh 3ietnam after the communist victor& in the$ndochina War. The 3ietcong calls this the 8ien Bien hu War of 3ictor& after

occup&ing anoi which forced the complete withdrawal of the 9rench from $ndochina.O

"5! J The (outheast Asia Treat& 4rgani-ation %%(1AT4* is established to oppose

communism in Asia.P

"5! J o 'hi )inh, addressing 9rench attempts to reoccup& $ndochina: Iou can killten of m& men for ever& one $ kill of &ours, &et even at those odds, &ou will lose

and $ will win.C O

"55 J The Bandung 'onference of nonaligned African and Asian nations, designed to

promote economic and cultural cooperation and oppose colonialism, takes place in

$ndonesia.P

"5" J D.(. noncombat militar& advisers die in a 3iet 'ong attack. $n ", the D.(.

agrees to arm and suppl& (outh 3ietnamese troops.O


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"6 J Tibetan revolt against 'hinese control.

"6 J (ino?(oviet split becomes public, a dispute over philosophical differencesregarding communism and the (oviets involvement in 'hinese affairs.P

" J The Berlin Wall is constructed to prevent 1ast Berliners from defecting to WestBerlin.P

"# J The 'uban )issile 'risis: D.(. president =ohn 9. Henned& wins a standout with(oviet premier 0ikita Hrushchev, who reverses plans to install missile bases in

'uba.P

"# J A D.(. militar& council is established in (outh 3ietnam.O

"2 J (outh 3ietnamese president 0go 8inh 8iem is assassinated in a militar& coup.O

"2 J )ala&sia is formed from the federations of )ala&a, (ingapore, 0orth Borneo, and(arawak. (ingapore withdraws in "5.

"2 J The D.(. and (oviet Dnion set up a hotline between the White ouse and the

Hremlin.P

"! J 0orth 3ietnamese patrol boats allegedl& attack D.(. destro&ers in the +ulf of

Tonkin, causing 'ongress to allow resident =ohnson to increase troop levels.O

"! J The alestine @iberation 4rgani-ation is established, with Iasser Arafat as head.OOO

"! J 'hina explodes its first atom bomb.P

"5 J The first D.(. ground troops %2,566 )arines* arrive in 3ietnam at 8a 0ang.O

"5 J $ndia and akistan fight a second inconclusive war over the disputed Hashmirregion.OO

"5E4ctober 2E(ukarno ousted b& (uharto> end of H$

" J 'hairman )ao launches 'hinas 'ultural Gevolution %"?"*, a revolutionar&

movement b& students and workers against bureaucrats in the 'hinese

'ommunist art&. )sos Ged +uards begin purging so?called intellectuals andimperialists, who are believed to be opposed to )aos socialist vision.

" J $ndira +andhi, daughter of 0ehru, becomes prime minister of $ndia.

"< J The D.(. begins mining rivers in 0orth 3ietnam. B& the &ears end, there are

!76,666 D.(. troops in 3ietnam.O


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"< J9ift& thousand people protest the 3ietnam War at the @incoln )emorial in

Washington, 8.'. (tudents nationwide burn their draft cards> )uhammad Ali is

stripped of his boxing title for refusing to ;oin the arm&.O

"< J @oss of the West Bank stimulates the @4s development into a alestinian

guerilla arm& and government?in?exile.OOO

"< J 'hina explodes its first h&drogen bomb.P

"7 J The Tet4ffensive: 0orth 3ietnam and 3iet 'ong troops launch a massive attack

during the celebration of the 3ietnamese 0ew Iear, surprising and demorali-ing

D.(. forces.O

"7J D.(. troops massacre 2!< men, women and children in the village of )& @ai.O

""EThe D.(. begins the polic& of 3ietnami-ation, turning more of the war over to he3ietnamese, after D.(. troop levels hit a peak of 5!2,666.O

"


24/28

" "2

surrenders in " (aigon is evacuated.O

" D.(. resident 'arter responds with a grain embargo against the soviets.

"


25/28

some of the penalties for subseuent pregnancies.

"76 J$ra invades $ran, beginning an eight?long?&ear war> the D.(. supports $ra.

"76 J $ndira +andhi returns to power in $ndia after serving time in ;ail. $n "7! she is

assassinated b& her (ikh bod&guards , provoking anti?(ikh riots throughout thecountr&.

"76s J 8eng Riaoping consolidates his power in 'hina as leader of the 'ommunistart&. e strives to improve relations with the West and moderni-e 'hina, and

develops the idea of a socialist market econom&C to improve the econom&.

"76s J (outheast Asias little tigers emerge as ongkong, (ingapore, Taiwan and(outh Horea follow =apans export?driven economic model.

"76s J$slamic warriors called mu?a!idintake up arms against the (oviet invasion of

Afghanistan with the help of D.(. ground?to?air (tinger missiles, which are used o attack (oviet helicopters.

"7 J(ikhs began fighting for independence in the $ndian un;ab region, where (ikhism

originated.

"72 J Tamil Tiger rebels begin fighting the (ri @ankan government for the right to

create a separate, non?Buddhist state for the ethnic minorit& Tamils.QQQ

"72 J The population of 'hina reaches billion.

"7! JBrunei becomes an independent sultanate and the 5" thmember of the D0.

"7


26/28

=une "7" JThousands of students occup& the Tien An )en (uare in Bei;ing, 'hina,

protesting for democrac&. After seven weeks, the government imposes martiallaw and uses tanks o clear the suare, killing an estimated thousands and

damaging 8eng Riaopings improved relations with the West. Khau Ki&ang is

removed as head of 'hinas 'ommunist art& for his s&mpathetic stance towardthe students.

"7"?""5 J 8emocratic activist 8aw Aung (an (uu H&i of )&anmar %Burma* holdsgate?side meeting with supporters from her home, where she is under house

arrest.$n ""6 she and her part& win 76 percent of the vote in the national

elections but are not allowed to come to power. $n "", she wins the 0obel

eace ri-e but is not allowed to accept it.

""6 J "" J $ra invades Huwait> a D.(. led coalition liberates Huwait in the +ulf War.

"" J The Warsaw act is finall& dissolved.P

"" J The D.(.(.G. officiall& ceases to exist on 8ecember ".P

""# J Taiwan votes to suspend the ban on trade and social links with the eoples

Gepublic of 'hina.

""2J 0orth Horea withdraws from the 0uclear 0onproliferation Treat&.QQ

""!J Him =ong $l comes to power in 0orth Horea replacing his long?ruling father, Him$l (ung. B& #66!, 0orth Horea will have earned he worst score on political and

civil liberties from the human rights group 9reedom ouse for 22 &ears in a row.

QQ

""! ?? Iasser Arafat creates the alestine 0ational Authorit& to govern +a-a and

=ericho. OOO

""5 J 3ietnam resumes diplomatic relations with the D.(. and is the first communist

state to be admitted to the Association of (outheast Asian 0ations %A(1A0*.O

""5 J $sraeli prime minister Iit-hak Gabin is assassinated b& a =ewish law student in

Tel Aviv for ceding to the alestinians in the 4slo peace accord.OOO

"" J 0ew $sraeli prime minister Ben;amin 0etan&ahu brings the $sraeli?alestinian

accord to an end and renews settlements.OOO

"" J The Ta#iban$slamic fundamentalist movement takes over the Afghan capital of

Habul and imposes $slamic law.


27/28

""7 J $ndia and akistan begin testing nuclear weapons, sparking fears of an arms

race in southern Asia.OO

""" J 1ast Timor votes for independence from $ndonesia.Q

#66J Ariel (haron becomes prime minister of $srael as violence with alestiniansworsens.OOO

#66J The D.(. bombs Afghanistan and topples the Ta#ibangovernment after linking theWorld Trade 'enter attacks to 4sama Bin @aden, leader of the Ta#iban?supported

militant $slamic group a#2>aeda.

#66# J The long?standing dispute between $ndia and akistan over the Hashmir regionthreatens to erupt into nuclear war.OO

#66# J 0orth Horea admits to having been pursuing nuclear capabilit& in violation of a

""! pact with the D.(.QQ

The Background Behind the (abah $ncidents:

# %!1abi u# A-!ir, 6

??Abdul )ubin proclaims himself (ultan and appointed, his cousin, the

Pangeran Bongsu, as theBenda!araor heir to the throne??Benda!ara Pangeran Bongsuraised the standard of revolt and took

the title of (ultan )uaddin %or )uh&iddin, in other version*

??The 'ivil War dragged on for 6 &ears affecting the commercial(tatus of Brunei prompting (ultan )uaddin to ask help from the

(ulu (ultan,

??(ultan )uaddin promised the territor& of (abah as reward if the (ulu (ultan help )uaddin defeat Abdul )ubbin

??The (ulu (ultan went to ulau 'hermin where (ultan )uaddin was

(ta&ing, and promised to see (ultan Abdul )ubbin, who was sta&ing

$n Brunei. The (ulu (ultan promised nothing to Abdul )ubbin whenelp was asked.

??the (ulu (ultan went back to ulau 'hermin, the island at the mouth of the

Giver leading to Brunei, and helped (ultan )uaddin defeat the one inBrunei.


28/28

(ource: 'esar Adib )a;ul, Mus#ims in t!e P!i#iines. """.

Mue-on 'it&: Dniversit& of the hilippines ress,, pp. ""?#6.

Documents

Western Imperialism in Asia (2)